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Banks CM, Trott JF, Hovey RC. The prolactin receptor: A cross-species comparison of gene structure, transcriptional regulation, tissue-specificity, and genetic variation. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13385. [PMID: 38586906 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell-surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL-regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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de Castro Moreira AR, Trarbach E, Bueno CBF, Monteiro ALS, Grande IPP, Padula M, Maciel GAR, Glezer A. PRL-R Variants Are Not Only Associated With Prolactinomas But Also With Dopamine Agonist Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e450-e457. [PMID: 36638053 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knockout prolactin receptor gene (PRL-R) mice are animal models for prolactinomas and PRL acts via autocrine/paracrine inhibiting lactotroph proliferation. Recently, variants of the PRL-R were identified in prolactinoma patients and their frequency was higher compared to individuals from the genomic database. OBJECTIVE We analyzed PRL-R variants frequency in an extensive cohort of prolactinoma patients and evaluated their association with clinical, laboratorial, and imaging characteristics and hormonal response to cabergoline. DESIGN Observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study. SETTING This study took place at the Neuroendocrinology Unit of Clinics Hospital, Medical School of University of São Paulo, Brazil, a tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND METHODS Study participants included adults with sporadic prolactinomas treated with cabergoline, where response to therapy was defined by prolactin normalization with up to 3 mg/week doses. DNA was extracted from blood samples and the PRL-R was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction techniques and automatic sequencing. The association of PRL-R variants with serum prolactin levels, maximal tumor diameter, tumor parasellar invasiveness, and response to cabergoline was analyzed. RESULTS We found 6 PRL-R variants: p.Ile100(76)Val, p.Ile170(146)Leu, p.Glu400(376)Gln/p.Asn516(492)Ile, p.Glu470Asp e p.Ala591Pro; the last 2 are newly described in prolactinomas' patients. The variants p.Glu400(376)Gln/p.Asn516(492)Ile and p.Ala591Pro were more frequent amongst patients compared to genomic databases, and the p.Asn516(492)Ile showed pathogenic potential using in silico analysis as previously described. PRL-R variants were associated with male sex (P = 0.015), higher serum PRL levels (P = 0.007), larger tumors (P = 0.001), and cabergoline resistance (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prolactin/prolactin receptor system seems to be related to prolactinoma tumorigenesis and cabergoline resistance. Additional studies are needed to better understand the PRL-R variants' role and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ramos de Castro Moreira
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ericka Trarbach
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Anna Louise Stellfeld Monteiro
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabella Pacetti Pajaro Grande
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mario Padula
- Department of Radiology, Instituto de Radiologia-INRAD, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Arantes Rosa Maciel
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Glezer
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular/LIM25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Clevenger CV, Rui H. Breast Cancer and Prolactin - New Mechanisms and Models. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6654897. [PMID: 35922139 PMCID: PMC9419691 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of breast cancer is driven by multiple hormones and growth factors. One of these, prolactin (PRL), contributes to both mammary differentiation and oncogenesis, and yet the basis for these disparate effects has remained unclear. The focus of this review is to examine and place into context 2 recent studies that have provided insight into the roles of PRL receptors and PRL in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. One study provides novel evidence for opposing actions of PRL in the breast being mediated in part by differential PRL receptor (PRLr) isoform utilization. Briefly, homomeric complexes of the long isoform of the PRLr (PRLrL-PRLrL) promotes mammary differentiation, while heteromeric complexes of the intermediate and long PRLr (PRLrI-PRLrL) isoforms trigger mammary oncogenesis. Another study describes an immunodeficient, prolactin-humanized mouse model, NSG-Pro, that facilitates growth of PRL receptor-expressing patient-derived breast cancer xenografts. Evidence obtained with this model supports the interactions of physiological levels of PRL with estrogen and ERBB2 gene networks, the modulatory effects of PRL on drug responsiveness, and the pro-metastatic effects of PRL on breast cancer. This recent progress provides novel concepts, mechanisms and experimental models expected to renew interest in harnessing/exploiting PRLr signaling for therapeutic effects in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Clevenger
- Correspondence: Charles V. Clevenger, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall St, Sanger 4-006A, Richmond, VA, 23298-06629, USA.
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Ali S, Hamam D, Liu X, Lebrun JJ. Terminal differentiation and anti-tumorigenic effects of prolactin in breast cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:993570. [PMID: 36157462 PMCID: PMC9499354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major disease affecting women worldwide. A woman has 1 in 8 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and morbidity and mortality due to this disease are expected to continue to rise globally. Breast cancer remains a challenging disease due to its heterogeneity, propensity for recurrence and metastasis to distant vital organs including bones, lungs, liver and brain ultimately leading to patient death. Despite the development of various therapeutic strategies to treat breast cancer, still there are no effective treatments once metastasis has occurred. Loss of differentiation and increased cellular plasticity and stemness are being recognized molecularly and clinically as major derivers of heterogeneity, tumor evolution, relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic failure. In solid tumors, breast cancer is one of the leading cancer types in which tumor differentiation state has long been known to influence cancer behavior. Reprograming and/or restoring differentiation of cancer cells has been proposed to provide a viable approach to reverse the cancer through differentiation and terminal maturation. The hormone prolactin (PRL) is known to play a critical role in mammary gland lobuloalveolar development/remodeling and the terminal differentiation of the mammary epithelial cells promoting milk proteins gene expression and lactation. Here, we will highlight recent discoveries supporting an anti-tumorigenic role for PRL in breast cancer as a "pro/forward-differentiation" pathway restricting plasticity, stemness and tumorigenesis.
