1
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Stephens DC, Poon GMK. Differential sensitivity to methylated DNA by ETS-family transcription factors is intrinsically encoded in their DNA-binding domains. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8671-8681. [PMID: 27270080 PMCID: PMC5062964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactivation by the ETS family of transcription factors, whose members share structurally conserved DNA-binding domains, is variably sensitive to methylation of their target genes. The mechanism by which DNA methylation controls ETS proteins remains poorly understood. Uncertainly also pervades the effects of hemi-methylated DNA, which occurs following DNA replication and in response to hypomethylating agents, on site recognition by ETS proteins. To address these questions, we measured the affinities of two sequence-divergent ETS homologs, PU.1 and Ets-1, to DNA sites harboring a hemi- and fully methylated CpG dinucleotide. While the two proteins bound unmethylated DNA with indistinguishable affinity, their affinities to methylated DNA are markedly heterogeneous and exhibit major energetic coupling between the two CpG methylcytosines. Analysis of simulated DNA and existing co-crystal structures revealed that hemi-methylation induced non-local backbone and groove geometries that were not conserved in the fully methylated state. Indirect readout of these perturbations was differentially achieved by the two ETS homologs, with the distinctive interfacial hydration in PU.1/DNA binding moderating the inhibitory effects of DNA methylation on binding. This data established a biophysical basis for the pioneering properties associated with PU.1, which robustly bound fully methylated DNA, but not Ets-1, which was substantially inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory M K Poon
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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2
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Haurogné K, Pavlovic M, Rogniaux H, Bach JM, Lieubeau B. Type 1 Diabetes Prone NOD Mice Have Diminished Cxcr1 mRNA Expression in Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and CD4+ T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134365. [PMID: 26230114 PMCID: PMC4521788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, CXCR1 and CXCR2 are two homologous proteins that bind ELR+ chemokines. Both receptors play fundamental roles in neutrophil functions such as migration and reactive oxygen species production. Mouse Cxcr1 and Cxcr2 genes are located in an insulin-dependent diabetes genetic susceptibility locus. The non obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a spontaneous well-described animal model for insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes. In this disease, insulin deficiency results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes. This slow-progressing disease is dependent on both environmental and genetic factors. Here, we report descriptive data about the Cxcr1 gene in NOD mice. We demonstrate decreased expression of mRNA for Cxcr1 in neutrophils and CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from NOD mice compared to other strains, related to reduced NOD Cxcr1 gene promoter activity. Looking for Cxcr1 protein, we next analyze the membrane proteome of murine neutrophils by mass spectrometry. Although Cxcr2 protein is clearly found in murine neutrophils, we did not find evidence of Cxcr1 peptides using this method. Nevertheless, in view of recently-published experimental data obtained in NOD mice, we argue for possible Cxcr1 involvement in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Haurogné
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Bach
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
| | - Blandine Lieubeau
- INRA USC1383, IECM, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA4644, Nantes, France
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3
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Umasuthan N, Wan Q, Revathy KS, Whang I, Noh JK, Kim S, Park MA, Lee J. Molecular aspects, genomic arrangement and immune responsive mRNA expression profiles of two CXC chemokine receptor homologs (CXCR1 and CXCR2) from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:304-318. [PMID: 24945570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The CXCR1 and CXCR2 are the prototypical receptors and are the only known receptors for mammalian ELR+ (Glu-Leu-Arg) CXC chemokines, including CXCL8 (interleukin 8). These receptors transduce the ELR+ chemokine signals and operate the downstream signaling pathways in inflammation and innate immunity. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of CXCR1 and CXCR2 genes from rock bream fish (OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2) at the molecular level. The cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of the OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2 were identified from a transcriptome library and a custom-constructed BAC library, respectively. Both OfCXCR genes consisted of two exons, separated by an intron. The 5'-flanking regions of OfCXCR genes possessed multiple putative transcription factor binding sites related to immune response. The coding sequences of OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2 encoded putative peptides of 355 and 360 amino acids (aa), respectively. The deduced aa sequences of OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2 comprised of a G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) family 1 profile with a GPCR signature and a DRY motif. In addition, seven conserved transmembrane regions were predicted in both OfCXCRs. While our multiple alignment study revealed the functionally significant conserved elements of the OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2, phylogeny analyses further confirmed their position in teleost sub clade, in which they manifested an evolutionary relatedness with other fish counterparts. Based on comparative analyses, teleost CXC chemokine receptors appear to be distinct from their non-fish orthologs in terms of evolution (both CXCR1 and CXCR2) and genomic organization (CXCR2). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) detected the transcripts of OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2 in eleven examined tissues, with higher levels in head kidney, kidney and spleen highlighting their crucial importance in immunity. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) with concanavalin A (Con A) resulted in modulation of OfCXCR2 transcription, but not that of OfCXCR1. In addition, the magnitude of the OfCXCR1 and OfCXCR2 transcripts in head kidney and spleen was differentially increased after the in vivo administration of immune stimulants, LPS and poly I:C and in the infection models injected with rock bream irido virus, Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae. These lines of evidence suggest that these receptors may play an important role(s) in immune responsive signaling during pathogenesis of rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Kasthuri Saranya Revathy
