1
|
Schweitzer-Stenner R. Probing the versatility of cytochrome c by spectroscopic means: A Laudatio on resonance Raman spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 259:112641. [PMID: 38901065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years resonance Raman spectroscopy has become an invaluable tool for the exploration of chromophores in biological macromolecules. Among them, heme proteins and metal complexes have attracted considerable attention. This interest results from the fact that resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the vibrational dynamics of these chromophores without direct interference from the surrounding. However, the indirect influence via through-bond and through-space chromophore-protein interactions can be conveniently probed and analyzed. This review article illustrates this point by focusing on class 1 cytochrome c, a comparatively simple heme protein generally known as electron carrier in mitochondria. The article demonstrates how through selective excitation of resonance Raman active modes information about the ligation, the redox state and the spin state of the heme iron can be obtained from band positions in the Raman spectra. The investigation of intensities and depolarization ratios emerged as tools for the analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane deformations of the heme macrocycle. The article further shows how resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize partially unfolded states of oxidized cytochrome c. Finally, it describes its use for exploring structural changes due to the protein's binding to anionic surfaces like cardiolipin containing membranes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Du Z, Nam E, Lin Y, Hong M, Molnár T, Kondo I, Ishimori K, Baik MH, Lee YH, Lim MH. Unveiling the impact of oxidation-driven endogenous protein interactions on the dynamics of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5340-5349. [PMID: 37234895 PMCID: PMC10208028 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cyt c), a multifunctional protein with a crucial role in controlling cell fate, has been implicated in the amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the interaction between Cyt c and amyloid-β (Aβ) with the consequent impact on the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ is not known. Here we report that Cyt c can directly bind to Aβ and alter the aggregation and toxicity profiles of Aβ in a manner that is dependent on the presence of a peroxide. When combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Cyt c redirects Aβ peptides into less toxic, off-pathway amorphous aggregates, whereas without H2O2, it promotes Aβ fibrillization. The mechanisms behind these effects may involve a combination of the complexation between Cyt c and Aβ, the oxidation of Aβ by Cyt c and H2O2, and the modification of Cyt c by H2O2. Our findings demonstrate a new function of Cyt c as a modulator against Aβ amyloidogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Du
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 PR China
| | - Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Tamás Molnár
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Ikufumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) Ochang Chungbuk 28119 Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology (UST) Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
- Research Headquarters, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI) Daegu 41068 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huynh VA, Takala TM, Murros KE, Diwedi B, Saris PEJ. Desulfovibrio bacteria enhance alpha-synuclein aggregation in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1181315. [PMID: 37197200 PMCID: PMC10183572 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1181315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aggregation of the neuronal protein alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) is a key feature in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Alpha-syn aggregation has been suggested to be induced in the gut cells by pathogenic gut microbes such as Desulfovibrio bacteria, which has been shown to be associated with PD. This study aimed to investigate whether Desulfovibrio bacteria induce alpha-syn aggregation. Methods Fecal samples of ten PD patients and their healthy spouses were collected for molecular detection of Desulfovibrio species, followed by bacterial isolation. Isolated Desulfovibrio strains were used as diets to feed Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes which overexpress human alpha-syn fused with yellow fluorescence protein. Curli-producing Escherichia coli MC4100, which has been shown to facilitate alpha-syn aggregation in animal models, was used as a control bacterial strain, and E. coli LSR11, incapable of producing curli, was used as another control strain. The head sections of the worms were imaged using confocal microscopy. We also performed survival assay to determine the effect of Desulfovibrio bacteria on the survival of the nematodes. Results and Discussion Statistical analysis revealed that worms fed Desulfovibrio bacteria from PD patients harbored significantly more (P<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test) and larger alpha-syn aggregates (P<0.001) than worms fed Desulfovibrio bacteria from healthy individuals or worms fed E. coli strains. In addition, during similar follow-up time, worms fed Desulfovibrio strains from PD patients died in significantly higher quantities than worms fed E. coli LSR11 bacteria (P<0.01). These results suggest that Desulfovibrio bacteria contribute to PD development by inducing alpha-syn aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vy A. Huynh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo M. Takala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari E. Murros
- Adjunct Professor of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Bidhi Diwedi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Per E. J. Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Per E. J. Saris,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cytochrome c in cancer therapy and prognosis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:232225. [PMID: 36479932 PMCID: PMC9780037 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is an electron transporter of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Upon permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane, cyt c is released into the cytoplasm, where it triggers the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Cytoplasmic cyt c can further reach the bloodstream. Apoptosis inhibition is one of the hallmarks of cancer and its induction in tumors is a widely used therapeutic approach. Apoptosis inhibition and induction correlate with decreased and increased serum levels of cyt c, respectively. The quantification of cyt c in the serum is useful in the monitoring of patient response to chemotherapy, with potential prognosis value. Several highly sensitive biosensors have been developed for the quantification of cyt c levels in human serum. Moreover, the delivery of exogenous cyt c to the cytoplasm of cancer cells is an effective approach for inducing their apoptosis. Similarly, several protein-based and nanoparticle-based systems have been developed for the therapeutic delivery of cyt c to cancer cells. As such, cyt c is a human protein with promising value in cancer prognosis and therapy. In addition, its thermal stability can be extended through PEGylation and ionic liquid storage. These processes could contribute to enhancing its therapeutic exploitation in clinical facilities with limited refrigeration conditions. Here, I discuss these research lines and how their timely conjunction can advance cancer therapy and prognosis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shin JY, Lee B, Ham S, Kim JH, Kim H, Kim H, Jo MG, Kim HJ, Park SW, Kweon HS, Kim YJ, Yun SP, Lee Y. Pharmacological inhibition of AIMP2 aggregation attenuates α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity in Parkinson’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
