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Kraus S, Benard O, Naor Z, Seger R. C-Src is Activated by the EGF Receptor in a Pathway that Mediates JNK and ERK Activation by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in COS7 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228575. [PMID: 33202981 PMCID: PMC7697137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The key participants in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling are the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. The mechanisms involved in the activation of the above cascades by GPCRs are not fully elucidated. The prototypical GPCR is the receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRHR), which serves as a key regulator of the reproductive system. Here, we expressed GnRHR in COS7 cells and found that GnRHR transmits its signals to MAPKs mainly via Gαi and the EGF receptor, without the involvement of Hb-EGF or PKCs. The main pathway that leads to JNK activation downstream of the EGF receptor involves a sequential activation of c-Src and PI3K. ERK activation by GnRHR is mediated by the EGF receptor, which activates Ras either directly or via c-Src. Beside the main pathway, the dissociated Gβγ and β-arrestin may initiate additional (albeit minor) pathways that lead to MAPK activation in the transfected COS7 cells. The pathways detected are significantly different from those in other GnRHR-bearing cells, indicating that GnRH can utilize various signaling mechanisms for MAPK activation. The unique pathway elucidated here, in which c-Src and PI3K are sequentially activated downstream of the EGF receptor, may serve as a prototype of signaling mechanisms by GnRHR and additional GPCRs in various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kraus
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (S.K.); (O.B.)
| | - Outhiriaradjou Benard
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (S.K.); (O.B.)
| | - Zvi Naor
- Department of Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (S.K.); (O.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-9343602
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2
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Kim H, Shin KK, Kim HG, Jo M, Kim JK, Lee JS, Choung ES, Li WY, Lee SW, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Cho JY. Src/NF-κB-Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Potentilla glabra var. Mandshurica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. Ethanol Extract. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040648. [PMID: 32331432 PMCID: PMC7225925 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex protective response of body tissues to harmful stimuli. Acute inflammation can progress to chronic inflammation, which can lead to severe disease. Therefore, this research focuses on the development of anti-inflammatory drugs, and natural extracts have been explored as potential agents. No study has yet examined the inflammation-associated pharmacological activity of Potentilla glabra Var. mandshurica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz ethanol extract (Pg-EE). To examine the mechanisms by which Pg-EE exerts anti-inflammatory effects, we studied its activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model. LPS-triggered nitric oxide (NO) release and mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells were suppressed by Pg-EE in a dose-dependent manner. Using a luciferase assay and western blot assay, we found that the NF-κB pathway was inhibited by Pg-EE, particularly by the decreased level of phosphorylated proteins of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) subunits (p65 and p50), inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα), p85, and Src. Using an overexpression strategy, cellular thermal shift assay, and immunoprecipitation analysis, we determined that the anti-inflammatory effect of Pg-EE was mediated by the inhibition of Src. Pg-EE further showed anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in the HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mouse model. In conclusion, Pg-EE exerts anti-inflammatory activities by targeting Src in the NF-κB pathway, and these results suggest that Pg-EE could be used as an anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyeop Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Kon Kuk Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Minkyeong Jo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jin Kyeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jong Sub Lee
- DanjoungBio Co., Ltd., Wonju 26303, Korea; (J.S.L.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Eui Su Choung
- DanjoungBio Co., Ltd., Wonju 26303, Korea; (J.S.L.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Wan Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650224, China;
| | - Sang Woo Lee
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Correspondence: (B.C.Y.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2342 (B.C.Y.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (H.K.); (K.K.S.); (H.G.K.); (M.J.); (J.K.K.)
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (B.C.Y.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2342 (B.C.Y.); +82-31-290-7876 (J.Y.C.)
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Sheng W, Malagola E, Nienhüser H, Zhang Z, Kim W, Zamechek L, Sepulveda A, Hata M, Hayakawa Y, Zhao CM, Chen D, Wang TC. Hypergastrinemia Expands Gastric ECL Cells Through CCK2R + Progenitor Cells via ERK Activation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:434-449.e1. [PMID: 32330731 PMCID: PMC7371950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the stomach express gastrin/cholecystokinin 2 receptor CCK2R and are known to expand under hypergastrinemia, but whether this results from expansion of existing ECL cells or increased production from progenitors has not been clarified. METHODS We used mice with green fluorescent protein fluorescent reporter expression in ECL cells (histidine decarboxylase [Hdc]-green fluorescent protein), as well as Cck2r- and Hdc-driven Tamoxifen inducible recombinase Cre (Cck2r-CreERT2, Hdc-CreERT2) mice combined with Rosa26Sor-tdTomato (R26-tdTomato) mice, and studied their expression and cell fate in the gastric corpus by using models of hypergastrinemia (gastrin infusion, omeprazole treatment). RESULTS Hdc-GFP marked the majority of ECL cells, located in the lower third of the gastric glands. Hypergastrinemia led to expansion of ECL cells that was not restricted to the gland base, and promoted cellular proliferation (Ki67) in the gastric isthmus but not in basal ECL cells. Cck2r-CreERT2 mice marked most ECL cells, as well as scattered cell types located higher up in the glands, whose number was increased during hypergastrinemia. Cck2r-CreERT2+ isthmus progenitors, but not Hdc+ mature ECL cells, were the source of ECL cell hyperplasia during hypergastrinemia and could grow as 3-dimensional spheroids in vitro. Moreover, gastrin treatment in vitro promoted sphere formation from sorted Cck2r+Hdc- cells, and increased chromogranin A and phosphorylated- extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression in CCK2R-derived organoids. Gastrin activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in vivo and in vitro, and treatment with the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor U0126 blocked hypergastrinemia-mediated changes, including CCK2R-derived ECL cell hyperplasia in vivo as well as sphere formation and chromogranin A expression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We show here that hypergastrinemia induces ECL cell hyperplasia that is derived primarily from CCK2R+ progenitors in the corpus. Gastrin-dependent function of CCK2R+ progenitors is regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sheng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ermanno Malagola
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Henrik Nienhüser
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Woosook Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Leah Zamechek
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine
| | - Antonia Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Mei Zhao
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (Institutt for klinisk og molekylær medisin), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskaplige universitet), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (Institutt for klinisk og molekylær medisin), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskaplige universitet), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Timothy C. Wang, MD, Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; fax: (212) 851-4590.
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Anerillas C, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Regulation of senescence traits by MAPKs. GeroScience 2020; 42:397-408. [PMID: 32300964 PMCID: PMC7205942 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenotype of indefinite growth arrest acquired in response to sublethal damage, cellular senescence affects normal aging and age-related disease. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are capable of sensing changes in cellular conditions, and in turn elicit adaptive responses including cell senescence. MAPKs modulate the levels and function of many proteins, including proinflammatory factors and factors in the p21/p53 and p16/RB pathways, the main senescence-regulatory axes. Through these actions, MAPKs implement key traits of senescence-growth arrest, cell survival, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this review, we summarize and discuss our current knowledge of the impact of MAPKs in senescence. In addition, given that eliminating or suppressing senescent cells can improve health span, we discuss the function and possible exploitation of MAPKs in the elimination (senolysis) or suppression (senostasis) of senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Anerillas
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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5
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Zeng Q, Ou L, Wang W, Guo DY. Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Signaling, and Biological Activities in Cellular Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:112. [PMID: 32210918 PMCID: PMC7067705 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally-related peptides, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), were originally discovered as humoral stimulants of gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme release, respectively. With the aid of methodological advances in biochemistry, immunochemistry, and molecular biology in the past several decades, our concept of gastrin and CCK as simple gastrointestinal hormones has changed considerably. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that gastrin and CCK play important roles in several cellular processes including maintenance of gastric mucosa and pancreatic islet integrity, neurogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Indeed, gastrin and CCK, as well as their receptors, are expressed in a variety of tumor cell lines, animal models, and human samples, and might contribute to certain carcinogenesis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the gastrin and CCK system and highlight the effects of gastrin and CCK in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in both normal and abnormal conditions. The potential imaging and therapeutic use of these peptides and their derivatives are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Ou
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Dong-Yu Guo
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6
