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Tokunaga Y, Otsuyama KI, Kakuta S, Hayashida N. Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Is Significantly Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cancer, Male Infertility, and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The Novel Mechanisms of Several Severe Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213763. [PMID: 36430241 PMCID: PMC9691173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HSF (heat shock transcription factor or heat shock factor) was discovered as a transcription factor indispensable for heat shock response. Although four classical HSFs were discovered in mammals and two major HSFs, HSF1 and HSF2, were cloned in the same year of 1991, only HSF1 was intensively studied because HSF1 can give rise to heat shock response through the induction of various HSPs' expression. On the other hand, HSF2 was not well studied for some time, which was probably due to an underestimate of HSF2 itself. Since the beginning of the 21st century, HSF2 research has progressed and many biologically significant functions of HSF2 have been revealed. For example, the roles of HSF2 in nervous system protection, inflammation, maintenance of mitosis and meiosis, and cancer cell survival and death have been gradually unveiled. However, we feel that the fact HSF2 has a relationship with various factors is not yet widely recognized; therefore, the biological significance of HSF2 has been underestimated. We strongly hope to widely communicate the significance of HSF2 to researchers and readers in broad research fields through this review. In addition, we also hope that many readers will have great interest in the molecular mechanism in which HSF2 acts as an active transcription factor and gene bookmarking mechanism of HSF2 during cell cycle progression, as is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tokunaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2359
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Tokunaga Y, Otsuyama KI, Hayashida N. Cell Cycle Regulation by Heat Shock Transcription Factors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020203. [PMID: 35053319 PMCID: PMC8773920 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division and cell cycle mechanism has been studied for 70 years. This research has revealed that the cell cycle is regulated by many factors, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) have been noted as critical proteins for cell survival against various stresses; however, recent studies suggest that HSFs also have important roles in cell cycle regulation-independent cell-protective functions. During cell cycle progression, HSF1, and HSF2 bind to condensed chromatin to provide immediate precise gene expression after cell division. This review focuses on the function of these HSFs in cell cycle progression, cell cycle arrest, gene bookmarking, mitosis and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tokunaga
- Division of Molecular Gerontology and Anti-Ageing Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
| | - Ken-Ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
| | - Naoki Hayashida
- Division of Molecular Gerontology and Anti-Ageing Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube 7558505, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-22-2359
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3
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Elgenaidi IS, Spiers JP. Regulation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A system and its modulation during oxidative stress: A potential therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:68-89. [PMID: 30797822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoprotein phosphatases are of growing interest in the pathophysiology of many diseases and are often the neglected partner of protein kinases. One family member, PP2A, accounts for dephosphorylation of ~55-70% of all serine/threonine phosphosites. Interestingly, dysregulation of kinase signalling is a hallmark of many diseases in which an increase in oxidative stress is also noted. With this in mind, we assess the evidence to support oxidative stress-mediated regulation of the PP2A system In this article, we first present an overview of the PP2A system before providing an analysis of the regulation of PP2A by endogenous inhibitors, post translational modification, and miRNA. Next, a detailed critique of data implicating reactive oxygen species, ischaemia, ischaemia-reperfusion, and hypoxia in regulating the PP2A holoenzyme and associated regulators is presented. Finally, the pharmacological targeting of PP2A, its endogenous inhibitors, and enzymes responsible for its post-translational modification are covered. There is extensive evidence that oxidative stress modulates multiple components of the PP2A system, however, most of the data pertains to the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Irrespective of the underlying aetiology, free radical-mediated attenuation of PP2A activity is an emerging theme. However, in many instances, a dichotomy exists, which requires clarification and mechanistic insight. Nevertheless, this raises the possibility that pharmacological activation of PP2A, either through small molecule activators of PP2A or CIP2A/SET antagonists may be beneficial in modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress. A better understanding of which, will have wide ranging implications for cancer, heart disease and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Elgenaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J P Spiers
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Zhang B, Shi Z, Duncan DT, Prodduturi N, Marnett LJ, Liebler DC. Relating protein adduction to gene expression changes: a systems approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2118-27. [PMID: 21594272 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of proteins by reactive electrophiles such as the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) plays a critical role in oxidant-associated human diseases. However, little is known about protein adduction and the mechanism by which protein damage elicits adaptive effects and toxicity. We developed a systems approach for relating protein adduction to gene expression changes through the integration of protein adduction, gene expression, protein-DNA interaction, and protein-protein interaction data. Using a random walk strategy, we expanded a list of responsive transcription factors inferred from gene expression studies to upstream signaling networks, which in turn allowed overlaying protein adduction data on the network for the prediction of stress sensors and their associated regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrated the general applicability of transcription factor-based signaling network inference using 103 known pathways. Applying our workflow on gene expression and protein adduction data from HNE-treatment not only rediscovered known mechanisms of electrophile stress but also generated novel hypotheses regarding protein damage sensors. Although developed for analyzing protein adduction data, the framework can be easily adapted for phosphoproteomics and other types of protein modification data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Gharbi-Ayachi A, Labbé JC, Burgess A, Vigneron S, Strub JM, Brioudes E, Van-Dorsselaer A, Castro