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokryel Kim
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries and Research & Developmental Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Aquatic Life Disease Control Division, National Fisheries and Research & Developmental Institute, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Smith AM, Gibbons HM, Oldfield RL, Bergin PM, Mee EW, Faull RLM, Dragunow M. The transcription factor PU.1 is critical for viability and function of human brain microglia. Glia 2013; 61:929-42. [PMID: 23483680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the predominant resident immune cells of the brain and can assume a range of phenotypes. They are critical for normal brain development and function but can also contribute to many disease processes. Although they are widely studied, the transcriptional control of microglial phenotype and activation requires further research. PU.1 is a key myeloid transcription factor expressed by peripheral macrophages and rodent microglia. In this article, we report the presence of PU.1 specifically in microglia of the adult human brain and we examine its functional role in primary human microglia. Using siRNA, we achieved substantial PU.1 protein knock-down in vitro. By assessing a range of characteristic microglial proteins we found decreased viability of adult human microglia with reduced PU.1 protein expression. This observation was confirmed with PU.1 antisense DNA oligonucleotides. An important function of microglia is to clear debris by phagocytosis. We assessed the impact of loss of PU.1 on microglial phagocytosis and show that PU.1 siRNA reduces the ability of adult human microglia to phagocytose amyloid-beta1-42 peptide. These results show that PU.1 controls human microglial viability and function and suggest PU.1 as a molecular target for manipulation of human microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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The Transcription Factor PU.1 is a Critical Regulator of Cellular Communication in the Immune System. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:431-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lundstedt AC, McCarthy S, Gustafsson MC, Godaly G, Jodal U, Karpman D, Leijonhufvud I, Lindén C, Martinell J, Ragnarsdottir B, Samuelsson M, Truedsson L, Andersson B, Svanborg C. A genetic basis of susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis. PLoS One 2007; 2:e825. [PMID: 17786197 PMCID: PMC1950574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For unknown reasons, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are clustered in certain individuals. Here we propose a novel, genetically determined cause of susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis, which is the most severe form of UTI. The IL-8 receptor, CXCR1, was identified as a candidate gene when mIL-8Rh mutant mice developed acute pyelonephritis (APN) with severe tissue damage. Methods and Findings We have obtained CXCR1 sequences from two, highly selected APN prone patient groups, and detected three unique mutations and two known polymorphisms with a genotype frequency of 23% and 25% compared to 7% in controls (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). When reflux was excluded, 54% of the patients had CXCR1 sequence variants. The UTI prone children expressed less CXCR1 protein than the pediatric controls (p<0.0001) and two sequence variants were shown to impair transcription. Conclusions The results identify a genetic innate immune deficiency, with a strong link to APN and renal scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Lundstedt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shane McCarthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias C.U. Gustafsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Jodal
- Department of Pediatrics, the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irene Leijonhufvud
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carin Lindén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Martinell
- Department of Pediatrics, the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Ragnarsdottir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Samuelsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Truedsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Suzuki K, Adachi R, Hirayama A, Watanabe H, Otani S, Watanabe Y, Kasahara T. Indirubin, a Chinese anti-leukaemia drug, promotes neutrophilic differentiation of human myelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:681-90. [PMID: 16115123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin, a purple vegetable dye, is a traditional Chinese medicine for myelocytic leukaemia. Indirubin inhibits cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) and is present in human urine and serum. When indirubin was present during the neutrophilic differentiation of human myelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells, it augmented superoxide production triggered by opsonized zymosan (OZ) by the terminally differentiated HL-60 cells. It also augmented the calcium response to OZ stimulation, and HL-60 cell chemotaxis evoked by interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) and formylpeptide. In addition, indirubin induced marked IL-8 release by the cells during differentiation and the cells differentiated with indirubin had typical neutrophilic properties, deformed nuclei and granules. Use of stable cloned HL-60 cells that contained a reporter vector for monitoring the activity of the transcription factor PU.1, which acts specifically at the stage of promyelocyte differentiation into neutrophils and monocytes, revealed that indirubin has a potent promoting activity on intracellular PU.1. Indirubin enhanced the expression of typical neutrophil proteins, including granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor, the beta2-integrin subunit CD18, the NADPH-oxidase subunit p47phox, and the IL-8 receptor CXCR1, all are controlled by PU.1. Indirubin also inhibited CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein during neutrophilic differentiation. These results suggest that indirubin augments the neutrophilic differentiation of human myelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells through inhibition of CDK2 and activation of PU.1.