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Williams JA. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Regulation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Physiological Actions and Signal Transduction Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:535-564. [PMID: 30873601 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize and secrete about 20 digestive enzymes and ancillary proteins with the processes that match the supply of these enzymes to their need in digestion being regulated by a number of hormones (CCK, secretin and insulin), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and VIP) and growth factors (EGF and IGF). Of these regulators, one of the most important and best studied is the gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, the acinar cell has become a model for seven transmembrane, heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors to regulate multiple processes by distinct signal transduction cascades. In this review, we briefly describe the chemistry and physiology of CCK and then consider the major physiological effects of CCK on pancreatic acinar cells. The majority of the review is devoted to the physiologic signaling pathways activated by CCK receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins and the functions they affect. The pathways covered include the traditional second messenger pathways PLC-IP3-Ca2+ , DAG-PKC, and AC-cAMP-PKA/EPAC that primarily relate to secretion. Then there are the protein-protein interaction pathways Akt-mTOR-S6K, the three major MAPK pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK), and Ca2+ -calcineurin-NFAT pathways that primarily regulate non-secretory processes including biosynthesis and growth, and several miscellaneous pathways that include the Rho family small G proteins, PKD, FAK, and Src that may regulate both secretory and nonsecretory processes but are not as well understood. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:535-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- University of Michigan, Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Meng LL, Wang JL, Xu SP, Zu LD, Yan ZW, Zhang JB, Han YQ, Fu GH. Low serum gastrin associated with ER + breast cancer development via inactivation of CCKBR/ERK/P65 signaling. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:824. [PMID: 30115027 PMCID: PMC6097285 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrin is an important gastrointestinal hormone produced primarily by G-cells in the antrum of the stomach. It normally regulates gastric acid secretion and is implicated in a number of human disease states, but how its function affects breast cancer (BC) development is not documented. The current study investigated the suppressive effects of gastrin on BC and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Serum levels of gastrin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlation between gastrin level and development of BC was analyzed by chi-square test. Inhibitory effects of gastrin on BC were investigated by CCK-8 assay and nude mice models. Expressions of CCKBR/ERK/P65 in BC patients were determined through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test. Results The results indicated that the serum level of gastrin in BC patients was lower compared with normal control. Cellular and molecular experiments indicated that reduction of gastrin is associated with inactivation of cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR)/ERK/P65 signaling in BC cells which is corresponding to molecular type of estrogen receptor (ER) positive BC. Furthermore, we found that low expression of gastrin/CCKBR/ERK /P65 was correlated to worse prognosis in BC patients. Gastrin or ERK/P65 activators inhibited ER+ BC through CCKBR-mediated activation of ERK/P65. Moreover, combination treatment with gastrin and tamoxifen more efficiently inhibited ER+ BC than tamoxifen alone. Conclusions We concluded that low serum gastrin is related to increased risk of ER+ BC development. The results also established that CCKBR/ERK/P65 signaling function is generally tumor suppressive in ER+ BC, indicating therapies should focus on restoring, not inhibiting, CCKBR/ERK/P65 pathway activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4717-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Meng
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Long Wang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ping Xu
- Breast Surgery Division, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Li-Dong Zu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Yan
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Bing Zhang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qin Han
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Park M, Liu RW, An H, Geczy CL, Thomas PS, Tedla N. A dual positive and negative regulation of monocyte activation by leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 depends on the position of the tyrosine residues in its ITIMs. Innate Immun 2017; 23:381-391. [PMID: 28409541 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917699465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte Ig-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor, primarily expressed on mono-myeloid cells. It contains 2 C-type Ig-like extracellular domains and a long cytoplasmic domain that contains three intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Data suggest that LILRB4 suppresses Fc receptor-dependent monocyte functions via its ITIMs, but relative contributions of the three ITIMs are not characterised. To address this, tyrosine (Tyr) residues at positions 337, 389 and 419 were single, double or triple mutated to phenylalanine and stably transfected into a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Intact Tyr389 was sufficient to maximally inhibit FcγRI-mediated TNF-α production in THP-1 cells, but, paradoxically, Tyr337 significantly enhanced TNF-α production. In contrast, bactericidal activity was significantly enhanced in mutants containing Tyr419, while Tyr337 markedly inhibited bacteria killing. Taken together, these results indicate that LILRB4 might have dual inhibitory and activating functions, depending on the position of the functional tyrosine residues in its ITIMs and/or the nature of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Park
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert W Liu
- 2 Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongyan An
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolyn L Geczy
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul S Thomas
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia.,3 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicodemus Tedla
- 1 Mechanisms of Diseases Translational Research, University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Sydney, Australia
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Smith JP, Fonkoua LK, Moody TW. The Role of Gastrin and CCK Receptors in Pancreatic Cancer and other Malignancies. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:283-91. [PMID: 26929735 PMCID: PMC4753157 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) peptide gastrin is an important regulator of the release of gastric acid from the stomach parietal cells and it also plays an important role in growth of the gastrointestinal tract. It has become apparent that gastrin and its related peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are also significantly involved with growth of GI cancers as well as other malignancies through activation of the cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) receptor. Of interest, gastrin is expressed in the embryologic pancreas but not in the adult pancreas; however, gastrin becomes re-expressed in pancreatic cancer where it stimulates growth of this malignancy by an autocrine mechanism. Strategies to down-regulate gastrin or interfere with its interface with the CCK receptor with selective antibodies or receptor antagonists hold promise for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other gastrin--responsive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P Smith
- 1. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lionel K Fonkoua
- 2. Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- 3. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Jensen RT. Elucidation of the roles of the Src kinases in pancreatic acinar cell signaling. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:22-36. [PMID: 25079913 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies report the Src-family kinases (SFK's) are important in a number of physiological and pathophysiological responses of pancreatic acinar cells (pancreatitis, growth, apoptosis); however, the role of SFKs in various signaling cascades important in mediating these cell functions is either not investigated or unclear. To address this we investigated the action of SFKs in these signaling cascades in rat pancreatic acini by modulating SFK activity using three methods: adenovirus-induced expression of an inactive dominant-negative CSK (Dn-CSK-Advirus) or wild-type CSK (Wt-CSK-Advirus), which activate or inhibit SFK, respectively, or using the chemical inhibitor, PP2, with its inactive control, PP3. CCK (0.3, 100 nM) and TPA (1 μM) activated SFK and altered the activation of FAK proteins (PYK2, p125(FAK)), adaptor proteins (p130(CAS), paxillin), MAPK (p42/44, JNK, p38), Shc, PKC (PKD, MARCKS), Akt but not GSK3-β. Changes in SFK activity by using the three methods of altering SFK activity affected CCK/TPAs activation of SFK, PYK2, p125(FAK), p130(CAS), Shc, paxillin, Akt but not p42/44, JNK, p38, PKC (PKD, MARCKS) or GSK3-β. With chemical inhibition the active SFK inhibitor, PP2, but not the inactive control analogue, PP3, showed these effects. For all stimulated changes pre-incubation with both adenoviruses showed similar effects to chemical inhibition of SFK activity. In conclusion, using three different approaches to altering Src activity allowed us to define fully for the first time the roles of SFKs in acinar cell signaling. Our results show that in pancreatic acinar cells, SFKs play a much wider role than previously reported in activating a number of important cellular signaling cascades shown to be important in mediating both acinar cell physiological and pathophysiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1804
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Sellam F, Harir N, Khaled MB, Mrabent NM, Belkralladi H, Tou A, Diaf M, Salah R, Moulessehoul S. Immunohistochemical examination of cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK-2/gastrin-R) expression in normal and exocrine cancerous human pancreatic tissues. Pancreatology 2015; 15:661-6. [PMID: 26520651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluating tissue samples of normal and exocrine cancerous human pancreas on the expression of CCK2/gastrin receptor. We performed an immunohistochemical protocol that allows efficient detection of this receptor in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissues. METHODS Twenty (20) paraffin blocks of pancreatic tissue sections were collected from the Departments of pathology, Central University Hospital of Sidi-bel-Abbes City (Western Algeria) for the period 2004-2013; ten (10) of them were normal pancreatic samples; and ten (10) cancerous pancreatic sections. The samples were studied using an immunohistochemical protocol for CCK-2/gastrin receptors. RESULTS Our immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CCK-2/gastrin receptors were expressed in both normal and malignant pancreatic cells but with different immunoreactivity levels and different immunostaining intensity i.e., CCK-2/gastrin receptors were highly expressed within the cytoplasmic area of cancerous cells; 40% of the samples had an immunoreactivity (IR) of (+++) and 60% (++++); the immunostaining was as well very intense since we reported a dark brown staining of the malignant cells. However; in normal pancreatic tissues; CCK-2/gastrin receptors IR levels were very low; 80% of the samples had an IR of (+); and 20% had (++) and the immunostaining was less intense; we noted a light brown staining of few normal pancreatic cells. CONCLUSION The gastrointestinal peptides CCK could be very interesting targets for exocrine pancreatic cancer therapies; thus further surveys such as western blotting and RTPCR could indentify CCK-2/gastrin receptors as a helpful biomarker for exocrine pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feriel Sellam
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria.