A, Lorca T. The substrate of Greatwall kinase, Arpp19, controls mitosis by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A. Science 2010; 330:1673-1677. [PMID: 21164014 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374145-5.00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Initiation and maintenance of mitosis require the activation of protein kinase cyclin B-Cdc2 and the inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which, respectively, phosphorylate and dephosphorylate mitotic substrates. The protein kinase Greatwall (Gwl) is required to maintain mitosis through PP2A inhibition. We describe how Gwl activation results in PP2A inhibition. We identified cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein 19 (Arpp19) and α-Endosulfine as two substrates of Gwl that, when phosphorylated by this kinase, associate with and inhibit PP2A, thus promoting mitotic entry. Conversely, in the absence of Gwl activity, Arpp19 and α-Endosulfine are dephosphorylated and lose their capacity to bind and inhibit PP2A. Although both proteins can inhibit PP2A, endogenous Arpp19, but not α-Endosulfine, is responsible for PP2A inhibition at mitotic entry in Xenopus egg extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Gharbi-Ayachi
- Universités Montpellier 2 et 1, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, IFR 122, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Abstract
Heat shock factors form a family of transcription factors (four in mammals), which were named according to the first discovery of their activation by heat shock. As a result of the universality and robustness of their response to heat shock, the stress-dependent activation of heat shock factor became a ‘paradigm’: by binding to conserved DNA sequences (heat shock elements), heat shock factors trigger the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins that function as molecular chaperones, contributing to establish a cytoprotective state to various proteotoxic stress and in several pathological conditions. Besides their roles in the stress response, heat shock factors perform crucial roles during gametogenesis and development in physiological conditions. First, during these process, in stress conditions, they are either proactive for survival or, conversely, for apoptotic process, allowing elimination or, inversely, protection of certain cell populations in a way that prevents the formation of damaged gametes and secure future reproductive success. Second, heat shock factors display subtle interplay in a tissue- and stage-specific manner, in regulating very specific sets of heat shock genes, but also many other genes encoding growth factors or involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Third, they act not only by their classical transcription factor activities, but are necessary for the establishment of chromatin structure and, likely, genome stability. Finally, in contrast to the heat shock gene paradigm, heat shock elements bound by heat shock factors in developmental process turn out to be extremely dispersed in the genome, which is susceptible to lead to the future definition of ‘developmental heat shock element’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Abane
- CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Paris, France
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Kavak E, Najafov A, Ozturk N, Seker T, Cavusoglu K, Aslan T, Duru AD, Saygili T, Hoxhaj G, Hiz MC, Unal DO, Birgül-İyison N, Ozturk M, Koman A. Analysis of the Wnt/B-catenin/TCF4 pathway using SAGE, genome-wide microarray and promoter analysis: Identification of BRI3 and HSF2 as novel targets. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1523-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fortunati A, Piconese S, Tassone P, Ferrari S, Migliaccio F. Rha1, a new mutant of Arabidopsis disturbed in root slanting, gravitropism and auxin physiology. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:989-990. [PMID: 19704429 PMCID: PMC2633752 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new Arabidopsis mutant is characterized (rha1) that shows, in the roots, reduced right-handed slanting, reduced gravitropism and resistance to 2,4-D, TIBA, NPA and ethylene. It also shows reduced length in the shoot and root, reduced number of lateral roots and shorter siliques. The gene was cloned through TAIL-PCR and resulted in a HSF. Because none of the known gravitropic and auxinic mutants result from damage in a HSF, rha1 seems to belong to a new class of this group of mutants. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of the gene is increased by heat and cold shock, and by presence of 2,4-D in the media. Study of the expression through the GUS reporter gene revealed increased expression in clinostated and gravistimulated plants, but only in adult tissues, and not in the apical meristems of shoots and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fortunati
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology (IBAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Monterotondo, Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology (IBAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Monterotondo, Rome Italy
| | - Paola Tassone
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology (IBAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Monterotondo, Rome Italy
| | - Simone Ferrari
- University of Padua; Department of Landscape and Agro-Forestal Systems; Padua Italy
| | - Fernando Migliaccio
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology (IBAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Monterotondo, Rome Italy
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9
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Xing H, Hong Y, Sarge KD. Identification of the PP2A-interacting region of heat shock transcription factor 2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2007; 12:192-7. [PMID: 17688198 PMCID: PMC1949333 DOI: 10.1379/csc-249r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated the existence of an association between heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2) and the serine/threonine phosphatase 2A, which is mediated by interaction between HSF2 and the A subunit (also called PR65) of this protein phosphatase. In light of the importance of HSF2-PP2A association for HSF2 cellular function, in this study, we have sought to dissect the sequences within HSF2 that are important for interaction with the A subunit of PP2A. The results of these experiments indicate that the HSF2 region comprising amino acids 343-363 is important for A subunit interaction. This region includes part of the C-terminal leucine zipper motif of HSF2 called heptad repeat C (HR-C). The results of transfection/immunoprecipitation experiments also show that deletion of the 6 amino acids from 343 to 348 from HSF2 (HSF2 (delta343-348)), is sufficient to prevent HSF2 from interacting with PP2A. These data provide insight into a new functional domain of HSF2, the PP2A A subunit-interacting region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone Streeet, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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10