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Paré P, Reales G, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Vargas-Pinilla P, Viscardi LH, Fam B, Pissinatti A, Santos FR, Bortolini MC. Molecular evolutionary insights from PRLR in mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 309:113791. [PMID: 33872604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pleiotropic neurohormone secreted by the mammalian pituitary gland into the blood, thus reaching many tissues and organs beyond the brain. PRL binds to its receptor, PRLR, eliciting a molecular signaling cascade. This system modulates essential mammalian behaviors and promotes notable modifications in the reproductive female tissues and organs. Here, we explore how the intracellular domain of PRLR (PRLR-ICD) modulates the expression of the PRLR gene. Despite differences in the reproductive strategies between eutherian and metatherian mammals, there is no clear distinction between PRLR-ICD functional motifs. However, we found selection signatures that showed differences between groups, with many conserved functional elements strongly maintained through purifying selection across the class Mammalia. We observed a few residues under relaxed selection, the levels of which were more pronounced in Eutheria and particularly striking in primates (Simiiformes), which could represent a pre-adaptive genetic element protected from purifying selection. Alternative, new motifs, such as YLDP (318-321) and others with residues Y283 and Y290, may already be functional. These motifs would have been co-opted in primates as part of a complex genetic repertoire related to some derived adaptive phenotypes, but these changes would have no impact on the primordial functions that characterize the mammals as a whole and that are related to the PRL-PRLR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Paré
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vanessa R Paixão-Côrtes
- Laboratório de Biologia Evolutiva e Genômica (LABEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henriques Viscardi
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Fam
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício R Santos
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo-Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Grible JM, Zot P, Olex AL, Hedrick SE, Harrell JC, Woock AE, Idowu MO, Clevenger CV. The human intermediate prolactin receptor is a mammary proto-oncogene. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:37. [PMID: 33772010 PMCID: PMC7997966 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (hPRLr) are significantly involved in breast cancer pathogenesis. The intermediate hPRLr (hPRLrI) is an alternatively-spliced isoform, capable of stimulating cellular viability and proliferation. An analogous truncated mouse PRLr (mPRLr) was recently found to be oncogenic when co-expressed with wild-type mPRLr. The goal of this study was to determine if a similar transforming event occurs with the hPRLr in human breast epithelial cells and to better understand the mechanism behind such transformation. hPRLrL+I co-expression in MCF10AT cells resulted in robust in vivo and in vitro transformation, while hPRLrI knock-down in MCF7 cells significantly decreased in vitro malignant potential. hPRLrL+I heterodimers displayed greater stability than hPRLrL homodimers, and while being capable of activating Jak2, Ras, and MAPK, they were unable to induce Stat5a tyrosine phosphorylation. Both immunohistochemical breast cancer tissue microarray data and RNA sequencing analyses using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) identified that higher hPRLrI expression associates with triple-negative breast cancer. These studies indicate the hPRLrI, when expressed alongside hPRLrL, participates in mammary transformation, and represents a novel oncogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Grible
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricija Zot
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shannon E Hedrick
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alicia E Woock
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael O Idowu
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Ramos-Martinez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Molina-Salinas G, Zepeda-Ruiz WA, Cerbon M. The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:323-340. [PMID: 33661585 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin has been shown to favor both the activation and suppression of the microglia and astrocytes, as well as the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prolactin has also been associated with neuronal damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and in experimental models of these diseases. However, studies show that prolactin has neuroprotective effects in conditions of neuronal damage and inflammation and may be used as neuroprotector factor. In this review, we first discuss general information about prolactin, then we summarize recent findings of prolactin function in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes and factors involved in the possible dual role of prolactin are described. Finally, we review the function of prolactin specifically in the central nervous system and how it promotes a neuroprotective effect, or that of neuronal damage, particularly in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and during excitotoxicity. The overall studies indicated that prolactin may be a promising molecule for the treatment of some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martinez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca68000, Mexico
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010Créteil, France
| | - Gladys Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Wendy A Zepeda-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbon
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
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Seiffert P, Bugge K, Nygaard M, Haxholm GW, Martinsen JH, Pedersen MN, Arleth L, Boomsma W, Kragelund BB. Orchestration of signaling by structural disorder in class 1 cytokine receptors. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:132. [PMID: 32831102 PMCID: PMC7444064 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class 1 cytokine receptors (C1CRs) are single-pass transmembrane proteins responsible for transmitting signals between the outside and the inside of cells. Remarkably, they orchestrate key biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, immunity and growth through long disordered intracellular domains (ICDs), but without having intrinsic kinase activity. Despite these key roles, their characteristics remain rudimentarily understood. METHODS The current paper asks the question of why disorder has evolved to govern signaling of C1CRs by reviewing the literature in combination with new sequence and biophysical analyses of chain properties across the family. RESULTS We uncover that the C1CR-ICDs are fully disordered and brimming with SLiMs. Many of these short linear motifs (SLiMs) are overlapping, jointly signifying a complex regulation of interactions, including network rewiring by isoforms. The C1CR-ICDs have unique properties that distinguish them from most IDPs and we forward the perception that the C1CR-ICDs are far from simple strings with constitutively bound kinases. Rather, they carry both organizational and operational features left uncovered within their disorder, including mechanisms and complexities of regulatory functions. CONCLUSIONS Critically, the understanding of the fascinating ability of these long, completely disordered chains to orchestrate complex cellular signaling pathways is still in its infancy, and we urge a perceptional shift away from the current simplistic view towards uncovering their full functionalities and potential. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Seiffert