6
|
Murros KE. Hydrogen Sulfide Produced by Gut Bacteria May Induce Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:978. [PMID: 35326429 PMCID: PMC8946538 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial species can generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Study evidence favors the view that the microbiome of the colon harbors increased amounts of H2S producing bacteria in Parkinson's disease. Additionally, H2S can easily penetrate cell membranes and enter the cell interior. In the cells, excessive amounts of H2S can potentially release cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria, increase the iron content of the cytosolic iron pool, and increase the amount of reactive oxygen species. These events can lead to the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils in cells containing the alpha-synuclein protein. In addition, bacterially produced H2S can interfere with the body urate metabolism and affect the blood erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Gut bacteria responsible for increased H2S production, especially the mucus-associated species of the bacterial genera belonging to the Desulfovibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families, are likely play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Special attention should be devoted to changes not only in the colonic but also in the duodenal microbiome composition with regard to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Influenza infections may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease by causing the overgrowth of H2S-producing bacteria both in the colon and duodenum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Erik Murros
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Novak G, Kyriakis D, Grzyb K, Bernini M, Rodius S, Dittmar G, Finkbeiner S, Skupin A. Single-cell transcriptomics of human iPSC differentiation dynamics reveal a core molecular network of Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:49. [PMID: 35027645 PMCID: PMC8758783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons (mDA) in the midbrain. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood and there is no treatment to reverse PD progression. Here, we investigated the disease mechanism using mDA neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) carrying the ILE368ASN mutation within the PINK1 gene, which is strongly associated with PD. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and gene expression analysis of a PINK1-ILE368ASN and a control cell line identified genes differentially expressed during mDA neuron differentiation. Network analysis revealed that these genes form a core network, members of which interact with all known 19 protein-coding Parkinson's disease-associated genes. This core network encompasses key PD-associated pathways, including ubiquitination, mitochondrial function, protein processing, RNA metabolism, and vesicular transport. Proteomics analysis showed a consistent alteration in proteins of dopamine metabolism, indicating a defect of dopaminergic metabolism in PINK1-ILE368ASN neurons. Our findings suggest the existence of a network onto which pathways associated with PD pathology converge, and offers an inclusive interpretation of the phenotypic heterogeneity of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Novak
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, the Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michela Bernini
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Rodius
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, the Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Skupin
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li JL, Lin TY, Chen PL, Guo TN, Huang SY, Chen CH, Lin CH, Chan CC. Mitochondrial Function and Parkinson's Disease: From the Perspective of the Electron Transport Chain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:797833. [PMID: 34955747 PMCID: PMC8695848 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.797833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known as a mitochondrial disease. Some even regarded it specifically as a disorder of the complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is fundamental for mitochondrial energy production which is essential for neuronal health. In the past two decades, more than 20 PD-associated genes have been identified. Some are directly involved in mitochondrial functions, such as PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1. While other PD-associate genes, such as LRRK2, SNCA, and GBA1, regulate lysosomal functions, lipid metabolism, or protein aggregation, some have been shown to indirectly affect the electron transport chain. The recent identification of CHCHD2 and UQCRC1 that are critical for functions of complex IV and complex III, respectively, provide direct evidence that PD is more than just a complex I disorder. Like UQCRC1 in preventing cytochrome c from release, functions of ETC proteins beyond oxidative phosphorylation might also contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Lin Li
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yi Lin
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ni Guo
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ham S, Yun SP, Kim H, Kim D, Seo BA, Kim H, Shin JY, Dar MA, Lee GH, Lee YI, Kim D, Kim S, Kweon HS, Shin JH, Ko HS, Lee Y. Amyloid-like oligomerization of AIMP2 contributes to α-synuclein interaction and Lewy-like inclusion. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/569/eaax0091. [PMID: 33177178 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lewy bodies are pathological protein inclusions present in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These inclusions consist mainly of α-synuclein with associated proteins, such as parkin and its substrate aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein-2 (AIMP2). Although AIMP2 has been suggested to be toxic to dopamine neurons, its roles in α-synuclein aggregation and PD pathogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we found that AIMP2 exhibits a self-aggregating property. The AIMP2 aggregate serves as a seed to increase α-synuclein aggregation via specific and direct binding to the α-synuclein monomer. The coexpression of AIMP2 and α-synuclein in cell cultures and in vivo resulted in the rapid formation of α-synuclein aggregates with a corresponding increase in toxicity. Moreover, accumulated AIMP2 in mouse brain was largely redistributed to insoluble fractions, correlating with the α-synuclein pathology. Last, we found that α-synuclein preformed fibril (PFF) seeding, adult Parkin deletion, or oxidative stress triggered a redistribution of both AIMP2 and α-synuclein into insoluble fraction in cells and in vivo. Supporting the pathogenic role of AIMP2, AIMP2 knockdown ameliorated the α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic cell death in response to PFF or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Together, our results suggest that AIMP2 plays a pathological role in the aggregation of α-synuclein in mice. Because AIMP2 insolubility and coaggregation with α-synuclein have been seen in the PD Lewy body, targeting pathologic AIMP2 aggregation might be useful as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,ToolGen Inc., Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Am Seo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamad Aasif Dar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murata T, Tochio N, Utsunomiya-Tate N. Physicochemical characterization of the G51D mutation of α-synuclein that is responsible for its severe cytotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136077. [PMID: 34161822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibril formation and aggregation of α-synuclein are important for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. In familial Parkinson's disease, the G51D mutation of α-synuclein causes severe symptoms and rapid progression. α-Synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein, was shown to adopt an α-helical tetrameric state that resists fibrillation and aggregation. Here, we isolated the stable dimeric state of recombinant wild-type (WT) α-synuclein and G51D α-synuclein protein. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we determined that the α-synuclein dimer and monomer structures were unfolded. The WT α-synuclein dimer was more resistant to fibril formation than the monomer. However, the fibril formation rate of the G51D α-synuclein dimer was similar to that of the G51D α-synuclein monomer. The fibril morphology and properties of the G51D α-synuclein monomer were different from those of the WT α-synuclein monomer and dimer and G51D α-synuclein dimer. Additionally, G51D α-synuclein monomer fibrils were more cytotoxic than other fibrils. Our findings indicate that the structural differences between G51D α-synuclein monomer fibrils and other fibrils are critically responsible for its severe neurotoxicity in familial Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Murata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Naoya Tochio