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Maloney A, Clarke PA, Naaby-Hansen S, Stein R, Koopman JO, Akpan A, Yang A, Zvelebil M, Cramer R, Stimson L, Aherne W, Banerji U, Judson I, Sharp S, Powers M, deBilly E, Salmons J, Walton M, Burlingame A, Waterfield M, Workman P. Gene and Protein Expression Profiling of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells Treated with the Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3239-53. [PMID: 17409432 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The promising antitumor activity of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) results from inhibition of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and subsequent degradation of multiple oncogenic client proteins. Gene expression microarray and proteomic analysis were used to profile molecular changes in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line treated with 17AAG. Comparison of results with an inactive analogue and an alternative HSP90 inhibitor radicicol indicated that increased expression of HSP72, HSC70, HSP27, HSP47, and HSP90beta at the mRNA level were on-target effects of 17AAG. HSP27 protein levels were increased in tumor biopsies following treatment of patients with 17AAG. A group of MYC-regulated mRNAs was decreased by 17AAG. Of particular interest and novelty were changes in expression of chromatin-associated proteins. Expression of the heterochromatin protein 1 was increased, and expression of the histone acetyltransferase 1 and the histone arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 was decreased by 17AAG. PRMT5 was shown to be a novel HSP90-binding partner and potential client protein. Cellular protein acetylation was reduced by 17AAG, which was shown to have an antagonistic interaction on cell proliferation with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. This mRNA and protein expression analysis has provided new insights into the complex molecular pharmacology of 17AAG and suggested new genes and proteins that may be involved in response to the drug or be potential biomarkers of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Maloney
- Haddow Laboratories, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
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11
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Tar K, Csortos C, Czikora I, Olah G, Ma SF, Wadgaonkar R, Gergely P, Garcia JGN, Verin AD. Role of protein phosphatase 2A in the regulation of endothelial cell cytoskeleton structure. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:931-53. [PMID: 16475161 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our recently published data suggested the involvement of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in endothelial cell (EC) barrier regulation (Tar et al. [2004] J Cell Biochem 92:534-546). In order to further elucidate the role of PP2A in the regulation of EC cytoskeleton and permeability, PP2A catalytic (PP2Ac) and A regulatory (PP2Aa) subunits were cloned and human pulmonary arterial EC (HPAEC) were transfected with PP2A mammalian expression constructs or infected with PP2A recombinant adenoviruses. Immunostaining of PP2Ac or of PP2Aa + c overexpressing HPAEC indicated actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. PP2A overexpression hindered or at least dramatically reduced thrombin- or nocodazole-induced F-actin stress fiber formation and microtubule (MT) dissolution. Accordingly, it also attenuated thrombin- or nocodazole-induced decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance indicative of barrier protection. Inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid abolished its effect on agonist-induced changes in EC cytoskeleton; this indicates a critical role of PP2A activity in EC cytoskeletal maintenance. The overexpression of PP2A significantly attenuated thrombin- or nocodazole-induced phosphorylation of HSP27 and tau, two cytoskeletal proteins, which potentially could be involved in agonist-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement and in the increase of permeability. PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of HSP27 and tau correlated with PP2A-induced preservation of EC cytoskeleton and barrier maintenance. Collectively, our observations clearly demonstrate the crucial role of PP2A in EC barrier protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Tar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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12
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Hu Y, Mivechi NF. Association and regulation of heat shock transcription factor 4b with both extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatase DUSP26. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3282-94. [PMID: 16581800 PMCID: PMC1446944 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.8.3282-3294.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) activate the stress-inducible expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and other molecular chaperones in response to stress and, therefore, play an essential role in protein disaggregation and protein folding. In humans, missense mutation in the hsf4 gene causes cataract, and mice bearing a targeted disruption of the hsf4 gene exhibit defects in lens fiber cell differentiation and early cataract formation. Here, we show that Hsf4b is a direct target of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and that phosphorylation of Hsf4b by ERK leads to increased ability of Hsf4b to bind DNA. Surprisingly, Hsf4b also interacts with an ERK-specific dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatase named DUSP26 identified from a yeast two-hybrid screen. While activated ERK phosphorylates Hsf4b, DUSP26 controls the activity of ERK, leading to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of Hsf4b, altering its ability to bind DNA. Therefore, DUSP26 interaction with Hsf4b places this transcription factor within a regulatory circuit in the MAP kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhong Hu
- Molecular Chaperone Biology/Radiobiology Program, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CB2803, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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13
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Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors, as well as heat shock proteins, are involved in different steps in differentiation and development, in addition to their role in adaptation to stress. This has already been demonstrated in the case of the single heat shock factor present in Drosophila. Over the last 6 years, similar observations have accumulated from the progressive inactivation of the different hsf genes in mammals, the use of double-null animals, and the slow characterization of their complex phenotypes. Although these studies are not yet complete, the data so far can be used to draw some conclusions. All hsf genes contribute to development in mammals and to normal functions at the adult stage, by controlling the expression of Hsp and non-Hsp genes. Reproduction, the immune response and aging are the processes that are the most deeply affected. An attractive hypothesis would be that these new functions have been recruited during evolution in order to coordinate these processes: HSFs may occupy a central place in the trade off that organisms make between reproduction and maintenance, in response to the variations in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morange
- Département de Biologie, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, Ens, Paris, France.
