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Feng J, Wang Y, Li B, Yu X, Lei L, Wu J, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Gou J, Li H, Tan Z, Dai Z, Li X, Guan F. Loss of bisecting GlcNAcylation on MCAM of bone marrow stoma determined pro-tumoral niche in MDS/AML. Leukemia 2023; 37:113-121. [PMID: 36335262 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) stroma plays key roles in supporting hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) growth. Glycosylation contributes to the interactions between HSC and surrounding microenvironment. We observed that bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) structures, in BM stromal cells were significantly lower for MDS/AML patients than for healthy subjects. Malignant clonal cells delivered exosomal miR-188-5p to recipient stromal cells, where it suppressed bisecting GlcNAc by targeting MGAT3 gene. Proteomic analysis revealed reduced GlcNAc structures and enhanced expression of MCAM, a marker of BM niche. We characterized MCAM as a bisecting GlcNAc-bearing target protein, and identified Asn 56 as bisecting GlcNAc modification site on MCAM. MCAM on stromal cell surface with reduced bisecting GlcNAc bound strongly to CD13 on myeloid cells, activated responding ERK signaling, and thereby promoted myeloid cell growth. Our findings, taken together, suggest a novel mechanism whereby MDS/AML clonal cells generate a self-permissive niche by modifying glycosylation level of stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Feng
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinwen Yu
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Yue Zhou
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjie Gou
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengqi Tan
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Hematology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Feng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Zhang W, Meredith RJ, Oliver AG, Carmichael I, Serianni AS. Glycosidic linkage, N-acetyl side-chain, and other structural properties of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate and related compounds. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 76:287-297. [PMID: 32132287 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229620001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glycopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannopyranoside monohydrate, C15H27NO11·H2O, was determined and its structural properties compared to those in a set of mono- and disaccharides bearing N-acetyl side-chains in βGlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings. Valence bond angles and torsion angles in these side chains are relatively uniform, but C-N (amide) and C-O (carbonyl) bond lengths depend on the state of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl O atom and N-H hydrogen. Relative to N-acetyl side chains devoid of hydrogen bonding, those in which the carbonyl O atom serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor display elongated C-O and shortened C-N bonds. This behavior is reproduced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the relative contributions of amide resonance forms to experimental C-N and C-O bond lengths depend on the solvation state, leading to expectations that activation barriers to amide cis-trans isomerization will depend on the polarity of the environment. DFT calculations also revealed useful predictive information on the dependencies of inter-residue hydrogen bonding and some bond angles in or proximal to β-(1→4) O-glycosidic linkages on linkage torsion angles φ and ψ. Hypersurfaces correlating φ and ψ with the linkage C-O-C bond angle and total energy are sufficiently similar to render the former a proxy of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Reagan J Meredith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
| | - Anthony S Serianni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
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3
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Glycans and cancer: role of N-glycans in cancer biomarker, progression and metastasis, and therapeutics. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:11-51. [PMID: 25727145 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is catalyzed by various glycosyltransferase enzymes which are mostly located in the Golgi apparatus in cells. These enzymes glycosylate various complex carbohydrates such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. The enzyme activity of glycosyltransferases and their gene expression are altered in various pathophysiological situations including cancer. Furthermore, the activity of glycosyltransferases is controlled by various factors such as the levels of nucleotide sugars, acceptor substrates, nucleotide sugar transporters, chaperons, and endogenous lectin in cancer cells. The glycosylation results in various functional changes of glycoproteins including cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and integrins. These changes confer the unique characteristic phenotypes associated with cancer cells. Therefore, glycans play key roles in cancer progression and treatment. This review focuses on glycan structures, their biosynthetic glycosyltransferases, and their genes in relation to their biological significance and involvement in cancer, especially cancer biomarkers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer progression and metastasis, and therapeutics. Major N-glycan branching structures which are directly related to cancer are β1,6-GlcNAc branching, bisecting GlcNAc, and core fucose. These structures are enzymatic products of glycosyltransferases, GnT-V, GnT-III, and Fut8, respectively. The genes encoding these enzymes are designated as MGAT5 (Mgat5), MGAT3 (Mgat3), and FUT8 (Fut8) in humans (mice in parenthesis), respectively. GnT-V is highly associated with cancer metastasis, whereas GnT-III is associated with cancer suppression. Fut8 is involved in expression of cancer biomarker as well as in the treatment of cancer. In addition to these enzymes, GnT-IV and GnT-IX (GnT-Vb) will be also discussed in relation to cancer.
