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Bone Marrow-Derived Tenascin-C Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy by Controlling Inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1601-1615. [PMID: 28935038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TNC) is a highly conserved matricellular protein with a distinct expression pattern during development and disease. Remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) in response to pressure overload leads to the re-expression of the fetal gene program. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the function of TNC in cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. METHODS Pressure overload was induced in TNC knockout and wild-type mice by constricting their abdominal aorta or by infusion of angiotensin II. Echocardiography, immunostaining, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and reciprocal bone marrow transplantation were used to evaluate the effect of TNC deficiency. RESULTS Echocardiographic analysis of pressure overloaded hearts revealed that all LV parameters (LV end-diastolic and -systolic dimensions, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening) deteriorated in TNC-deficient mice compared with their wild-type counterparts. Cardiomyocyte size and collagen accumulation were significantly greater in the absence of TNC. Mechanistically, TNC deficiency promoted rapid accumulation of the CCR2+/Ly6Chi monocyte/macrophage subset into the myocardium in response to pressure overload. Further, echocardiographic and immunohistochemical analyses of recipient hearts showed that expression of TNC in the bone marrow, but not the myocardium, protected the myocardium against excessive remodeling of the pressure-overloaded heart. CONCLUSIONS TNC deficiency further impaired cardiac function in response to pressure overload and exacerbated fibrosis by enhancing inflammation. In addition, expression of TNC in the bone marrow, but not the myocardium, protected the myocardium against excessive remodeling in response to mild pressure overload.
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Clancy P, Lincz LF, Maguire J, McEvoy M, Koblar SA, Golledge J. Tenascin-C is increased in atherothrombotic stroke patients and has an anti-inflammatory effect in the human carotid artery. Biofactors 2014; 40:448-57. [PMID: 24823872 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (Tn-C) is an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4); a key signalling molecule associated with chronic inflammatory conditions. Both Tn-C and TLR-4 are increased in unstable human atheroma, but their effects on local inflammatory conditions have not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association and functional implications of Tn-C/TLR-4 signalling in large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Plasma Tn-C was measured by ELISA and found to be higher in recent stroke patients (n = 336; median 12.77 µg/mL, inter-quartile range 10.23-15.74 µg/mL) than in controls (n = 321; median 11.31 µg/mL, inter-quartile range 8.89-13.90 µg/mL), P < 0.001. Plasma Tn-C was also independently positively associated with stroke (odds ratio for highest Tn-C quartile 2.27, 95% confidence interval 1.37-3.76). Assessment of Tn-C associated chronic cytokine secretion was performed in vitro using paired, human, macroscopically disease matched, carotid atheroma tissue biopsies obtained from five patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. A 4-day incubation with specific Tn-C blocking antibodies (Abs) increased secretion of TLR-4-associated cytokines, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor and C-C motif chemokine (CCL)3 and expression of TLR-4 in the tissue. These results suggest with Tn-C blockade another endogenous TLR-4 ligand upregulates TLR-4 expression and subsequent cytokine secretion. Titration of the Tn-C Abs also dose dependently increased secretion of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and CCL3 in mixed, healthy, primary vascular cell culture. In summary, circulating concentrations of Tn-C are higher in patients with a recent history of atherosclerotic stroke and may play an anti-inflammatory role by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release from atheroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Clancy
- Health practitioners And Researchers Together-Blood, Endothelium And Tissue (HART-BEAT), Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Wulf-Johansson H, Lock Johansson S, Schlosser A, Trommelholt Holm A, Melholt Rasmussen L, Mickley H, Diederichsen ACP, Munkholm H, Poulsen TS, Tornøe I, Nielsen V, Marcussen N, Vestbo J, Sækmose SG, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Localization of microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) in human tissues: clinical evaluation of serum MFAP4 and its association with various cardiovascular conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82243. [PMID: 24349233 PMCID: PMC3862580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is located in the extracellular matrix (ECM). We sought to identify tissues with high levels of MFAP4 mRNA and MFAP4 protein expression. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate the significance of MFAP4 as a marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to correlate MFAP4 with other known ECM markers, such as fibulin-1, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and osteopontin (OPN). Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that MFAP4 mRNA was more highly expressed in the heart, lung, and intestine than in other elastic tissues. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated high levels of MFAP4 protein mainly at sites rich in elastic fibers and within blood vessels in all tissues investigated. The AlphaLISA technique was used to determine serum MFAP4 levels in a clinical cohort of 172 patients consisting of 5 matched groups with varying degrees of CVD: 1: patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 2: patients with non-STEMI, 3: patients destined for vascular surgery because of various atherosclerotic diseases (stable atherosclerotic disease), 4: apparently healthy individuals with documented coronary artery calcification (CAC-positive), and 5: apparently healthy individuals without signs of coronary artery calcification (CAC-negative). Serum MFAP4 levels were significantly lower in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease than CAC-negative individuals (p<0.05). Furthermore, lower serum MFAP4 levels were present in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease compared with STEMI and non-STEMI patients (p<0.05). In patients with stable atherosclerotic disease, positive correlations between MFAP4 and both fibulin-1 (ρ = 0.50; p = 0.0244) and OPG (ρ = 0.62; p = 0.0014) were found. Together, these results indicate that MFAP4 is mainly located in elastic fibers and is highly expressed in blood vessels. The present study suggests that serum MFAP4 varies in groups of patients with different cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are warranted to describe the role of serum MFAP4 as a biomarker of stable atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Wulf-Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Lock Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Trommelholt Holm
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Mickley
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Axel C. P. Diederichsen
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Munkholm
- Department of Cardiology, Lillebælt Hospital Vejle, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Tornøe