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Xing H, Wilkerson DC, Mayhew CN, Lubert EJ, Skaggs HS, Goodson ML, Hong Y, Park-Sarge OK, Sarge KD. Mechanism of hsp70i gene bookmarking. Science 2005; 307:421-3. [PMID: 15662014 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to most genomic DNA in mitotic cells, the promoter regions of some genes, such as the stress-inducible hsp70i gene that codes for a heat shock protein, remain uncompacted, a phenomenon called bookmarking. Here we show that hsp70i bookmarking is mediated by a transcription factor called HSF2, which binds this promoter in mitotic cells, recruits protein phosphatase 2A, and interacts with the CAP-G subunit of the condensin enzyme to promote efficient dephosphorylation and inactivation of condensin complexes in the vicinity, thereby preventing compaction at this site. Blocking HSF2-mediated bookmarking by HSF2 RNA interference decreases hsp70i induction and survival of stressed cells in the G1 phase, which demonstrates the biological importance of gene bookmarking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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15
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Prickett TD, Brautigan DL. Overlapping Binding Sites in Protein Phosphatase 2A for Association with Regulatory A and α-4 (mTap42) Subunits. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38912-20. [PMID: 15252037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401444200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse functions of protein Ser/Thr phosphatases depend on the distribution of the catalytic subunits among multiple regulatory subunits. In cells protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) mostly binds to a scaffold subunit (A subunit or PR65); however, PP2Ac alternatively binds to alpha-4, a subunit related to yeast Tap42 protein, which also associates with phosphatases PP4 or PP6. We mapped alpha-4 binding to PP2Ac to the helical domain, residues 19-165. We mutated selected residues and transiently expressed epitope-tagged PP2Ac to assay for association with A and alpha-4 subunits by co-precipitation. The disabling H118N mutation at the active site or the presence of the active site inhibitor microcystin-LR did not interfere with binding of PP2Ac to either the A subunit or alpha-4, showing that these are allosteric regulators. Positively charged side chains Lys(41), Arg(49), and Lys(74) on the back surface of PP2Ac are unique to PP2Ac, compared with phosphatases PP4, PP6, and PP1. Substitution of one, two, or three of these residues with Ala produced a progressive loss of binding to the A subunit, with a corresponding increase in binding to alpha-4. Conversely, mutation of Glu(42) in PP2Ac essentially eliminated PP2Ac binding to alpha-4, with an increase in binding to the A subunit. Reciprocal changes in binding because of mutations indicate competitive distribution of PP2Ac between these regulatory subunits and demonstrate that the mutated catalytic subunits retained a native conformation. Furthermore, neither the Lys(41)-Arg(49)-Lys(74) nor Glu(42) mutations affected the phosphatase-specific activity or binding to microcystin-agarose. Binding of PP2Ac to microcystin and to alpha-4 increased with temperature, consistent with an activation energy barrier for these interactions. Our results reveal that the A subunit and alpha-4 (mTap42) require charged residues in separate but overlapping surface regions to associate with the back side of PP2Ac and modulate phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Prickett
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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16
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Ortega-Lázaro JC, del Mazo J. Expression of the B56delta subunit of protein phosphatase 2A and Mea1 in mouse spermatogenesis. Identification of a new B56gamma subunit (B56gamma4) specifically expressed in testis. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 103:345-51. [PMID: 15051958 DOI: 10.1159/000076823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a critical serine/threonine phosphatase involved in the control of multiple cellular functions. Distinct regulatory subunits of this holoenzyme govern its intracellular localisation and substrate specificity. The regulatory B subunits target PP2A to the substrate. The B56delta subunit encoded by Pp2r5d is expressed in different tissues including testis. Its genomic structure shows a 3' end region of 114 bp in reverse orientation complementary to the 3' region of Mea1. In mouse seminiferous epithelium Mea1 is highly expressed in pachytene spermatocytes through to spermatid cells, while Pp2r5d shows under-expression. The potential co-regulation of both these genes was analysed. However, no potential transcriptional or post-transcriptional interference between them could be fully defined. A previously unreported subunit with testis-specific expression, B56gamma-4, was characterised. This new subunit of the B56 family has no genomic structure related to Mea1, and might replace the functions of B56delta if B56delta expression were compromised by high expression of Mea1 during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ortega-Lázaro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (C.S.I.C.), Madrid, Spain
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Moorefield KS, Fry SJ, Horowitz JM. Sp2 DNA Binding Activity and trans-Activation Are Negatively Regulated in Mammalian Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13911-24. [PMID: 14726517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313589200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that Sp2 binds poorly to GC-rich sequences bound by Sp1 and Sp3, and further functional analyses of Sp2 have been limited. To study Sp2-mediated transcription, we employed a PCR-based protocol to determine the Sp2 consensus DNA-binding sequence (5'-GGGCGGGAC-3') and performed kinetic experiments to show that Sp2 binds this consensus sequence with high affinity (225 pm) in vitro. To determine the functional consequence of Sp2 interaction with this sequence in vivo, we transformed well characterized Sp-binding sites within the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) promoter to consensus Sp2-binding sites. Incorporation of Sp2-binding sites within the DHFR promoter increased Sp2-mediated trans-activation in transient co-transfection experiments but also revealed Sp2 to be a relatively weak trans-activator with little or no capacity for additive or synergistic trans-activation. Using chimeric molecules prepared with portions of Sp1 and Sp2 and the human prostate-specific antigen promoter, we show that Sp2 DNA binding activity and trans-activation are negatively regulated in mammalian cells. Taken together, our data indicate that Sp2 is functionally distinct relative to other Sp family members and suggest that Sp2 may play a unique role in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott Moorefield