| | - Noria Harir
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria; Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Proteomics and Health, Algeria
| | - Méghit B Khaled
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Nesrine M Mrabent
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Houria Belkralladi
- Department of Pathology, Hassani Abdelkader University Hospital, Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Abdelnacer Tou
- Department of Pathology, Hassani Abdelkader University Hospital, Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria; Laboratory of Environment and Cancer, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Diaf
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Rachida Salah
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
| | - Soraya Moulessehoul
- Department of Biology, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi bel Abbes, Algeria
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Jensen RT. CI-988 Inhibits EGFR Transactivation and Proliferation Caused by Addition of CCK/Gastrin to Lung Cancer Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:663-72. [PMID: 25761747 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) which are present on lung cancer cells. CCK-8 stimulates the proliferation of lung cancer cells, whereas the CCK2R receptor antagonist CI-988 inhibits proliferation. GPCR for some gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters mediate lung cancer growth by causing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. Here, the role of CCK/gastrin and CI-988 on EGFR transactivation and lung cancer proliferation was investigated. Addition of CCK-8 or gastrin-17 (100 nM) to NCI-H727 human lung cancer cells increased EGFR Tyr(1068) phosphorylation after 2 min. The ability of CCK-8 to cause EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation was blocked by CI-988, gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), and tiron (superoxide scavenger). CCK-8 nonsulfated and gastrin-17 caused EGFR transactivation and bound with high affinity to NCI-H727 cells, suggesting that the CCK2R is present. CI-988 inhibited the ability of CCK-8 to cause ERK phosphorylation and elevate cytosolic Ca(2+). CI-988 or gefitinib inhibited the basal growth of NCI-H727 cells or that stimulated by CCK-8. The results indicate that CCK/gastrin may increase lung cancer proliferation in an EGFR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 2 W-130, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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13
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Kane BA, Bryant KJ, McNeil HP, Tedla NT. Termination of immune activation: an essential component of healthy host immune responses. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:727-38. [PMID: 25033984 DOI: 10.1159/000363449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal immune response is rapid, proportionate and effective. Crucially, it must also be finite. An inflammatory response which is disproportionate or lasts too long risks injury to the host; chronic un-regulated inflammation in autoimmune diseases is one example of this. Thus, mechanisms to regulate and ultimately terminate immune responses are central to a healthy immune system. Despite extensive knowledge of what drives immune responses, our understanding of mechanisms of immune termination remains relatively sparse. It is clear that such processes are more complex than a one-dimensional homeostatic balance. Recent discoveries have revealed ever more nuanced mechanisms of signal termination, such as intrinsically self-limiting signals, multiple inhibitory mechanisms acting in tandem and activating proteins behaving differently in a variety of contexts. This review will summarise some important mechanisms, including termination by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), inhibition by soluble antagonists, receptor endocytosis or ubiquitination, and auto-inhibition by newly synthesised intracellular inhibitory molecules. Several recent discoveries showing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs transducing inhibitory signals, ITIM mediating activating responses and the possible roles of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Kane
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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The role of proteasome beta subunits in gastrin-mediated transcription of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 and regenerating protein1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59913. [PMID: 23544109 PMCID: PMC3609805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone gastrin physiologically regulates gastric acid secretion and also contributes to maintaining gastric epithelial architecture by regulating expression of genes such as plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) and regenerating protein 1(Reg1). Here we examine the role of proteasome subunit PSMB1 in the transcriptional regulation of PAI-2 and Reg1 by gastrin, and its subcellular distribution during gastrin stimulation. We used the gastric cancer cell line AGS, permanently transfected with the CCK2 receptor (AGS-GR) to study gastrin stimulated expression of PAI-2 and Reg1 reporter constructs when PSMB1 was knocked down by siRNA. Binding of PSMB1 to the PAI-2 and Reg1 promoters was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Subcellular distribution of PSMB1 was determined by immunocytochemistry and Western Blot. Gastrin robustly increased expression of PAI-2 and Reg1 in AGS-GR cells, but when PSMB1 was knocked down the responses were dramatically reduced. In ChIP assays, following immunoprecipitation of chromatin with a PSMB1 antibody there was a substantial enrichment of DNA from the gastrin responsive regions of the PAI-2 and Reg1 promoters compared with chromatin precipitated with control IgG. In AGS-GR cells stimulated with gastrin there was a significant increase in the ratio of nuclear:cytoplasmic PSMB1 over the same timescale as recruitment of PSMB1 to the PAI-2 and Reg1 promoters seen in ChIP assays. We conclude that PSMB1 is part of the transcriptional machinery required for gastrin stimulated expression of PAI-2 and Reg1, and that its change in subcellular distribution in response to gastrin is consistent with this role.
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The Role of Cholecystokinin Receptors in the Short-Term Control of Food Intake. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:277-316. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Sancho V, Nuche-Berenguer B, Jensen RT. The Src kinase Yes is activated in pancreatic acinar cells by gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters, but not pancreatic growth factors, which stimulate its association with numerous other signaling molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1823:1285-94. [PMID: 22617836 PMCID: PMC3404614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For growth factors, cytokines, G-protein-coupled receptors and numerous other stimuli, the Src Family of kinases (SFK) play a central signaling role. SFKs also play an important role in pancreatic acinar cell function including metabolism, secretion, endocytosis, growth and cytoskeletal integrity, although the specific SFKs involved are not fully known. In the present study we used specific antibodies for the SFK, Yes, to determine its presence, activation by pancreatic secretagogues or growth factors, and interaction with cellular signaling cascades mediated by CCK in which Yes participates in to cause acinar cell responses. Yes was identified in acini and secretagogues known to activate phospholipase C (PLC) [CCK, carbachol, bombesin] as well as post-receptor stimulants activating PKC [TPA] or mobilizing cellular calcium [thapsigargin/calcium ionophore (A23187)] each activated Yes. Secretin, which activates adenylate cyclase did not stimulate Yes, nor did pancreatic growth factors. CCK activation of Yes required both high- and low-affinity CCK(1)-receptor states. TPA-/CCK-stimulated Yes activation was completely inhibited by thapsigargin and the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. CCK/TPA stimulated the association of Yes with focal adhesion kinases (Pyk2, FAK) and its autophosphorylated forms (pY397FAK, pY402Pyk2). Moreover, CCK/TPA stimulated Yes interacted with a number of other signaling proteins, including Shc, PKD, p130(Cas), PI3K and PTEN. This study demonstrates that in rat pancreatic acini, the SFK member Yes is expressed and activated by CCK and other gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters. Because its activation results in the direct activation of many cellular signaling cascades that have been shown to mediate CCK's effect in acinar cell function our results suggest that it is one of the important pancreatic SFKs mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sancho
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - R. T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
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Transcriptome analysis during human trophectoderm specification suggests new roles of metabolic and epigenetic genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39306. [PMID: 22761758 PMCID: PMC3382239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, successful pregnancy depends on a cascade of dynamic events during early embryonic development. Unfortunately, molecular data on these critical events is scarce. To improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the specification/development of the trophoblast cell lineage, the transcriptome of human trophectoderm (TE) cells from day 5 blastocysts was compared to that of single day 3 embryos from our in vitro fertilization program by using Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. Some of the microarray data were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. The TE molecular signature included 2,196 transcripts, among which were genes already known to be TE-specific (GATA2, GATA3 and GCM1) but also genes involved in trophoblast invasion (MUC15), chromatin remodeling (specifically the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3L) and steroid metabolism (HSD3B1, HSD17B1 and FDX1). In day 3 human embryos 1,714 transcripts were specifically up-regulated. Besides stemness genes such as NANOG and DPPA2, this signature included genes belonging to the NLR family (NALP4, 5, 9, 11 and 13), Ret finger protein-like family (RFPL1, 2 and 3), Melanoma Antigen family (MAGEA1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 12) and previously unreported transcripts, such as MBD3L2 and ZSCAN4. This study provides a comprehensive outlook of the genes that are expressed during the initial embryo-trophectoderm transition in humans. Further understanding of the biological functions of the key genes involved in steroidogenesis and epigenetic regulation of transcription that are up-regulated in TE cells may clarify their contribution to TE specification and might also provide new biomarkers for the selection of viable and competent blastocysts.
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Shin MH, Suh HW, Lee KB, Kim KS, Yang HJ, Choi EK, Cho YJ, Song MY, Ahn KS, Jang HJ. Gentiana scabra extracts stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via G protein-coupled receptor pathway. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-012-6202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cayrol C, Bertrand C, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Daulhac L, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Ferrand A, Seva C. α V integrin: A new gastrin target in human pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4488-95. [PMID: 22110279 PMCID: PMC3218139 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i40.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyse αV integrin expression induced by gastrin in pancreatic cancer models.
METHODS: αV integrin mRNA expression in human pancreatic cancer cells was analysed using a “cancer genes” array and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Western blotting and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry were used to examine protein levels in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic tissues, respectively. The role of αV integrin on gastrin-induced cell adhesion was examined using blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies. Adherent cells were quantified by staining with crystal violet.
RESULTS: Using a “cancer genes” array we identified αV integrin as a new gastrin target gene in human pancreatic cancer cells. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was used to confirm αV integrin gene expression. We also demonstrate that Src family kinases and the PI 3-kinase, two signalling pathways specifically activated by the CCK-2 receptor (CCK2R), are involved in gastrin-mediated αV integrin expression. In contrast, inhibition of the ERK pathway was without any effect on αV integrin expression induced by gastrin. Our results also show that gastrin modulates cell adhesion viaαV integrins. Indeed, in vitro adhesion assays performed on fibronectin show that gastrin significantly increases adhesion of pancreatic cancer cells. The use of blocking anti-αV integrin monoclonal antibodies completely reversed the increase in cell-substrate adhesion induced by gastrin. In addition, we showed in vivo that the targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice, leads to the overexpression of αV integrin. This process may contribute to pancreatic tumour development observed in these transgenic animals.
