1
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Nath PR, Maclean M, Nagarajan V, Lee JW, Yakin M, Kumar A, Nadali H, Schmidt B, Kaya KD, Kodati S, Young A, Caspi RR, Kuiper JJW, Sen HN. Single-cell profiling identifies a CD8 bright CD244 bright Natural Killer cell subset that reflects disease activity in HLA-A29-positive birdshot chorioretinopathy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6443. [PMID: 39085199 PMCID: PMC11291632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Birdshot chorioretinopathy is an inflammatory eye condition strongly associated with MHC-I allele HLA-A29. The striking association with MHC-I suggests involvement of T cells, whereas natural killer (NK) cell involvement remains largely unstudied. Here we show that HLA-A29-positive birdshot chorioretinopathy patients have a skewed NK cell pool containing expanded CD16 positive NK cells which produce more proinflammatory cytokines. These NK cells contain populations that express CD8A which is involved in MHC-I recognition on target cells, display gene signatures indicative of high cytotoxic activity (GZMB, PRF1 and ISG15), and signaling through NK cell receptor CD244 (SH2D1B). Long-term monitoring of a cohort of birdshot chorioretinopathy patients with active disease identifies a population of CD8bright CD244bright NK cells, which rapidly declines to normal levels upon clinical remission following successful treatment. Collectively, these studies implicate CD8bright CD244bright NK cells in birdshot chorioretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Nath
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
- Lentigen Technology Inc., A Miltenyi Biotec Company, 910 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Mary Maclean
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, NIAMS, Bethesda, NIH, USA
| | - Vijay Nagarajan
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jung Wha Lee
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Mehmet Yakin
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Aman Kumar
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hadi Nadali
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Brian Schmidt
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Koray D Kaya
- Medical Genetics and Ophthalmic Genomics Unit, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Shilpa Kodati
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alice Young
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jonas J W Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - H Nida Sen
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
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2
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Huszenicza Z, Gilmour BC, Koll L, Kjelstrup H, Chan H, Sundvold V, Granum S, Spurkland A. Interaction of T-cell-specific adapter protein with Src- and Tec-family kinases. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13358. [PMID: 38605535 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Adapter proteins are flexible and dynamic modulators of cellular signalling that are important for immune cell function. One of these, the T-cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd), interacts with the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src and Lck of the Src family kinases (SFKs) and Itk of the Tec family kinases (TFKs). Three tyrosine residues in the TSAd C-terminus are phosphorylated by Lck and serve as docking sites for the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of Src and Lck. The TSAd proline-rich region (PRR) binds to the Src homology 3 (SH3) domains found in Lck, Src and Itk. Despite known interactors, the role TSAd plays in cellular signalling remains largely unknown. TSAd's ability to bind both SFKs and TFKs may point to its function as a general scaffold for both kinase families. Using GST-pulldown as well as peptide array experiments, we found that both the SH2 and SH3 domains of the SFKs Fyn and Hck, as well as the TFKs Tec and Txk, interact with TSAd. This contrasts with Itk, which interacts with TSAd only through its SH3 domain. Although our analysis showed that TSAd is both co-expressed and may interact with Fyn, we were unable to co-precipitate Fyn with TSAd from Jurkat cells, as detected by Western blotting and affinity purification mass spectrometry. This may suggest that TSAd-Fyn interaction in intact cells may be limited by other factors, such as the subcellular localization of the two molecules or the co-expression of competing binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Huszenicza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brian C Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Koll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Kjelstrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Sundvold
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Granum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Borowicz P, Chan H, Hauge A, Spurkland A. Adaptor proteins: Flexible and dynamic modulators of immune cell signalling. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12951. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Borowicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anette Hauge
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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4
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Yi FS, Zhang X, Zhai K, Huang ZY, Wu XZ, Wu MT, Shi XY, Pei XB, Dong SF, Wang W, Yang Y, Du J, Luo ZT, Shi HZ. TSAd Plays a Major Role in Myo9b-Mediated Suppression of Malignant Pleural Effusion by Regulating T H1/T H17 Cell Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2926-2935. [PMID: 33046503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that Myo9b is a cancer metastasis-related protein and functions in a variety of immune-related diseases. However, it is not clear whether and how Myo9b functions in malignant pleural effusion (MPE). In this study, our data showed that Myo9b expression levels correlated with lung cancer pleural metastasis, and nucleated cells in MPE from either patients or mice expressed a lower level of Myo9b than those in the corresponding blood. Myo9b deficiency in cancer cells suppressed MPE development via inhibition of migration. Myo9b deficiency in mice suppressed MPE development by decreasing TH1 cells and increasing TH17 cells. CD4+ naive T cells isolated from Myo9b-/- mouse spleens exhibited less TH1 cell differentiation and more TH17 cell differentiation in vitro. mRNA sequencing of nucleated cells showed that T cell-specific adaptor protein (TSAd) was downregulated in Myo9b-/- mouse MPE, and enrichment of the H3K27me3 mark in the TSAd promoter region was found in the Myo9b-/- group. Naive T cells purified from wild type mouse spleens transfected with TSAd-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) also showed less TH1 cell differentiation and more TH17 cell differentiation than those from the siRNA control group. Furthermore, downregulation of TSAd in mice using cholesterol-conjugated TSAd-specific siRNA suppressed MPE development, decreased TH1 cells, and increased TH17 cells in MPE in vivo. Taken together, Myo9b deficiency suppresses MPE development not only by suppressing pleural cancer metastasis but also by regulating TH1/TH17 cell response via a TSAd-dependent pathway. This work suggests Myo9b and TSAd as novel candidates for future basic and clinical investigations of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shuang Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhong-Yin Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xiu-Zhi Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Min-Ting Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xin-Yu Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xue-Bin Pei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shu-Feng Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zeng-Tao Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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5
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Borowicz P, Chan H, Medina D, Gumpelmair S, Kjelstrup H, Spurkland A. A simple and efficient workflow for generation of knock‐in mutations in Jurkat T cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12862. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Borowicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Simon Gumpelmair
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Hanna Kjelstrup
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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6
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Wedel J, Stack MP, Seto T, Sheehan MM, Flynn EA, Stillman IE, Kong SW, Liu K, Briscoe DM. T Cell-Specific Adaptor Protein Regulates Mitochondrial Function and CD4 + T Regulatory Cell Activity In Vivo following Transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2328-2338. [PMID: 31541025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The T cell-specific adaptor protein (TSAd), encoded by the SH2D2A gene, is an intracellular molecule that binds Lck to elicit signals that result in cytokine production in CD4+ T effector cells (Teff). Nevertheless, using Sh2d2a knockout (KO; also called TSAd-/-) mice, we find that alloimmune CD4+ Teff responses are fully competent in vivo. Furthermore, and contrary to expectations, we find that allograft rejection is accelerated in KO recipients of MHC class II-mismatched B6.C-H-2bm12 heart transplants versus wild-type (WT) recipients. Also, KO recipients of fully MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts are resistant to the graft-prolonging effects of costimulatory blockade. Using adoptive transfer models, we find that KO T regulatory cells (Tregs) are less efficient in suppressing Teff function and they produce IFN-γ following mitogenic activation. In addition, pyrosequencing demonstrated higher levels of methylation of CpG regions within the Treg-specific demethylated region of KO versus WT Tregs, suggesting that TSAd, in part, promotes Treg stability. By Western blot, Lck is absent in the mitochondria of KO Tregs, and reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria is reduced in KO versus WT Tregs. Full transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the key mechanism of TSAd function in Tregs relates to its effects on cellular activation rather than intrinsic effects on mitochondria/metabolism. Nevertheless, KO Tregs compensate for a lack of activation by increasing the number of mitochondria per cell. Thus, TSAd serves as a critical cell-intrinsic molecule in CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs to regulate the translocation of Lck to mitochondria, cellular activation responses, and the development of immunoregulation following solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wedel
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maria P Stack
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tatsuichiro Seto
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Matthew M Sheehan
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Evelyn A Flynn
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Kaifeng Liu
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David M Briscoe
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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7