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alpha-synuclein increases in rodent and human spinal cord injury and promotes inflammation and tissue loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11720. [PMID: 34083630 PMCID: PMC8175699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases in which α-synuclein protein accumulates in neurons and glia. In these diseases, α-synuclein forms dense intracellular aggregates that are disease hallmarks and actively contribute to tissue pathology. Interestingly, many pathological mechanisms, including iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation, are shared between classical synucleinopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). However, to date, no studies have determined if α-synuclein accumulation occurs after human SCI. To examine this, cross-sections from injured and non-injured human spinal cords were immunolabeled for α-synuclein. This showed robust α-synuclein accumulation in profiles resembling axons and astrocytes in tissue surrounding the injury, revealing that α-synuclein markedly aggregates in traumatically injured human spinal cords. We also detected significant iron deposition in the injury site, a known catalyst for α-synuclein aggregation. Next a rodent SCI model mimicking the histological features of human SCI revealed aggregates and structurally altered monomers of α-synuclein are present after SCI. To determine if α-synuclein exacerbates SCI pathology, α-synuclein knockout mice were tested. Compared to wild type mice, α-synuclein knockout mice had significantly more spared axons and neurons and lower pro-inflammatory mediators, macrophage accumulation, and iron deposition in the injured spinal cord. Interestingly, locomotor analysis revealed that α-synuclein may be essential for dopamine-mediated hindlimb function after SCI. Collectively, the marked upregulation and long-lasting accumulation of α-synuclein and iron suggests that SCI may fit within the family of synucleinopathies and offer new therapeutic targets for promoting neuron preservation and improving function after spinal trauma.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kee TR, Espinoza Gonzalez P, Wehinger JL, Bukhari MZ, Ermekbaeva A, Sista A, Kotsiviras P, Liu T, Kang DE, Woo JAA. Mitochondrial CHCHD2: Disease-Associated Mutations, Physiological Functions, and Current Animal Models. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:660843. [PMID: 33967741 PMCID: PMC8100248 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.660843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare mutations in the mitochondrial protein coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other Lewy body disorders. CHCHD2 is a bi-organellar mediator of oxidative phosphorylation, playing crucial roles in regulating electron flow in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and acting as a nuclear transcription factor for a cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COX4I2) and itself in response to hypoxic stress. CHCHD2 also regulates cell migration and differentiation, mitochondrial cristae structure, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the known disease-associated mutations of CHCHD2 in Asian and Caucasian populations, the physiological functions of CHCHD2, how CHCHD2 mutations contribute to α-synuclein pathology, and current animal models of CHCHD2. Further, we discuss the necessity of continued investigation into the divergent functions of CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 to determine how mutations in these similar mitochondrial proteins contribute to different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Kee
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Jessica L Wehinger
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Mohammed Zaheen Bukhari
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Aizara Ermekbaeva
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Apoorva Sista
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Peter Kotsiviras
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tian Liu
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - David E Kang
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States.,James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu T, Yang G, Liu X, Xiang P, Yang Z, Zhang S, Chen J, Wang H, Campos de Souza S, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Tian Y, Wu J, Tian X. Live cell mitochondrial 3-dimensional dynamic ultrastructures under oxidative phosphorylation revealed by a Pyridine-BODIPY probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113036. [PMID: 33548656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in super-resolution nanoscopy allowed the study of mitochondrial biology at nanoscale and boosted the understanding its correlated cellular processes those were previously poorly understood. Nevertheless, studying mitochondrial ultrastructure remains a challenge due to the lack of probes that could target specific mitochondrial substances (e.g. cristae or mtDNA) and survive under harsh super-resolution optical conditions. Herein, in this work, we have rationally constructed a pyridine-BODIPY (Py-BODIPY) derivative that could target mitochondrial membrane in living cells without interfering its physiological microenvironments. Furthermore, we found Py-BODIPY is a membrane potential independent probe, hence it is not limit to live-cell staining but also showed a strong internalization into pre-fixed and stimulus disrupted sample. Importantly, its cristae specificity and superb photostability allow the observation of mitochondrial dynamic nano-structures with an unprecedented resolution, allow demonstrating how mitochondrial 3D ultrastructure evolved under oxidative phosphorylation condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Guanqing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Pan Xiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Zhenghui Yang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Sijing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Senio Campos de Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zhongping Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, China
| | - Ruilong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University College London, London University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Megadalton-sized Dityrosine Aggregates of α-Synuclein Retain High Degrees of Structural Disorder and Internal Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:166689. [PMID: 33211011 PMCID: PMC7779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite their large size, αSyn dityrosine aggregates are dynamic and disordered. αSyn dityrosine aggregates specifically form in complex environments. αSyn dityrosine aggregates retain residual membrane binding activity. Dityrosine aggregates inhibit amyloid formation of monomeric αSyn. αSyn dityrosine aggregates are not cytotoxic.