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vicki Nielsen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Respiratory and Allergy Research Group, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Næstved Hospital, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Marx G, Gilon C. The molecular basis of memory. Part 2: chemistry of the tripartite mechanism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:983-93. [PMID: 23419130 DOI: 10.1021/cn300237r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a tripartite mechanism to describe the processing of cognitive information (cog-info), comprising the (1) neuron, (2) surrounding neural extracellular matrix (nECM), and (3) numerous "trace" metals distributed therein. The neuron is encased in a polyanionic nECM lattice doped with metals (>10), wherein it processes (computes) and stores cog-info. Each [nECM:metal] complex is the molecular correlate of a cognitive unit of information (cuinfo), similar to a computer "bit". These are induced/sensed by the neuron via surface iontophoretic and electroelastic (piezoelectric) sensors. The generic cuinfo are used by neurons to biochemically encode and store cog-info in a rapid, energy efficient, but computationally expansive manner. Here, we describe chemical reactions involved in various processes that underline the tripartite mechanism. In addition, we present novel iconographic representations of various types of cuinfo resulting from"tagging" and cross-linking reactions, essential for the indexing cuinfo for organized retrieval and storage of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Sakamoto N, Hoshino Y, Misaka T, Mizukami H, Suzuki S, Sugimoto K, Yamaki T, Kunii H, Nakazato K, Suzuki H, Saitoh SI, Takeishi Y. Serum tenascin-C level is associated with coronary plaque rupture in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Heart Vessels 2013; 29:165-70. [PMID: 23532307 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C, a large oligometric glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix, increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinases that lead to plaque instability and rupture, resulting in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We hypothesized that a high serum tenascin-C level is associated with plaque rupture in patients with ACS. Fifty-two consecutive ACS patients who underwent emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and, as a control, 66 consecutive patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were obtained from the ascending aorta just prior to the PCI procedures. After coronary guide-wire crossing, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) was performed for assessment of plaque characterization. Based on the IVUS findings, ACS patients were assigned to two groups according to whether there was ruptured plaque (ruptured ACS group) or not (nonruptured ACS group). There were 23 patients in the ruptured group and 29 patients in the nonruptured group. Clinical characteristics and IVUS measurements did not differ between the two groups. Tenascin-C levels were significantly higher in the ruptured ACS group than in the SAP group, whereas there was no significant difference between the nonruptured ACS and SAP groups. Importantly, in the ruptured ACS group, tenascin-C levels were significantly higher than in the nonruptured ACS group (71.9 ± 34.9 vs 50.5 ± 20.5 ng/ml, P < 0.005). Our data demonstrate that tenascin-C level is associated with pathologic conditions in ACS, especially the presence of ruptured plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan,
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Wang L, Shah PK, Wang W, Song L, Yang M, Sharifi BG. Tenascin-C deficiency in apo E-/- mouse increases eotaxin levels: implications for atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 227:267-74. [PMID: 23433402 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential role of inflammatory cytokines in apo E-/- mouse in response to deletion of Tenascin-C (TNC) gene. METHODS AND RESULTS We used antibody array and ELISA to compare the profile of circulating inflammatory cytokines in apo E-/- mice and apo E-/- TNC-/- double knockout mice. In addition, tissue culture studies were performed to investigate the activity of cells from each mouse genotype in vitro. Cytokine array analysis and subsequent ELISA showed that circulating eotaxin levels were selectively and markedly increased in response to TNC gene deletion in apo E-/- mice. In addition, considerable variation was noted in the circulating level of eotaxin among the control apo E-/- mouse group. Inbreeding of apo E-/- mice with high or low levels of plasma eotaxin showed that the level of eotaxin per se determines the extent of atherosclerosis in this mouse genotype. While endothelial cells from apo E-/- mice had low level of eotaxin expression, cells derived from apo E-/- TNC-/- mice expressed a high level of eotaxin. Transient transfection of eotaxin promoter-reporter constructs revealed that eotaxin expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by TNC. Histochemical analysis of aortic sections revealed the massive accumulation of mast cells in the adventitia of double KO mice lesions whereas no such accumulation was detected in the control group. Plasma from the apo E-/- TNC-/- mice markedly stimulated mast cell migration whereas plasma from the apo E-/- mice had no such effect. CONCLUSION These observations support the emerging hypothesis that TNC expression controls eotaxin level in apo E-/- mice and that this chemokine plays a key role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center and the Division of Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Wang L, Wang W, Shah PK, Song L, Yang M, Sharifi BG. Deletion of tenascin-C gene exacerbates atherosclerosis and induces intraplaque hemorrhage in Apo-E-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 21:398-413. [PMID: 22300502 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tenascin-C (TNC), a matricellular protein, is up-regulated in atherosclerotic plaques. We investigated whether the deletion of TNC gene affects the development of atherosclerosis in a murine model. METHODS TNC-/-/apo E-/- mice were generated and used for atherosclerosis studies. We compared these results to those observed in control groups of apo E-/- mice. RESULTS The en face analysis of aortic area showed that the mean aortic lesion area of the double knockout (KO) mice was significantly higher than that of control mice at different times after feeding of atherogenic diet; the accumulation of lesional macrophages and lipids was significantly higher. Analysis of cell adhesion molecules revealed that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), but not intercellular adhesion molecule-1, was up-regulated 1 week after feeding of atherogenic diet in the double KO mouse as compared to apo E-/- mouse. Cell culture studies revealed that the expression of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells isolated from the double KO mouse is more sensitive to the tumor necrosis factor α stimulation than the cells isolated from apo E-/- mice. Cell adhesion studies showed that the adherence of RAW monocytic cells to the endothelial cells was significantly enhanced in the cultured endothelial cells from the TNC gene-deleted cells. Following the prolonged feeding of an atherogenic diet (28-30 weeks), the aortic and carotid atherosclerotic lesions frequently demonstrated large grossly visible areas of intraplaque hemorrhage in the double KO mice compared to control. CONCLUSIONS These data unveil a protective role for TNC in atherosclerosis and suggest that TNC signaling may have the potential to reduce atherosclerosis, in part by modulating VCAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center and the Division of Cardiology, Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Advances in tenascin-C biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3175-99. [PMID: 21818551 PMCID: PMC3173650 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is specifically and transiently expressed upon tissue injury. Upon tissue damage, tenascin-C plays a multitude of different roles that mediate both inflammatory and fibrotic processes to enable effective tissue repair. In the last decade, emerging evidence has demonstrated a vital role for tenascin-C in cardiac and arterial injury, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, as well as in modulating stem cell behavior. Here we highlight the molecular mechanisms by which tenascin-C mediates these effects and discuss the implications of mis-regulated tenascin-C expression in driving disease pathology.