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Bubka M, Link-Lenczowski P, Janik M, Pocheć E, Lityńska A. Overexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases III and V in human melanoma cells. Implications for MCAM N-glycosylation. Biochimie 2014; 103:37-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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5
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Walls KC, Coskun P, Gallegos-Perez JL, Zadourian N, Freude K, Rasool S, Blurton-Jones M, Green KN, LaFerla FM. Swedish Alzheimer mutation induces mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by HSP60 mislocalization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30317-27. [PMID: 22753410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex disorder that involves numerous cellular and subcellular alterations including impairments in mitochondrial homeostasis. To better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD, we analyzed brains from clinically well-characterized human subjects and from the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. We find Aβ and critical components of the γ-secretase complex, presenilin-1, -2, and nicastrin, accumulate in the mitochondria. We used a proteomics approach to identify binding partners and show that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), a molecular chaperone localized to mitochondria and the plasma membrane, specifically associates with APP. We next generated stable neural cell lines expressing human wild-type or Swedish APP, and provide corroborating in vitro evidence that HSP60 mediates translocation of APP to the mitochondria. Viral-mediated shRNA knockdown of HSP60 attenuates APP and Aβ mislocalization to the mitochondria. Our findings identify a novel interaction between APP and HSP60, which accounts for its translocation to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Carlson Walls
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA.
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6
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Chang SH, Chung YS, Hwang SK, Kwon JT, Minai-Tehrani A, Kim S, Park SB, Kim YS, Cho MH. Lentiviral vector-mediated shRNA against AIMP2-DX2 suppresses lung cancer cell growth through blocking glucose uptake. Mol Cells 2012; 33:553-62. [PMID: 22562359 PMCID: PMC3887752 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases [ARS]-interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) has been implicated in the control of cell fate and lung cell differentiation. A variant of AIMP2 lacking exon 2 (AIMP2-DX2) is expressed in different cancer cells. We previously studied the expression level of AIMP2-DX2 in several lung cell lines and reported elevated expression levels of AIMP2-DX2 in NCI-H460 and NCI-H520. Here, we report that the suppression of AIMP2-DX2 by lentivirus mediated short hairpin (sh)RNA (sh-DX2) decreased the rate of glucose uptake and glucose transporters (Gluts) in NCI-H460 cells. Down-regulation of AIMP2-DX2 reduced glycosyltransferase (GnT)-V in the Golgi apparatus, while inducing the GnT-V antagonist GnT-III. Down-regulation of AIMP2-DX2 also suppressed the epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen activated protein kinase (EGFR/MAPK) signaling pathway, leading to the decrease of the proliferation marker Ki-67 expression in nuclei. Furthermore, dual luciferase activity reduced capdependent protein translation in cells infected with sh-DX2. These results suggest that AIMP2-DX2 may be a relevant therapeutic target for lung cancer, and that the sh-DX2 lentiviral system can be an appropriate method for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Chang
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Youn-Sun Chung
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Soon-Kyung Hwang
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702,
USA
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708,
Korea
| | - Arash Minai-Tehrani
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of National Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs and Indang Institute of Molecular Biology, Inje University, Seoul 100-032,
Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742,
Korea