Heterogeneous aggregates of the human protein α-synuclein (αSyn) are abundantly found in Lewy body inclusions of Parkinson’s disease patients. While structural information on classical αSyn amyloid fibrils is available, little is known about the conformational properties of disease-relevant, non-canonical aggregates. Here, we analyze the structural and dynamic properties of megadalton-sized dityrosine adducts of αSyn that form in the presence of reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c, a proapoptotic peroxidase that is released from mitochondria during sustained oxidative stress. In contrast to canonical cross-β amyloids, these aggregates retain high degrees of internal dynamics, which enables their characterization by solution-state NMR spectroscopy. We find that intermolecular dityrosine crosslinks restrict αSyn motions only locally whereas large segments of concatenated molecules remain flexible and disordered. Indistinguishable aggregates form in crowded in vitro solutions and in complex environments of mammalian cell lysates, where relative amounts of free reactive oxygen species, rather than cytochrome c, are rate limiting. We further establish that dityrosine adducts inhibit classical amyloid formation by maintaining αSyn in its monomeric form and that they are non-cytotoxic despite retaining basic membrane-binding properties. Our results suggest that oxidative αSyn aggregation scavenges cytochrome c’s activity into the formation of amorphous, high molecular-weight structures that may contribute to the structural diversity of Lewy body deposits.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hollville E, Joers V, Nakamura A, Swahari V, Tansey MG, Moy SS, Deshmukh M. Characterization of a Cul9-Parkin double knockout mouse model for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16886. [PMID: 33037272 PMCID: PMC7547682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73854-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is essential for the long-term survival of postmitotic neurons. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin promotes the degradation of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy and mutations in Parkin are a major cause of early-onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). Surprisingly however, mice deleted for Parkin alone are rather asymptomatic for PD-related pathology, suggesting that other complementary or redundant mitochondrial quality control pathways may exist in neurons. Mitochondrial damage is often accompanied by the release of toxic proteins such as cytochrome c. We have reported that once in the cytosol, cytochrome c is targeted for degradation by the E3 ligase CUL9 in neurons. Here we examined whether CUL9 and Parkin cooperate to promote optimal neuronal survival in vivo. We generated mice deficient for both Cul9 and Parkin and examined them for PD-related phenotypes. Specifically, we conducted assays to examine behavioural deficits (locomotor, sensory, memory and learning) and loss of dopaminergic neurons in both males and females. Our results show that the loss of Cul9 and Parkin together did not enhance the effect of Parkin deficiency alone. These results indicate that while both Parkin and CUL9 participate in mitochondrial quality control, neurons likely have multiple redundant mechanisms to ensure their long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hollville
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ayumi Nakamura
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vijay Swahari
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wheel and Deal in the Mitochondrial Inner Membranes: The Tale of Cytochrome c and Cardiolipin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6813405. [PMID: 32377304 PMCID: PMC7193304 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6813405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin oxidation and degradation by different factors under severe cell stress serve as a trigger for genetically encoded cell death programs. In this context, the interplay between cardiolipin and another mitochondrial factor—cytochrome c—is a key process in the early stages of apoptosis, and it is a matter of intense research. Cytochrome c interacts with lipid membranes by electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic effects. Experimental conditions (including pH, lipid composition, and post-translational modifications) determine which specific amino acid residues are involved in the interaction and influence the heme iron coordination state. In fact, up to four binding sites (A, C, N, and L), driven by different interactions, have been reported. Nevertheless, key aspects of the mechanism for cardiolipin oxidation by the hemeprotein are well established. First, cytochrome c acts as a pseudoperoxidase, a process orchestrated by tyrosine residues which are crucial for peroxygenase activity and sensitivity towards oxidation caused by protein self-degradation. Second, flexibility of two weakest folding units of the hemeprotein correlates with its peroxidase activity and the stability of the iron coordination sphere. Third, the diversity of the mode of interaction parallels a broad diversity in the specific reaction pathway. Thus, current knowledge has already enabled the design of novel drugs designed to successfully inhibit cardiolipin oxidation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fields CR, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Wade-Martins R. Targeting Alpha-Synuclein as a Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:299. [PMID: 31866823 PMCID: PMC6906193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders with a global burden of approximately 6.1 million patients. Alpha-synuclein has been linked to both the sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Moreover, alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy-bodies, the neuropathological hallmark of PD, and the protein and its aggregation have been widely linked to neurotoxic pathways that ultimately lead to neurodegeneration. Such pathways include autophagy/lysosomal dysregulation, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial disruption, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress. Alpha-synuclein has not only been shown to alter cellular pathways but also to spread between cells, causing aggregation in host cells. Therapeutic approaches will need to address several, if not all, of these angles of alpha-synuclein toxicity. Here we review the current advances in therapeutic efforts for PD that aim to produce a disease-modifying therapy by targeting the spread, production, aggregation, and degradation of alpha-synuclein. These include: receptor blocking strategies whereby putative alpha-synuclein receptors could be blocked inhibiting alpha-synuclein spread, an alpha-synuclein reduction which will decrease the amount alpha-synuclein available for aggregation and pathway disruption, the use of small molecules in order to target alpha-synuclein aggregation, immunotherapy and the increase of alpha-synuclein degradation by increasing autophagy/lysosomal flux. The research discussed here may lead to a disease-modifying therapy that tackles disease onset and progression in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Center, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Achieving cytochrome c fibril/aggregate control towards micro-platelets and micro-fibers by tuning pH and protein concentration: A combined morphological and spectroscopic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Quantum biological tunnel junction for electron transfer imaging in live cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3245. [PMID: 31324797 PMCID: PMC6642182 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum biological electron transfer (ET) essentially involves in virtually all important biological processes such as photosynthesis, cellular respiration, DNA repair, cellular homeostasis, and cell death. However, there is no real-time imaging method to capture biological electron tunnelling in live cells to date. Here, we report a quantum biological electron tunnelling (QBET) junction and its application in real-time optical detection of QBET and the dynamics of ET in mitochondrial cytochrome c during cell life and death process. QBET junctions permit to see the behaviours of electron tunnelling through barrier molecules with different barrier widths. Using QBET spectroscopy, we optically capture real-time ET in cytochrome c redox dynamics during cellular apoptosis and necrosis in living cells. The non-invasive real-time QBET spectroscopic imaging of ET in live cell open a new era in life sciences and medicine by providing a way to capture spatiotemporal ET dynamics and to reveal the quantum biological mechanisms. Although quantum biological electron transfer is important in many biological processes, imaging of the events in live cells has remained challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate real-time optical detection of quantum biological electron tunnelling between nanoparticles and cytochrome c inside living cells.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh S, Mahapatra A, Chattopadhyay K. Modulation of α-Synuclein Aggregation by Cytochrome c Binding and Hetero-dityrosine Adduct Formation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1300-1310. [PMID: 30620180 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) has been implicated strongly in Parkinson's disease (PD). The intrinsically disordered nature of α-Syn makes this protein prone to self-association or heteroassociation with another protein or lipid. While conformational fluctuation and free radical chemistry have been shown to play important roles in its ability toward self- and heteroassociation, any systematic understanding of their contributions is missing. Here, we report an in vitro investigation of the interaction between α-Syn and cytochrome c in the oxidized (cyt c III) and reduced forms (cyt c II), in which cyt c III was found to induce a large compaction of α-Syn and inhibit the aggregation by favoring a hetero-dityrosine bond formation. In contrast, the presence of cyt c II did not result in any compaction and its presence was found to facilitate α-Syn aggregation. The variation in the charge distribution of the surface residues of cyt c III and cyt c II is expected to play a decisive role in their interaction with α-Syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Ghosh
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anindita Mahapatra
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schweitzer-Stenner R. Relating the multi-functionality of cytochrome c to membrane binding and structural conversion. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1151-1185. [PMID: 29574621 PMCID: PMC6082307 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c is known as an electron-carrying protein in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. Over the last 20 years, however, alternative functions of this very versatile protein have become the focus of research interests. Upon binding to anionic lipids such as cardiolipin, the protein acquires peroxidase activity. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that this requires a conformational change of the protein which involves partial unfolding of its tertiary structure. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of how cytochrome c interacts with cardiolipin-containing surfaces and how this affects its structure and function. In this context, we delineate partially conflicting results regarding the affinity of cytochrome c binding to cardiolipin-containing liposomes of different size and its influence on the structure of the protein and the morphology of the membrane.