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Minear MA, Crosslin DR, Sutton BS, Connelly JJ, Nelson SC, Gadson-Watson S, Wang T, Seo D, Vance JM, Sketch MH, Haynes C, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Shah SH, Kraus WE, Hauser ER, Gregory SG. Polymorphic variants in tenascin-C (TNC) are associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Hum Genet 2011; 129:641-54. [PMID: 21298289 PMCID: PMC3576662 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix protein implicated in biological processes important for atherosclerotic plaque development and progression, including smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Previously, we observed differential expression of TNC in atherosclerotic aortas compared with healthy aortas. The goal of this study was to investigate whether common genetic variation within TNC is associated with risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) in three independent datasets. We genotyped 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including 21 haplotype tagging SNPs, in two of these datasets: human aorta tissue samples (n = 205) and the CATHGEN cardiovascular study (n = 1,325). Eleven of these 35 SNPs were then genotyped in a third dataset, the GENECARD family study of early-onset CAD (n = 879 families). Three SNPs representing a block of linkage disequilibrium, rs3789875, rs12347433, and rs4552883, were significantly associated with atherosclerosis in multiple datasets and demonstrated consistent, but suggestive, genetic effects in all analyses. In combined analysis rs3789875 and rs12347433 were statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for 35 comparisons, p = 2 × 10(-6) and 5 × 10(-6), respectively. The SNP rs12347433 is a synonymous coding SNP and may be biologically relevant to the mechanism by which tenascin-C influences the pathophysiology of CAD and atherosclerosis. This is the first report of genetic association between polymorphisms in TNC and atherosclerosis or CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A. Minear
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R. Crosslin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beth S. Sutton
- School of Pharmacy, Campbell University, Morrisvillie, NC, USA
| | - Jessica J. Connelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah C. Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shera Gadson-Watson
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tianyuan Wang
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Seo
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Michael H. Sketch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duhram, NC, USA
| | - Carol Haynes
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Svati H. Shah
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duhram, NC, USA
| | - William E. Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duhram, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hauser
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duhram, NC, USA
| | - Simon G. Gregory
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, 905 S. La Salle Street DUMC 3445, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Duhram, NC, USA
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Celik A. The relationship between tenascin-C levels and the complexity of coronary lesion after myocardial infarction. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:693-7. [PMID: 21512282 DOI: 10.5551/jat.6577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The increase of tenascin-C levels after myocardial infarction has been demonstrated by previous studies. The relationship between tenascin-C and the grade of stenosis in the infarct-related coronary artery was indeterminate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tenascin-C levels and total occlusion after acute myocardial infarction. METHOD Fifty-nine patients with subacute anterior myocardial infarction were divided into two groups according to their having a totally or subtotally occluded left anterior desending artery. Plasma tenascin-C, troponin I, CK-MB, uric acid, mean platelet volume, and lipid profile levels were also measured. RESULTS The history of the smoking rate, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were similar in both groups. Hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, serum creatinine, CK-MB, troponin I, serum lipid profile and uric acid levels were similar in the two groups. The CRP and tenascin-C levels were significantly higher in the total occlusion group. Tenascin-C levels were highest in patients with proximal LAD total occlusion and lowest in patients with subtotal LAD occlusion. The tenascin-C levels were correlated with the grade of stenosis (r = 0.602, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that higher tenascin-C levels were related with the total occlusion and inflammation after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
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Celik A, Kocyigit I, Calapkorur B, Korkmaz H, Doganay E, Elcik D, Ozdogru I. Tenascin-C may be a predictor of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 18:487-93. [PMID: 21350305 DOI: 10.5551/jat.7070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Numerous studies have shown an increase in NT-pro BNP, troponin I and D-dimer levels with right ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography in patients with acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). We found no data about the relation between tenascin-C and acute PTE in the litera-ture. The aim of this study was to evaluate tenascin-C levels in acute PTE and correlate them with NT-pro BNP, troponin I and D-dimer. METHOD Thirty-four patients who have massive or submassive PTE on spiral thorax CT (PTE group) and twenty healthy volunteers (non-PTE group) were evaluated. In all patients, right ventricular functions were obtained on transthoracic echocardiography and plasma tenascin-C, NT-pro BNP, troponin I, and D-dimer levels were measured. RESULTS The left ventricular systolic diameter, left ventricular diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were similar in the two groups. The right heart chamber sizes and main pulmonary artery diameter were significantly larger in the PTE group and systolic pulmonary artery pressures were also significantly higher in this group. Tenascin-C, NT-pro BNP, and D-dimer levels were also significantly higher in the PTE group than in the non-PTE group (p< 0.001). The troponin I levels did not differ between the two groups (p=0.4). Tenascin-C was found to be highly correlated with sPAP and NT-pro BNP and correlated with D-dimer; however, troponin I was not correlated with tenascin-C. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that tenascin-C may be an indicator of acute PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