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Kang X, Wang N, Pei C, Sun L, Sun R, Chen J, Liu Y. Glycan-related gene expression signatures in human metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:415-422. [PMID: 22969905 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks second in cancer mortality in China; recurrence and metastasis have been the cause of the high mortality. Glycans on the cell surface play a pivotal role in tumor metastasis. The global alteration in the structure and composition of N-glycans during HCC metastasis remains unknown. To understand glycan alterations of glycoproteins by correlating the glycosyltransferase expression profile with glycan structure, we systematically used glycan profiling tools: glycogene microarray analyses of 115 genes, including glycotransferases, glycosidases and nuclear sugar transporters and lectin chips to investigate the glycan-related gene expression signatures in the high metastatic potential HCC cell line, HCCLM3, in comparison to the HCC cell line, Hep3B, with low metastatic potential. Of the 115 genes, 18 genes were up-regulated in high metastatic potential HCCLM3 cells in comparison to Hep3B cells, while 11 genes were down-regulated. The differentially expressed genes, such as ST3GalI, FUT8, β3GalT5, MGAT3 and MGAT5, were mainly involved in the synthesis of N-glycan and glycolipids, particularly the sialyl Lewis antigen. The results of the glycogene microarray analysis were further validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis and lectin-based analysis. The differentially expressed glycogenes identified in this study may provide new insights and represent novel factors for investigating the functional role of cell surface carbohydrate-mediated HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Kang
- Liver Cancer Institute of Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai
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8
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Fang M, Dewaele S, Zhao YP, Stärkel P, Vanhooren V, Chen YM, Ji X, Luo M, Sun BM, Horsmans Y, Dell A, Haslam SM, Grassi P, Libert C, Gao CF, Chen CC. Serum N-glycome biomarker for monitoring development of DENA-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rat. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:215. [PMID: 20704698 PMCID: PMC2925372 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a demand for serum markers for the routine assessment of the progression of liver cancer. We previously found that serum N-linked sugar chains are altered in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we studied glycomic alterations during development of HCC in a rat model. RESULTS Rat HCC was induced by the hepatocarcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DENA). N-glycans were profiled using the DSA-FACE technique developed in our laboratory.In comparison with control rats, DENA rats showed a gradual but significant increase in two glycans (R5a and R5b) in serum total N-glycans during progression of liver cirrhosis and cancer, and a decrease in a biantennary glycan (P5). The log of the ratio of R5a to P1 (NGA2F) and R5b to P1 [log(R5a/P1) and log(R5b/P1)] were significantly (p < 0.0001) elevated in HCC rats, but not in rats with cirrhosis or fibrosis or in control rats. We thus propose a GlycoTest model using the above-mentioned serum glycan markers to monitor the progression of cirrhosis and HCC in the DENA-treated rat model. When DENA-treated rats were subsequently treated with farnesylthiosalicyclic acid, an anticancer drug, progression to HCC was prevented and GlycoTest markers (P5, R5a and R5b) reverted towards non-DENA levels, and the HCC-specific markers, log(R5a/P1) and log(R5b/P1), normalized completely. CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in core-alpha-1,6-fucosylated glycoproteins in serum and liver of rats with HCC, which demonstrates that fucosylation is altered during progression of HCC. Our GlycoTest model can be used to monitor progression of HCC and to follow up treatment of liver tumors in the DENA rat. This GlycoTest model is particularly important because a rapid non-invasive diagnostic procedure for tumour progression in this rat model would greatly facilitate the search for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 200438 Shanghai, China
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9
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Yamamoto H, Takematsu H, Fujinawa R, Naito Y, Okuno Y, Tsujimoto G, Suzuki A, Kozutsumi Y. Correlation index-based responsible-enzyme gene screening (CIRES), a novel DNA microarray-based method for enzyme gene involved in glycan biosynthesis. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1232. [PMID: 18043739 PMCID: PMC2077928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycan biosynthesis occurs though a multi-step process that requires a variety of enzymes ranging from glycosyltransferases to those involved in cytosolic sugar metabolism. In many cases, glycan biosynthesis follows a glycan-specific, linear pathway. As glycosyltransferases are generally regulated at the level of transcription, assessing the overall transcriptional profile for glycan biosynthesis genes seems warranted. However, a systematic approach for assessing the correlation between glycan expression and glycan-related gene expression has not been reported previously. METHODOLOGY To facilitate genetic analysis of glycan biosynthesis, we sought to correlate the expression of genes involved in cell-surface glycan formation with the expression of the glycans, as detected by glycan-recognizing probes. We performed cross-sample comparisons of gene expression profiles using a newly developed, glycan-focused cDNA microarray. Cell-surface glycan expression profiles were obtained using flow cytometry of cells stained with plant lectins. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for these profiles and were used to identify enzyme genes correlated with glycan biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS This method, designated correlation index-based responsible-enzyme gene screening (CIRES), successfully identified genes already known to be involved in the biosynthesis of certain glycans. Our evaluation of CIRES indicates that it is useful for identifying genes involved in the biosynthesis of glycan chains that can be probed with lectins using flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Supra-Biomolecular System Research Group, RIKEN Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Reiko Fujinawa
- Supra-Biomolecular System Research Group, RIKEN Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuko Naito
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okuno
- Department of PharmacoInformatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Supra-Biomolecular System Research Group, RIKEN Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kozutsumi
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Supra-Biomolecular System Research Group, RIKEN Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Iijima J, Zhao Y, Isaji T, Kameyama A, Nakaya S, Wang X, Ihara H, Cheng X, Nakagawa T, Miyoshi E, Kondo A, Narimatsu H, Taniguchi N, Gu J. Cell-Cell Interaction-dependent Regulation of N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III and the Bisected N-Glycans in GE11 Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:13038-13046. [PMID: 16537539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601961200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in oligosaccharide structures are associated with numerous physiological and pathological events. In this study, the effects of cell-cell interactions on N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) were investigated in GE11 epithelial cells. N-glycans were purified from whole cell lysates by hydrazinolysis and then detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Interestingly, the population of the bisecting GlcNAc-containing N-glycans, the formation of which is catalyzed by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III), was substantially increased in cells cultured under dense conditions compared with those cultured under sparse conditions. The expression levels and activities of GnT-III but not other glycosyltransferases, such as GnT-V and alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase, were also consistently increased in these cells. However, this was not observed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts or MDA-MB231 cells, in which E-cadherin is deficient. In contrast, perturbation of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion by treatment with EDTA or a neutralizing anti-E-cadherin antibody abolished the up-regulation of expression of GnT-III. Furthermore, we observed the significant increase in GnT-III activity under dense growth conditions after restoration of the expression of E-cadherin in MDA-MB231 cells. Our data together indicate that a E-cadherin-dependent pathway plays a critical role in regulation of GnT-III expression. Given the importance of GnT-III and the dynamic regulation of cell-cell interaction during tissue development and homeostasis, the changes in GnT-III expression presumably contribute to intracellular signaling transduction during such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Iijima
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yanyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan, and the
| | - Akihiko Kameyama
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Nakaya
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Xiangchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xinyao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Glycotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kondo
- Department of Glycotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan, and the.