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Andersen TCB, Kristiansen PE, Huszenicza Z, Johansson MU, Gopalakrishnan RP, Kjelstrup H, Boyken S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Granum S, Sørli M, Backe PH, Fulton DB, Karlsson BG, Andreotti AH, Spurkland A. The SH3 domains of the protein kinases ITK and LCK compete for adjacent sites on T cell-specific adapter protein. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15480-15494. [PMID: 31484725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation requires stimulation of specific intracellular signaling pathways in which protein-tyrosine kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins interact to transmit signals from the T-cell receptor to the nucleus. Interactions of LCK proto-oncogene, SRC family tyrosine kinase (LCK), and the IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) with the T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAD) promotes LCK-mediated phosphorylation and thereby ITK activation. Both ITK and LCK interact with TSAD's proline-rich region (PRR) through their Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. Whereas LCK may also interact with TSAD through its SH2 domain, ITK interacts with TSAD only through its SH3 domain. To begin to understand on a molecular level how the LCK SH3 and ITK SH3 domains interact with TSAD in human HEK293T cells, here we combined biochemical analyses with NMR spectroscopy. We found that the ITK and LCK SH3 domains potentially have adjacent and overlapping binding sites within the TSAD PRR amino acids (aa) 239-274. Pulldown experiments and NMR spectroscopy revealed that both domains may bind to TSAD aa 239-256 and aa 257-274. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments further revealed that both domains may also bind simultaneously to TSAD aa 242-268. Accordingly, NMR spectroscopy indicated that the SH3 domains may compete for these two adjacent binding sites. We propose that once the associations of ITK and LCK with TSAD promote the ITK and LCK interaction, the interactions among TSAD, ITK, and LCK are dynamically altered by ITK phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorny Cesilie Bie Andersen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Zsuzsa Huszenicza
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria U Johansson
- Swedish NMR Centre at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Kjelstrup
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Scott Boyken
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Granum
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sørli
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Paul Hoff Backe
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - D Bruce Fulton
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - B Göran Karlsson
- Swedish NMR Centre at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 90, Sweden
| | - Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Sachse SM, Lievens S, Ribeiro LF, Dascenco D, Masschaele D, Horré K, Misbaer A, Vanderroost N, De Smet AS, Salta E, Erfurth ML, Kise Y, Nebel S, Van Delm W, Plaisance S, Tavernier J, De Strooper B, De Wit J, Schmucker D. Nuclear import of the DSCAM-cytoplasmic domain drives signaling capable of inhibiting synapse formation. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899669. [PMID: 30745319 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DSCAM and DSCAML1 are immunoglobulin and cell adhesion-type receptors serving important neurodevelopmental functions including control of axon growth, branching, neurite self-avoidance, and neuronal cell death. The signal transduction mechanisms or effectors of DSCAM receptors, however, remain poorly characterized. We used a human ORFeome library to perform a high-throughput screen in mammalian cells and identified novel cytoplasmic signaling effector candidates including the Down syndrome kinase Dyrk1a, STAT3, USP21, and SH2D2A. Unexpectedly, we also found that the intracellular domains (ICDs) of DSCAM and DSCAML1 specifically and directly interact with IPO5, a nuclear import protein of the importin beta family, via a conserved nuclear localization signal. The DSCAM ICD is released by γ-secretase-dependent cleavage, and both the DSCAM and DSCAML1 ICDs efficiently translocate to the nucleus. Furthermore, RNA sequencing confirms that expression of the DSCAM as well as the DSCAML1 ICDs alone can profoundly alter the expression of genes associated with neuronal differentiation and apoptosis, as well as synapse formation and function. Gain-of-function experiments using primary cortical neurons show that increasing the levels of either the DSCAM or the DSCAML1 ICD leads to an impairment of neurite growth. Strikingly, increased expression of either full-length DSCAM or the DSCAM ICD, but not the DSCAML1 ICD, significantly decreases synapse numbers in primary hippocampal neurons. Taken together, we identified a novel membrane-to-nucleus signaling mechanism by which DSCAM receptors can alter the expression of regulators of neuronal differentiation and synapse formation and function. Considering that chromosomal duplications lead to increased DSCAM expression in trisomy 21, our findings may help uncover novel mechanisms contributing to intellectual disability in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M Sachse
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lievens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dan Dascenco
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Delphine Masschaele
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Horré
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anke Misbaer
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Vanderroost
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Sophie De Smet
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgenia Salta
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Yoshiaki Kise
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siegfried Nebel
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joris De Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium .,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Hem CD, Ekornhol M, Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Spurkland A. CD6 and Linker of Activated T Cells are Potential Interaction Partners for T Cell-Specific Adaptor Protein. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:104-112. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Hem
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Ekornhol
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Granum
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - A. Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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10
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Gordon EJ, Fukuhara D, Weström S, Padhan N, Sjöström EO, van Meeteren L, He L, Orsenigo F, Dejana E, Bentley K, Spurkland A, Claesson-Welsh L. The endothelial adaptor molecule TSAd is required for VEGF-induced angiogenic sprouting through junctional c-Src activation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra72. [PMID: 27436360 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad9256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGFR2) by VEGF binding is critical for vascular morphogenesis. In addition, VEGF disrupts the endothelial barrier by triggering the phosphorylation and turnover of the junctional molecule VE-cadherin, a process mediated by the VEGFR2 downstream effectors T cell-specific adaptor (TSAd) and the tyrosine kinase c-Src. We investigated whether the VEGFR2-TSAd-c-Src pathway was required for angiogenic sprouting. Indeed, Tsad-deficient embryoid bodies failed to sprout in response to VEGF. Tsad-deficient mice displayed impaired angiogenesis specifically during tracheal vessel development, but not during retinal vasculogenesis, and in VEGF-loaded Matrigel plugs, but not in those loaded with FGF. The SH2 and proline-rich domains of TSAd bridged VEGFR2 and c-Src, and this bridging was critical for the localization of activated c-Src to endothelial junctions and elongation of the growing sprout, but not for selection of the tip cell. These results revealed that vascular sprouting and permeability are both controlled through the VEGFR2-TSAd-c-Src signaling pathway in a subset of tissues, which may be useful in developing strategies to control tissue-specific pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
| | - Daisuke Fukuhara
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Simone Weström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Narendra Padhan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Elisabet O Sjöström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Laurens van Meeteren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Orsenigo
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden. FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, IFOM, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Katie Bentley
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0317, Norway
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 20, Uppsala 75185, Sweden.
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11
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Hem CD, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Granum S, Koll L, Abrahamsen G, Buday L, Spurkland A. T cell specific adaptor protein (TSAd) promotes interaction of Nck with Lck and SLP-76 in T cells. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:31. [PMID: 26163016 PMCID: PMC4499191 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Lck and Src binding adaptor protein TSAd (T cell specific adaptor) regulates actin polymerization in T cells and endothelial cells. The molecular details as to how TSAd regulates this process remain to be elucidated. Results To identify novel interaction partners for TSAd, we used a scoring matrix-assisted ligand algorithm (SMALI), and found that the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the actin regulator Non-catalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein (Nck) potentially binds to TSAd phosphorylated on Tyr280 (pTyr280) and pTyr305. These predictions were confirmed by peptide array analysis, showing direct binding of recombinant Nck SH2 to both pTyr280 and pTyr305 on TSAd. In addition, the SH3 domains of Nck interacted with the proline rich region (PRR) of TSAd. Pull-down and immunoprecipitation experiments further confirmed the Nck-TSAd interactions through Nck SH2 and SH3 domains. In line with this Nck and TSAd co-localized in Jurkat cells as assessed by confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in Jurkat TAg cells lacking TSAd revealed that TSAd promotes interaction of Nck with Lck and SLP-76, but not Vav1. TSAd expressing Jurkat cells contained more polymerized actin, an effect dependent on TSAd exon 7, which includes interactions sites for both Nck and Lck. Conclusions TSAd binds to and co-localizes with Nck. Expression of TSAd increases both Nck-Lck and Nck-SLP-76 interaction in T cells. Recruitment of Lck and SLP-76 to Nck by TSAd could be one mechanism by which TSAd promotes actin polymerization in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Dahl Hem
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
| | - Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
| | - Stine Granum
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
| | - Lise Koll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
| | - Greger Abrahamsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
| | - Laszlo Buday
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0317, Norway. .,Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PB 1105, Blindern, Oslo, 0317, Norway.