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bugge
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mads Nygaard
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gitte W. Haxholm
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jacob H. Martinsen
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin N. Pedersen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lise Arleth
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Wouter Boomsma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- REPIN, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Abramicheva PA, Smirnova OV. Prolactin Receptor Isoforms as the Basis of Tissue-Specific Action of Prolactin in the Norm and Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:329-345. [PMID: 31228925 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review describes functional and structural features of different isoforms of prolactin receptor, mechanisms of signaling pathway activation, and molecular messengers involved in the transmission and termination of signal from the prolactin receptor isoforms. Changes in the ratio between prolactin receptor isoforms, key mediators of prolactin signal transduction and termination in various organs and tissues, are analyzed. Special attention is given to the role of molecular mediators and the ratio between the isoforms in normal physiological functions and pathologies. Approaches for therapeutic correction of prolactin signaling impairments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Abramicheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - O V Smirnova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Abstract
The principal role of prolactin in mammals is the regulation of lactation. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin signalling occurs via a unique transmembrane prolactin receptor (PRL-R). The structure of the PRL-R has now been elucidated and is similar to that of many biologically fundamental receptors of the class 1 haematopoietic cytokine receptor family such as the growth hormone receptor. The PRL-R is expressed in a wide array of tissues, and a growing number of biological processes continue to be attributed to prolactin. In this Review, we focus on the newly discovered roles of prolactin in human health and disease, particularly its involvement in metabolic homeostasis including body weight control, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, pancreas, bone, the adrenal response to stress, the control of lactotroph cell homeostasis and maternal behaviour. New data concerning the pathological states of hypoprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia will also be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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Phillipps HR, Rand CJ, Brown RSE, Kokay IC, Stanton J, Grattan DR. Prolactin regulation of insulin‐like growth factor 2 gene expression in the adult mouse choroid plexus. FASEB J 2019; 33:6115-6128. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802262r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hollian R. Phillipps
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Christy J. Rand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Rosemary S. E. Brown
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ilona C. Kokay
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Jo‐Ann Stanton
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Department of AnatomySchool of Medical SciencesUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Okamura A, Masumoto A, Takenouchi A, Kudo T, Aizawa S, Ogoshi M, Takahashi S, Tsudzuki M, Takeuchi S. Changes in prolactin receptor homodimer availability may cause late feathering in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 272:109-116. [PMID: 30594591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken early (EF) and late feathering (LF) are sex-linked phenotypes conferred by wild-type k+ and dominant K alleles on chromosome Z, respectively. Besides prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) and sperm flagellar 2 (SPEF2) genes, the K allele contains a fusion gene in which partially duplicated PRLR (dPRLR) and SPEF2 (dSPEF2) genes are linked in a tail-to-tail manner. The causative dPRLR gene encodes a C-terminal truncated receptor. LF chickens have short or no primaries at hatching; however, their feather growth rate is higher than that of EF chickens. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of the K allele's biphasic effect on feather development. By 3'RACE and RT-PCR analyses, we demonstrated that dSPEF2 gene transcription occurred beyond all coding exons of the dPRLR gene on the opposite strand and that dPRLR mRNA was less abundant than PRLR mRNA. In addition, a 5'UTR splice variant (SPV) of PRL receptor mRNAs was increased in LF chickens. In vitro expression analysis of 5'UTR linked to the luciferase reporter gene revealed higher translation efficiency of SPV. RT-qPCR showed that the dPRLR mRNA level was higher in embryos; conversely, SPV was higher in hatched chickens, as was dSPEF2 mRNA. These findings suggest that the K allele inhibits feather development at the fetal stage by expressing dPRLR to attenuate PRLR function and promotes feather growth after hatching by increasing PRLR through dSPEF2 mRNA expression. Increased SPV may cause greater feather growth than that in EF chickens by increasing the availability of PRLR homodimers and enhancing PRL signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Okamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayane Masumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takenouchi