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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18
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Shinka T, Sato Y, Chen G, Naroda T, Kinoshita K, Unemi Y, Tsuji K, Toida K, Iwamoto T, Nakahori Y. Molecular characterization of heat shock-like factor encoded on the human Y chromosome, and implications for male infertility. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:297-306. [PMID: 15044259 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia and oligospermia are major causes of male infertility. Some genes located on the Y chromosome are suggested as candidates. Recently, HSFY, which is similar to the HSF (heat shock transcription factor) family, has been mapped on the human Y chromosome as multicopies. However, newly available sequence data deposited at NCBI shows that only the HSFY gene located on Yq has a long open reading frame containing a HSF-type DNA-binding domain. HSFY is similar to LW-1 on the human X chromosome and a murine HSFY-like sequence (mHSFYL), 4933413G11Rik, on the mouse chromosome 1. LW-1 and mHSFYL have 53% and 70% homology to HSFY for amino acid sequences of their presumed DNA-binding domains, respectively. Comparison of the presumed DNA-binding domains unveiled that the three HSF-like factors, HSFY, LW-1, and mHSFYL, belong to a different class than conventional HSFs. When we screened for deletions on the Yq of males suffering from infertility, we found that HSFY was involved in interstitial deletions on the Y chromosomes for two azoospermic males who had DBY, USP9Y, and DAZ but did not have RBMY located on the AZFb. Expression analysis of HSFY, LW-1, and mHSFYL unveiled that they are expressed predominantly in testis. Furthermore, immunhistochemistry of HSFY in testis showed that its expression is restricted to both Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells and that it exhibits a stage-dependent translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in spermatogenetic cells during spermatogenesis. These results may suggest that deletion of HSFY is involved in azoospermia or oligospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatstu Shinka
- Department of Human Genetics and Public Health, Graduate School of Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima-City, 770-8503 Japan
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19
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Roccisana JL, Kawanabe N, Kajiya H, Koide M, Roodman GD, Reddy SV. Functional Role for Heat Shock Factors in the Transcriptional Regulation of Human RANK Ligand Gene Expression in Stromal/Osteoblast Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10500-7. [PMID: 14699143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303727200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RANK Ligand (RANKL) is a critical osteoclastogenic factor that is expressed on stromal cells and osteoblasts. Most resorption stimuli induce osteoclast formation by modulating RANKL gene expression in marrow stromal/osteoblast cells. However, it is unclear how these stimuli modulate RANKL gene expression in the bone microenvironment. To characterize the transcriptional control of human RANKL gene expression in stromal/osteoblast cells, we PCR-amplified and cloned a 2-kb 5'-flanking sequence of the RANKL gene, using normal human osteoblast derived genomic DNA as a template. Sequence analysis identified the presence of several potential Heat Shock Factor (HSF) responsive elements (HSE) in the human RANKL gene promoter region. Co-expression of HSF-1 or HSF-2 with the RANKL gene promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid in human osteoblastic cells (NOBC) demonstrated a 2-fold and 4.5-fold increase in promoter activity, respectively. RT-PCR analysis for HSF-1 and 2 mRNA expression in human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (SAKA-T) and osteoblast cells detected only HSF-2 expression. As evident from EMSA analysis, in contrast to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) SAKA-T cells treated with b-FGF demonstrated increased levels of HSF-2 binding to the HSE present in the RANKL gene promoter region. Immunocytochemical staining further confirmed nuclear localization of HSF-2 in both SAKA-T transformed stromal cells and human bone marrow derived primary stromal/preosteoblastic cells in response to b-FGF treatment. Furthermore, b-FGF treatment of SAKA-T cells transfected with the luciferase reporter plasmid containing the hRANKL HSE region (-2 kb to -1275 bp) upstream to a heterologous promoter showed increased levels of transactivation. Western blot analysis further demonstrated enhanced levels of RANKL expression and HSP-27 phosphorylation in SAKA-T cells treated with b-FGF. In addition, overexpression of HSF-2 in SAKA-T cells resulted in a 5-fold increase in the levels of RANKL expression in these cells. These data further suggest that HSF-2 is a downstream target of b-FGF to induce RANKL expression in stromal/osteoblast cells, and that HSF may play an important role in modulating RANKL gene expression in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Roccisana
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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20