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Karper JC, de Vries MR, van den Brand BT, Hoefer IE, Fischer JW, Jukema JW, Niessen HWM, Quax PHA. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in human and mouse vein graft remodeling, and local gene silencing reduces vein graft disease in hypercholesterolemic APOE*3Leiden mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1033-40. [PMID: 21330606 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.223271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to explore the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in vein graft remodeling and disease. METHODS AND RESULTS First, expression of TLR4 was analyzed in freshly isolated human saphenous veins (huSV), in freshly isolated huSV ex vivo perfused in an extracorporeal circulation, or in huSV used as coronary vein grafts. Marked induction of focal TLR4 expression was observed in perfused fresh huSV. Moreover, TLR4 was abundantly present in lesions in fresh huSV or in intimal hyperplasia in coronary vein grafts. Second, mouse venous bypass grafting was performed. In grafts of hypercholesterolemic APOE*3Leiden mice, increased TLR4 mRNA and protein was detected over time by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the local presence of the endogenous TLR4 ligands heat shock protein 60, high-mobility group box 1, tenascin-C, and biglycan in the grafts was demonstrated. TLR4 deficiency in C3H-Tlr4LPS-d (LPS indicates lipopolysaccharide) mice resulted in 48±12% less vein graft wall thickening (P=0.04) than in Balb/c controls. Moreover, local TLR4 gene silencing in hypercholesterolemic APOE*3Leiden mice using lentiviral short hairpin RNA against TLR4 administered perivascularly around vein grafts led to a 44±13% reduction of vessel wall thickening compared with controls (P=0.0059). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TLR4 is involved in vein graft remodeling and can be used as a local therapeutic target against vein graft disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco C Karper
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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Thomsen T, Schlosser A, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Ficolins and FIBCD1: soluble and membrane bound pattern recognition molecules with acetyl group selectivity. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:369-81. [PMID: 21071088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A network of molecules, which recognizes pathogens, work together to establish a quick and efficient immune response to infectious agents. Molecules containing a fibrinogen related domain in invertebrates and vertebrates have been implicated in immune responses against pathogens, and characterized as pattern recognition molecules. Ficolins are soluble oligomeric proteins composed of trimeric collagen-like regions linked to fibrinogen-related domains (FReDs) that have the ability to sense molecular patterns on both pathogens and apoptotic cell surfaces and activate the complement system. The ficolins have acetyl-binding properties, which have been localized to different binding sites in the FReD-region. A newly discovered tetrameric transmembrane protein, FIBCD1, likewise binds acetylated structures via the highly conserved FReD. This review presents current knowledge on acetyl binding FReD-containing molecules, and discusses structural resemblance but also diversity in recognition of acetylated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Thomsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Abeles D, Kwei S, Stavrakis G, Zhang Y, Wang ET, García-Cardeña G. Gene expression changes evoked in a venous segment exposed to arterial flow. J Vasc Surg 2006; 44:863-70. [PMID: 17012009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to characterize the coordinated molecular changes evoked in the structure and composition of the wall of a venous segment when exposed to fistula flow. METHODS An arteriovenous shunt was created in adult C57BL/6J mice. Remodeled veins and contralateral control jugular veins were isolated 7 days after surgery. Total RNA was isolated, linearly amplified, and the transcriptional profiles of this early adaptive response were obtained by microarray analysis. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on remodeled veins and control veins isolated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after surgery to further examine distinct spatial and temporal aspects of this early process. RESULTS There were 131 significantly upregulated and 165 downregulated genes in the remodeled vein compared with the control jugular vein. Genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization were highly upregulated. Movat's pentachrome staining revealed ground substance on day 3 that was not observed on day 5. The appearance of elastin fibers was first observed on day 7. Morphometric analysis demonstrated maximum wall thickness on day 3. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin in different cell types at different time points throughout the first week after surgery. CONCLUSION Major changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix occur during the early response of venous remodeling. Elastin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin are expressed within the wall of the remodeling vein resulting in the de novo formation of an extracellular matrix scaffold that may be part of a critical adaptation program being evoked to allow the vessel to cope with its new biomechanical environment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Kidney Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative has proposed the construction of arteriovenous fistulas as the primary vascular access for hemodialysis. As the vein is exposed to arterial flow, the vein wall dilates and a vascular remodeling process is triggered. With continued exposure, intimal hyperplasia occurs at the anastomosis that in many cases leads to failure. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the outflow vein remodels into a mature fistula remain incompletely understood. By investigating venous remodeling in a fistula model, candidate genes important for the remodeling process are discovered and their functional significance examined. Thus, the identification of relevant genes involved in this process should provide insight into arteriovenous fistula maturation and may suggest novel approaches for achieving higher patency rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Abeles
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Tamaoki M, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Yokoyama K, Nishioka T, Inada H, Hiroe M, Sakakura T, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C regulates recruitment of myofibroblasts during tissue repair after myocardial injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:71-80. [PMID: 15972953 PMCID: PMC1603439 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix molecule that is expressed during wound healing in various tissues. Although not detectable in the normal adult heart, it is expressed under pathological conditions. Previously, using a rat model, we found that TN-C was expressed during the acute stage after myocardial infarction and that alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts appeared in TN-C-positive areas. In the present study, we examined whether TN-C controls the dynamics of myofibroblast recruitment and wound healing after electrical injury to the myocardium of TN-C knockout (TNKO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In TNKO mice, myocardial repair seemed to proceed normally, but the appearance of myofibroblasts was delayed. With cultured cardiac fibroblasts, TN-C significantly accelerated cell migration, alpha-SMA expression, and collagen gel contraction but did not affect proliferation. Using recombinant fragments of murine TN-C, the functional domain responsible for promoting migration of cardiac fibroblasts was mapped to the conserved fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like repeats and the fibrinogen (Fbg)-like domain. Furthermore, alternatively spliced FNIII and Fbg-like domains proved responsible for the up-regulation of alpha-SMA expression. These results indicate that TN-C promotes recruitment of myofibroblasts in the early stages of myocardial repair by stimulating cell migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tamaoki