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12
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Reduced MCMV Δm157 viral clearance in the absence of TSAd. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9219. [PMID: 25783199 PMCID: PMC4363830 DOI: 10.1038/srep09219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd) is expressed in activated T cells and NK cells. While TSAd is beginning to emerge as a critical regulator of Lck and Itk activity in T cells, its role in NK cells has not yet been explored. Here we have examined susceptibility to virus infections in a murine model using various viral infection models. We report that TSAd-deficient mice display reduced clearance of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) that lack the viral MHC class I homologue m157, which is critical for Ly49H-mediated NK cell recognition of infected cells. In this infection model, NK cells contribute in the early stages of the disease, whereas CD8+ T cells are critical for viral clearance. We found that mice infected with MCMV Δm157 displayed reduced viral clearance in the spleen as well as reduced proliferation in spleen NK cells and CD8+ T cells in the absence of TSAd. Though no other immunophenotype was detected in the infection models tested, these data suggests that in the absence of the Ly49H ligand activation, NK cell and CD8+ T cell responses may be compromised in TSAd-deficient mice.
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13
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Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Gopalakrishnan RP, Berge T, Koll L, Abrahamsen G, Sorlie M, Spurkland A. The kinase Itk and the adaptor TSAd change the specificity of the kinase Lck in T cells by promoting the phosphorylation of Tyr192. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra118. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Pandya AD, Leergaard TB, Dissen E, Haraldsen G, Spurkland A. Expression of the T cell-specific adapter protein in human tissues. Scand J Immunol 2014; 80:169-79. [PMID: 24910151 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) encoded by the SH2D2A gene is expressed in activated T cells, NK cells and endothelial cells, but its tissue expression has not yet been mapped. Here, we have defined the specificity of two commercially available anti-TSAd monoclonal reagents using peptide arrays. We found them to bind separate epitopes in the C-terminal part of TSAd. We then used immunohistochemistry to examine TSAd expression in various human lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Immunostaining of adjacent tissue sections revealed that a substantial fraction of CD3-positive cells in normal lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues expressed TSAd. In particular, essentially all intra-epithelial T cells appeared to coexpress TSAd. In addition, TSAd expression was observed in endothelial cells of dermal microvessels, while it was not detected in endothelial cells of the other tested tissues. This work provides insight into the expression pattern of TSAd in various healthy human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Pandya
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Sun Z, Li X, Massena S, Kutschera S, Padhan N, Gualandi L, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Gustafsson K, Choy WW, Zang G, Quach M, Jansson L, Phillipson M, Abid MR, Spurkland A, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGFR2 induces c-Src signaling and vascular permeability in vivo via the adaptor protein TSAd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1363-77. [PMID: 22689825 PMCID: PMC3405501 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
VEGFR2 activates c-Src and induces vascular permeability by binding to the adaptor protein TSAd Regulation of vascular endothelial (VE) growth factor (VEGF)–induced permeability is critical in physiological and pathological processes. We show that tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) at Y951 facilitates binding of VEGFR2 to the Rous sarcoma (Src) homology 2-domain of T cell–specific adaptor (TSAd), which in turn regulates VEGF-induced activation of the c-Src tyrosine kinase and vascular permeability. c-Src was activated in vivo and in vitro in a VEGF/TSAd-dependent manner, and was regulated via increased phosphorylation at pY418 and reduced phosphorylation at pY527. Tsad silencing blocked VEGF-induced c-Src activation, but did not affect pathways involving phospholipase Cγ, extracellular regulated kinase, and endothelial nitric oxide. VEGF-induced rearrangement of VE–cadherin–positive junctions in endothelial cells isolated from mouse lungs, or in mouse cremaster vessels, was dependent on TSAd expression, and TSAd formed a complex with VE-cadherin, VEGFR2, and c-Src at endothelial junctions. Vessels in tsad−/− mice showed undisturbed flow and pressure, but impaired VEGF-induced permeability, as measured by extravasation of Evans blue, dextran, and microspheres in the skin and the trachea. Histamine-induced extravasation was not affected by TSAd deficiency. We conclude that TSAd is required for VEGF-induced, c-Src-mediated regulation of endothelial cell junctions and for vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyue Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Vazquez-Cintron EJ, Monu NR, Frey AB. Tumor-induced disruption of proximal TCR-mediated signal transduction in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes inactivates antitumor effector phase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 185:7133-40. [PMID: 21127315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence in cancer tissue of Ag-specific, activated tumor infiltrating CD8(+) T cells proves that tumors express Ags capable of eliciting immune response. Therefore, in general, tumor escape from immune-mediated clearance is not attributable to immunological ignorance. However, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are defective in effector phase function, demonstrating tumor-induced immune suppression that likely underlies tumor escape. Since exocytosis of lytic granules is dependent upon TCR-mediated signal transduction, it is a reasonable contention that tumors may induce defective signal transduction in tumor infiltrating T cells. In this review, we consider the biochemical basis for antitumor T cell dysfunction, focusing on the role of inhibitory signaling receptors in restricting TCR-mediated signaling in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Vazquez-Cintron
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Park E, Choi Y, Ahn E, Park I, Yun Y. The adaptor protein LAD/TSAd mediates laminin-dependent T cell migration via association with the 67 kDa laminin binding protein. Exp Mol Med 2010; 41:728-36. [PMID: 19561400 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein, LAD/TSAd, plays essential roles in T cell activation. To further understand the functions of this protein, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using TSAd as bait and identified 67 kDa laminin binding protein (LBP) as the interacting partner. Subsequently, TSAd-LBP interaction was confirmed in D1.1 T cell line. Upon costimulation by T cell receptor (TCR) plus laminin crosslinking or TCR plus integrin alpha6 crosslinking, LBP was coimmunoprecipitated with TSAd. Moreover, TCR plus laminin costimulation-dependent T cell migration was enhanced in D1.1 T cells overexpressing TSAd but was disrupted in D1.1 cells overexpressing dominant negative form of TSAd or TSAd shRNA. These data show that, upon TCR plus integrin costimulation, TSAd associates with LBP and mediates T lymphocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans' University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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18
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Kolltveit KM, Schreurs O, Østrem J, Søland TM, Khuu C, Berge T, Messelt E, Hayashi K, Granum S, Spurkland A, Schenck K. Expression of the T-cell-specific adapter protein in oral epithelium. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:159-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Berge T, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Granum S, Andersen TCB, Holthe GB, Claesson-Welsh L, Andreotti AH, Inngjerdingen M, Spurkland A. T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd) interacts with Tec kinase ITK to promote CXCL12 induced migration of human and murine T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9761. [PMID: 20305788 PMCID: PMC2841202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1α interacts with its G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4 to induce migration of lymphoid and endothelial cells. T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd) has been found to promote migration of Jurkat T cells through interaction with the G protein β subunit. However, the molecular mechanisms for how TSAd influences cellular migration have not been characterized in detail. Principal Findings We show that TSAd is required for tyrosine phosphorylation of the Lck substrate IL2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk). Presence of Itk Y511 was necessary to boost TSAd's effect on CXCL12 induced migration of Jurkat T cells. In addition, TSAd's ability to promote CXCL12-induced actin polymerization and migration of Jurkat T lymphocytes was dependent on the Itk-interaction site in the proline-rich region of TSAd. Furthermore, TSAd-deficient murine thymocytes failed to respond to CXCL12 with increased Itk phosphorylation, and displayed reduced actin polymerization and cell migration responses. Conclusion We propose that TSAd, through its interaction with both Itk and Lck, primes Itk for Lck mediated phosphorylation and thereby regulates CXCL12 induced T cell migration and actin cytoskeleton rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Berge