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nakaku, Nishikawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aizawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Maho Ogoshi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sumio Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Sakae Takeuchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku, Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Effect of Prolactin on Biochemical and Morphological Parameters of Rabbit Liver in Warm Ischemia. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:2229-2234. [PMID: 30177141 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the degree of liver damage in a rabbit perfused with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK [Custodiol]) solution with and without the presence of prolactin (PRL) based on biochemical studies in perfundate and ultrastructural analysis of hepatocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was carried out on rabbits. Liver ischemia was used in the study, based on Pringle's maneuver. About 70% of the rabbit liver lobes were perfused with HTK with or without the addition of PRL (2.5μg/g liver/h) under ischemic conditions for 2 hours. In the perfundate, the activity of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and lactate concentration were determined. Liver biopsies were collected for histopathologic evaluation under an electron microscope. RESULTS The addition of PRL to the HTK significantly reduced the leakage of enzymes from the liver to perfundate compared with the control group without PRL. The activity of ALT, AST, LDH, and GGT in the perfundates obtained after 2-hour perfusion with HTK-PRL solution was lower when compared with activity of the same parameters determined in perfundates with liver perfused with HTK without PRL. The area under the curve (AUC0-2h) calculated for GGT, LDH, and lactates was significantly higher after perfusion with the HTK than with HTK with the addition of PRL. In the study group, bile was secreted throughout the whole experiment. The morphological confirmation of these results was obtained by means of transmission microscopy. CONCLUSION PRL added to the preservation solution significantly inhibits the process of liver cell cytolysis, which may suggest its hepatoprotective effect.
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Karayazi Atici Ö, Urbanska A, Gopinathan SG, Boutillon F, Goffin V, Shemanko CS. ATM Is Required for the Prolactin-Induced HSP90-Mediated Increase in Cellular Viability and Clonogenic Growth After DNA Damage. Endocrinology 2018; 159:907-930. [PMID: 29186352 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) acts as a survival factor for breast cancer cells, but the PRL signaling pathway and the mechanism are unknown. Previously, we identified the master chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) α, as a prolactin-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) target gene involved in survival, and here we investigated the role of HSP90 in the mechanism of PRL-induced viability in response to DNA damage. The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) protein plays a critical role in the cellular response to double-strand DNA damage. We observed that PRL increased viability of breast cancer cells treated with doxorubicin or etoposide. The increase in cellular resistance is specific to the PRL receptor, because the PRL receptor antagonist, Δ1-9-G129R-hPRL, prevented the increase in viability. Two different HSP90 inhibitors, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin and BIIB021, reduced the PRL-mediated increase in cell viability of doxorubicin-treated cells and led to a decrease in JAK2, ATM, and phosphorylated ATM protein levels. Inhibitors of JAK2 (G6) and ATM (KU55933) abolished the PRL-mediated increase in cell viability of DNA-damaged cells, supporting the involvement of each, as well as the crosstalk of ATM with the PRL pathway in the context of DNA damage. Drug synergism was detected between the ATM inhibitor (KU55933) and doxorubicin and between the HSP90 inhibitor (BIIB021) and doxorubicin. Short interfering RNA directed against ATM prevented the PRL-mediated increase in cell survival in two-dimensional cell culture, three-dimensional collagen gel cultures, and clonogenic cell survival, after doxorubicin treatment. Our results indicate that ATM contributes to the PRL-JAK2-STAT5-HSP90 pathway in mediating cellular resistance to DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ödül Karayazi Atici
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna Urbanska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sesha Gopal Gopinathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Team "PRL/GH Pathophysiology," Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris cedex 14, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Team "PRL/GH Pathophysiology," Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris cedex 14, France
| | - Carrie S Shemanko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Davis SR, Spelman RJ, Littlejohn MD. BREEDING AND GENETICS SYMPOSIUM:Breeding heat tolerant dairy cattle: the case for introgression of the "slick" prolactin receptor variant into dairy breeds. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1788-1800. [PMID: 28464106 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental temperatures are a threat to the sustainability of livestock production and, because of the high metabolic demands of lactation, to dairy production in particular. Summer heat waves in temperate climates reduce feed intake, milk production, and cow comfort. In extreme heat events, there is an increase in cow mortality. In tropical climates, dairy cattle are mostly (zebu) type or zebu crossbred with temperate dairy breeds. Crossbreeding is undertaken to combine the heat tolerance and tick resistance of zebu with the productivity of temperate dairy breeds. In the absence of improved heat tolerance, milk production and fertility of temperate cattle is severely impaired. We have recently identified a key role for the prolactin pathway in regulating heat tolerance. A de novo mutation in prolactin that impairs prolactin activity was discovered in hairy and heat intolerant, New Zealand dairy cattle. The phenotypes produced were remarkably similar to those seen in fescue toxicosis, a syndrome seen in grazing cattle in the U.S. where ingestion of ergovaline, a fungal toxin from infected pasture, inhibits prolactin secretion. Recognition of the role of prolactin in hairy cattle led us to identify a deletion in exon 10 of the long-form of the prolactin receptor in Senepol cattle that causes truncation of the protein and determines the slick coat and heat tolerance traits found in this , beef breed. The short form of the prolactin receptor is predicted to be unaffected by the deletion. Knowledge of this dominant mutation has provided the impetus to begin a crossbreeding program to investigate performance and heat tolerance of temperate dairy cattle carrying the slick, prolactin receptor variant. The perceived opportunity is to introgress this variant into temperate dairy cattle to enable performance and welfare improvement in hot climates. Heat tolerance of cattle with slick coats appears to be mostly associated with coat type although sweating ability may also be enhanced. Further investigation is required of performance traits in cows homozygous for the slick variant because the published data are almost exclusively from heterozygous animals. Combination of the slick mutation with other favorable genes for heat tolerance, especially those for coat color, will be particularly enabled by gene editing technologies, offering opportunities for further improvement in bovine thermotolerance.