- Department of Pathology and Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Fujinaga K, Onoda K, Yamamoto K, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Takao M, Shimono T, Shimpo H, Yoshida T, Yada I. Locally applied cilostazol suppresses neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting tenascin-C synthesis and smooth muscle cell proliferation in free artery grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128:357-63. [PMID: 15354092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix in the intima of artery bypass grafts induces neointimal hyperplasia, resulting in graft failure. We investigated the inhibitory effect of locally applied cilostazol, an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase III, on neointimal hyperplasia and the role of tenascin-C synthesis and smooth muscle cell proliferation in free artery grafts. Methods and results We established a distal anastomotic stricture model of free artery graft stenosis using rat abdominal aorta. In this model, neointimal hyperplasia was observed not only in the distal anastomotic site but also in the graft body at postoperative day 14 and was markedly progressed at day 28. Strong expression of tenascin-C was found in the media and neointima of the graft body. When cilostazol was locally administered around the graft using Pluronic gel, neointimal hyperplasia of the graft was significantly suppressed in comparison with gel-treated control graft. The mean neointima/media area ratio was reduced by 86.6% for the graft body and by 75.8% for the distal anastomotic site versus the control. Cilostazol treatment decreased cell proliferation and tenascin-C expression in the neointima. In an in vitro experiment using cultured smooth muscle cells isolated from rat aorta, cilostazol completely suppressed the tenascin-C mRNA expression induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. CONCLUSION A single topical administration of cilostazol may suppress neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting cell proliferation and tenascin-C synthesis in free artery grafts, presenting the potential for clinical use in vascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fujinaga
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tsu, Japan
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Kenji K, Hironori U, Hideya Y, Michinori I, Yasuhiko H, Nobuoki K. Tenascin-C is associated with coronary plaque instability in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circ J 2004; 68:198-203. [PMID: 14993772 DOI: 10.1253/circj.68.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that increases after inflammation and injury. In cultured cells TNC has been reported to markedly induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9, which stimulates collagen degradation in the fibrous cap of human atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the expression of TNC protein in 51 coronary atherectomy specimens obtained from patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP, n=23) or acute coronary syndromes (ACS) (n=28; unstable angina pectoris, n=20, acute myocardial infarction, n=8). Immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin, CD68, CD45, and CD31 was also performed in serial sections to identify the cell types that express TNC protein. The %TNC + area (percentage of the area of immunostaining for TNC protein in the total surface area of the plaque) was larger in coronary samples with the plaque characteristics of thrombus, angiogenesis, intraplaque hemorrhage, and macrophage (CD68(+)), and lymphocyte (CD45 (+)) clusters than in coronary samples without them (52+/-3.4 vs 39+/-4.8, p<0.05; 57+/-3.7 vs 36+/-3.7, p<0.01; 51+/-3.6 vs 39+/-4.8, p<0.05; 53+/-3.4 vs 33+/-4.5, p<0.01; 56+/-4.1 vs 37+/-3.6, p<0.01, respectively). The presence of other components, such as dense fibrous tissue, neointimal hyperplasia, atheromatous gruel and calcification, was not significantly correlated with the %TNC + area. The %TNC + area was larger in coronary samples from patients with ACS than in samples from patients with SAP (56+/-3.2% vs 34+/-4.3%, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that TNC may have specific functions in coronary plaque formation and may be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary lesions in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajiwara Kenji
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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Wallner K, Li C, Shah PK, Wu KJ, Schwartz SM, Sharifi BG. EGF-Like domain of tenascin-C is proapoptotic for cultured smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1416-21. [PMID: 15178565 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000134299.89599.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on our previous observations on the expression of Tenascin-C (Tn-C) in human atherosclerotic plaques and its colocalization with macrophages, we explored whether Tn-C undergoes fragmentation and the potential pathobiological significance of this fragmentation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using cultured human smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we found that Tn-C upregulates expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Western blot analysis revealed that Tn-C substrate is fragmented and most of the cleavage products have fibronectin-like and epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains of Tn-C. One fragment that contains an EGF-like domain was found in some human atherosclerotic plaques. Cell culture studies revealed that the recombinant EGF-like domain inhibits growth, induces apoptosis of SMCs in a dose-dependent, time-dependent, and caspase-dependent manner, and activates caspase-3 before SMC detachment. Conversely, the caspase inhibitor z-YVAD.cmk, serum, and protease inhibitors blocked cell apoptosis conferred by the EGF-like domain. In addition, these inhibitors blocked EGF-like domain-induced caspase-3 activation. In contrast to this EGF-like domain, intact Tn-C, its fibronectin-like, and its fibrinogen-like domains were inactive. CONCLUSIONS Together with our previous observations, our data suggest that Tn-C upregulates MMP expression that cleaves Tn-C into fragments containing the EGF-like domain. This domain has proapoptotic activity for SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Wallner
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif 90048, USA