CONCLUSION: αV integrin is a new gastrin target in pancreatic cancer models and contributes to gastrin effects on cell adhesion.
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Chen P, Lingen M, Sonis ST, Walsh-Reitz MM, Toback FG. Role of AMP-18 in oral mucositis. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:831-9. [PMID: 21737340 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM) is a devasting toxicity associated with cytotoxic cancer therapy. Antrum mucosal protein (AMP)-18 and a synthetic peptide surrogate, exhibit cell protective and mitogenic properties in in vitro and in vivo models of gastrointestinal epithelial cell injury. The mucosal barrier-protective effects may be mediated by AMP-18's capacity to increase accumulation of specific tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction proteins, and also protect against their loss after injury. Here we asked if AMP peptide could protect the oral mucosa and speed healing from radiation-induced injury. We found AMP peptide prevented radiation-induced OM in a murine model. The peptide also stimulated HaCaT cell growth used to model the oral mucosa. Binding of recombinant human (rh) AMP-18 to the plasma membrane of keratinocytes in normal human oral mucosal tissue suggested that its effects may be receptor mediated. Using an immobilized His-tagged rhAMP-18 fusion protein the receptor was identified as the cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor (CCKBR) by affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis. CCKBR was expressed and co-immunoprecipitated with exogenous rhAMP-18 in diverse epithelial cell lines. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that rhAMP-18 colocalized with CCKBR on the surface of CCKBR-transfected cells. Furthermore, rhAMP-18-stimulated signaling pathways were blocked by a CCKBR-specific antagonist, YM022. rhAMP-18 enhanced viability and growth of CCKBR-transfected, but not empty vector-transfected cells. These results suggest the importance of epithelial junctional integrity in the pathogenesis of OM and demonstrate that AMP-18, by targeting TJ proteins through the activation of CCKBR, could provide a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Mishra P, Senthivinayagam S, Rangasamy V, Sondarva G, Rana B. Mixed lineage kinase-3/JNK1 axis promotes migration of human gastric cancer cells following gastrin stimulation. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:598-607. [PMID: 20150185 PMCID: PMC5419095 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone, secreted by the gastric G cells and can exist as a fully processed amidated form (G17) or as unprocessed forms. All forms of gastrin possess trophic properties towards the gastrointestinal mucosa. An understanding of the signaling pathways involved is important to design therapeutic approaches to target gastrin-mediated cellular events. The studies described here were designed to identify the signaling pathways by which amidated gastrin (G17) mediates cancer cell migration. These studies indicated a time- and dose-dependent increase in gastric cancer cell migration after G17 stimulation, involving cholecystokinin 2 receptor. G17-induced migration was preceded by activation of MAPK pathways and was antagonized after pretreatment with SP600125, a pharmacological inhibitor of c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Knockdown of endogenous JNK1 expression via small interference RNA (JNK1-siRNA) inhibited G17-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and migration, and overexpression of wild-type JNK1 or constitutive active JNK1 promoted G17-induced migration. Studies designed to identify the MAPK kinase kinase member mediating JNK activation indicated the involvement of mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3), which was transiently activated upon G17 treatment. Inhibition of MLK3 pathway via a pan-MLK inhibitor or knockdown of MLK3 expression by MLK3-siRNA antagonized G17-induced migration. Incubation with G17 also resulted in an induction of matrix metalloproteinase 7 promoter activity, which is known to mediate migration and invasion pathways in cancer cells. Modulation of MLK3, JNK1, and c-Jun pathways modulated G17-induced matrix metalloproteinase 7 promoter activation. These studies indicate that the MLK3/JNK1 axis mediates G17-induced gastric cancer cell migration, which can be targeted for designing novel therapeutic strategies for treating gastric malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Mishra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Copps J, Murphy RF, Lovas S. The production and role of gastrin-17 and gastrin-17-gly in gastrointestinal cancers. Protein Pept Lett 2010; 16:1504-18. [PMID: 20001914 DOI: 10.2174/092986609789839269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide hormone gastrin is responsible for initiating the release of gastric acid in the stomach in response to the presence of food and/or humoral factors such as gastrin releasing peptide. However, it has a role in the growth and maintenance of the gastric epithelium, and has been implicated in the formation and growth of gastric cancers. Hypergastrinemia resulting from atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia leads to hyperplasia and carcinoid formation in rats, and contributes to tumor formation in humans. Additionally, gastrin has been suspected to play a role in the formation and growth of cancers of the colon, but recent studies have instead implicated gastrin processing intermediates, such as gastrin-17-Gly, acting upon a putative, non-cholecystokinin receptor. This review summarizes the production and chemical structures of gastrin and of the processing intermediate gastrin-17-Gly, as well as their activities in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the promotion of colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Brooks SC, Brooks JS, Lee WH, Lee MG, Kim SG. Therapeutic potential of dithiolethiones for hepatic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:31-43. [PMID: 19563826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies support the notion that oltipraz [4-methyl-5-(2-pyrazynyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione] and its congeners exert cancer chemopreventive effects by the prevention, inhibition or reversal of carcinogenic processes. Recently, it was found that dithiolethione compounds had the activities to prevent or treat fibrosis, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial protective effects in the liver by a mechanism involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and/or 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1). Moreover, chemical regulation of the AMPK-S6K1 pathway was found to affect Liver X receptor (LXR) activity and lipogenesis, leading to the identification of AMPK and S6K1 as targets for treating hepatic steatosis. These biological activities of dithiolethiones may offer a novel approach to pharmaceutical intervention. This review focuses on the interaction between oltipraz and the AMPK-mTOR-S6K1 pathway, which regulates genes that confer hepatocyte protection from intoxication, disrupted energy metabolism, and inflammation. In terms of therapeutic potential, the findings reviewed here demonstrate a new therapeutic potential for dithiolethiones, which function in a unique manner, and offer the possibility of new treatments for hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Carroll Brooks
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South, Korea
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Berna MJ, Tapia JA, Sancho V, Thill M, Pace A, Hoffmann KM, Gonzalez-Fernandez L, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal growth factors and hormones have divergent effects on Akt activation. Cell Signal 2009; 21:622-38. [PMID: 19166928 PMCID: PMC2677382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Akt is a central regulator of apoptosis, cell growth and survival. Growth factors and some G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulate Akt. Whereas growth-factor activation of Akt has been extensively studied, the regulation of Akt by GPCR's, especially gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters, remains unclear. To address this area, in this study the effects of GI growth factors and hormones/neurotransmitters were investigated in rat pancreatic acinar cells which are high responsive to these agents. Pancreatic acini expressed Akt and 5 of 7 known pancreatic growth-factors stimulate Akt phosphorylation (T308, S473) and translocation. These effects are mediated by p85 phosphorylation and activation of PI3K. GI hormones increasing intracellular cAMP had similar effects. However, GI-hormones/neurotransmitters [CCK, bombesin, carbachol] activating phospholipase C (PLC) inhibited basal and growth-factor-stimulated Akt activation. Detailed studies with CCK, which has both physiological and pathophysiological effects on pancreatic acinar cells at different concentrations, demonstrated CCK has a biphasic effect: at low concentrations (pM) stimulating Akt by a Src-dependent mechanism and at higher concentrations (nM) inhibited basal and stimulated Akt translocation, phosphorylation and activation, by de-phosphorylating p85 resulting in decreasing PI3K activity. This effect required activation of both limbs of the PLC-pathway and a protein tyrosine phosphatase, but was not mediated by p44/42 MAPK, Src or activation of a serine phosphatase. Akt inhibition by CCK was also found in vivo and in Panc-1 cancer cells where it inhibited serum-mediated rescue from apoptosis. These results demonstrate that GI growth factors as well as gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters with different cellular basis of action can all regulate Akt phosphorylation in pancreatic acinar cells. This regulation is complex with phospholipase C agents such as CCK, because both stimulatory and inhibitory effects can be seen, which are mediated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J. Berna
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
- Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Medizinische Klinik I, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jose A. Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10071, Spain
| | - Veronica Sancho
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Michelle Thill
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Pace
- Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Medizinische Klinik I, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Martin Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 30, A-8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
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Ki SH, Kim SG. Phase II enzyme induction by α-lipoic acid through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent C/EBPs activation. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:587-604. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802126920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Ki
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
| | - S. G. Kim
- Innovative Drug Research Center for Metabolic and Inflammatory Disease, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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Tan CT, Chu CY, Lu YC, Chang CC, Lin BR, Wu HH, Liu HL, Cha ST, Prakash E, Ko JY, Kuo ML. CXCL12/CXCR4 promotes laryngeal and hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis through MMP-13-dependent invasion via the ERK1/2/AP-1 pathway. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1519-27. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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27
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Pagliocca A, Hegyi P, Venglovecz V, Rackstraw SA, Khan Z, Burdyga G, Wang TC, Dimaline R, Varro A, Dockray GJ. Identification of ezrin as a target of gastrin in immature mouse gastric parietal cells. Exp Physiol 2008; 93:1174-89. [PMID: 18567601 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2008.042648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gastric acid-secreting parietal cell exhibits profound morphological changes on stimulation. Studies in gastrin null (Gas-KO) mice indicate that maturation of parietal cell function depends on the hormone gastrin acting at the G-protein-coupled cholecystokinin 2 receptor. The relevant cellular mechanisms are unknown. The application of differential mRNA display to samples of the gastric corpus of wild-type (C57BL/6) and Gas-KO mice identified the cytoskeletal linker protein, ezrin, as a previously unsuspected target of gastrin. Gastrin administered in vivo or added to gastric glands in vitro increased ezrin abundance in Gas-KO parietal cells. In parietal cells of cultured gastric glands from wild-type mice treated with gastrin, histamine or carbachol, ezrin was localized to vesicular structures resembling secretory canaliculi. In contrast, in cultured parietal cells from Gas-KO mice, ezrin was typically distributed in the cytosol, and this did not change after incubation with gastrin, histamine or carbachol. However, priming with gastrin for approximately 24 h, either in vivo prior to cell culture or by addition to cultured gastric glands, induced the capacity for secretagogue-stimulated localization of ezrin to large vesicular structures in Gas-KO mice. Similarly, in a functional assay based on measurement of intracellular pH, cultured parietal cells from Gas-KO mice were refractory to gastrin unless primed. The priming effect of gastrin was not attributable to the paracrine mediator histamine, but was prevented by inhibitors of protein kinase C and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. We conclude that in gastrin null mice there is reduced ezrin expression and a defect in ezrin subcellular distribution in gastric parietal cells, and that both can be reversed by priming with gastrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Pagliocca