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Shemanko CS. Prolactin receptor in breast cancer: marker for metastatic risk. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R153-R165. [PMID: 27658959 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling and function are complex in nature and intricate in function. Basic, pre-clinical and translational research has opened up our eyes to the understanding that prolactin and prolactin receptor signaling function differently within different cellular contexts and microenvironmental conditions. Its multiple roles in normal physiology are subverted in cancer initiation and progression, and gradually we are teasing out the intricacies of function and therapeutic value. Recently, we observed that prolactin has a role in accelerating the time to bone metastasis in breast cancer patients and identified the mechanism by which prolactin stimulated breast cancer cell-mediated lytic osteoclast formation. The possibility that the prolactin receptor is a marker for metastasis, and specifically bone metastasis, is one that may have to be put into the context of the different variants of prolactin, different prolactin receptor isoforms and intricate signaling pathways that are regulated by the microenvironment. The more complete the picture, the better one can test biomarker identity and design clinical trials to test therapeutic intervention. This review will cover the recent advances and highlight the complexity of prolactin receptor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie S Shemanko
- Department of Biological SciencesCharbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dogansen SC, Selcukbiricik OS, Bilir BE, Yarman S. The higher incidence of autoimmune thyroid disease in prolactinomas than in somatotrophinomas. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 29:45-49. [PMID: 27105040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have shown that prolactin (PRL) plays an important role in autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to compare the current frequency of autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) in prolactinomas with another type of functional pituitary adenoma (FPA), somatotrophinoma. Another aim of the study was to evaluate possible factors related to thyroid autoimmunity and the process of ATD in FPAs. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and thyroid morphologic findings in our patients with FPA (78 with acromegaly and 83 with prolactinoma). The relationship of autoantibody positivity with baseline PRL levels, activity of acromegaly, and treatment of dopamine agonists (DA) and hypogonadism was also assessed. Patients with ATD and hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis were also evaluated. RESULTS ATD (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) was detected more frequently in patients with prolactinoma than in patients with acromegaly (33% and 17%, respectively; p=0.01). Thyroid autoantibody positivity was found more frequently in females in the whole group (p=0.02) and in the acromegaly group (p=0.008). There was no difference according to sex among the patients with prolactinoma (p=0.800). ATD was found not to be related with baseline PRL levels, treatment of DA, and presence of hypogonadism (p=0.232, p=0.435, p=0.464, respectively) in the prolactinoma group, and activity of acromegaly, presence of hypogonadism in the acromegaly group (p=0.753, p=0.654, respectively). Autoimmune hypothyroidism was more frequent in the prolactinoma group than in the acromegaly group among patients with thyroid autoantibody positivity (p=0.004). CONCLUSION Thyroid autoantibodies should be evaluated both at the time of diagnosis and during the course of treatment in patients with prolactinoma, and thyroid function tests should be closely monitored in patients with autoantibody positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Ciftci Dogansen
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Soyluk Selcukbiricik
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Ekiz Bilir
- Trakya University, Trakya Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sema Yarman
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul, Turkey
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de Arellano AR, Lopez-Pulido EI, Martínez-Neri PA, Chávez CE, Lucano RG, Fafutis-Morris M, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Pereira-Suárez AL. STAT3 activation is required for the antiapoptotic effects of prolactin in cervical cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26346346 PMCID: PMC4559880 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) has been implicated in the development of different types of cancer. However, signaling pathways might be activated depending on various forms of prolactin receptor (PRLR). JAK/STAT is an important pathway associated with PRL effects. The activation of JAK/STAT pathway might activate antiapoptotic genes that could importantly lead to progression of tumorigenesis. Recently, we have reported that PRL is associated with cell survival by inhibition of apoptosis and the precise activated signaling pathways for this process are still questioned. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activation of different signaling pathways in response to PRL as well as to identify the induction of antiapoptotic genes. METHODS Cervical cancer cell lines HeLa, SiHa and C-33 A were stimulated with PRL (200 ng/mL) for 30 and 60 min and non stimulated cells were used to measure basal protein expression. Inhibition assays were performed by using Jak2 specific inhibitor AG490, either alone or in combination with PRL for 48 h. Western blot were carried out to evaluate protein induction of the different signaling pathways and antiapoptotic proteins. Significant effects were determined by using ANOVA test. RESULTS STAT3 was significantly activated in cervical cancer lines in comparison with non-tumorigenic keratinocytes HaCaT. No significant differences were found when analyzing MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. An increase of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, survivin and Mcl-1 was observed after stimulus with PRL; however, after inhibition with AG490, the induction of antiapoptotic genes was decreased. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that STAT3 is an important signaling pathway activated by PRL in cervical cancer cells and it modulates the induction of antiapoptotic genes. Blocking STAT3 could represent a possible therapeutic strategy in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez de Arellano