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Gorodetsky R, Vexler A, Shamir M, An J, Levdansky L, Shimeliovich I, Marx G. New cell attachment peptide sequences from conserved epitopes in the carboxy termini of fibrinogen. Exp Cell Res 2003; 287:116-29. [PMID: 12799188 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen seems to contribute significantly to cell binding and recruitment into wounds besides its major role in clot formation. We describe 19- to 21-mer cell-binding (haptotactic) peptides from the C-termini of fibrinogen beta-chain (Cbeta), the extended alphaE chain, and near the C-terminal of the gamma-chain. When these peptides were covalently bound to a biologically inert matrix such as Sepharose beads (SB), they elicited beads attachment to cells, mostly of mesenchymal origin (including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells) as well as some transformed cell lines. Based on such haptotactic activity, these peptides were termed "haptides." By contrast, peptides homologous to fibrinogen C-termini alpha- and gamma-chains elicited no such activity. The haptide Cbeta could not block the interaction of fibroblasts with antibodies directed against integrins beta(1), alpha(v), alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), and alphaIIbeta(3). Moreover, GRGDS peptide could not inhibit enhanced cell binding to SB-Cbeta, as expected from an integrin-mediated process. In soluble form the haptides were accumulated in cells with nonsaturable kinetics without any toxic or proproliferative effects in concentrations up to 80 microM. These findings suggest that the conserved haptidic sequences within fibrin(ogen) can be associated with the adhesion and migration of cells into fibrin clots and may have a significant role in normal wound healing and in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gorodetsky
- Biotechnology and Radiobiology Laboratory, Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah University Hospital, P.O. Box 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Qin M, Zeng Z, Zheng J, Shah PK, Schwartz SM, Adams LD, Sharifi BG. Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies distinctive expression markers for coronary and internal mammary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:425-33. [PMID: 12615697 PMCID: PMC3579564 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000059303.94760.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify differentially expressed genes in the athero-prone coronary artery and athero-resistant internal mammary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Using suppressive subtraction hybridization, we generated reciprocal cDNA collections of representative mRNAs specific to porcine coronary arteries versus porcine mammary arteries. We screened 1000 suppressive subtraction hybridization cDNA clones by dot blot array and sequenced 600 of those showing the most marked expression differences. Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining confirmed the differential gene expression patterns identified by the dot blot arrays. Genes associated with mammary arteries included claudin-10 and h-cadherin, which are genes associated with tight junctions and intermediate junctions. In contrast, genes associated with proatherosclerotic processes, such as lipid retention and metabolism, inflammation, and cell growth, were preferentially expressed in coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Normal coronary arteries have gene expression program that is significantly different than internal mammary arteries. These differences may partly explain the resistance of coronary arteries and internal mammary arteries to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Qin
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, and Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Bldg #1016, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, Calif 90048, USA
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Abstract
Migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) across the internal elastic lamina is a key step in the development of atherosclerotic or restenotic plaques. Cell movement is a complex and highly dynamic phenomenon, involving the continuous formation and breakage of attachments with the underlying substratum. Tenascin-C (Tn-C), a counter-adhesive extracellular matrix protein, is comprised of several isoforms with distinct biological activities. Neither the structure nor function of these isoforms in SMCs has been defined. We have used primers and RT-PCR to fully identify Tn-C isoforms expressed by SMCs. Cloning and sequence analysis of the PCR product indicated that SMCs express a Tn-C isoform with only repeats A1 and A2 of fibronectin type III repeats. Using A1A2-specific antibodies, cDNA probes and RNase mapping, we observed that the A1A2 isoform is predominantly expressed by cultured SMCs derived from aorta of newborn rats, and its expression is up-regulated by PDGF-BB. In contrast, the expression of this isoform is markedly down-regulated in the SMCs derived from adult rat aorta. Western and Northern blots of injured rat carotid arteries revealed that the A1A2-isoform is expressed in response to injury. Using cultured SMCs, we found that the recombinant A1A2 protein that was found in the newly discovered Tn-C isoform promotes SMC chemotaxis. We conclude that Tn-C isoforms are expressed in a regulated fashion in vascular system. Our findings suggest a new role of Tn-C isoforms in the remodeling of vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Wallner
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Forrester JS. James Stuart Forrester III, MD: a conversation with the editor [interview by William Clifford Roberts]. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:1270-86. [PMID: 11728355 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wallner K, Sharifi BG, Shah PK, Noguchi S, DeLeon H, Wilcox JN. Adventitial remodeling after angioplasty is associated with expression of tenascin mRNA by adventitial myofibroblasts. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:655-61. [PMID: 11216993 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the temporospatial expression of tenascin-C (TnC) in balloon-injured rat and porcine arteries. BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that cell migration, in addition to cell proliferation, is a critical component of neointima formation after vascular injury. We have previously shown that adventitial myofibroblasts synthesize growth factors that contribute to the formation of neointima after arterial injury. We have also shown that the extracellular matrix protein, TnC, regulates cell migration. Consequently, we investigated the temporospatial expression of TnC by myofibroblasts after vascular injury. METHODS In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the temporospatial expression of TnC in injured arteries. Northern and Western blots were used to determine the in vitro expression of TnC. RESULTS In situ hybridization revealed that the major site of TnC expression early after vascular injury was the adventitial myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that TnC expression began in adventitial myofibroblasts three days after injury. Tenascin-C expression, however, did not persist in this region. Rather, it moved progressively across the vascular wall toward the luminal surface. By one week, TnC expression reached the developing neointima. In vitro, myofibroblasts did not express TnC mRNA under basal conditions. In contrast, angiotensin II and PDGF-BB, factors that have been implicated in remodeling of balloon-injured arteries, markedly upregulated TnC mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Tenascin-C is expressed in response to balloon injury. Tenascin-C expression begins with adventitial myofibroblasts. Over a period of 7 to 14 days, expression moves progressively across the vessel wall to the neointima. We hypothesize that adventitial myofibroblasts are actively involved in the formation of neointima and that TnC facilitates migration of these cells during adventitial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wallner