Collapse
|
22
|
Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: the involvement of iron. Biometals 2018; 31:715-735. [PMID: 30014355 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many evidences indicate that oxidative stress plays a significant role in a variety of human disease states, including neurodegenerative diseases. Iron is an essential metal for almost all living organisms due to its involvement in a large number of iron-containing proteins and enzymes, though it could be also toxic. Actually, free iron excess generates oxidative stress, particularly in brain, where anti-oxidative defences are relatively low. Its accumulation in specific regions is associated with pathogenesis in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation). Anyway, the extent of toxicity is dictated, in part, by the localization of the iron complex within the cell (cytosolic, lysosomal and mitochondrial), its biochemical form, i.e., ferritin or hemosiderin, as well as the ability of the cell to prevent the generation and propagation of free radical by the wide range of antioxidants and cytoprotective enzymes in the cell. Particularly, ferrous iron can act as a catalyst in the Fenton reaction that potentiates oxygen toxicity by generating a wide range of free radical species, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The observation that patients with neurodegenerative diseases show a dramatic increase in their brain iron content, correlated with the production of reactive oxigen species in these areas of the brain, conceivably suggests that disturbances in brain iron homeostasis may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders. The aim of this review is to describe the chemical features of iron in human beings and iron induced toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the attention is focused on metal chelating drugs therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. The reason for the death of these neurons is unclear; however, studies have demonstrated the potential involvement of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, α-synuclein or dopamine levels in contributing to cellular oxidative stress as well as PD symptoms. Even though those papers had separately described the individual roles of each element leading to neurodegeneration, recent publications suggest that neurodegeneration is the product of various cellular interactions. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in mediating separate pathological events that together, ultimately result in cell death in PD. Understanding the multi-faceted relationships between these events, with oxidative stress as a common denominator underlying these processes, is needed for developing better therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Coyne LP, Chen XJ. mPOS is a novel mitochondrial trigger of cell death - implications for neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:759-775. [PMID: 29090463 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its central role in energy metabolism, the mitochondrion has many other functions essential for cell survival. When stressed, the multifunctional mitochondria are expected to engender multifaceted cell stress with complex physiological consequences. Potential extra-mitochondrial proteostatic burdens imposed by inefficient protein import have been largely overlooked. Accumulating evidence suggests that a diverse range of pathogenic mitochondrial stressors, which do not directly target the core protein import machinery, can reduce cell fitness by disrupting the proteostatic network in the cytosol. The resulting stress, named mitochondrial precursor overaccumulation stress (mPOS), is characterized by the toxic accumulation of unimported mitochondrial proteins in the cytosol. Here, we review our current understanding of how mitochondrial dysfunction can impact the cytosolic proteome and proteostatic signaling. We also discuss the intriguing possibility that the mPOS model may help untangle the cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cytosolic protein aggregation, which are probably the two most prominent molecular hallmarks of neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Waragai M, Adame A, Trinh I, Sekiyama K, Takamatsu Y, Une K, Masliah E, Hashimoto M. Possible Involvement of Adiponectin, the Anti-Diabetes Molecule, in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:1453-9. [PMID: 27079710 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is protective in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, but the role of APN in human brain has not been established. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we found that APN was significantly decreased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared to those in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and in normal controls (NC), despite elevation of APN in serum of patients with MCI and AD compared to that in NC. The discrepancy of CSF APN from serum APN in AD may suggest some critical actions of APN in the pathogenesis of AD. Indeed, it was histologically observed that APN was co-localized with tau in neurofibrillary tangles and immunoblot analysis showed that the functional trimers of APN were significantly decreased in AD compared to those in NC. Collectively, a loss of function of APN may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Waragai
- Department of Neurology, Higashi Matsudo Municipal Hospital, Matsudo-shi, Chiba, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ivy Trinh
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kazunari Sekiyama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Une
- Department of Gerontology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gouveia A, Bajwa E, Klegeris A. Extracellular cytochrome c as an intercellular signaling molecule regulating microglial functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2274-2281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
28
|
Ono K. The Oligomer Hypothesis in α-Synucleinopathy. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3362-3371. [PMID: 28828740 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brain constitute the main histopathological features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. They comprise amyloid-like fibrils composed of α-synuclein (αS), a small protein (~14 kDa). Because the aggregation of αS in the brain has been implicated as a critical step in the development of these diseases, the research for disease-modifying drugs has focused on modification of the αS aggregation process in the brain. Recent studies using synthetic αS peptides, a cell culture model, transgenic mice models, and human samples such as cerebrospinal fluids and the blood of PD patients have suggested that pre-fibrillar forms of αS (i.e., oligomers) are more critical than fibrillar forms (such as Lewy bodies) in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies. Based on the accumulating evidence that oligomers play a central role in the pathogenesis of PD and other α-synucleinopathies (the "oligomer hypothesis"). This report reviews the recent findings regarding the oligomer hypothesis in the research of α-synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Miki Y, Tanji K, Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Alteration of mitochondrial protein PDHA1 in Lewy body disease and PARK14. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:439-444. [PMID: 28564592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the occurrence of insoluble fibrillary aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Mitochondria play a vital role in energy production, and the pathogenesis of PD is associated with altered cellular metabolism due to mitochondrial dysfunction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex provides a primary step in aerobic glucose metabolism by catalyzing the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 (PDHA1) forms the core structure of the PDH complex. Dysfunction of the PDH complex leads to energy production failure, resulting in various neurological disorders. However, no study has investigated the involvement of PDHA1 in the pathogenesis of PD. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting to clarify the involvement of PDHA1 in idiopathic PD, DLB, PARK14-linked parkinsonism (PARK14; a familial form of PD), and multiple system atrophy, in comparison with normal controls. Here we report PDHA1 as a new component of brainstem-type Lewy bodies in idiopathic PD, DLB and PARK14, the level of PDHA1 protein being significantly decreased in the putamen and substantia nigra of patients with idiopathic PD. Our findings suggest that alteration of glucose metabolism through dysfunction of the PDH complex might occur in the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease and PARK14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathological Neuroscience, Center for Bioresource-based Researches, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shafiei SS, Guerrero-Muñoz MJ, Castillo-Carranza DL. Tau Oligomers: Cytotoxicity, Propagation, and Mitochondrial Damage. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:83. [PMID: 28420982 PMCID: PMC5378766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has long been considered as the main risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders including a large group of diseases known as tauopathies. Even though neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) have been examined as the main histopathological hallmark, they do not seem to play a role as the toxic entities leading to disease. Recent studies suggest that an intermediate form of tau, prior to NFT formation, the tau oligomer, is the true toxic species. However, the mechanisms by which tau oligomers trigger neurodegeneration remain unknown. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of tau oligomers in disease, including release from cells, propagation from affected to unaffected brain regions, uptake into cells, and toxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction. A greater understanding of tauopathies may lead to future advancements in regards to prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Shafiei
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Miki Y, Tanji K, Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. PLA2G6 accumulates in Lewy bodies in PARK14 and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
32
|
Alvarez de Eulate E, O'Sullivan S, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemically Induced Formation of Cytochrome c
Oligomers at Soft Interfaces. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alvarez de Eulate
- Nanochemistry Research Institute & Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia, Australia 6845
| | - Shane O'Sullivan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute & Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia, Australia 6845
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute & Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia, Australia 6845
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
González-Sánchez MI, Laurenti M, Rubio-Retama J, López-Cabarcos E, Valero E. Searching for the fluorescence quenching mechanism of conjugated polymers by cytochrome c. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
34
|
Kumar A, Ganini D, Mason RP. Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:70. [PMID: 27884192 PMCID: PMC5122029 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an increased incidence of PD with co-exposure to pesticides such as Maneb and paraquat (MP). In pesticide-related PD, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein oligomers have been strongly implicated, but the link between the two has not yet been understood. Similarly, the biological effects of α-synuclein or its radical chemistry in PD is largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction during PD pathogenesis leads to release of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c has one of two fates: It either binds to apaf1 and initiates apoptosis or can act as a peroxidase. We hypothesized that as a peroxidase, cytochrome c leaked out from mitochondria can form radicals on α-synuclein and initiate its oligomerization. Method Samples from controls, and MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice were studied using immuno-spin trapping, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and microarray experiments. Results Experiments with MP co-exposed mice showed cytochrome c release in cytosol and its co-localization with α-synuclein. Subsequently, we used immuno-spin trapping method to detect the formation of α-synuclein radical in samples from an in vitro reaction mixture consisting of cytochrome c, α-synuclein, and hydrogen peroxide. These experiments indicated that cytochrome c plays a role in α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization. Experiments with MP co-exposed α-synuclein knockout mice, in which cytochrome c-α synuclein co-localization and interaction cannot occur, mice showed diminished protein radical formation and neuronal death, compared to wild-type MP co-exposed mice. Microarray data from MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice further showed that the absence of α-synuclein per se or its co-localization with cytochrome c confers protection from MP co-exposure, as several important pathways were unaffected in α-synuclein knockout mice. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that peroxidase activity of cytochrome c contributes to α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization, and that α-synuclein, through its co-localization with cytochrome c or on its own, affects several biological pathways which contribute to increased neuronal death in an MP-induced model of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lin Y, Kardos J, Imai M, Ikenoue T, Kinoshita M, Sugiki T, Ishimori K, Goto Y, Lee YH. Amorphous Aggregation of Cytochrome c with Inherently Low Amyloidogenicity Is Characterized by the Metastability of Supersaturation and the Phase Diagram. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2010-2022. [PMID: 26824789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on the folding and function of cytochrome c, the mechanisms underlying its aggregation remain largely unknown. We herein examined the aggregation behavior of the physiologically relevant two types of cytochrome c, metal-bound cytochrome c, and its fragment with high amyloidogenicity as predicted in alcohol/water mixtures. Although the aggregation propensity of holo cytochrome c was low due to high solubility, markedly unfolded apo cytochrome c, lacking the heme prosthetic group, strongly promoted the propensity for amorphous aggregation with increases in hydrophobicity. Silver-bound apo cytochrome c increased the capacity of fibrillar aggregation (i.e., protofibrils or immature fibrils) due to subtle structural changes of apo cytochrome c by strong binding of silver. However, mature amyloid fibrils were not detected for any of the cytochrome c variants or its fragment, even with extensive ultrasonication, which is a powerful amyloid inducer. These results revealed the intrinsically low amyloidogenicity of cytochrome c, which is beneficial for its homeostasis and function by facilitating the folding and minimizing irreversible amyloid formation. We propose that intrinsically low amyloidogenicity of cytochrome c is attributed to the low metastability of supersaturation. The phase diagram constructed based on solubility and aggregate type is useful for a comprehensive understanding of protein aggregation. Furthermore, amorphous aggregation, which is also viewed as a generic property of proteins, and amyloid fibrillation can be distinguished from each other by the metastability of supersaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Lin
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - József Kardos
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Mizue Imai
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University , Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikenoue
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misaki Kinoshita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ishimori
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University , Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuji Goto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Yamadaoka 3-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim S, Shin E, Im H, Lee K. Expression of Chaperone-Synuclein Fusion Proteins and Their Regulatory Effects on Amyloid Fibril Formation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Sejong University; Seoul 143-747 Korea
| | - Eunsook Shin
- Department of Chemistry; Sejong University; Seoul 143-747 Korea
| | - Hana Im
- Department of Molecular Biology; Sejong University; Seoul 143-747 Korea
| | - Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Sejong University; Seoul 143-747 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Miki Y, Tanji K, Mori F, Utsumi J, Sasaki H, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K. Alteration of Upstream Autophagy-Related Proteins (ULK1, ULK2, Beclin1, VPS34 and AMBRA1) in Lewy Body Disease. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:359-70. [PMID: 26260450 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). It is known that several downstream autophagosomal proteins are incorporated into Lewy bodies (LBs). We performed immunostaining and Western blot analysis using a cellular model of PD and human brain samples to investigate the involvement of upstream autophagosomal proteins (ULK1, ULK2, Beclin1, VPS34 and AMBRA1), which initiate autophagy and form autophagosomes. Time course analysis of cultured cells transfected with flag-α-synuclein and synphilin-1 revealed upregulation of these upstream proteins with accumulation of LB-like inclusions. In human specimens, only mature LBs were positive for upstream autophagosomal proteins. Western blotting of fractionated brain lysates showed that upstream autophagosomal proteins were detected in the soluble and insoluble fraction in DLB, corresponding to the bands of phosphorylated α-synuclein. However, Western blot analysis of total brain lysates in PD and DLB showed that the increase of upstream autophagosomal proteins was only partial. The quantitative, qualitative and locational alteration of upstream autophagosomal proteins in the present study indicates their involvement in the pathogenesis of LB disease. Our data also suggest that misinduction or impairment of upstream autophagy might occur in the disease process of LB disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Jun Utsumi
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidenao Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathological Neuroscience, Center for Bioresource-Based Researches, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Amacher JF, Zhong F, Lisi GP, Zhu MQ, Alden SL, Hoke KR, Madden DR, Pletneva EV. A Compact Structure of Cytochrome c Trapped in a Lysine-Ligated State: Loop Refolding and Functional Implications of a Conformational Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8435-49. [PMID: 26038984 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that the alkaline form of cytochrome c (cyt c) regulates function of this protein as an electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation and as a peroxidase that reacts with cardiolipin (CL) during apoptosis. In this form, Met80, the native ligand to the heme iron, is replaced by a Lys. While it has become clear that the structure of cyt c changes, the extent and sequence of conformational rearrangements associated with this ligand replacement remain a subject of debate. Herein we report a high-resolution crystal structure of a Lys73-ligated cyt c conformation that reveals intricate change in the heme environment upon this switch in the heme iron ligation. The structure is surprisingly compact, and the heme coordination loop refolds into a β-hairpin with a turn formed by the highly conserved residues Pro76 and Gly77. Repositioning of residue 78 modifies the intraprotein hydrogen-bonding network and, together with adjustments of residues 52 and 74, increases the volume of the heme pocket to allow for insertion of one of the CL acyl moieties next to Asn52. Derivatization of Cys78 with maleimide creates a solution mimic of the Lys-ligated cyt c that has enhanced peroxidase activity, adding support for a role of the Lys-ligated cyt c in the apoptotic mechanism. Experiments with the heme peptide microperoxidase-8 and engineered model proteins provide a thermodynamic rationale for the switch to Lys ligation upon perturbations in the protein scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F Amacher
- †Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Fangfang Zhong
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - George P Lisi
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Michael Q Zhu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Stephanie L Alden
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Kevin R Hoke
- §Department of Chemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, Georgia 30149, United States
| | - Dean R Madden
- †Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ekaterina V Pletneva
- †Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States.,‡Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu S, Chan P. Interaction between Neuromelanin and Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1122-42. [PMID: 26057626 PMCID: PMC4496713 DOI: 10.3390/biom5021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy body (LB) inclusions and the loss of neuronmelanin (NM) containing dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Pathological α-syn and NM are two prominent hallmarks in this selective and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Pathological α-syn can induce dopaminergic neuron death by various mechanisms, such as inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting protein degradation systems. Therefore, to explore the factors that trigger α-syn to convert from a non-toxic protein to toxic one is a pivotal question to clarify the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Many triggers for pathological α-syn aggregation have been identified, including missense mutations in the α-syn gene, higher concentration, and posttranslational modifications of α-Syn. Recently, the role of NM in inducing α-syn expression and aggregation has been suggested as a mechanism for this pigment to modulate neuronal vulnerability in PD. NM may be responsible for PD and age-associated increase and aggregation in α-syn. Here, we reviewed our previous study and other recent findings in the area of interaction between NM and α-syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Xu
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Piu Chan
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Haldar S, Sil P, Thangamuniyandi M, Chattopadhyay K. Conversion of amyloid fibrils of cytochrome c to mature nanorods through a honeycomb morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4213-23. [PMID: 25338286 DOI: 10.1021/la5029993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid species with various morphologies have been found for different proteins and disease systems. In this article, we aim to ask if these morphologies are unique to a particular protein or if they convert from one to another. Using a heme protein containing iron as the transition-metal activator of aggregation and a negatively charged surfactant, partial unfolding of the protein and its aggregation have been induced. In the pathway of aggregation, we have observed the formation of several morphological structures of a single protein, which were visualized directly using atomic force microscopy (AFM). These structures have been found to appear and disappear with time, and their formation could be monitored under normal buffer conditions and at room temperature without requiring any sophisticated chemical or biological methodologies. In addition, we have observed the formation of honeycomb-shaped morphology, which may serve as an intermediate. These amyloid-based nanostructures may have the potential to be explored in therapeutics delivery and other biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhasis Haldar
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Muruganandan Thangamuniyandi
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Y, Liu T. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Decoding MRI data for a tissue magnetic biomarker. Magn Reson Med 2015; 73:82-101. [PMID: 25044035 PMCID: PMC4297605 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In MRI, the main magnetic field polarizes the electron cloud of a molecule, generating a chemical shift for observer protons within the molecule and a magnetic susceptibility inhomogeneity field for observer protons outside the molecule. The number of water protons surrounding a molecule for detecting its magnetic susceptibility is vastly greater than the number of protons within the molecule for detecting its chemical shift. However, the study of tissue magnetic susceptibility has been hindered by poor molecular specificities of hitherto used methods based on MRI signal phase and T2* contrast, which depend convolutedly on surrounding susceptibility sources. Deconvolution of the MRI signal phase can determine tissue susceptibility but is challenged by the lack of MRI signal in the background and by the zeroes in the dipole kernel. Recently, physically meaningful regularizations, including the Bayesian approach, have been developed to enable accurate quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) for studying iron distribution, metabolic oxygen consumption, blood degradation, calcification, demyelination, and other pathophysiological susceptibility changes, as well as contrast agent biodistribution in MRI. This paper attempts to summarize the basic physical concepts and essential algorithmic steps in QSM, to describe clinical and technical issues under active development, and to provide references, codes, and testing data for readers interested in QSM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, New York, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Tian Liu