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Xing H, Mayhew CN, Cullen KE, Park-Sarge OK, Sarge KD. HSF1 modulation of Hsp70 mRNA polyadenylation via interaction with symplekin. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10551-5. [PMID: 14707147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311719200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression by stress is initiated by binding of HSF1 to HSP gene promoters to increase their transcription. The cytoprotective functions of these HSPs are essential for cell survival, and thus it is critical that inducible HSP gene expression be executed rapidly and efficiently. Here we report an interaction between heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and symplekin, a protein known to form a complex with the polyadenylation factors CstF and CPSF. HSF1-symplekin complexes are detected only after stress treatment, and these two proteins co-localize in punctate nuclear structures in stressed cells. HSF1 also complexes in a stress-induced manner with the 3' processing factor CstF-64. Interfering with HSF1-symplekin interaction by overexpressing a non-DNA-binding mutant HSF1 protein significantly decreases Hsp70 mRNA polyadenylation in stressed cells, supporting the functional role for HSF1 in promoting 3' processing of this transcript. Importantly, this was also found to result in a significant loss of Hsp70 protein induction and increased cell death in response to stress exposure. These results indicate that the HSF1-symplekin interaction functions as a mechanism for recruiting polyadenylation factors to HSP genes to enhance the efficiency/kinetics of production of mature Hsp mRNA transcripts to achieve the critical cellular need for rapid HSP expression after stress. Thus, HSF1 regulates HSP gene expression at not one but two different steps of the expression pathway, functioning both as a transcription factor and a polyadenylation stimulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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21
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Nowak SJ, Pai CY, Corces VG. Protein phosphatase 2A activity affects histone H3 phosphorylation and transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:6129-38. [PMID: 12917335 PMCID: PMC180939 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.17.6129-6138.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2003] [Revised: 04/15/2003] [Accepted: 06/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the heat shock genes during the heat shock response in Drosophila has been intimately linked to phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10, whereas repression of non-heat-shock genes correlates with dephosphorylation of histone H3. It is then possible that specific kinase and/or phosphatase activities may regulate histone phosphorylation and therefore transcription activation and repression, respectively. We find that treatment of cells with strong phosphatase inhibitors interferes with the genome-wide dephosphorylation of histone H3 normally observed at non-heat-shock genes during heat shock. Mutants in protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) also display reduced genome-wide H3 dephosphorylation, and sites of H3 phosphorylation that do not contain heat shock genes remain transcriptionally active during heat shock in PP2A mutants. Finally, the SET protein, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of PP2A activity that inhibits PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Ser10-phosphorylated H3, is detected at transcriptionally active regions of polytene chromosomes. These results suggest that activation and repression of gene expression during heat shock might be regulated by changes in PP2A activity controlled by the SET protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Nowak
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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22
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Lubert EJ, Sarge KD. Interaction between protein phosphatase 2A and members of the importin beta superfamily. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 303:908-13. [PMID: 12670497 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While performing a yeast two-hybrid library screen to uncover novel PP2A-interacting proteins, we discovered a specific interaction between a member of the importin beta/karyopherin beta superfamily, importin 9, and the A subunit of PP2A (PR65). This interaction between importin 9 and the A subunit was confirmed by in vitro pulldown, immunoprecipitation, and microcystin-Sepharose chromatography. We also found that another family member, importin beta, interacted specifically with the A subunit of PP2A. Finally, we showed that treatment of cells with a concentration of okadaic acid known to inhibit PP2A impeded the nuclear localization of an NLS-containing protein. These results provide evidence that these importins can exist in a native complex with endogenous PP2A and that this serine/threonine phosphatase plays a role in regulating the nuclear import of NLS-containing proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lubert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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23
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Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Giuffrida Stella AM, Butterfield DA. Molecular chaperones and their roles in neural cell differentiation. Dev Neurosci 2002; 24:1-13. [PMID: 12145406 DOI: 10.1159/000064941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system, a large number of neurons are eliminated through naturally occurring neuronal death. Many morphological and biochemical properties of such dying neurons are reminiscent not only of apoptosis, a type of death involving the action of genetically programmed events, but also of epigenetic phenomena such as oxidative stress. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oxidative stress alters the expression of antioxidant enzymes and enhances expression and/or DNA binding of numerous transcription factors, including heat shock factor. The latter is a transcription factor for specific promoter elements located upstream of the heat shock genes. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are essential, highly conserved proteins that are needed for normal cell growth and maintenance, and expression of Hsps has been detected during embryogenesis in various organisms. Developmental profiles of Hsps indicate that they are differentially regulated during neural maturation, suggesting a role for Hsps in neural cell differentiation. Their putative function in cell remodeling during migration and differentiation, as well as during postnatal development, a time of extensive cell differentiation, is considered in the present review. Moreover, the function of Hsps in cell signaling, protein transport and the effect of heat shock on neural plate induction and brain development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Calabrese
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy.