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11
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Gao CX, Miyoshi E, Uozumi N, Takamiya R, Wang X, Noda K, Gu J, Honke K, Wada Y, Taniguchi N. Bisecting GlcNAc mediates the binding of annexin V to Hsp47. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1067-75. [PMID: 16000695 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) structure, formed through catalysis by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine : beta-D-mannoside beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltansferase III (GnT-III), is responsible for a variety of biological functions. We have previously shown that annexin V, a member of the calcium/phospholipid-binding annexin family of proteins, has binding activity toward the bisecting GlcNAc structure. In this study, we reported on a search for potential target glycoproteins for annexin V in a rat hepatoma cell line, M31. Using a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-annexin V immobilized sepharose 4B affinity column to trap interacting proteins produced by the GnT-III-transfected M31 cells, we isolated a 47 kDa protein. It was identified as Hsp47 by an N-terminal sequence analysis. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that annexin V interacted with Hsp47. The association of annexin V and Hsp47 was abolished by treatment with N-glycosidase F or preincubation with sugar chains containing bisecting GlcNAc, suggesting that the bisecting GlcNAc plays an important role in the interaction. An oligosaccharide analysis of Hsp47 purified from GnT-III-transfected M31 cells was shown to have the bisecting GlcNAc structure, as detected by erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (E4-PHA) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that annexin V was bound to Hsp47, bearing a bisecting GlcNAc with a Kd of 5.5 microM, whereas no significant binding was observed in the case of Hsp47 without a bisecting GlcNAc. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the colocalization of annexin V, Hsp47, and a bisecting GlcNAc sugar chain around the Golgi apparatus. Collectively, these results suggest that the binding of annexin V to Hsp47 is mediated by a bisecting GlcNAc oligosaccharide structure and that Hsp47 is an intracellular ligand glycoprotein for annexin V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Xiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Sultan AS, Xie J, LeBaron MJ, Ealley EL, Nevalainen MT, Rui H. Stat5 promotes homotypic adhesion and inhibits invasive characteristics of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:746-60. [PMID: 15592524 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (Stat5) mediates prolactin (PRL)-induced differentiation and growth of breast epithelial cells. We have recently identified active Stat5 as a tumor marker of favorable prognosis in human breast cancer, and determined that Stat5 activation is lost during metastatic progression. Here we provide novel evidence for an invasion-suppressive role of Stat5 in human breast cancer. Activation of Stat5 by PRL in human breast cancer lines was associated with increased surface levels of the invasion-suppressive adhesion molecule E-cadherin in vitro and in xenotransplant tumors in vivo. Inducible E-cadherin was blocked by dominant-negative (Dn) Stat5 or Dn-Jak2, but not by Dn-Stat3. Further experimental data indicated a role of Stat5 as a coordinate regulator of additional invasion-related characteristics of human breast cancer cells, including cell surface association of beta-catenin, homotypic cell clustering, invasion through Matrigel, cell migration, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. A role of Stat5 as a suppressor of breast cancer invasion and metastatic progression provides a biological mechanism to explain the favorable prognosis associated with active Stat5 in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, USA
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13
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André S, Unverzagt C, Kojima S, Frank M, Seifert J, Fink C, Kayser K, von der Lieth CW, Gabius HJ. Determination of modulation of ligand properties of synthetic complex-type biantennary N-glycans by introduction of bisecting GlcNAcin silico,in vitroandin vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 271:118-34. [PMID: 14686925 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the consequences of introducing a bisecting GlcNAc moiety into biantennary N-glycans. Computational analysis of glycan conformation with prolonged simulation periods in vacuo and in a solvent box revealed two main effects: backfolding of the alpha1-6 arm and stacking of the bisecting GlcNAc and the neighboring Man/GlcNAc residues of both antennae. Chemoenzymatic synthesis produced the bisecting biantennary decasaccharide N-glycan and its alpha2-3(6)-sialylated variants. They were conjugated to BSA to probe the ligand properties of N-glycans with bisecting GlcNAc. To assess affinity alterations in glycan binding to receptors, testing was performed with purified lectins, cultured cells, tissue sections and animals. The panel of lectins, including an adhesion/growth-regulatory galectin, revealed up to a sixfold difference in affinity constants for these neoglycoproteins relative to data on the unsubstituted glycans reported previously [André, S., Unverzagt, C., Kojima, S., Dong, X., Fink, C., Kayser, K. & Gabius, H.-J. (1997) Bioconjugate Chem. 8, 845-855]. The enhanced affinity for galectin-1 is in accord with the increased percentage of cell positivity in cytofluorimetric and histochemical analysis of carbohydrate-dependent binding of labeled neoglycoproteins to cultured tumor cells and routinely processed lung cancer sections. Intravenous injection of iodinated neoglycoproteins carrying galactose-terminated N-glycans into mice revealed the highest uptake in liver and spleen for the bisecting compound compared with the unsubstituted or core-fucosylated N-glycans. Thus, this substitution modulates ligand properties in interactions with lectins, a key finding of this report. Synthetic glycan tailoring provides a versatile approach to the preparation of newly substituted glycans with favorable ligand properties for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine André
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany.