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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28
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Yonezawa T, Haga S, Kobayashi Y, Katoh K, Obara Y. Unsaturated fatty acids promote proliferation via ERK1/2 and Akt pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:729-35. [PMID: 18191634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
GPR40 has recently been identified as a G protein-coupled cell-surface receptor for long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). The mRNA of the bovine ortholog of GPR40 (bGPR40) was detected by RT-PCR in cloned bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and in the bovine mammary gland at various stages of lactation. Oleate and linoleate caused an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations in these cells, and significantly reduced forskolin-induced cAMP concentrations. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and Akt kinase, which regulates cell proliferation and survival, was rapidly increased by oleate. Incubation with oleate and linoleate for 24h significantly promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, in serum-free medium, oleate significantly stimulated cell proliferation during a 7-day culture. These results suggest that bGPR40 mediates LCFA signaling in mammary epithelial cells and thereby plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Yonezawa
- Department of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Cao J, Yu JP, Liu CH, Zhou L, Yu HG. Effects of gastrin 17 on β-catenin/Tcf-4 pathway in Colo320WT colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7482-7. [PMID: 17167838 PMCID: PMC4087595 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of gastrin 17 (G17) on β-catenin/T cell factor-4 (Tcf-4) signaling in colonic cancer cell line Colo320WT.
METHODS: The pCR3.1/GR plasmid, which expresses gastrin receptor, cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK-2R), was transfected into a colonic cancer cell line Colo320 by Lipofectamine TM2000 and the stably expressing CCK-2R clones were screened by G418. The expression levels of gastrin receptor in the Colo320 and the transfected Colo320WT cell line were assayed by RT-PCR. Colo320WT cells were treated with G17 in a time-dependent manner (0, 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h), then with L365,260 (Gastrin17 receptor blocker) for 30 min, and with G17 again for 12 h or L365,260 for 12 h. Expression levels of β-catenin in a TX-100 soluble fraction and TX-100 insoluble fraction of Colo320WT cells treated with G17 were detected by co-immuniprecipation and Western blot. Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the distribution of β-catenin in CoLoWT320 cells. Expression levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 in Colo320WT cells treated with G17 were assayed by Western blot.
RESULTS: Expression levels of β-catenin in the TX-100 solution fraction decreased apparently in a time-dependent fashion and reached the highest level after G17 treatment for 12 h, while expression levels of β-catenin in the TX-100 insoluble fraction were just on the contrary. Immunocytochemistry showed that β-catenin was translocated from the cell membranes into the cytoplasm and nucleus under G17 treatment. Expression levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 in the G17-treated Colo320WT cells were markedly higher compared to the untreated Colo320WT cells. In addition, the aforementioned G17-stimulated responses were blocked by L365,260.
CONCLUSION: Gastrin17 activates β-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling in Colo320WT cells, thereby leading to over-expression of c-myc and cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
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Vatinel S, Ferrand A, Lopez F, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Estève JP, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Seva C. An ITIM-like motif within the CCK2 receptor sequence required for interaction with SHP-2 and the activation of the AKT pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1098-107. [PMID: 16963136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SHP-2 is a tyrosine phosphatase which functions as a positive regulator downstream of RTKs, activating growth-stimulatory signalling pathways. To date, very few G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to be connected to SHP-2 and very little is known about the positive role of SHP-2 in GPCR signalling. The CCK2 receptor (CCK2R), a GPCR, is now recognized to mediate mitogenic effects of gastrin on gastrointestinal cells. In the present study, we demonstrate the role of SHP-2 in the activation of the AKT pathway by the CCK2R in COS-7 cells transfected with the CCK2R and in a pancreatic cancer cell line expressing the endogenous receptor. Using surface plasmon resonance analysis, we identified a highly conserved ITIM motif, containing the tyrosine residue 438, located in the C-terminal intracellular tail of the CCK2R which directly interacts with the SHP-2 SH2 domains. The interaction was confirmed by pull down assays and co-immunoprecipitation of the receptor with SHP-2. This interaction was transiently increased following gastrin stimulation of the CCK2R and correlated with the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHP-2. Mutational analysis of the key ITIM residue 438 confirmed that the CCK2R ITIM sequence is required for interaction with SHP-2 and the activation of the AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Vatinel
- INSERM U 531, IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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31
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Bousquet C, Guillermet-Guibert J, Saint-Laurent N, Archer-Lahlou E, Lopez F, Fanjul M, Ferrand A, Fourmy D, Pichereaux C, Monsarrat B, Pradayrol L, Estève JP, Susini C. Direct binding of p85 to sst2 somatostatin receptor reveals a novel mechanism for inhibiting PI3K pathway. EMBO J 2006; 25:3943-54. [PMID: 16917505 PMCID: PMC1560358 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates many cellular functions including growth and survival, and its excessive activation is a hallmark of cancer. Somatostatin, acting through its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sst2, has potent proapoptotic and anti-invasive activities on normal and cancer cells. Here, we report a novel mechanism for inhibiting PI3K activity. Somatostatin, acting through sst2, inhibits PI3K activity by disrupting a pre-existing complex comprising the sst2 receptor and the p85 PI3K regulatory subunit. Surface plasmon resonance and molecular modeling identified the phosphorylated-Y71 residue of a p85-binding pYXXM motif in the first sst2 intracellular loop, and p85 COOH-terminal SH2 as direct interacting domains. Somatostatin-mediated dissociation of this complex as well as p85 tyrosine dephosphorylation correlates with sst2 tyrosine dephosphorylation on the Y71 residue. Mutating sst2-Y71 disabled sst2 to interact with p85 and somatostatin to inhibit PI3K, consequently abrogating sst2's ability to suppress cell survival and tumor growth. These results provide the first demonstration of a physical interaction between a GPCR and p85, revealing a novel mechanism for negative regulation by ligand-activated GPCR of PI3K-dependent survival pathways, which may be an important molecular target for antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Bousquet
- INSERM U531, Institut Louis Bugnard, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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Abstract
Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors (CCK1R and CCK2R) are G protein-coupled receptors that have been the subject of intensive research in the last 10 years with corresponding advances in the understanding of their functioning and physiology. In this review, we first describe general properties of the receptors, such as the different signaling pathways used to exert short- and long-term effects and the structural data that explain their binding properties, activation, and regulation. We then focus on peripheral cholecystokinin receptors by describing their tissue distribution and physiological actions. Finally, pathophysiological peripheral actions of cholecystokinin receptors and their relevance in clinical disorders are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Dufresne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U. 531, Institut Louis Bugnard, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil, France
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Xu KP, Yin J, Yu FSX. SRC-family tyrosine kinases in wound- and ligand-induced epidermal growth factor receptor activation in human corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:2832-9. [PMID: 16799022 PMCID: PMC2666387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors have previously demonstrated that wounding of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) transactivates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signaling pathways and that this EGFR signaling is required for epithelial wound healing. In this study, the authors sought to identify the underlying mechanisms for EGFR transactivation in response to wounding in HCECs. METHODS SV40-immortalized HCEC (THCE) monolayer was wounded and allowed to heal in the presence or absence of a selective inhibitor of the Src family kinases PP2 and EGFR ligand heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). Wound closure was monitored by photographing of the injury immediately or 24 hours after wounding. Activation of EGFR in THCE cells and in primary HCECs was analyzed by immunoprecipitation of EGFR, followed by Western blotting with phosphotyrosine antibody. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), AKT (a major substrate of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase [PI3K]), Src at tyrosine Y416, and EGFR at Y845 was analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies specific to phosphorylated proteins. Effects of PP2 on THCE cell migration were determined by Boyden chamber migration assay. RESULTS Among several inhibitors tested, PP2 blocked wound-induced EGFR phosphorylation in THCE cells. PP2 at 12.5 microM effectively inhibited EGFR transactivation in response to wounding and to the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT in THCE cells and primary HCECs. Consistent with the inhibition of EGFR transactivation, PP2 also attenuated epithelial migration and wound closure with or without exogenously added HB-EGF. PP2 at a concentration as high as 50 microM exhibited no effects on HB-EGF induced ERK phosphorylation. On the other hand, AKT phosphorylation was much more sensitive to PP2 than ERK or EGFR phosphorylation because 3.13 microM PP2 effectively inhibited wound- or HB-EGF-induced AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Src kinase mediates wound-induced EGFR transactivation and participates in a pathway to activate the PI3K-AKT pathway downstream of EGFR in HCECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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34
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Ferrand A, Vatinel S, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Bertrand C, Escrieut C, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Seva C. Mechanism for Src activation by the CCK2 receptor: Patho-physiological functions of this receptor in pancreas. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4498-503. [PMID: 16874861 PMCID: PMC4125636 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i28.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate in vivo, whether CCK2 receptors (CCK2R) regulate proteins known to play a crucial role in cell proliferation and cancer development and analyse in vitro the molecular mechanisms that lead to Src activation; in particular, to identify the domains within the CCK2R sequence that are implicated in this activation.