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stine Granum
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thorny C. B. Andersen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn B. Holthe
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amy H. Andreotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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20
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Lapinski PE, Oliver JA, Bodie JN, Marti F, King PD. The T-cell-specific adapter protein family: TSAd, ALX, and SH2D4A/SH2D4B. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:240-54. [PMID: 19909368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adapter proteins play key roles in intracellular signal transduction through complex formation with catalytically active signaling molecules. In T lymphocytes, the role of several different types of adapter proteins in T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction is well established. An exception to this is the family of T-cell-specific adapter (TSAd) proteins comprising of TSAd, adapter protein of unknown function (ALX), SH2D4A, and SH2D4B. Only recently has the function of these adapters in T-cell signal transduction been explored. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of the role of this family of adapter proteins in T cells. Their function as regulators of signal transduction in other cell types is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, USA
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21
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Choi Y, Park E, Ahn E, Park I, Yun Y. The effector functions of mature T lymphocytes are impaired in transgenic mice expressing the SH2 domain of TSAd/Lad. Mol Cells 2009; 28:183-8. [PMID: 19756394 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TSAd/Lad is a T cell adaptor molecule involved in p56(lck)-mediated T cell activation. To investigate the functions of TSAd in T cells, we generated transgenic (TG) mice expressing the SH2 domain of TSAd (TSAd-SH2) under the control of the p56(lck) proximal promoter. In T cells from TSAd-SH2 TG mice, T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated early signaling events, such as Ca(2+) flux and ERK activation, were normal; however, late activation events, such as IL-2 production and proliferation, were significantly reduced. Moreover, TCR-induced cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and migration through ECM proteins were defective in T cells from TSAd-SH2 TG mice. Furthermore, the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reaction, an inflammatory response mainly mediated by T helper 1 (Th1) cells, was inhibited in TSAd-SH2 TG mice. Taken together, these results show that TSAd, particularly the SH2 domain of TSAd, is essential for the effector functions of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbong Choi
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Lapinski PE, Oliver JA, Kamen LA, Hughes ED, Saunders TL, King PD. Genetic analysis of SH2D4A, a novel adapter protein related to T cell-specific adapter and adapter protein in lymphocytes of unknown function, reveals a redundant function in T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:2019-27. [PMID: 18641339 PMCID: PMC2613811 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter (TSAd) protein and adapter protein in lymphocytes of unknown function (ALX) are two related Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing signaling adapter molecules that have both been shown to regulate TCR signal transduction in T cells. TSAd is required for normal TCR-induced synthesis of IL-2 and other cytokines in T cells and acts at least in part by promoting activation of the LCK protein tyrosine kinase at the outset of the TCR signaling cascade. By contrast, ALX functions as a negative-regulator of TCR-induced IL-2 synthesis through as yet undetermined mechanisms. In this study, we report a novel T cell-expressed adapter protein named SH2D4A that contains an SH2 domain that is highly homologous to the TSAd protein and ALX SH2 domains and that shares other structural features with these adapters. To examine the function of SH2D4A in T cells we produced SH2D4A-deficient mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. T cell development, homeostasis, proliferation, and function were all found to be normal in these mice. Furthermore, knockdown of SH2D4A expression in human T cells did not impact upon their function. We conclude that in contrast to TSAd and ALX proteins, SH2D4A is dispensable for TCR signal transduction in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jennifer A. Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lynn A. Kamen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elizabeth D. Hughes
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Philip D. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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23
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Lorentzen AR, Smestad C, Lie BA, Oturai AB, Akesson E, Saarela J, Myhr KM, Vartdal F, Celius EG, Sørensen PS, Hillert J, Spurkland A, Harbo HF. The SH2D2A gene and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 197:152-8. [PMID: 18554728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported an association between the SH2D2A gene encoding TSAd and multiple sclerosis (MS). Here a total of 2128 Nordic MS patients and 2004 controls were genotyped for the SH2D2A promoter GA repeat polymorphism and rs926103 encoding a serine to asparagine substitution at amino acid position 52 in TSAd. The GA(16)-rs926103()A haplotype was associated with MS in Norwegians (OR 1.4, P=0.04). A similar trend was observed among Danes. In the independent Norwegian, Danish and Swedish sample sets the GA(16) allele showed a combined OR of 1.13, P=0.05. Thus, the present study shows that the SH2D2A gene may contribute to susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslaug R Lorentzen
- Department of Neurology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Granum S, Andersen TCB, Sørlie M, Jørgensen M, Koll L, Berge T, Lea T, Fleckenstein B, Spurkland A, Sundvold-Gjerstad V. Modulation of Lck function through multisite docking to T cell-specific adapter protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21909-19. [PMID: 18541536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800871200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd), encoded by the SH2D2A gene, interacts with Lck through its C terminus and thus modulates Lck activity. Here we mapped Lck phosphorylation and interaction sites on TSAd and evaluated their functional importance. The three C-terminal TSAd tyrosines Tyr(280), Tyr(290), and Tyr(305) were phosphorylated by Lck and functioned as docking sites for the Lck Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Binding affinities of the TSAd Tyr(P)(280) and Tyr(P)(290) phosphopeptides to the isolated Lck SH2 domain were similar to that observed for the Lck Tyr(P)(505) phosphopeptide, whereas the TSAd Tyr(P)(305) peptide displayed a 10-fold higher affinity. The proline-rich Lck SH3-binding site on TSAd as well as the Lck SH2 domain were required for efficient tyrosine phosphorylation of TSAd by Lck. Interaction sites on TSAd for both Lck SH2 and Lck SH3 were necessary for TSAd-mediated modulation of proximal TCR signaling events. We found that 20-30% of TSAd molecules are phosphorylated in activated T cells and that the proportion of TSAd to Lck molecules in such cells is approximately 1:1. Therefore, in activated T cells, a considerable number of Lck molecules may potentially be engaged by TSAd. In conclusion, Lck binds to TSAd prolines and phosphorylates and interacts with the three C-terminal TSAd tyrosines. We propose that through multivalent interactions with Lck, TSAd diverts Lck from phosphorylating other substrates, thus modulating its functional activity through substrate competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Granum
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Kolltveit KM, Granum S, Aasheim HC, Forsbring M, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Dai KZ, Molberg O, Schjetne KW, Bogen B, Shapiro VS, Johansen FE, Schenck K, Spurkland A. Expression of SH2D2A in T-cells is regulated both at the transcriptional and translational level. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:2380-90. [PMID: 18160104 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The T-cell specific adapter protein (TSAd) encoded by the SH2D2A gene is up-regulated in activated human CD4+ T-cells in a cAMP-dependent manner. Expression of SH2D2A is important for proper activation of T-cells. Here, we show that SH2D2A expression is regulated both at the transcriptional and translational level. cAMP signaling alone induces TSAd-mRNA expression but fails to induce increased TSAd protein levels. By contrast, TCR engagement provides signals for both TSAd transcription and translation. We further show that cAMP signaling can prime T-cells for a more prompt expression of TSAd protein upon TCR stimulation. Our study thus points to a novel mechanism for how cAMP signaling may modulate T-cell activation through transcriptional priming of resting cells.