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14
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Pettersen I, Andersen JH, Bjornland K, Mathisen Ø, Bremnes R, Wellman M, Visvikis A, Huseby NE. Heterogeneity in gamma-glutamyltransferase mRNA expression and glycan structures. Search for tumor-specific variants in human liver metastases and colon carcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1648:210-8. [PMID: 12758164 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells and tissues and has significant utility as a cancer marker. Significant heterogeneity of the enzyme has been described due to both transcriptional and post-translational variations. For possible use in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer, a search was performed for specific mRNA subtypes and glycan structures of the enzyme in liver metastases. We found no differences in the distribution of three GGT mRNA subtypes (fetal liver, HepG2, placenta) in metastatic tissue and normal liver tissue. Furthermore, the three subtypes were present in leukocytes isolated from both normal individuals and cancer patients. Two colon carcinoma cell lines (Colo 205 and HCC 2998) also displayed the three forms and no consistent changes in mRNA composition were noted after butyrate-induced differentiation of the cells. Thus, neither of the GGT mRNA subforms appear to be tumor-specific, although some qualitative and quantitative variations were noted. Two distinct glycosylation features were detected for GGT in metastatic tissue in contrast to normal liver GGT; an extreme sialic acid heterogeneity and a significant increase in beta1,6GlcNAc branching. The GGT glycans from the two colon carcinoma cell lines also possessed these features. As butyrate treatment of the cells resulted in an increased sialic acid content and a reduced beta1,6GlcNAc branching, the described carbohydrate structures appear to be part of a tumor-related pattern. We were, however, unable to identify such GGT isoforms in serum from patients with advanced colorectal cancer. This indicates that their usefulness in diagnostic use is doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Pettersen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsö, Norway
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15
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Gao CX, Honke K, Taniguchi N. Carbohydrate Binding Activity of Annexin V toward a Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:34-47. [PMID: 14579566 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Xiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Bhattacharyya R, Bhaumik M, Raju TS, Stanley P. Truncated, inactive N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GlcNAc-TIII) induces neurological and other traits absent in mice that lack GlcNAc-TIII. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:26300-9. [PMID: 11986323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202276200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GlcNAc-TIII), the product of the Mgat3 gene, transfers the bisecting GlcNAc to the core mannose of complex N-glycans. The addition of this residue is regulated during development and has functional consequences for receptor signaling, cell adhesion, and tumor progression. Mice homozygous for a null mutation at the Mgat3 locus (Mgat3(Delta)) or for a targeted mutation in the Mgat3 gene (previously called Mgat3(neo), but herein renamed Mgat3(T37) because the allele generates inactive GlcNAc-TIII of approximately 37 kDa) were found to exhibit retarded progression of liver tumors. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral N-glycans from kidneys revealed no significant differences, and both mutants showed the expected lack of N-glycan species with an additional GlcNAc. However, the two mutants differed in several biological traits. Mgat3(T37/T37) homozygotes in a mixed or 129(SvJ) background were retarded in growth rate and exhibited an altered leg clasp reflex, an altered gait, and defective nursing behavior. Pups abandoned by Mgat3(T37/T37) mothers were rescued by wild-type foster mothers. None of these Mgat3(T37/T37) traits were exhibited by Mgat3(Delta/Delta) mice or by heterozygous mice carrying the Mgat3(T37) mutation. Similarly, no dominant-negative effect was observed in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing truncated GlcNAc-TIII in the presence of wild-type GlcNAc-TIII. However, compound heterozygotes carrying both the Mgat3(T37) and Mgat3(Delta) mutations exhibited a marked leg clasp reflex, indicating that in the absence of wild-type GlcNAc-TIII, truncated GlcNAc-TIII causes this phenotype. The Mgat3 gene was expressed in brain at embryonic day 10.5 and thereafter and in neurons of adult cerebellum. The mutant Mgat3 gene was also highly expressed in Mgat3(T37/T37) brain. This may be the basis of the unexpected neurological phenotype induced by truncated, inactive GlcNAc-TIII in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