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24
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Kallio M, Chang Y, Manuel M, Alastalo TP, Rallu M, Gitton Y, Pirkkala L, Loones MT, Paslaru L, Larney S, Hiard S, Morange M, Sistonen L, Mezger V. Brain abnormalities, defective meiotic chromosome synapsis and female subfertility in HSF2 null mice. EMBO J 2002; 21:2591-601. [PMID: 12032072 PMCID: PMC125382 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock factor 2, one of the four vertebrate HSFs, transcriptional regulators of heat shock gene expression, is active during embryogenesis and spermatogenesis, with unknown functions and targets. By disrupting the Hsf2 gene, we show that, although the lack of HSF2 is not embryonic lethal, Hsf2(-/-) mice suffer from brain abnormalities, and meiotic and gameto genesis defects in both genders. The disturbances in brain are characterized by the enlargement of lateral and third ventricles and the reduction of hippocampus and striatum, in correlation with HSF2 expression in proliferative cells of the neuroepithelium and in some ependymal cells in adults. Many developing spermatocytes are eliminated via apoptosis in a stage-specific manner in Hsf2(-/-) males, and pachytene spermatocytes also display structural defects in the synaptonemal complexes between homologous chromosomes. Hsf2(-/-) females suffer from multiple fertility defects: the production of abnormal eggs, the reduction in ovarian follicle number and the presence of hemorrhagic cystic follicles are consistent with meiotic defects. Hsf2(-/-) females also display hormone response defects, that can be rescued by superovulation treatment, and exhibit abnormal rates of luteinizing hormone receptor mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kallio
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Martine Manuel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Tero-Pekka Alastalo
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Murielle Rallu
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Lila Pirkkala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Marie-Thérèse Loones
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Liliana Paslaru
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Severine Larney
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Sophie Hiard
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Michel Morange
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
| | - Valérie Mezger
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20520 Turku, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, UMR8541 and Animal Facilities, Ecole Normale Supérieure, F-75230 Paris cedex 05, France Present address: Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Present address: Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, NYU Medical Center, New York,NY 10016, USA Corresponding author e-mail: M.Kallio, Y.Chang and M.Manuel contributed equally to this work
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25
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Lubert EJ, Hong Y, Sarge KD. Interaction between protein phosphatase 5 and the A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A: evidence for a heterotrimeric form of protein phosphatase 5. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38582-7. [PMID: 11504734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the phosphoprotein phosphatase family of serine/threonine phosphatases are thought to exist in different native oligomeric complexes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is composed of a catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) that complexes with an A subunit, which in turn also interacts with one of many B subunits that regulate substrate specificity and/or (sub)cellular localization of the enzyme. Another family member, protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), contains a tetratricopeptide repeat domain at its N terminus, which has been suggested to mediate interactions with other proteins. PP5 was not thought to interact with partners homologous to the A or B subunits that exist within PP2A. However, our results indicate that this may not be the case. A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed an interaction between PP5 and the A subunit of PP2A. This interaction was confirmed for endogenous proteins in vivo using immunoprecipitation analysis and for recombinant proteins by in vitro binding experiments. Our results also indicate that the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of PP5 is required and sufficient for this interaction. In addition, immunoprecipitated PP5 contains associated B subunits. Thus, our results suggest that PP5 can exist in a PP2A-like heterotrimeric form containing both A and B subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lubert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0084, USA
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26
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Goodson ML, Hong Y, Rogers R, Matunis MJ, Park-Sarge OK, Sarge KD. Sumo-1 modification regulates the DNA binding activity of heat shock transcription factor 2, a promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body associated transcription factor. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18513-8. [PMID: 11278381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2) is a transcription factor that regulates heat shock protein gene expression, but the mechanisms regulating the function of this factor are unclear. Here we report that HSF2 is a substrate for modification by the ubiquitin-related protein SUMO-1 and that HSF2 colocalizes in cells with SUMO-1 in nuclear granules. Staining with anti-promyelocytic leukemia antibodies indicates that these HSF2-containing nuclear granules are PML bodies. Our results identify lysine 82 as the major site of SUMO-1 modification in HSF2, which is located in a "wing" within the DNA-binding domain of this protein. Interestingly, SUMO-1 modification of HSF2 results in conversion of this factor to the active DNA binding form. This is the first demonstration that SUMO-1 modification can directly alter the DNA binding ability of a transcription factor and reveals a new mechanism by which SUMO-1 modification can regulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Goodson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 405036-0298, USA
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27
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Pirkkala L, Nykänen P, Sistonen L. Roles of the heat shock transcription factors in regulation of the heat shock response and beyond. FASEB J 2001; 15:1118-31. [PMID: 11344080 DOI: 10.1096/fj00-0294rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock response, characterized by increased expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) is induced by exposure of cells and tissues to extreme conditions that cause acute or chronic stress. Hsps function as molecular chaperones in regulating cellular homeostasis and promoting survival. If the stress is too severe, a signal that leads to programmed cell death, apoptosis, is activated, thereby providing a finely tuned balance between survival and death. In addition to extracellular stimuli, several nonstressful conditions induce Hsps during normal cellular growth and development. The enhanced heat shock gene expression in response to various stimuli is regulated by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs). After the discovery of the family of HSFs (i.e., murine and human HSF1, 2, and 4 and a unique avian HSF3), the functional relevance of distinct HSFs is now emerging. HSF1, an HSF prototype, and HSF3 are responsible for heat-induced Hsp expression, whereas HSF2 is refractory to classical stressors. HSF4 is expressed in a tissue-specific manner; similar to HSF1 and HSF2, alternatively spliced isoforms add further complexity to its regulation. Recently developed powerful genetic models have provided evidence for both cooperative and specific functions of HSFs that expand beyond the heat shock response. Certain specialized functions of HSFs may even include regulation of novel target genes in response to distinct stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirkkala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Finland