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26
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Perchonock CE, Pajerowski AG, Nguyen C, Shapiro MJ, Shapiro VS. The related adaptors, adaptor in lymphocytes of unknown function X and Rlk/Itk-binding protein, have nonredundant functions in lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1768-75. [PMID: 17641043 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adaptors play a critical role in regulating signaling pathways that control lymphocyte development and activation. Adaptor in lymphocytes of unknown function X (ALX) and Rlk/Itk-binding protein (RIBP) are adaptors related by structure and sequence, coexpressed in T cells. Mice deficient for each adaptor demonstrated that ALX and RIBP, respectively, negatively and positively regulate T cell activation in response to TCR/CD28 stimulation. However, these results did not preclude that they may function redundantly in other cell populations, or in response to other stimuli. Therefore, to understand the relationship between these related adaptors, ALX/RIBP-deficient mice were generated. We demonstrate that although ALX and RIBP are expressed throughout T cell development, T cell development occurs normally in these mice. Using the H-Y TCR transgenic model, positive and negative selection were found to proceed unimpeded in the absence of ALX and RIBP. We demonstrate that RIBP is also expressed in B cells; however, RIBP- and ALX/RIBP-deficient mice had normal B cell development, and responded equivalently to wild type in response to IgM, CD40, B cell-activating factor/B lymphocyte stimulator, CpG, and LPS. Interestingly, T cells deficient in both ALX and RIBP behaved similarly to those deficient in ALX alone during T cell activation in response to TCR/CD28, exhibiting increased IL-2 production, CD25 expression, and proliferation, thus showing that ALX deficiency masked the effect of RIBP deficiency. ALX/RIBP-deficient T cells did not have any alterations in either activation-induced cell death or Th1/2 polarization. Therefore, we did not find any functional redundancy or synergy during lymphocyte development, selection, activation, or survival in ALX/RIBP-deficient mice, demonstrating that these molecules function independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Perchonock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Harbo HF, Spurkland A. Genetics in multiple sclerosis: past and future perspectives. Acta Neurol Scand 2007; 187:34-8. [PMID: 17419826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enormous development in the field of molecular genetics during the last decades has lead to optimism concerning the possibilities for identifying the causes of multiple sclerosis (MS) through genetic studies. However, we have learned that dense mapping of large sample sets is needed, which only can be achieved through large collaborative studies. The contribution from each yet unidentified gene is probably weaker than that of the well established human leukocyte antigen association. The ultimate goal of the search for susceptibility genes in MS is to develop diagnostic tools and better treatments that can prevent or reduce the development of symptoms of this often devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Park D, Park I, Lee D, Choi YB, Lee H, Yun Y. The adaptor protein Lad associates with the G protein beta subunit and mediates chemokine-dependent T-cell migration. Blood 2007; 109:5122-8. [PMID: 17327418 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-061838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck-interacting adaptor protein/Rlk/Itk-binding protein (Lad/RIBP) was previously identified as an adaptor protein involved in TCR-mediated T-cell activation. To elucidate the functions of Lad further, we here performed yeast 2-hybrid screening using Lad as bait and discovered that the G protein beta subunit (G beta) is a Lad-binding partner. Since the most well-known G protein-coupled receptor in T cells is the chemokine receptor, we investigated whether Lad is involved in chemokine signaling. We found that, upon chemokine treatment, Lad associated with G beta in Jurkat T cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of dominant-negative Lad or the reduction of endogenous Lad expression by siRNA impaired the chemokine-induced migration of T cells, indicating that Lad is required for chemokine-induced T-cell migration. Subsequent investigation of the signaling pathways revealed that, in response to chemokine, Lad associated with the tyrosine kinases Lck and Zap-70 and that Lad was essential for the activation of Zap-70. Moreover, Lad was required for the chemokine-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion molecules that included Pyk2 and paxillin. Taken together, these data show that, upon chemokine stimulation, Lad acts as an adaptor protein that links the G protein beta subunit to the tyrosine kinases Lck and Zap-70, thereby mediating T-cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsu Park
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Lapinski PE, MacGregor JN, Marti F, King PD. The T cell-specific adapter protein functions as a regulator of peripheral but not central immunological tolerance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 584:73-87. [PMID: 16802600 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34132-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, USA
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30
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Perchonock CE, Fernando MC, Quinn WJ, Nguyen CT, Sun J, Shapiro MJ, Shapiro VS. Negative regulation of interleukin-2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase during T-cell activation by the adaptor ALX. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6005-15. [PMID: 16880512 PMCID: PMC1592799 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02067-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of naïve T cells requires synergistic signals produced by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by CD28. We previously identified the novel adaptor ALX, which, upon overexpression in Jurkat T cells, inhibited activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter by TCR/CD28, suggesting that it is a negative regulator of T-cell activation. To further understand the physiological role of ALX, ALX-deficient mice were generated. Purified T cells from ALX-deficient mice demonstrated increased IL-2 production, CD25 expression, and proliferation in response to TCR/CD28 stimulation. Enhanced IL-2 production and proliferation were also observed when ALX-deficient mice were primed in vivo with ovalbumin-complete Freund's adjuvant and then restimulated ex vivo. Consistent with our initial overexpression studies, these data demonstrate that ALX is a negative regulator of T-cell activation. While TCR/CD28-mediated activations of phosphotyrosine induction, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, Jun N-terminal protein kinase, IkappaB kinase alpha/beta, and Akt were unaltered, constitutive activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and its upstream regulators MKK3/6 were observed for ALX-deficient splenocytes. The phenotype of ALX-deficient mice resembled the phenotype of those deficient in the transmembrane adaptor LAX, and an association between ALX and LAX proteins was demonstrated. These results suggest that ALX, in association with LAX, negatively regulates T-cell activation through inhibition of p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Perchonock
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Richard KC, Bertolesi GE, Dunfield LD, McMaster CR, Nachtigal MW. TSAd interacts with Smad2 and Smad3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:266-72. [PMID: 16806069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Smad-dependent signalling initiated by TGFbeta superfamily members can be modulated by a variety of interacting proteins. Using yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST pull-down assays we identified T-cell SH2 adapter (TSAd) as a protein that interacts with Smad2 and Smad3. TSAd is an adapter protein thought to participate in many different signalling pathways. The objective of this study was to elucidate the domains important for interaction between TSAd and Smad proteins. Our results suggest a model for TSAd-Smad interaction that is facilitated by multiple TSAd domains, but primarily through the TSAd type I SH2 domain. Interestingly, we also found that both Smad2 and Smad3 interact with the Lck type I SH2 domain, but not the PI3K type III SH2 domain. This research raises the possibility that interaction between SH2-containing proteins and Smad proteins may represent another method to modulate Smad-dependent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Dai KZ, Kolltveit KM, Hildebrand K, Huitfeldt HS, Lea T, Spurkland A. Structure function analysis of SH2D2A isoforms expressed in T cells reveals a crucial role for the proline rich region encoded by SH2D2A exon 7. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:15. [PMID: 16839418 PMCID: PMC1553471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation induced T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd), encoded by SH2D2A, interacts with and modulates Lck activity. Several transcript variants of TSAd mRNA exist, but their biological significance remains unknown. Here we examined expression of SH2D2A transcripts in activated CD4+ T cells and used the SH2D2A variants as tools to identify functionally important regions of TSAd. RESULTS TSAd was found to interact with Lck in human CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Three interaction modes of TSAd with Lck were identified. TSAd aa239-256 conferred binding to the Lck-SH3 domain, whereas one or more of the four tyrosines within aa239-334 encoded by SH2D2A exon 7 was found to confer interaction with the Lck-SH2-domain. Finally the TSAd-SH2 domain was found to interact with Lck. The SH2D2A exon 7 encoding TSAd aa 239-334 was found to harbour information essential not only for TSAd interaction with Lck, but also for TSAd modulation of Lck activity and translocation of TSAd to the nucleus. All five SH2D2A transcripts were found to be expressed in CD3 stimulated CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION These data show that TSAd and Lck may interact through several different domains and that Lck TSAd interaction occurs in CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Alternative splicing of exon 7 encoding aa239-334 results in loss of the majority of protein interaction motives of TSAd and yields truncated TSAd molecules with altered ability to modulate Lck activity. Whether TSAd is regulated through differential alternative splicing of the SH2D2A transcript remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Granum
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ke-Zheng Dai
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Kjersti Hildebrand