METHODS: The expression and activation of Src and ERK were studied in vivo using immuno-fluorescence and western-blot techniques. We used pancreatic tissues derived from wild type or Elas-CCK2 mice that expressed the CCK2R in pancreatic acini, displayed an increased pancreatic growth and developed preneoplastic lesions. The pancreatic tumor cell line AR4-2J expressing the endogenous CCK2R or COS-7 cells transiently transfected with wild type or mutant CCK2R were used as in vitro models to study the mechanism of Src activation. Src activation was measured by in vitro kinase assays, ERK activation by western blot using anti-phospho-ERK antibodies and the involvement of Src in gastrin-induced cell proliferation by MTT test.
RESULTS: We showed in vivo that the targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice, led to the activation of Src and the ERK pathway. Src was activated upstream of the ERK pathway by the CCK2R in pancreatic tumoral cells and contributed to the proliferative effects mediated by this receptor. In vitro results demonstrated that activation of the Src/ERK pathway by the CCK2R required the NPXXY motif, located within the CCK2R sequence at the end of the 7th transmembrane domain, and suggested the putative role of Gq in this mechanism.
CONCLUSION: Deregulation of the Src/ERK pathway by the CCK2R might represent an early step that contributes to cell proliferation, formation of preneoplastic lesions and pancreatic tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM U 531, IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Tomkova K, El-Rifai W, Vilgelm A, Kelly MC, Wang TC, Zaika AI. The gastrin gene promoter is regulated by p73 isoforms in tumor cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:6032-6. [PMID: 16636659 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p73, a new p53 family member, is a transcription factor that is increasingly recognized in cancer research as an important player in tumorigenesis as well as in chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity. Despite the substantial structural and functional similarities to p53, accumulating evidence suggests that p53 and p73 may differently regulate their transcriptional targets. In this study, we have investigated the role of p73 in regulation of the gastrin gene promoter. Gastrin is a peptide hormone and an important factor in determining the progression of a number of human malignancies. Our results show that p73 can bind to the gastrin promoter. This leads to transcriptional upregulation of gastrin mRNA. We also found that the levels of gastrin and p73 transcripts correlate in primary gastric tumors. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulation of gastrin gene transcription and support a concept that p53 and p73 may have different biological roles in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomkova
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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36
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Ferrand A, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Pannequin J, Bertrand C, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Seva C. Glycine-extended gastrin activates two independent tyrosine-kinases in upstream of p85/p110 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human colonic tumour cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1859-64. [PMID: 16609991 PMCID: PMC4087510 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i12.1859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether Src, JAK2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways are involved in the proliferation of human colonic tumour cells induced by glycine-extended gastrin (G-gly), the precursor of the mature amidated gastrin and to elucidate the molecular interaction between these three kinases in response to this peptide.
METHODS: Using the human colonic tumour cell line HCT116 as a model, we first measured the activation of PI3K, p60-Src and JAK2 in response to G-gly by in vitro kinase assays. Then we investigated the involvement of these kinases in G-gly-induced cell proliferation by MTT test.
RESULTS: G-gly stimulation induced p60-Src, JAK2 and PI3K activation in HCT116. The different pathways were involved in proliferation of human colon cancer cells induced by G-gly. Furthermore, we found that both Src and JAK2 were necessary to PI3K regulation by this peptide. However, we did not find any cross-talk between the two tyrosine kinases.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the p60-Src/PI3K and JAK2/PI3K pathways act independently to mediate G-gly proliferative effect on human colonic tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, Unite INSERM 531, Biologie et Pathologie Digestives, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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37
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Cayrol C, Clerc P, Bertrand C, Gigoux V, Portolan G, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Seva C. Cholecystokinin-2 receptor modulates cell adhesion through beta 1-integrin in human pancreatic cancer cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:4421-8. [PMID: 16547500 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that gastrin and the CCK-2 receptor (CCK2R) could contribute to pancreatic carcinogenesis by modulating processes such as proliferation, cell adhesion or migration. In the current study, we used a 'cancer gene array' and identified beta1-integrin subunit as a new gastrin-regulated gene in human pancreatic cancer cells. We also demonstrated that Src family kinases and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3-kinase) pathway play a crucial role in the expression of beta1-integrin induced by gastrin. Our results also showed that gastrin modulates cell-substrate adhesion via beta1-integrin. Indeed, using blocking anti-beta1-integrin monoclonal antibodies, we completely reversed the increase in cell-substrate adhesion induced by gastrin. In addition, we observed that in response to gastrin, beta1-integrin is tyrosine phosphorylated by Src family kinases and associates with paxillin, a scaffold protein involved in focal adhesion and integrin signalling. This mechanism might be involved in gastrin-induced cell adhesion. Moreover, we showed in vivo that targeted CCK2R expression in the pancreas of Elas-CCK2 mice leads to the overexpression of beta1-integrin. This process may contribute to pancreatic tumour development observed in these transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cayrol
- INSERM U 531, IFR 31, Institut Louis Bugnard, Toulouse, France
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38
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Abstract
The capacity of cells to maintain homeostasis during oxidative stress resides in activation or induction of protective enzymes. Nuclear-factor-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 as a member of bZIP transcription factors is expressed in a variety of tissues. Transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes through an antioxidant response element (ARE) is largely dependent upon Nrf2. The genes that contain a functional ARE include those encoding GSTA1, GSTA2, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy and light subunits that play a role in defense against oxidative stress. Previously, we showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) controls nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress, which involves rearrangement of actin microfilaments. Now, we report that PI3-kinase is responsible for the rise of cellular Ca(2+), which is requisite for nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation analyses revealed that Nrf2 relocated from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane prior to its nuclear translocation. We further found that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPbeta), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), and retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer serve as the activating transcription factors for the phase II gene induction. Hence, PI3-kinase-mediated Nrf2 activation in combination with activating PPARgamma-RXR and C/EBPbeta contributes to antioxidant phase II enzyme induction via coordinate gene transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Wook Kang
- National Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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39
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He H, Pannequin J, Tantiongco JP, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Glycine-extended gastrin stimulates cell proliferation and migration through a Rho- and ROCK-dependent pathway, not a Rac/Cdc42-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G478-88. [PMID: 15845872 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both amidated gastrin (Gamide) and glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) stimulate gastrointestinal cell proliferation and migration. Binding of Gamide to the cholecystokinin-2 receptor activates small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42), and dominant-negative mutants of Rho or Cdc42 block Gamide-stimulated cell proliferation and survival. In comparison, little is known about the Ggly signaling transduction pathway leading to cell proliferation and migration. The present study examined the roles of the small G proteins Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 in Ggly-induced proliferation and migration of the mouse gastric epithelial cell line IMGE-5. Ggly stimulated the activation of Rho and its downstream effector protein ROCK. The activation of Rho and ROCK mediated Ggly-induced cell proliferation and migration as inhibition of Rho by C3, or ROCK by Y-27632, completely blocked these effects of Ggly. Ggly also stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, and stimulation was reversed by addition of C3 and Y-27632. In contrast to the effects of Rho and ROCK, inhibition of the Rac or Cdc42 pathways by expression of dominant-negative mutants of Rac or Cdc42 did not affect Ggly-induced cell proliferation and migration. These results demonstrate that Ggly stimulates IMGE-5 cell proliferation and migration through a Rho/ROCK-dependent pathway but not via Rac- or Cdc42-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong He
- Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Melbourne, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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40
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Vulin AI, Jacob KK, Stanley FM. Integrin activates receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha, Src, and Rho to increase prolactin gene expression through a final phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/cytoskeletal pathway that is additive with insulin. Endocrinology 2005; 146:3535-46. [PMID: 15878970 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)-alpha inhibited insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription. Others suggested that RPTPalpha was a key intermediary between integrins and activation of Src. We present evidence that inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription was secondary to RPTPalpha activation of Src, reflecting its role as mediator of integrin responses. Src kinase activity was increased in GH4 cells transiently or stably expressing RPTPalpha and cells plated on the integrin-alpha5beta1 ligand fibronectin. C-terminal Src kinase inactivated Src and blocked RPTPalpha inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription. Expression of dominant-negative Src also prevented the RPTPalpha-mediated inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin gene expression. Low levels of a constitutively active Src mutant (SrcY/F) stimulated whereas higher expression levels of Src Y/F inhibited prolactin gene expression. Src-increased prolactin gene transcription was inhibited by expression of a blocking Rho-mutant (RhoN19), suggesting that Src acted through or required active Rho. Experiments with an activated Rho-mutant (RhoL63) demonstrated a biphasic activation/repression of prolactin gene transcription that was similar to the effect of Src. The effects of both Src and Rho were phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent. Expression of SrcY/F or RhoL63 altered the actin cytoskeleton and morphology of GH4 cells. Taken together, these data suggest a physiological pathway from the cell matrix to increased prolactin gene transcription mediated by RPTPalpha/Src/Rho/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and cytoskeletal change that is additive with effects of insulin. Over activation of this pathway, however, caused extreme alteration of the cytoskeleton that blocked activation of the prolactin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Vulin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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41
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Abstract
In 1905, a Cambridge physiologist, John Sydney Edkins, initially identified a hormone responsible of gastric acid secretion, which he called gastric secretin, or gastrin. While gastrin's role in acid secretion is now well defined, more recent studies have implicated the various isoforms of gastrin in cancer. Important advances in the last decade have included the recognition of biological activity for processing intermediates such as progastrin and the glycine-extended gastrin. Here, we give an overview of the roles of these peptides in cancer, highlighted by molecular, cellular and integrated studies on animal models for progastrin-derived peptides and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- IFR31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, Unité INSERM 531, Biologie et Pathologie Digestives, 31432 TOULOUSE, Cedex 4, France.