- />Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Edgar I. Lopez-Pulido
- />Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Priscila A. Martínez-Neri
- />Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Ciro Estrada Chávez
- />Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Renee González Lucano
- />Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - A. Aguilar-Lemarroy
- />Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - José. F. Muñoz-Valle
- />Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- />Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
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Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and is involved in many biological processes including lactation and reproduction. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of prolactin proteins and offer compelling evidence that the different prolactin isoforms each have independent biological functions. The major isoform, 23 kDa prolactin, acts via its membrane receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), which is a member of the haematopoietic cytokine superfamily and for which the mechanism of activation has been deciphered. The 16 kDa prolactin isoform is a cleavage product derived from native prolactin, which has received particular attention as a result of its newly described inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The discovery of multiple extrapituitary sites of prolactin secretion also increases the range of known functions of this hormone. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the biology of prolactin and its receptor, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on the role of prolactin in human pathophysiology, particularly the discovery of the mechanism underlying infertility associated with hyperprolactinaemia and the identification of the first mutation in human PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
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Schennink A, Trott JF, Manjarin R, Lemay DG, Freking BA, Hovey RC. Comparative genomics reveals tissue-specific regulation of prolactin receptor gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:1-15. [PMID: 25358647 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL), acting via the PRL receptor (PRLR), controls hundreds of biological processes across a range of species. Endocrine PRL elicits well-documented effects on target tissues such as the mammary glands and reproductive organs in addition to coordinating whole-body homeostasis during states such as lactation or adaptive responses to the environment. While changes in PRLR expression likely facilitates these tissue-specific responses to circulating PRL, the mechanisms regulating this regulation in non-rodent species has received limited attention. We performed a wide-scale analysis of PRLR 5' transcriptional regulation in pig tissues. Apart from the abundantly expressed and widely conserved exon 1, we identified alternative splicing of transcripts from an additional nine first exons of the porcine PRLR (pPRLR) gene. Notably, exon 1.5 transcripts were expressed most abundantly in the heart, while expression of exon 1.3-containing transcripts was greatest in the kidneys and small intestine. Expression of exon 1.3 mRNAs within the kidneys was most abundant in the renal cortex, and increased during gestation. A comparative analysis revealed a human homologue to exon 1.3, hE1N2, which was also principally transcribed in the kidneys and small intestines, and an exon hE1N3 was only expressed in the kidneys of humans. Promoter alignment revealed conserved motifs within the proximal promoter upstream of exon 1.3, including putative binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 and Sp1. Together, these results highlight the diverse, conserved and tissue-specific regulation of PRLR expression in the targets for PRL, which may function to coordinate complex physiological states such as lactation and osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Schennink
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Rodrigo Manjarin
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Bradley A Freking
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal ScienceGenome CenterUniversity of California Davis, 2335 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USABaylor College of MedicineUSDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, 1100 Bates Street, Room 9022, Houston, Texas, USAUSDAARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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Blockade of estrogen-stimulated proliferation by a constitutively-active prolactin receptor having lower expression in invasive ductal carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:152-160. [PMID: 25527452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of prolactin's (PRL's) role in breast cancer is complicated by disparate roles for alternatively-spliced PRL receptors (PRLR) and crosstalk between PRL and estrogen signaling. Among PRLRs, the short form 1b (SF1b) inhibits PRL-stimulated cell proliferation. In addition to ligand-dependent PRLRs, constitutively-active varieties, missing the S2 region of the extracellular domain (ΔS2), naturally occur. Expression analysis of the ΔS2 version of SF1b (ΔS2SF1b) showed higher expression in histologically-normal contiguous tissue versus invasive ductal carcinoma. To determine the function of ΔS2SF1b, a T47D breast cancer line with inducible expression was produced. Induction of ΔS2SF1b blocked estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation. Unlike intact SF1b, induction of ΔS2SF1b had no effect on PRL-mediated activation of Stat5a. However induction inhibited estrogen's stimulatory effects on serine-118 phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α, serine-473 phosphorylation of Akt, serine-9 phosphorylation of GSK3β, and c-myc expression. In addition, induction of ΔS2SF1b increased expression of the cell cycle-inhibiting protein, p21. Thus, increased expression of ΔS2SF1b, such as we demonstrate occurs with the selective PRLR modulator, S179D PRL, would create a physiological state in which estrogen-stimulated proliferation was inhibited, but differentiative responses to PRL were maintained.