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik S Huitfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027, Norway
| | - Tor Lea
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027, Norway
| | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Box 1105, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
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33
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Marti F, Garcia GG, Lapinski PE, MacGregor JN, King PD. Essential role of the T cell-specific adapter protein in the activation of LCK in peripheral T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:281-7. [PMID: 16446380 PMCID: PMC2118198 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) is a SRC-homology-2 (SH2) domain-containing intracellular signaling molecule that is required for T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced cytokine synthesis in T cells. How TSAd functions in TCR signal transduction is not clear. Previous work has suggested a nuclear role for this adapter. However, other evidence suggests that TSAd also functions in the cytoplasm. Using T cells from TSAd-deficient mice, we now show that the major role of TSAd in the cytoplasm is in activation of the LCK protein tyrosine kinase at the outset of TCR signal transduction. Consequently, TSAd regulates several downstream signaling events, including intracellular calcium mobilization and activation of the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. TSAd regulates LCK activity directly through physical interaction with LCK SH3 and SH2 domains. These studies reveal TSAd as a positive regulator of proximal TCR signal transduction and provide important new information on the mechanism of TCR-induced LCK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Marti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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34
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Shapiro MJ, Chen YY, Shapiro VS. The carboxyl-terminal segment of the adaptor protein ALX directs its nuclear export during T cell activation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38242-6. [PMID: 16169852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507441200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein ALX acts downstream of CD28 to regulate the interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter during T cell activation. Whereas ALX is predominantly localized to the cytoplasm, ALX partially resides in the nucleus, and the nuclear pool is rapidly depleted in response to T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signaling. Here it is shown that this depletion occurs via nuclear export of ALX, which depends on a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in its carboxyl segment and on the CRM-1 transport protein. Nuclear import of ALX also depends on its carboxyl-terminal segment. Blocking nuclear export of ALX, either pharmacologically, by leptomycin B, or by site-directed mutation of the ALX NES, impairs CD28-mediated phosphorylation of ALX. Additionally, upon overexpression, the ALX NES mutant was found to be impaired in inhibiting TCR/CD28-induced transcriptional up-regulation of the RE/AP composite element from the IL-2 promoter, whereas a truncated form of ALX that is a potent inhibitor of RE/AP activation was found to reside entirely in the cytoplasm. Together, these results show that ALX exerts its effect on IL-2 up-regulation in the cytoplasm and suggest an intricate relationship between the nuclear localization/export, phosphorylation, and activity of ALX in response to TCR and CD28 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shapiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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35
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Matsumoto T, Bohman S, Dixelius J, Berge T, Dimberg A, Magnusson P, Wang L, Wikner C, Qi JH, Wernstedt C, Wu J, Bruheim S, Mugishima H, Mukhopadhyay D, Spurkland A, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor-2 Y951 signaling and a role for the adapter molecule TSAd in tumor angiogenesis. EMBO J 2005; 24:2342-53. [PMID: 15962004 PMCID: PMC1173150 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) activation by VEGF-A is essential in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. We have generated a pan-phosphorylation site map of VEGFR-2 and identified one major tyrosine phosphorylation site in the kinase insert (Y951), in addition to two major sites in the C-terminal tail (Y1175 and Y1214). In developing vessels, phosphorylation of Y1175 and Y1214 was detected in all VEGFR-2-expressing endothelial cells, whereas phosphorylation of Y951 was identified in a subset of vessels. Phosphorylated Y951 bound the T-cell-specific adapter (TSAd), which was expressed in tumor vessels. Mutation of Y951 to F and introduction of phosphorylated Y951 peptide or TSAd siRNA into endothelial cells blocked VEGF-A-induced actin stress fibers and migration, but not mitogenesis. Tumor vascularization and growth was reduced in TSAd-deficient mice, indicating a critical role of Y951-TSAd signaling in pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Matsumoto
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Svante Bohman
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Dixelius
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tone Berge
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peetra Magnusson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ling Wang
- Mayo Clinic Foundation, Gugg, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Charlotte Wikner
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jian Hua Qi
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christer Wernstedt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala Branch, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jiong Wu
- Cell Signaling Technology, Cummings Center, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Skjalg Bruheim
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hideo Mugishima
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University School of Medicine, Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Anne Spurkland
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basal Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden. Tel.: +46 18 471 43 63; Fax: +46 18 55 89 31; E-mail:
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36
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Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Granum S, Mustelin T, Andersen TCB, Berge T, Shapiro MJ, Shapiro VS, Spurkland A, Lea T. The C?terminus of T?cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) is necessary for TSAd-mediated inhibition of Lck activity. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1612-20. [PMID: 15827961 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd), encoded by the SH2D2A gene, is expressed in activated T cells. The function of TSAd is as yet unknown. We previously showed that TSAd may modulate T cell receptor-triggered signaling events. TSAd contains a Src homology (SH)2 domain, ten tyrosines and a C-terminal proline-rich region. Here, we show that human TSAd interacts with Lck through the Lck SH2 and SH3 domains and is a substrate for Lck. The TSAd C terminus, including the proline-rich region and five tyrosines, is both necessary and sufficient for TSAd interaction with and phosphorylation by Lck. Expression of TSAd in Jurkat TAg cells results in hyperphosphorylation of endogenous Lck on Y394 and to an even larger extent on Y505, resulting in a reduced Y394/Y505 phosphorylation ratio in these cells. Furthermore, full-length TSAd, but not TSAd lacking the C terminus, inhibits the hyperactive Lck Y505F mutant when both are expressed in Jurkat T cells. In contrast, expression of the TSAd C terminus alone is sufficient to inhibit Lck Y505F in phosphorylating its substrates in Jurkat T cells. Our results indicate that the TSAd C terminus is essential for inhibition of Lck activity by TSAd, and suggest a mechanism for how TSAd may inhibit early T cell activation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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Marti F, Lapinski PE, King PD. The emerging role of the T cell-specific adaptor (TSAd) protein as an autoimmune disease-regulator in mouse and man. Immunol Lett 2005; 97:165-70. [PMID: 15752554 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein is a relatively recently described signaling adapter molecule expressed predominantly in T cells and NK cells. Studies in mouse and man have indicated that reduced expression of TSAd in T cells may predispose toward the development of autoimmune disease. In lupus-prone TSAd-deficient mice the development of autoimmunity is associated with an impaired T cell death response to antigens in vivo. Probably, this impaired death response is consequent to reduced T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced synthesis of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) cytokine in TSAd-deficient T cells. TSAd appears to contribute to IL-2 synthesis at multiple different levels acting in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of T cells. Recent advances relating to the role of TSAd in T cell signal transduction and as a regulator of autoimmune responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Marti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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38
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Marti F, King PD. The p95-100kDa ligand of the T cell-specific adaptor (TSAd) protein Src-homology-2 (SH2) domain implicated in TSAd nuclear import is p97 Valosin-containing protein (VCP). Immunol Lett 2005; 97:235-43. [PMID: 15752563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 10/03/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) is required for normal T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-induced transcription of cytokine genes in T cells. How TSAd controls cytokine transcription is unknown. Previously, we have shown that TSAd is actively transported to the nucleus of T cells suggesting that this adapter may in part function within this cellular compartment. Nuclear translocation of TSAd is dependent upon an intact Src-homology-2 (SH2) domain and a p95-100 kDa ligand of the SH2 domain has been implicated in nuclear import. Here, using microchemical techniques, we identify p95-100 as p97 Valosin-containing protein (VCP) whose homolog in yeast is the cell division control protein, CDC48. Physical interaction between TSAd and VCP can be demonstrated between endogenous proteins in T cells. Interaction is direct and is dependent upon phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 805 of VCP that has been previously recognized as a major target of tyrosine kinase(s) involved in TCR signaling. Significantly, with the use of CDC48 mutant yeast, we demonstrate that VCP/CDC48 is required for transport of TSAd into the eukaryotic nucleus. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism of TSAd nuclear import and the role of TSAd in T cell signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Marti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 6606 Medical Science Building II, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0620, USA