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17
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Ihara H, Ikeda Y, Koyota S, Endo T, Honke K, Taniguchi N. A catalytically inactive beta 1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) behaves as a dominant negative GnT-III inhibitor. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:193-201. [PMID: 11784313 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
beta 1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) plays a regulatory role in the biosynthesis of N-glycans, and it has been suggested that its product, a bisecting GlcNAc, is involved in a variety of biological events as well as in regulating the biosynthesis of the oligosaccharides. In this study, it was found, on the basis of sequence homology, that GnT-III contains a small region that is significantly homologous to both snail beta 1,4GlcNAc transferase and beta1,4Gal transferase-1. Subsequent mutational analysis demonstrated an absolute requirement for two conserved Asp residues (Asp321 and Asp323), which are located in the most homologous region of rat GnT-III, for enzymatic activity. The overexpression of Asp323-substituted, catalytically inactive GnT-III in Huh6 cells led to the suppression of the activity of endogenous GnT-III, but no significant decrease in its expression, and led to a specific inhibition of the formation of bisected sugar chains, as shown by structural analysis of the total N-glycans from the cells. These findings indicate that the mutant serves a dominant negative effect on a specific step in N-glycan biosynthesis. This type of 'dominant negative glycosyltransferase', identified has potential value as a powerful tool for defining the precise biological roles of the bisecting GlcNAc structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Gao-Uozumi CX, Uozumi N, Miyoshi E, Nagai K, Ikeda Y, Teshima T, Noda K, Shiba T, Honke K, Taniguchi N. A novel carbohydrate binding activity of annexin V toward a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. Glycobiology 2000; 10:1209-16. [PMID: 11087713 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.11.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A bisecting GlcNAc-binding protein was purified from a Triton X-100 extract of a porcine spleen microsomal fraction using affinity chromatography, in conjunction with an agalacto bisected biantennary sugar chain-immobilized Sepharose. Since the erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (E-PHA) lectin preferentially binds to sugar chains which contain the bisecting GlcNAc, during purification the binding activity of the protein was evaluated by monitoring the inhibition of lectin binding to the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III)-transfected K562 cells which express high levels of the bisecting GlcNAc. The molecular mass of the purified protein was found to be 33 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By sequencing analysis, the isolated protein was identified as annexin V. Flow cytometric analysis showed that fluorescein-labeled annexin V binds to the GnT-III-transfected cells but not to mock cells, and that the binding was not affected by the addition of phospholipids. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance measurements indicated that annexin V binds to the agalacto bisected biantennary sugar chain with a K(d) of 200 microM while essentially no binding was observed in the case of the corresponding non-bisected sample. These results suggest that annexin V has a novel carbohydrate binding activity and may serve as an endogenous lectin for mediating possible signals of bisecting GlcNAc, which have been implicated in a variety of biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C X Gao-Uozumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Kang R, Ikeda Y, Miyoshi E, Wang W, Li W, Ihara Y, Sheng Y, Taniguchi N. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III in a human colon cancer cell line, Colo201. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374:52-8. [PMID: 10640395 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism for cell-cycle-dependent regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) activity was investigated using synchronized culture of Colo201, a human colon cancer cell line. In the synchronized culture, it was found that GnT-III activity rapidly increased in the M phase and the maximal activity was five times higher than the basal level found in the G1 phase. Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed that the increase in the activity is due not to an increase in expression level of its mRNA but, rather, to the level of protein. Furthermore, it was shown by a pulse-chase experiment that the increased protein level of GnT-III is the result of its prolonged turnover rate. Lectin blotting with erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin showed that the content of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine structure in glycoproteins was transiently increased during the M phase in conjunction with the increased activity of GnT-III. These results suggest that GnT-III activity undergoes a cell-cycle-dependent regulation and thereby oligosaccharide structures of N-glycans vary specifically during the M phase of the cell cycle. Thus, it is possible that the cell-cycle-dependent alteration of N-glycans by GnT-III might play a role in biological events, such as the progression of cell cycle and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Taniguchi N, Miyoshi E, Ko JH, Ikeda Y, Ihara Y. Implication of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases III and V in cancer: gene regulation and signaling mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1455:287-300. [PMID: 10571019 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases III (GnT-III) and V (GnT-V) play a pivotal role in the processing of N-linked glycoproteins, and are highly involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Expression of GnT-III and GnT-V in the liver is enhanced during hepatocarcinogenesis, although they are not expressed in the normal liver. Gene expression of GnT-V is regulated by a transcriptional factor, ets-1, which is involved in angiogenesis and invasion of tumor cells. When the formation of the product of GnT-V, GlcNAc-beta1-6 branches, is inhibited by overexpression of GnT-III, lung metastasis of melanoma cells is suppressed. Modification of glycoprotein receptors such as the receptors for epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor by GnT-III sense transfection changes an intracellular signaling pathway, which may lead to a variety of biological alterations in tumor cells. In this review, we focus on cancer progression and metastasis in relation to GnT-III and GnT-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan.
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21
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Bhatia PK, Mukhopadhyay A. Protein glycosylation: implications for in vivo functions and therapeutic applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1999; 64:155-201. [PMID: 9933978 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-49811-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation machinery in eukaryotic cells is available to all proteins that enter the secretory pathway. There is a growing interest in diseases caused by defective glycosylation, and in therapeutic glycoproteins produced through recombinant DNA technology route. The choice of a bioprocess for commercial production of recombinant glycoprotein is determined by a variety of factors, such as intrinsic biological properties of the protein being expressed and the purpose for which it is intended, and also the economic target. This review summarizes recent development and understanding related to synthesis of glycans, their functions, diseases, and various expression systems and characterization of glycans. The second section covers processing of N- and O-glycans and the factors that regulate protein glycosylation. The third section deals with in vivo functions of protein glycosylation, which includes protein folding and stability, receptor functioning, cell adhesion and signal transduction. Malfunctioning of glycosylation machinery and the resultant diseases are the subject of the fourth section. The next section covers the various expression systems exploited for the glycoproteins: it includes yeasts, mammalian cells, insect cells, plants and an amoeboid organism. Biopharmaceutical properties of therapeutic proteins are discussed in the sixth section. In vitro protein glycosylation and the characterization of glycan structures are the subject matters for the last two sections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Bhatia
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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22
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Taniguchi N, Ikeda Y. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase: catalytic mechanism and gene expression. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 72:239-78. [PMID: 9559055 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases are key enzymes in the so-called gamma-glutamyl cycle involving glutathione synthesis, the recovery of its constituents, and in the transport of amino acids. This membrane-bound ectoenzyme thus serves to regulate glutathione synthesis. This chapter deals with the active site chemistry of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, including the role of side-chain groups on the light subunit as well as several serine residues in the catalytic process. Also considered are genomic studies indicating (a) the presence of a single gene in mouse and rat; (b) the occurrence of multiple genes in humans; (c) the involvement of multiple promoters for gene expression; and (d) how these multiple promoters may play a role in the tissue-specific expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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