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Yang N, Liu C, Peck AR, Girondo MA, Yanac AF, Tran TH, Utama FE, Tanaka T, Freydin B, Chervoneva I, Hyslop T, Kovatich AJ, Hooke JA, Shriver CD, Rui H. Prolactin-Stat5 signaling in breast cancer is potently disrupted by acidosis within the tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R73. [PMID: 24004716 PMCID: PMC3978581 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer supports the notion that prolactin-Stat5 signaling promotes survival and maintenance of differentiated luminal cells, and loss of nuclear tyrosine phosphorylated Stat5 (Nuc-pYStat5) in clinical breast cancer is associated with increased risk of antiestrogen therapy failure. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying loss of Nuc-pYStat5 in breast cancer remain poorly defined. METHODS We investigated whether moderate extracellular acidosis of pH 6.5 to 6.9 frequently observed in breast cancer inhibits prolactin-Stat5 signaling, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches combined with quantitative immunofluorescence protein analyses to interrogate archival breast cancer specimens. RESULTS Moderate acidosis at pH 6.8 potently disrupted signaling by receptors for prolactin but not epidermal growth factor, oncostatin M, IGF1, FGF or growth hormone. In breast cancer specimens there was mutually exclusive expression of Nuc-pYStat5 and GLUT1, a glucose transporter upregulated in glycolysis-dependent carcinoma cells and an indirect marker of lactacidosis. Mutually exclusive expression of GLUT1 and Nuc-pYStat5 occurred globally or regionally within tumors, consistent with global or regional acidosis. All prolactin-induced signals and transcripts were suppressed by acidosis, and the acidosis effect was rapid and immediately reversible, supporting a mechanism of acidosis disruption of prolactin binding to receptor. T47D breast cancer xenotransplants in mice displayed variable acidosis (pH 6.5 to 6.9) and tumor regions with elevated GLUT1 displayed resistance to exogenous prolactin despite unaltered levels of prolactin receptors and Stat5. CONCLUSIONS Moderate extracellular acidosis effectively blocks prolactin signaling in breast cancer. We propose that acidosis-induced prolactin resistance represents a previously unrecognized mechanism by which breast cancer cells may escape homeostatic control.
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Neradugomma NK, Sainathan S, Baranda J, Subramaniam D, Anant S. Role of Prolactin and Its Receptor in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sangeeta Devi Y, Halperin J. Reproductive actions of prolactin mediated through short and long receptor isoforms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:400-410. [PMID: 24060636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone with a wide range of physiological functions, and is critical for female reproduction. PRL exerts its action by binding to membrane bound receptor isoforms broadly classified as the long form and the short form receptors. Both receptor isoforms are highly expressed in the ovary as well as in the uterus. Although signaling through the long form is believed to be more predominant, it remains unclear whether activation of this isoform alone is sufficient to support reproductive functions or whether both types of receptor are required. The generation of transgenic mice selectively expressing either the short or the long form of PRL receptor has provided insight into the differential signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of these receptors. This review describes the essential finding that both long and short receptor isoforms are crucial for ovarian functions and female fertility, and highlights novel mechanisms of action for these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sangeeta Devi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI-49503, USA.
| | - Julia Halperin
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775 6to piso, C1405BCK Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Prolactin receptor expression and breast cancer: relationships with tumor characteristics among pre- and post-menopausal women in a population-based case-control study from Poland. Discov Oncol 2013; 5:42-50. [PMID: 24249584 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found an association between elevated circulating prolactin levels and increased risk of breast cancer. Prolactin stimulates breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and survival via binding to the cell-surface prolactin receptor. The association of prolactin receptor expression with breast tumorigenesis remains unclear as studies that have focused on this association have had limited sample size and/or information about tumor characteristics. Here, we examined the association of prolactin expression with tumor characteristics among 736 cases, from a large population-based case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Poland (2000-2003), with detailed risk factor and pathology data. Tumors were centrally reviewed and prepared as tissue microarrays for immunohistochemical analysis of prolactin receptor expression. Association of prolactin receptor expression across strata of tumor characteristics was evaluated using χ (2) analysis and logistic regression. Prolactin receptor expression did not vary by menopausal status; therefore, data from pre- and post-menopausal women were combined in the analyses. Approximately 83 % of breast cancers were categorized as strong prolactin receptor staining. Negative/low prolactin receptor expression was independently associated with poorly differentiated (p = 1.2 × 10(-08)) and larger tumors (p = 0.0005). These associations were independent of estrogen receptor expression. This is the largest study to date in which the association of prolactin receptor expression with tumor characteristics has been evaluated. These data provide new avenues from which to explore the associations of the prolactin/prolactin receptor signaling network with breast tumorigenesis.