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42
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Ferrand A, Bertrand C, Portolan G, Cui G, Carlson J, Pradayrol L, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Wang TC, Seva C. Signaling pathways associated with colonic mucosa hyperproliferation in mice overexpressing gastrin precursors. Cancer Res 2005; 65:2770-7. [PMID: 15805277 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MTI/G-Gly mice and hGAS mice, overexpressing glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly) and progastrin, respectively, display colonic mucosa hyperplasia, hyperproliferation, and an increased susceptibility to intestinal neoplasia. Here, we have used these transgenic mice to analyze in vivo the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways that may be responsible for the proliferative effects of gastrin precursors. The expression, activation, and localization of signaling and cell-to-cell adhesion molecules were studied using immunofluorescence and Western blot techniques on colonic tissues derived from MTI/G-Gly, hGAS, or wild-type FVB/N mice. These analyses revealed an up-regulation of Src tyrosine kinase and related signaling pathways [phosphatidyl inositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, Janus-activated kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, and extracellular-signal regulated kinases (ERK)] in both MTI/G-Gly and hGAS mice compared with the wild-type control animals as well as an overexpression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). In contrast, overexpression of the gastrin precursors did not affect the activation status of STAT1 nor the expression and the distribution of adhesion proteins (focal adhesion kinase, cadherins, and catenins). We report for the first time that the transition from a normal colonic epithelium to a hyperproliferative epithelium in MTI/G-Gly and hGAS mice may be a consequence of the up-regulation of Src, PI3K/Akt, JAK2, STAT3, ERKs, and TGF-alpha. Deregulation of cell adhesion, a late event in tumor progression, does not occur in these transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale Unit 531, Groupe de Recherche de Biologie et Pathologie Digestives, Hopital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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43
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Bierkamp C, Bonhoure S, Mathieu A, Clerc P, Fourmy D, Pradayrol L, Seva C, Dufresne M. Expression of cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor in the murine pancreas modulates cell adhesion and cell differentiation in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 165:2135-45. [PMID: 15579455 PMCID: PMC1618719 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of gastrin and cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptors in human preneoplastic and neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions suggests a role in cancer development. In addition to the growth-promoting action of gastrin, recently a role of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2-R) modulating cellular morphology in cultured epithelial cells has been shown. Here, we have investigated in transgenic (ElasCCK2) mice whether ectopic expression of human CCK2-R in the exocrine pancreas affected epithelial differentiation. Cellular localization of cell adhesion molecules, differentiation markers, and transcription factors was determined using immunofluorescence techniques. Before tumor formation, expression and subcellular localization of proteins of the adherens junction complex, differentiation markers, and transcription factors were altered in ElasCCK2 exocrine pancreas, indicating an evolution from an acinar to a ductal phenotype. Loss of cell polarity, defective secretion, and loss of intercellular adhesion in acini of ElasCCK2 mice was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. Finally, expression of the transgene in mice treated with the carcinogen azaserine resulted in enhanced size of preneoplastic lesions as well as an increased degree of acinar-ductal transdifferentiation. Thus, these data represent the first evidence for the CCK2-R modulating intercellular adhesion and cell fate in vivo and show that these alterations may contribute to enhanced sensitivity of ElasCCK2 pancreas to chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Bierkamp
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U531, Hospital Rangueil, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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44
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Ferrand A, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Bertrand C, Pradayrol L, Fourmy D, Dufresne M, Seva C. Involvement of JAK2 upstream of the PI 3-kinase in cell-cell adhesion regulation by gastrin. Exp Cell Res 2005; 301:128-38. [PMID: 15530849 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell transformation and proliferation. Besides aberrant cell proliferation, loss of cell-cell adhesion during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important event which occurs during development of epithelial cancers. However, the role of JAK-dependent pathways in this process is not known. We analyzed the involvement of these pathways in the regulation of E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell adhesion by gastrin, a mitogenic factor for gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We identified JAK2/STAT3 as a new pathway in gastrin signaling. We demonstrated that JAK2 functions as an upstream mediator of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3)-kinase activity in gastrin signaling. Indeed, we observed a coprecipitation of both kinases and an inhibition of gastrin-induced PI 3-kinase activation when JAK2 activity is blocked. We also demonstrated that loss of cell-cell adhesion and the increase in cell motility induced by gastrin required the activation of JAK2 and the PI 3-kinase. Indeed, the modifications in localization of adherens junctions proteins and the migration, observed in gastrin-stimulated cells, were reversed by inhibition of both kinases. These results described the involvement of JAK2 in the modulation of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial cells. They support a possible role of JAK2 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition which occurs during malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM U.531, Groupe de Recherche de Biologie et Pathologie Digestives, Institut Louis BUGNARD, Hopital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31 059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
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45
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Mathieu A, Clerc P, Portolan G, Bierkamp C, Lulka H, Pradayrol L, Seva C, Fourmy D, Dufresne M. Transgenic expression of CCK2 receptors sensitizes murine pancreatic acinar cells to carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions formation. Int J Cancer 2005; 115:46-54. [PMID: 15688412 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, initial events of pancreatic carcinogenesis remain unknown, and the question of whether this cancer, which has a ductal phenotype, exclusively arises from duct cells has been raised. Previous studies have demonstrated that transgenic expression of the CCK2 receptor in acinar cells of ElasCCK2 mice plays a role in the development of pancreatic neoplasia. The aim of our study was to examine initial steps of carcinogenesis in ElasCCK2 mice, adding a supplementary defect by using a chemical carcinogen, azaserine. Results of posttreatment sequential immunohistochemical examinations and quantifications demonstrate that mice responded to azaserine. Transition of acinar cells into duct-like cells expressing Pdx1 and gastrin, as well as proliferation of acinar cells, were transiently observed in both transgenic and control mice. The carcinogen also induced formation of preneoplastic lesions, adenomas, exhibiting properties of autonomous growth. Importantly, expression of the CCK2 receptor increased the susceptibility of pancreas to azaserine. Indeed, treated ElasCCK2 mice exhibited larger areas of pancreatic acinar-ductal transition, increased cellular proliferation as well as larger adenomas areas vs. control mice. These amplified responses may be related to auto/paracrine stimulation of CCK2 receptor by gastrin expressed in newly formed duct-like cells. Our results demonstrate that activation of CCK2 receptor and azaserine result in cumulative effects to favor the emergence of a risk situation that is a potential site for initiation of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mathieu
- INSERM U531, IFR31, Hospital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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46
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Leung-Theung-Long S, Roulet E, Clerc P, Escrieut C, Marchal-Victorion S, Ritz-Laser B, Philippe J, Pradayrol L, Seva C, Fourmy D, Dufresne M. Essential interaction of Egr-1 at an islet-specific response element for basal and gastrin-dependent glucagon gene transactivation in pancreatic alpha-cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:7976-84. [PMID: 15611055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407485200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin is secreted from G cells of the gastric antrum and is the main inducer of gastric acid secretion via activation of its receptor the cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor. Both gastrin and CCK2 receptors are also transiently detected in the fetal pancreas and believed to exert growth/differentiation effects during endocrine pancreatic development. We demonstrated previously that whereas gastrin expression is extinguished in adult pancreas, CCK2 receptors are present in human glucagon-producing cells where their activation stimulates glucagon secretion. Based on these findings, we investigate in the present study whether gastrin regulates glucagon gene expression. To this aim, the CCK2 receptor was stably expressed into a glucagon-producing pancreatic islet cell line, and a glucagon-reporter fusion gene was transiently transfected in this new cellular model. We report that gastrin stimulates glucagon gene expression in glucagon-producing pancreatic cells. By using progressively 5'-increased sequences of the glucagon gene, gastrin responsiveness was located within the minimal promoter. Moreover, we clearly identified early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) as an essential transcription factor interacting with the islet cell-specific G4 element. Egr-1 was shown to be essential for basal and gastrin-dependent glucagon gene transactivation. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the MEK1/ERK1/2 pathway couples the CCK2 receptor to nuclearization and DNA binding of Egr-1. In conclusion, our data provide new information concerning the transcriptional regulation of the glucagon gene. Moreover they open new working hypothesis with reference to a potential role of gastrin in glucagon-producing pancreatic cells.