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Murphy LI, Fischer D, Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Mackie EJ. Tenascin-C induced stimulation of chondrogenesis is dependent on the presence of the C-terminal fibrinogen-like globular domain. FEBS Lett 2000; 480:189-92. [PMID: 11034326 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between structure of tenascin-C (Tn-C), a multi-domain extracellular matrix protein, and its stimulation of chondrogenesis was examined using recombinant Tn-C isoforms (full length or with specific domains deleted) as substrata for undifferentiated chicken mesenchymal cells. Of the Tn-C variants tested, only Tn-C lacking the fibrinogen-like domain or Tn-C comprised solely of fibrinogen-like domains failed to stimulate chondrogenesis. The ability of variants to stimulate chondrogenesis was not dependent on their ability to support adhesion or stimulate proliferation. These results demonstrate that the fibrinogen-like domain of Tn-C is necessary but not sufficient for induction of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Yokoyama K, Erickson HP, Ikeda Y, Takada Y. Identification of amino acid sequences in fibrinogen gamma -chain and tenascin C C-terminal domains critical for binding to integrin alpha vbeta 3. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16891-8. [PMID: 10747940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) recognizes fibrinogen gamma and alpha(E) chain C-terminal domains (gammaC and alpha(E)C) but does not require the gammaC dodecapeptide sequence HHLGGAKQAGDV(400-411) for binding to gammaC. We have localized the alpha(v)beta(3) binding sites in gammaC using gammaC-derived synthetic peptides. We found that two peptides GWTVFQKRLDGSV(190-202) and GVYYQGGTYSKAS(346-358) block the alpha(v)beta(3) binding to gammaC or alpha(E)C, block the alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated clot retraction, and induce the ligand-induced binding site 2 (LIBS2) epitope in alpha(v)beta(3). Neither peptide affects fibrinogen binding to alpha(IIb)beta(3). Scrambled or inverted peptides were not effective. These results suggest that the two gammaC-derived peptides directly interact with alpha(v)beta(3) and specifically block alpha(v)beta(3)-gammaC or alpha(E)C interaction. The two sequences are located next to each other in the gammaC crystal structure, although they are separate in the primary structure. Asp-199, Ser-201, Gln-350, Thr-353, Lys-356, Ala-357, and Ser-358 residues are exposed to the surface. This suggests that the two sequences are part of alpha(v)beta(3) binding sites in fibrinogen gammaC domain. We also found that tenascin C C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain specifically binds to alpha(v)beta(3). Notably, a peptide WYRNCHRVNLMGRYGDNNHSQGVNWFHWKG from this domain that includes the sequence corresponding to gammaC GVYYQGGTYSKAS(346-358) specifically binds to alpha(v)beta(3), suggesting that fibrinogen and tenascin C C-terminal domains interact with alpha(v)beta(3) in a similar manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokoyama
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Zagzag D, Hooper A, Friedlander DR, Chan W, Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Yancopoulos GD, Grumet M. In situ expression of angiopoietins in astrocytomas identifies angiopoietin-2 as an early marker of tumor angiogenesis. Exp Neurol 1999; 159:391-400. [PMID: 10506510 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and its naturally occurring antagonist angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are novel ligands that regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the Tie2/Tek receptor on endothelial cells. Proper regulation of Tie2/Tek is absolutely required for normal vascular development, seemingly by regulating vascular remodeling and endothelial cell interactions with supporting pericytes/smooth muscle cells. We investigated the expression of Ang-1 and Ang-2 in human astrocytomas by in situ hybridization and compared them to the distribution of pericytes/smooth muscle cells by immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Ang-1 mRNA was localized in tumor cells and Ang-2 mRNA was detected in endothelial cells of hyperplastic and nonhyperplastic tumor vessels. Ang-2 was also expressed in partially sclerotic vessels and in vascular channels surrounded by tumor cells in brain adjacent to the tumor. Neither Ang-1 nor Ang-2 was detected in normal brain. Dynamic changes in SMA expression during glioma tumorigenesis appear to progress from fragmentation in early vascular hyperplasia to subsequent reassociation and enhanced expression in later stages of vascular proliferation in hyperplastic complexes in high-grade gliomas. All these vessels displaying dynamic changes in SMA immunoreactivity also expressed Ang-2 mRNA. Moreover, SMA immunoreactive intratumoral vascular channels lacking morphological evidence of hyperplasia also showed upregulation of Ang-2. These results suggest that angiopoietins are involved in the early stage of vascular activation and in advanced angiogenesis, and they identify Ang-2 as an early marker of glioma-induced neovascularization. The association between Ang-2 expression and alterations in SMA immunoreactivity suggests a role for Ang-2 in tumor-associated activation of pericytes/smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zagzag
- Division of Neuropathology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, 10016, USA
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Wallner K, Li C, Fishbein MC, Shah PK, Sharifi BG. Arterialization of human vein grafts is associated with tenascin-C expression. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:871-5. [PMID: 10483972 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to test the hypothesis that tenascin-C (TN-C), an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein with counteradhesive chemotactic and vascular growth-promoting effects, is expressed in "arterialized" human saphenous vein grafts (SVGs). BACKGROUND Tenascin-C is expressed in the vessel wall after vascular injury in the experimental model, where it has been implicated in the formation of neointima. Overexpression of TN-C has also been implicated in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Saphenous vein grafts are exposed to hemodynamic stress when interposed in the arterial circulation and mechanical stress upregulates expression of TN-C, whereas stress-relaxation suppresses its synthesis. We hypothesized that the hemodynamic stress of increased arterial pressure could also induce TN-C expression in SVG. METHODS We examined the expression of TN-C protein and mRNA in normal vein and "arterialized" human SVG using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. RESULTS TN-C protein was not detected in control human saphenous veins; however, it was uniformly and strongly expressed in the adventitia and media of patent human vein grafts, with minimal or no expression in the neointima (n = 27, 100%). In situ hybridization showed that TN-C mRNA was not detected in the neointima, but was strongly upregulated in the adventitia and media, corroborating immunostaining data (n = 10, 100%). Unlike patent SVG, TN-C was not expressed in the adventitia of occluded grafts, except for a low level of expression around the newly formed vessels in neointima (n = 5, 100%). Smooth muscle cell-specific staining demonstrated that the lack of expression of TN-C in occluded vein grafts is not due to the lack of presence of smooth muscle cells in the graft. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that placement of a venous graft in the arterial system leads to expression of TN-C, which may in turn facilitate graft remodeling. Conversely, loss of flow and intravascular pressure, associated with vein graft occlusion, is accompanied by disappearance of TN-C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wallner
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Elefteriou F, Exposito JY, Garrone R, Lethias C. Cell adhesion to tenascin-X mapping of cell adhesion sites and identification of integrin receptors. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 263:840-8. [PMID: 10469149 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive properties of tenascin-X (TN-X) were investigated using TN-X purified from bovine skin and recombinant proteins encompassing the RGD sequence located within the tenth fibronectin type-III domain, and the fibrinogen-like domain. Osteosarcoma (MG63) and bladder carcinoma cells (ECV304) cells were shown to adhere to purified TN-X, but did not spread and did not assemble actin stress fibers. Both cell types adhered to recombinant proteins harboring the contiguous fibronectin type-III domains 9 and 10 (FNX 9-10) but not to the FNX 10 domain alone. This adhesion to FNX 9-10 was shown to be mediated by alphavbeta3 integrin, was inhibited by RGD peptides and was strongly reduced in proteins mutated within the RGD site. As antibodies against alphavbeta3 integrin had no effects on cell adhesion to purified TN-X, we suggest that the RGD sequence is masked in intact TN-X. Cell attachment to the recombinant TN-X fibrinogen domain (FbgX) and to purified TN-X was greater for MG63 than for ECV304 cells. A beta1-containing integrin was shown to be involved in MG63 cell attachment to FbgX and to purified TN-X. Although the existence of other cell interaction sites is likely in this huge molecule, these similar patterns of adhesion and inhibition suggest that the fibrinogen domain might be a dominant site in the whole molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Elefteriou
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS, Unité Propre de Recherche 412, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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López-Ribot JL, Bikandi J, San Millán RS, Chaffin WL. Interactions between Candida albicans and the human extracellular matrix component tenascin-C. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 1999; 2:58-63. [PMID: 10527893 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.1999.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tenascins are large multimeric proteins that contain repeated structural motifs that include epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, fibronectin type III repeats and a globular fibrinogen-like domain, and are involved in tissue and organ morphogenesis, as well as in adhesion and migration of cells. C. albicans germ-tubes, but not blastospores, were able to bind to soluble human tenascin-C as revealed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. However, materials present in cell wall extracts from both morphologies attached to tenascin-C immobilized in wells of a microtiter plate. The binding specificity was demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of antibodies against C. albicans cell wall components and an anti-tenascin antibody, but not anti-laminin antibody. Fibronectin, but not fibrinogen, inhibited binding, thus indicating a role of the fibronectin type III repeats in the interaction between the fungus and tenascin-C. Binding of C. albicans cell wall materials to tenascin was RGD- and divalent cation-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L López-Ribot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock 79430, USA
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Wallner K, Li C, Shah PK, Fishbein MC, Forrester JS, Kaul S, Sharifi BG. Tenascin-C is expressed in macrophage-rich human coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 1999; 99:1284-9. [PMID: 10077510 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.10.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenascin is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein generally found in adult tissues undergoing active remodeling such as healing wounds and tumors. To determine the potential role of tenascin-C (TN-C) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, we investigated the pattern of expression of TN-C in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization demonstrated minimal and random expression of TN-C in fibrotic but lipid-poor atherosclerotic plaques. In contrast, all plaques with an organized lipid core or ruptured intimal surface strongly expressed TN-C, which was preferentially concentrated around the lipid core, shoulder regions, and ruptured area of the plaques but not in the fibrous cap. TN-C was not detected in normal arterial tissue. To identify the cellular source of TN-C, the plaques were stained with smooth muscle cell- and macrophage-specific antibodies. TN-C expression correlated with the infiltration of macrophages. Northern blot and immunoprecipitation analysis showed that macrophages expressed 7. 0-kb TN-C mRNA and 220-kDa protein. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of total RNA derived from macrophages showed that they express the small isoform of TN-C. Zymogram analysis revealed that macrophages markedly increased MMP-9 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the level of TN-C expression correlates with the degree of inflammation present, not with plaque size. In addition, cultured macrophages have the capacity to express the TN-C gene. These findings suggest the significance of macrophages in the remodeling of atherosclerotic plaque matrix composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wallner
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Divisions of Cardiology and Anatomic Pathology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Laurén J, Gunji Y, Alitalo K. Is angiopoietin-2 necessary for the initiation of tumor angiogenesis? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1333-9. [PMID: 9811321 PMCID: PMC1853422 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Laurén
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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