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8
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Garrett-Sinha LA, Hou P, Wang D, Grabiner B, Araujo E, Rao S, Yun TJ, Clark EA, Simon MC, Clark MR. Spi-1 and Spi-B control the expression of the Grap2 gene in B cells. Gene 2005; 353:134-46. [PMID: 15936902 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Ets family members Spi-1 and Spi-B have been implicated in the regulation of genes important for B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. Mice deficient in Spi-B exhibit reduced B cell proliferation in response to BCR cross-linking and impaired T cell-dependent immune responses. This defect is exacerbated in the presence of Spi-1 haplo-insufficiency (Spi1+/- SpiB-/-). Tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization induced by BCR engagement is diminished in Spi1+/- SpiB-/- B lymphocytes, although many key BCR signaling proteins are expressed, suggesting that Spi-1 and Spi-B regulate expression of additional, unidentified signaling molecules. We now demonstrate that expression of the adaptor protein Grap2 is impaired in Spi1+/- SpiB+/- and Spi1+/- SpiB-/- B lymphocytes. Analysis of two alternate murine Grap2 promoters revealed a functionally important Spi-1 and Spi-B DNA binding element located in the downstream promoter. Ectopic expression of Grap2 in Grap2-deficient B cells reduced the recruitment of BLNK to Igalpha and the phosphorylation of specific substrates. Regulation of BLNK recruitment was dependent upon the Grap2 proline-rich domain, while modulation of phosphorylation was dependent upon both the proline-rich and SH2 domains. These data indicate that Spi-1 and Spi-B directly regulate the expression of Grap2 and that Grap2 functions to modulate BCR signaling, but that reduced Grap2 expression is unlikely to account for the BCR signaling defects observed in Spi1+/- SpiB-/- B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Genotype
- Heterozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, 140 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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9
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Hedvat CV, Yao J, Sokolic RA, Nimer SD. Myeloid ELF1-like Factor Is a Potent Activator of Interleukin-8 Expression in Hematopoietic Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:6395-400. [PMID: 14625302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307524200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid ELF1-like factor (MEF), also known as ELF4, is a member of the ETS family of transcription factors which is expressed in hematopoietic cells. MEF-deficient mice have defects in natural killer cell and natural killer T cell development, suggesting a role for MEF in regulating innate immunity. MEF also functions in myeloid cells, where it can transactivate target genes. To identify MEF target genes in a "myeloid" environment, we created an inducible expression system and used oligonucleotide microarrays to examine the transcript profile of HEL cells after induction of MEF expression. Sixteen genes were reproducibly turned on or off more than 2-fold, 8 h after induction of MEF expression, and we examined one of the genes, interleukin-8 (IL-8), in greater detail. IL-8 is a CXC chemokine involved in neutrophil chemoattraction, angiogenesis, and stem cell mobilization. It is expressed by several tumor types, and its expression is regulated primarily transcriptionally. The IL-8 promoter contains three ETS binding sites, and we identified the specific site that binds MEF and is required for MEF responsiveness. MEF, but not the closely related ETS factors PEA3, ETS1, ETS2, ELF1, or PU.1, strongly activates the IL-8 promoter. MEF overexpression is sufficient to induce IL-8 protein expression, and reduction in MEF expression (using RNA interference) results in decreased IL-8 levels. These data demonstrates that MEF is an important regulator of IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus V Hedvat
- Laboratory of Molecular Aspects of Hematopoiesis, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Myeloid blood cells comprise an important component of the immune system. Proper control of both lineage- and stage-specific gene expression is required for normal myeloid cell development and function. In recent years, a relatively small number of critical transcriptional regulators have been identified that serve important roles both in myeloid cell development and regulation of lineage-restricted gene expression in mature myeloid cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the regulation of lineage- and stage-restricted transcription during myeloid cell differentiation, how critical transcriptional regulators control myeloid cell development, and how perturbations in transcription factor function results in the development of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Skalnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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11
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Godaly G, Bergsten G, Hang L, Fischer H, Frendéus B, Lundstedt A, Samuelsson M, Samuelsson P, Svanborg C. Neutrophil recruitment, chemokine receptors, and resistance to mucosal infection. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Godaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - G. Bergsten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - L. Hang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - H. Fischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - B. Frendéus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - A.‐C. Lundstedt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - M. Samuelsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - P. Samuelsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and The Wright Flemming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, England
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12
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Abstract
Ets is a family of transcription factors present in species ranging from sponges to human. All family members contain an approximately 85 amino acid DNA binding domain, designated the Ets domain. Ets proteins bind to specific purine-rich DNA sequences with a core motif of GGAA/T, and transcriptionally regulate a number of viral and cellular genes. Thus, Ets proteins are an important family of transcription factors that control the expression of genes that are critical for several biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation, and apoptosis. Here, we tabulate genes that are regulated by Ets factors and describe past, present and future strategies for the identification and validation of Ets target genes. Through definition of authentic target genes, we will begin to understand the mechanisms by which Ets factors control normal and abnormal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Sementchenko
- Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, SC 29403, USA
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