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39
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Hauge H, Patzke S, Delabie J, Aasheim HC. Characterization of a novel immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:970-8. [PMID: 15381095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A not yet described gene was identified in a lymphoma specific subtraction strategy. Three splice variants of this gene denoted immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) were identified and characterized. Cellular localization studies showed membrane-association for two of the variants, while the third was cytoplasmic and appeared to translocate to the membrane upon co-expression with any of the other two isoforms. ILDR1 shows approximately 30% homology to a recently described protein from rat, lipolysis stimulated receptor, that has been shown to bind low-density lipoprotein. The gene encoding ILDR1 is localized to chromosome 3q21.1 and it is expressed in prostate, testis, pancreas, kidney, liver, and heart. Interestingly, the shortest transcript corresponding to the cytoplasmic variant could only be detected in lymphoma samples and not in normal tissues or cell lines tested. The expression of this variant may therefore be related to the development and/or progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hauge
- Department of Immunology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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40
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Abstract
The negative regulation of lymphocyte activation and function is mediated by inhibition of signaling through antigen-receptor, co-stimulation receptor or cytokine receptor. The suppression of downstream signaling through antigen-receptor is mediated by negative regulators including adaptors and effectors such as phosphatases. "Inhibitory adaptors" exhibit their inhibitory function directly or indirectly by the localization to the vicinity of the antigen-receptor on the membrane. The strategy of inhibition by inhibitory adaptors includes the recruitment of inhibitory effector molecules, sequestration of positive regulators, internalization/degradation of receptor complexes, and the blockade of the dynamic movement of positive regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Dai KZ, Johansen FE, Kolltveit KM, Aasheim HC, Dembic Z, Vartdal F, Spurkland A. Transcriptional activation of the SH2D2A gene is dependent on a cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-responsive element in the proximal SH2D2A promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6144-51. [PMID: 15128801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The SH2D2A gene, encoding the T cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd), is rapidly induced in activated T cells. In this study we investigate the regulation of the SH2D2A gene in Jurkat T cells and in primary T cells. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that the proximal 1-kb SH2D2A promoter was constitutively active in Jurkat TAg T cells and, to a lesser extent, in K562 myeloid cells, Reh B cells, and 293T fibroblast cells. The minimal SH2D2A promoter was located between position -236 and -93 bp from the first coding ATG, and transcriptional activity in primary T cells depended on a cAMP response element (CRE) centered around position -117. Nuclear extracts from Jurkat TAg cells and activated primary T cells contained binding activity to this CRE, as observed in an EMSA. Consistent with this observation, we found that a cAMP analog was a very potent inducer of SH2D2A mRNA expression in primary T cells as measured by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, activation of SH2D2A expression by CD3 stimulation required cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. Thus, transcriptional regulation of the SH2D2A gene in activated T cells is critically dependent on a CRE in the proximal promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zheng Dai
- Institute of Immunology and Institute of Pathology, National University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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42
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Shapiro MJ, Powell P, Ndubuizu A, Nzerem C, Shapiro VS. The ALX Src homology 2 domain is both necessary and sufficient to inhibit T cell receptor/CD28-mediated up-regulation of RE/AP. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40647-52. [PMID: 15284240 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404198200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells occurs when two signals are received. The first signal is received through the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), and a second costimulatory signal is primarily provided by CD28. We have recently identified a novel adaptor molecule, ALX, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells. ALX contains several sites for potential protein-protein interaction, including an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, four PXXP polyproline sequences, and two likely sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. Overexpression of ALX inhibits the transcriptional activation of the interleukin 2 promoter during T cell activation, specifically affecting CD28-mediated activation of the RE/AP element of the interleukin 2 promoter. To understand how ALX functions downstream of CD28, we generated a panel of site-directed mutants as well as truncations in which potential protein-binding sites were mutated or absent. We found that the ALX SH2 domain is both necessary and sufficient to mediate inhibition of RE/AP activation. Mutation of the SH2 domain did not affect ALX expression, relative localization in the cytoplasm and nucleus, phosphorylation, or a mobility shift in response to TCR signaling alone. However, an activation-induced mobility shift triggered by CD28 was reduced in the ALX SH2 domain mutant. In addition, the isolated ALX SH2 domain was found to associate with a phosphoprotein from Jurkat T cells on TCR/CD28 stimulation. Therefore, the ALX SH2 domain plays a critical role in ALX function downstream of CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shapiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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43
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Smerdel A, Dai KZ, Lorentzen AR, Flatø B, Maslinski S, Thorsby E, Førre Ø, Spurkland A. Genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and polymorphism in the SH2D2A gene. Genes Immun 2004; 5:310-2. [PMID: 15129233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-specific adapter protein (TSAd) involved in the negative control of T-cell activation is encoded by the SH2D2A gene. Our recent studies indicate that homozygosity for short (ie GA(13) and GA(16)) alleles of the SH2D2A gene promoter is associated with development of multiple sclerosis. To study whether the same SH2D2A promoter polymorphism also contributes to the genetic susceptibility to develop juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), we examined 210 JRA patients and 558 healthy unrelated controls from Norway. The frequency of the short allele GA(13) was increased among the JRA patients compared to control (0.098 vs 0.05; P(n=8)=0.042). There was a significant increased frequency of HLA-DRB1(*)08-positive patients carrying two copies of 'short' alleles GA(13) and/or GA(16) compared to healthy controls (16% vs 6%; P(n=4)=0.016). Our data indicate that the 'short' alleles of the SH2D2A promoter could contribute to the genetic susceptibility to JRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smerdel
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Greene TA, Powell P, Nzerem C, Shapiro MJ, Shapiro VS. Cloning and characterization of ALX, an adaptor downstream of CD28. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:45128-34. [PMID: 12960172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires two signals: specific recognition of antigen through the T cell receptor (TCR) and a costimulatory signal provided primarily by CD28 in naïve T cells. We cloned a novel gene with considerable homology to RIBP/TSAd/Lad, an adaptor involved in T cell activation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter activation. Expression of this gene is limited to the spleen and thymus. We have named this gene ALX, adaptor in lymphocytes of unknown function X. Because the related adaptor RIBP is involved in IL-2 regulation, we investigated whether ALX had a similar function. ALX overexpression in Jurkat T cells results in inhibition of IL-2 promoter activation after stimulation with superantigen. The IL-2 promoter contains several binding sites for transcription factors including the composite element RE/AP, which is the primary site of CD28 transcriptional activation. ALX overexpression had the greatest effect on the activation of a RE/AP reporter as opposed to an AP-1 reporter. Interestingly, ALX overexpression strongly inhibited RE/AP activation in response to anti-CD28/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation but had minimal effect when anti-TCR/PMA was used. Therefore, it appears that ALX may function downstream of CD28 costimulation during T cell activation. In addition, the mobility of ALX shifts upon TCR/CD28 costimulation to a greater extent than what is observed with either stimulus alone demonstrating that ALX is a target of both TCR and CD28 costimulatory signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffani A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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45
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Drappa J, Kamen LA, Chan E, Georgiev M, Ashany D, Marti F, King PD. Impaired T cell death and lupus-like autoimmunity in T cell-specific adapter protein-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2003; 198:809-21. [PMID: 12953096 PMCID: PMC2194195 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-specific adaptor protein (TSAd) is a T lineage-restricted signaling adaptor molecule that is thought to participate in the assembly of intracellular signaling complexes in T cells. Previous studies of TSAd-deficient mice have revealed a role for TSAd in the induction of T cell interleukin 2 secretion and proliferation. We now show that TSAd-deficient mice are susceptible to lupus-like autoimmune disease. On the nonautoimmune-prone C57BL/6 genetic background, TSAd deficiency results in hypergammaglobulinemia that affects all immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclasses. Older C57BL/6 TSAd-deficient mice (1 yr of age) accumulate large numbers of activated T and B cells in spleen, produce autoantibodies against a variety of self-targets including single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) DNA, and, in addition, develop glomerulonephritis. We further show that immunization of younger C57BL/6 TSAd-deficient mice (at age 2 mo) with pristane, a recognized nonspecific inflammatory trigger of lupus, results in more severe glomerulonephritis compared with C57BL/6 controls and the production of high titer ss and ds DNA antibodies of the IgG subclass that are not normally produced by C57BL/6 mice in this model. The development of autoimmunity in TSAd-deficient mice is associated with defective T cell death in vivo. These findings illustrate the role of TSAd as a critical regulator of T cell death whose absence promotes systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Drappa