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Janssens V, Goris J. Protein phosphatase 2A: a highly regulated family of serine/threonine phosphatases implicated in cell growth and signalling. Biochem J 2001; 353:417-39. [PMID: 11171037 PMCID: PMC1221586 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3530417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) comprises a family of serine/threonine phosphatases, minimally containing a well conserved catalytic subunit, the activity of which is highly regulated. Regulation is accomplished mainly by members of a family of regulatory subunits, which determine the substrate specificity, (sub)cellular localization and catalytic activity of the PP2A holoenzymes. Moreover, the catalytic subunit is subject to two types of post-translational modification, phosphorylation and methylation, which are also thought to be important regulatory devices. The regulatory ability of PTPA (PTPase activator), originally identified as a protein stimulating the phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity of PP2A, will also be discussed, alongside the other regulatory inputs. The use of specific PP2A inhibitors and molecular genetics in yeast, Drosophila and mice has revealed roles for PP2A in cell cycle regulation, cell morphology and development. PP2A also plays a prominent role in the regulation of specific signal transduction cascades, as witnessed by its presence in a number of macromolecular signalling modules, where it is often found in association with other phosphatases and kinases. Additionally, PP2A interacts with a substantial number of other cellular and viral proteins, which are PP2A substrates, target PP2A to different subcellular compartments or affect enzyme activity. Finally, the de-regulation of PP2A in some specific pathologies will be touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Janssens
- Afdeling Biochemie, Faculteit Geneeskunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Awotunde OS, Sugajska E, Zolnierowicz S, Muszyńska G. Characterisation of two protein phosphatase 2A holoenzymes from maize seedlings. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1480:65-76. [PMID: 11004556 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two holoenzymes of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), designated PP2AI and PP2AII, were purified from maize seedlings. The subunit composition of maize holoenzymes generally resembled those of animal PP2A. Using SDS/PAGE and Western blots with antibodies generated against peptides derived from animal PP2A, we established the subunit composition of plant protein phosphatase 2A. In both maize holoenzymes, a 38000 catalytic (PP2Ac) and a 66000 constant regulatory subunit (A) constituting the core dimer of PP2A were present. In addition, PP2AI (180000-200000) contained a protein of 57000 which reacted with antibodies generated against the peptide (EFDYLKSLEIEE) conserved in all eukaryotic Balpha regulatory subunits. In contrast, none of the proteins visualised in PP2AII (140000-160000) by double staining reacted with these antibodies. The activity of PP2AI measured with (32)P-labelled phosphorylase a in the presence of protamine and ammonium sulfate is about two times higher than that of PP2AII. PP2AI and PP2AII displayed different patterns of activation by protamine, polylysine and histone H1 and exhibit high sensitivity toward inhibition by okadaic acid. The data obtained provide direct biochemical evidence for the existence in plants of PP2A holoenzymes composed of a catalytic subunit complexed with one or two regulatory subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Awotunde
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Morrison AJ, Rush SJ, Brown IR. Heat shock transcription factors and the hsp70 induction response in brain and kidney of the hyperthermic rat during postnatal development. J Neurochem 2000; 75:363-72. [PMID: 10854282 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) 1 levels increase in brain regions and decline in kidney during postnatal rat development. In both neonatal and adult rats, levels of HSF1 protein in brain and kidney are proportional to the levels of HSF DNA-binding activity and the magnitude of heat shock protein hsp70 induction after thermal stress. There appears to be more HSF1 protein in adult brain than is needed for induction of hsp70 after thermal stress, suggesting that HSF1 may have other functions in addition to its role as a stress-inducible activator of heat shock genes. HSF2 protein levels decline during postnatal rat development in brain regions and kidney. Gel mobility shift analysis shows that HSF2 is not in a DNA-binding form in the neonatal brain and kidney, suggesting that HSF2 may not be involved in the constitutive expression of hsps in early postnatal development. There is no apparent relationship between levels of HSF2 protein and basal levels of hsp90, hsp70, heat shock cognate protein hsc70, and hsp60.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hong Y, Lubert EJ, Rodgers DW, Sarge KD. Molecular basis of competition between HSF2 and catalytic subunit for binding to the PR65/A subunit of PP2A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:84-9. [PMID: 10872807 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified the existence of a novel interaction between heat shock transcription factor 2 (HSF2) and the PR65/A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and showed that HSF2 is able to compete with the PP2A catalytic subunit for binding to PR65. To elucidate the mechanistic basis of this competition between HSF2 and catalytic subunit at the molecular level we have sought to characterize sequences within PR65 that are important for interaction with HSF2. The results identify the intra-repeat loop within HEAT repeat 11 of PR65 as critical for interaction with HSF2. Analysis of point mutants within this loop region of PR65 identify lysine 416 as a residue critical for interaction with HSF2. Interestingly, this same lysine residue of PR65 is important for its binding to catalytic subunit. These results suggest that HSF2's ability to interfere with catalytic subunit binding to PR65 is due to competition between HSF2 and catalytic subunit for at least one amino acid residue of PR65, lysine 416. These data support the hypothesis that HSF2 represents a new type of PP2A regulatory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A describes an extended family of intracellular protein serine/threonine phosphatases sharing a common catalytic subunit that regulates a variety of processes by means of diverse regulatory subunits. During the past year, studies have shown that protein phosphatase 2A influences events ranging from the initiation of DNA replication to vertebrate axis formation to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Virshup
- Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, 5C334 School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA. david.
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