- MedImageMetric, LLCNew York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Intracellular processing of disease-associated α-synuclein in the human brain suggests prion-like cell-to-cell spread. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:76-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
|
44
|
Kawamoto Y, Ito H, Ayaki T, Takahashi R. Immunohistochemical localization of apoptosome-related proteins in Lewy bodies in Parkinson׳s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain Res 2014; 1571:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
45
|
Scarlata S, Golebiewska U. Linking alpha-synuclein properties with oxidation: a hypothesis on a mechanism underling cellular aggregation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:93-8. [PMID: 24474217 PMCID: PMC4000690 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a small, natively unstructured protein with propensity to aggregate. α-Synuclein fibrils are major components of Lewy bodies that are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative diseases. The solution properties and aggregation behavior of α-synuclein has been well characterized, but despite numerous studies that address the role of α-synuclein in cells, a clear physiological function of this protein remains a mystery. Over a hundred review articles of α-synuclein have been written in the last decade, making it difficult to list all of the important studies that have added to our insight of α-synuclein physiology. Instead, we briefly review the status of α-synuclein research and propose a model based on the idea that α-synuclein may not have an intrinsic activity in cells but rather, it modifies the function of a group of protein partners that in turn affect cell processes. We propose that it is the loss of its cellular partners under oxidative conditions that promotes α-synuclein aggregation accelerating neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Scarlata
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8661, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kang JH. Acrolein, A Reactive Product of Lipid Peroxidation, Induces Oxidative Modification of Cytochrome c. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.11.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
47
|
Perfeito R, Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC. Reprint of: revisiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease-resemblance to the effect of amphetamine drugs of abuse. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:186-201. [PMID: 23743292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. In most cases the disease is sporadic but genetically inherited cases also exist. One of the major pathological features of PD is the presence of aggregates that localize in neuronal cytoplasm as Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) and ubiquitin. The selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons suggests that dopamine itself may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in PD. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress constitute key pathogenic events of this disorder. Thus, in this review we give an actual perspective to classical pathways involving these two mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including the role of dopamine in sporadic and familial PD, as well as in the case of abuse of amphetamine-type drugs. Mutations in genes related to familial PD causing autosomal dominant or recessive forms may also have crucial effects on mitochondrial morphology, function, and oxidative stress. Environmental factors, such as MPTP and rotenone, have been reported to induce selective degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathways leading to α-syn-positive inclusions, possibly by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I of the respiratory chain and subsequently increasing oxidative stress. Recently, increased risk for PD was found in amphetamine users. Amphetamine drugs have effects similar to those of other environmental factors for PD, because long-term exposure to these drugs leads to dopamine depletion. Moreover, amphetamine neurotoxicity involves α-syn aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Therefore, dopamine and related oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, seem to be common links between PD and amphetamine neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Perfeito
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (salsolinol), an endogenous neurotoxin, is known to perform a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we
evaluated oxidative modification of cytochrome c occurring after incubation with salsolinol. When cytochrome c was incubated with salsolinol, protein aggregation increased in a dosedependent manner. The formation of carbonyl compounds and the release of iron were obtained in salsolinol- treated cytochrome c. Salsolinol also led to the release of iron from cytochrome c. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and iron specific chelator inhibited the salsolinol-mediated cytochrome c modification and carbonyl compound formation. It is suggested that oxidative damage of cytochrome c by salsolinol might induce the increase of iron content in cells, subsequently leading to the deleterious condition which was observed. This mechanism may, in part, provide an explanation for the deterioration of organs under neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(2): 119-123]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 360-764, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liddell JR, Obando D, Liu J, Ganio G, Volitakis I, Mok SS, Crouch PJ, White AR, Codd R. Lipophilic adamantyl- or deferasirox-based conjugates of desferrioxamine B have enhanced neuroprotective capacity: implications for Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:147-56. [PMID: 23391576 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Iron content is also elevated in this region in PD and is implicated in the pathobiology of the disease. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) is a high-affinity iron chelator and has shown efficacy in animal models of Parkinson disease. The high water solubility of DFOB, however, attenuates its ability to enter the brain. In this study, we have conjugated DFOB to derivatives of adamantane or the clinical iron chelator deferasirox to produce lipophilic compounds designed to increase the bioavailability of DFOB to brain cells. We found that the novel compounds are highly effective in preventing iron-mediated paraquat and hydrogen peroxide toxicity in neuronal-like BE2-M17 dopaminergic cells, primary neurons, and iron-loaded or glutathione-depleted primary astrocytes. The compounds also alleviated paraquat toxicity in BE2-M17 cells that express the PD-causing A30P mutation of α-synuclein. This protection was ∼66-fold more potent than DFOB alone and also more effective than other cell-permeative metal chelators, clioquinol and phenanthroline. These results demonstrate that increasing the bioavailability of DFOB through the conjugation of lipophilic fragments greatly enhances its protective capacity. These novel compounds have potential as therapeutics for the treatment of PD and other conditions of Fe dyshomeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, and Mental Health Research Institute, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hagemeier J, Geurts JJG, Zivadinov R. Brain iron accumulation in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:1467-80. [PMID: 23237353 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the decades, various studies have established an association between accumulation of iron and both aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Excess levels of iron can lead to increased oxidative stress through Fenton chemistry, and depletion of iron can similarly have deleterious effects. In addition, metal ions are known to be involved in both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease protein aggregation. Metal ion chelators have been extensively investigated in preclinical models, and may prove to be appropriate for modulating brain iron levels in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Investigating age-related iron deposition is vital, and can possibly aid in determining at-risk groups and diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases at an early stage. Novel imaging methods have enabled researchers to examine iron deposition in vivo, and offer a noninvasive method of monitoring the progression of accumulation, and possible therapeutic effects of chelating compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|