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Sun W, Wei X, Kesavan K, Garrington TP, Fan R, Mei J, Anderson SM, Gelfand EW, Johnson GL. MEK kinase 2 and the adaptor protein Lad regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 activation by epidermal growth factor via Src. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2298-308. [PMID: 12640115 PMCID: PMC150715 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.7.2298-2308.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lad is an SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein that binds MEK kinase 2 (MEKK2), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) and JNK pathways. Lad and MEKK2 are in a complex in resting cells. Antisense knockdown of Lad expression and targeted gene disruption of MEKK2 expression results in loss of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and stress stimuli-induced activation of ERK5. Activation of MEKK2 and the ERK5 pathway by EGF and stress stimuli is dependent on Src kinase activity. The Lad-binding motif is encoded within amino acids 228 to 282 in the N terminus of MEKK2, and expression of this motif blocks Lad-MEKK2 interaction, resulting in inhibition of Src-dependent activation of MEKK2 and ERK5. JNK activation by EGF is similarly inhibited by loss of Lad or MEKK2 expression and by blocking the interaction of MEKK2 and Lad. Our studies demonstrate that Src kinase activity is required for ERK5 activation in response to EGF, MEKK2 expression is required for ERK5 activation by Src, Lad and MEKK2 association is required for Src activation of ERK5, and EGF and Src stimulation of ERK5-regulated MEF2-dependent promoter activity requires a functional Lad-MEKK2 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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47
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Claudio JO, Masih-Khan E, Tang H, Gonçalves J, Voralia M, Li ZH, Nadeem V, Cukerman E, Francisco-Pabalan O, Liew CC, Woodgett JR, Stewart AK. A molecular compendium of genes expressed in multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100:2175-86. [PMID: 12200383 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have created a molecular resource of genes expressed in primary malignant plasma cells using a combination of cDNA library construction, 5' end single-pass sequencing, bioinformatics, and microarray analysis. In total, we identified 9732 nonredundant expressed genes. This dataset is available as the Myeloma Gene Index (www.uhnres.utoronto.ca/akstewart_lab).Predictably, the sequenced profile of myeloma cDNAs mirrored the known function of immunoglobulin-producing, high-respiratory rate, low-cycling, terminally differentiated plasma cells. Nevertheless, approximately 10% of myeloma-expressed sequences matched only entries in the database of Expressed Sequence Tags (dbEST) or the high-throughput genomic sequence (htgs) database. Numerous novel genes of potential biologic significance were identified. We therefore spotted 4300 sequenced cDNAs on glass slides creating a myeloma-enriched microarray. Several of the most highly expressed genes identified by sequencing, such as a novel putative disulfide isomerase (MGC3178), tumor rejection antigen TRA1, heat shock 70-kDa protein 5, and annexin A2, were also differentially expressed between myeloma and B lymphoma cell lines using this myeloma-enriched microarray. Furthermore, a defined subset of 34 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated genes on the array were able to differentiate myeloma from nonmyeloma cell lines. These not only include genes involved in B-cell biology such as syndecan, BCMA, PIM2, MUM1/IRF4, and XBP1, but also novel uncharacterized genes matching sequences only in the public databases. In summary, our expressed gene catalog and myeloma-enriched microarray contains numerous genes of unknown function and may complement other commercially available arrays in defining the molecular portrait of this hematopoietic malignancy. GenBank Accession numbers include BF169967-BF176369, BF185966-BF185969, and BF177280-BF177455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime O Claudio
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada
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Wabakken T, Hauge H, Finne EF, Wiedlocha A, Aasheim H. Expression of human protein tyrosine phosphatase epsilon in leucocytes: a potential ERK pathway-regulating phosphatase. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:195-203. [PMID: 12121439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase epsilon (PTPepsilon) was studied in human tissues and blood cells. High mRNA expression was observed in peripheral blood leucocytes, particularly in monocytes and granulocytes which revealed at least four distinct transcripts. In lymphocytes, PTPepsilon expression was induced after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or antigen-receptor stimulation, indicating that PTPepsilon plays a role in the events taking place after antigen engagement. Previously, PTPepsilon has been shown to be involved in regulating voltage-gated potassium channel activity, insulin-receptor signalling and Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signalling. Transfection of cells with different PTPepsilon constructs and activator protein-1 reporter gene indicates that the catalytic activity of PTPepsilon is involved in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. In particular, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) were shown to be inhibited in both phosphorylation status and enzymatic activity after overexpression of PTPepsilon. Thus, PTPepsilon emerges as a phosphatase with a potential to regulate the ERK1/2 pathway either directly or indirectly through its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wabakken
- Department of Immunology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Dai KZ, Harbo HF, Celius EG, Oturai A, Sørensen PS, Ryder LP, Datta P, Svejgaard A, Hillert J, Fredrikson S, Sandberg-Wollheim M, Laaksonen M, Myhr KM, Nyland H, Vartdal F, Spurkland A. The T cell regulator gene SH2D2A contributes to the genetic susceptibility of multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2001; 2:263-8. [PMID: 11528519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2001] [Revised: 06/01/2001] [Accepted: 06/01/2001] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd) encoded by the SH2D2A gene is involved in the control of T cell activation. The gene is located in the 1q21 region, which has been implicated in susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the mouse. We therefore evaluated whether a polymorphic GA repeat (GA(13)-GA(33)) within the promoter region of the SH2D2A gene shows association to multiple sclerosis (MS). The frequency of the short alleles GA(13-16) was increased among 313 Norwegian MS patients compared to 277 healthy controls (0.332 vs 0.249, OR 1.5, Pc = 0.03). Transmission disequilibrium analysis in 146 Scandinavian families with at least two affected sibs showed increased transmission of GA(16) to MS patients. No linkage or association of MS to four genetic markers flanking the SH2D2A gene was observed. After activation of naive CD4(+) T cells, T cells homozygous for MS associated short alleles displayed lower level of TSAd ex vivo than T cells carrying at least one long allele, which were not associated to MS. Since the SH2D2A protein modulates T cell activation, this may be a mechanism for how short SH2D2A alleles confer susceptibility to develop MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Dai
- Institute of Immunology, The National Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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50
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Marti F, Post NH, Chan E, King PD. A transcription function for the T cell-specific adapter (TSAd) protein in T cells: critical role of the TSAd Src homology 2 domain. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1425-30. [PMID: 11413197 PMCID: PMC2193301 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.12.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-specific adapter (TSAd) protein is an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter molecule implicated in T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)-mediated interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion in T cells. Here, we demonstrate that a substantial fraction of TSAd is found in the T cell nucleus. Nuclear import of TSAd is an active process that depends on TSAd SH2 domain recognition of a phosphotyrosine-containing ligand. Importantly, we show that TSAd can act as a potent transcriptional activator in T cells. Furthermore, the TSAd SH2 domain appears to be essential for this transcription-activating function independent of its role in nuclear import. Biochemical analyses suggest that a single TSAd SH2 domain ligand of 95-100 kD may be involved in these processes. Consistent with a role as a transcription activator, cotransfection of TSAd with an IL-2 promoter-reporter gene construct results in a considerable upregulation of IL-2 promoter activity. Further, we show that this augmentation requires a functional TSAd SH2 domain. However, TSAd does not appear to modulate the activity of the major recognized IL-2 gene transcription factors, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), or activator protein 1 (AP-1). These findings point to the function of TSAd as a novel transcription-regulatory protein in T cells and illustrate the importance of the TSAd SH2 domain in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Marti
- T Cell Signaling Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Nicholas H. Post
- T Cell Signaling Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Elena Chan
- T Cell Signaling Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Philip D. King
- T Cell Signaling Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College and Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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