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Abstract
Vitamin E is essential for normal neurological function. It is the major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in the body, protecting the integrity of membranes by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Mostly on the basis of symptoms of primary vitamin E deficiency, it has been demonstrated that vitamin E has a central role in maintaining neurological structure and function. Orally supplemented vitamin E reaches the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Vitamin E is a generic term for all tocopherols and their derivatives having the biological activity of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, the naturally occurring stereoisomer compounds with vitamin E activity. In nature, eight substances have been found to have vitamin E activity: alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol; and alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol. Often, the term vitamin E is synonymously used with alpha-tocopherol. Tocotrienols, formerly known as zeta, , or eta-tocopherols, are similar to tocopherols except that they have an isoprenoid tail with three unsaturation points instead of a saturated phytyl tail. Although tocopherols are predominantly found in corn, soybean, and olive oils, tocotrienols are particularly rich in palm, rice bran, and barley oils. Tocotrienols possess powerful antioxidant, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering properties. Recently, we have observed that alpha-tocotrienol is multi-fold more potent than alpha-tocopherol in protecting HT4 and primary neuronal cells against toxicity induced by glutamate as well as by a number of other toxins. At nanomolar concentration, tocotrienol, but not tocopherol, completely protected neurons by an antioxidant-independent mechanism. Our current work identifies two major targets of tocotrienol in the neuron: c-Src kinase and 12-lipoxygenase. Dietary supplementation studies have established that tocotrienol, fed orally, does reach the brain. The current findings point towards tocotrienol as a potent neuroprotective form of natural vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan K Sen
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, 473 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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48
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Kim ND, Kim EM, Kang KW, Cho MK, Choi SY, Kim SG. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits phenylephrine-induced vascular contraction through induction of nitric oxide synthase. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 140:661-70. [PMID: 14534150 PMCID: PMC1574077 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) isolated from Panax ginseng relaxes vessels and exerts a cytoprotective effect. In view of the fact that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in vascular hyporeactivity and immunostimulation, the effects of total ginsenosides (GS) and Rg3 on the vascular responses and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were investigated. Vasocontraction of endothelium-denuded aortic ring was induced by phenylephrine with or without GS or Rg3. The expression of iNOS was assessed by Western blot and RT-PCR analyses. NF-kappaB activation was monitored by gel shift, immunoblot and immunocytochemical analyses. Incubation of the endothelium-denuded aortic ring with GS or Rg3 inhibited phenylephrine-induced vasocontraction, which was abrogated by NOS inhibition. GS or Rg3 increased NO production in aortic rings, but Rb1, Rc, Re and Rg1 had no effect. Aortic rings obtained from rats treated with GS or Rg3 responded to phenylnephrine to a lesser extent, while producing NO to a larger extent, than those from control animals. GS or Rg3 induced iNOS in vascular smooth muscle. Rg3 induced iNOS with increase in NO production in Raw264.7 cells. Rg3 increased NF-kappaB DNA binding, whose band was supershifted with anti-p65 and anti-p50 antibodies, and elicited p65 nuclear translocation, which was accompanied by phosphorylation and degradation of I-kappaBalpha. PKC regulated iNOS induction by Rg3. In conclusion, Rg3 relaxes vessels as a consequence of NO production, to which iNOS induction contributes, and iNOS induction by Rg3 accompanied NF-kappaB activation, which involves phosphorylation and degradation of I-kappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of p65.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/injuries
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Ginsenosides/isolation & purification
- Ginsenosides/metabolism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Panax/chemistry
- Phenylephrine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- Plant Roots/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Transcription Factor RelA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Doo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Min Kyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - So Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
- Author for correspondence:
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Yano S, Macleod RJ, Chattopadhyay N, Tfelt-Hansen J, Kifor O, Butters RR, Brown EM. Calcium-sensing receptor activation stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion in prostate cancer cells: role of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Bone 2004; 35:664-72. [PMID: 15336602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that high extracellular Ca2+ stimulates parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) release from human prostate and breast cancer cell lines as well as from H-500 rat Leydig cancer cells, an action mediated by the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR). Activating the CaR leads to phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that participate in PTHrP synthesis and secretion. Because the CaR is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), it is likely to transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). In this study, we hypothesized that activation of the CaR transactivates the EGFR or PDGFR, and examined whether transactivation affects PTHrP secretion in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Using Western analysis, we observed that an increase in extracellular Ca2+ resulted in delayed activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in PC-3 cells. Pre-incubation with AG1478 (an EGFR kinase inhibitor) or an EGFR neutralizing antibody inhibited the high Ca2+ -induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. GM6001, a pan matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, also partially suppressed the ERK activation, but AG1296 (a PDGFR kinase inhibitor) did not. High extracellular Ca2+ stimulates PTHrP release during a 6-h incubation (1.5- to 2.5- and 3- to 4-fold increases in 3.0 and 7.5 mM Ca2+, respectively). When cells were preincubated with AG1478, GM6001, or an antihuman heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) antibody, PTHrP secretion was significantly inhibited under basal as well as high Ca2+ conditions, while AG1296 had no effect on PTHrP secretion. Taken together, these findings indicate that activation of the CaR transactivates the EGFR, but not the PDGFR, leading to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and resultant PTHrP secretion, although CaR-EGFR-ERK might not be the only signaling pathway for PTHrP secretion. This transactivation is most likely mediated by activation of MMP and cleavage of proheparin-binding EGF (proHB-EGF) to HB-EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine and Membrane Biology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Olszewska-Pazdrak B, Townsend CM, Hellmich MR. Agonist-independent activation of Src tyrosine kinase by a cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptor splice variant. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40400-4. [PMID: 15292208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c400208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src activity is elevated in a majority of colonic and pancreatic cancers and is associated with late stage aggressive cancers. However, the mechanisms leading to its increased activity remain largely undefined. Agonist binding to the cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2)/gastrin receptor (CCK2R), a G-protein-coupled receptor, increases Src activity in a variety of normal and neoplastic cell lines. Recently, we and others (Hellmich, M. R., Rui, X. L., Hellmich, H. L., Fleming, R. Y., Evers, B. M., and Townsend, C. M., Jr. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 32122-32128; Ding, W. Q., Kuntz, S. M., and Miller, L. J. (2002) Cancer Res. 62, 947-952; Smith, J. P., Verderame, M. F., McLaughlin, P., Martenis, M., Ballard, E., and Zagon, I. S. (2002) Int. J. Mol. Med. 10, 689-694) have identified a splice variant of CCK2R, called CCK2i4svR, that is expressed in human colorectal and pancreatic cancers but not by cells of the adjacent nonmalignant tissue. Compared with CCK2R, CCK2i4svR contains an additional 69 amino acids within its third intracellular loop (3il) domain. Because CCK2i4svR is the only splice variant expressed in some human colon and pancreatic cancers, we questioned whether CCK2i4svR could regulate Src activity. Stably transfected HEK293 cells were used because, unlike many cancer-derived cells, they have a low level of basal Src activity. We report that, in contrast to CCK2R, CCK2i4svR activates Src kinase in the absence of agonist stimulation. In vitro kinase assay of immunoprecipitated receptor protein showed a 6-8-fold increase in Src kinase activity associated with CCK2i4svR compared with CCK2R. Expression of the 3il domain of the CCK2i4svR alone was sufficient to partially activate Src kinase. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the increased Src activity observed in some pancreatic and colorectal cancers is due, in part, to the co-expression of CCK2i4svR.
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