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Lopez-Pulido EI, Muñoz-Valle JF, Del Toro-Arreola S, Jave-Suárez LF, Bueno-Topete MR, Estrada-Chávez C, Pereira-Suárez AL. High expression of prolactin receptor is associated with cell survival in cervical cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:103. [PMID: 24148306 PMCID: PMC4016267 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The altered expression of prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) has been implicated in breast and other types of cancer. There are few studies that have focused on the analysis of PRL/PRLR in cervical cancer where the development of neoplastic lesions is influenced by the variation of the hormonal status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of PRL/PRLR and the effect of PRL treatment on cell proliferation and apoptosis in cervical cancer cell lines. RESULTS High expression of multiple PRLR forms and PRLvariants of 60-80 kDa were observed in cervical cancer cell lines compared with non-tumorigenic keratinocytes evaluated by Western blot, immunofluorecence and real time PCR. Treatment with PRL (200 ng/ml) increased cell proliferation in HeLa cells determined by the MTT assay at day 3 and after 1 day a protective effect against etoposide induced apoptosis in HeLa, SiHa and C-33A cervical cancer cell lines analyzed by the TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that PRL/PRLR signaling could act as an important survival factor for cervical cancer. The use of an effective PRL antagonist may provide a better therapeutic intervention in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de, Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
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Stefanoska I, Jovanović Krivokuća M, Vasilijić S, Ćujić D, Vićovac L. Prolactin stimulates cell migration and invasion by human trophoblast in vitro. Placenta 2013; 34:775-83. [PMID: 23849393 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolactin (PRL) is present in endometrium at the time of embryo implantation and throughout pregnancy. Extrapituitary PRL acts as a cytokine in cells expressing PRL receptor (PRLR). So far no specific function has been demonstrated for PRL in the trophoblast of early pregnancy. METHODS PRLR in placental tissue and trophoblast cells was shown here immunochemically. The possibility that PRL could influence trophoblast cell migration and invasion was investigated in vitro using isolated cytotrophoblast of the first trimester of pregnancy placental tissue and HTR-8/SVneo cell line. Wound healing cell migration test was performed on HTR-8/SVneo cells, and both cell types were used in Matrigel invasion test. RESULTS PRLR is expressed by extravillous cytotrophoblast of the cell column and the placental bed, as well as in isolated cytotrophoblast (CT) and HTR-8/SVneo cells. PRL (at 100 and 1000 ng/ml) stimulated HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and cell invasion in both cell types, which could be blocked by anti-PRLR. Integrins α1 and α5, and galectin-1 (gal-1) were variably increased in PRL treated CT and HTR-8/SVneo cells. DISCUSSION To our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating that PRL stimulates trophoblast invasiveness through PRLR, which is accompanied by increased integrins and gal-1, not excluding change in other potential mediators. This finding further supports relevance of PRLR for invasive trophoblast. CONCLUSION This report supports a possibility that PRL may have a role in trophoblast invasion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stefanoska
- Laboratory for Biology of Reproduction, Institute for The Application of Nuclear Energy INEP, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia
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López-Rincón G, Pereira-Suárez AL, Del Toro-Arreola S, Sánchez-Hernández PE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Estrada-Chávez C. Lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of an autocrine prolactin loop enhancing inflammatory response in monocytes. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23731754 PMCID: PMC3716533 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolactin from pituitary gland helps maintain homeostasis but it is also released in immune cells where its function is not completely understood. Pleiotropic functions of prolactin (PRL) might be mediated by different isoforms of its receptor (PRLr). Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eventual synthesis of PRL and PRLr isoforms with the inflammatory response in monocytes. We used THP-1 and monocytes isolated from healthy subjects stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot, real time PCR and immunocytochemistry were performed to identify both molecules. The bioactivity of the PRL was assessed using a bioassay and ELISA to detect pro inflammatory cytokines. Results PRLr mRNA and PRL mRNA were synthesized in THP-1 monocytes activated with LPS with peaks of 300-fold and 130-fold, respectively. The long (100 kDa) and the intermediate (50 kDa) isoforms of PRLr and big PRL (60 kDa) were time-dependent upregulated for monocytes stimulated with LPS. This expression was confirmed in monocytes from healthy subjects. The PRLr intermediate isoform and the big PRL were found soluble in the culture media and later in the nucleus in THP-1 monocytes stimulated with LPS. Big PRL released by monocytes showed bioactivity in Nb2 Cells, and both PRL and PRLr, synthesized by monocytes were related with levels of nitrites and proinflammatory citokines. Conclusions Our results suggest the expression of a full-autocrine loop of PRL enhances the inflammatory response in activated monocytes. This response mediated by big PRL may contribute to the eradication of potential pathogens during innate immune response in monocytes but may also contribute to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Rincón
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A,C, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México.
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Abstract
Fyn is a tyrosine kinase with multiple roles in a variety of cellular processes. Here we report that Fyn is a new kinase involved in adipocyte differentiation. Elevated Fyn protein is detected specifically in the adipocytes of obese mice. Moreover, Fyn expression increases progressively in 3T3-L1 cells during in vitro adipogenesis, which correlates with its kinase activity. Inhibition of Fyn by either genetic or pharmacological manipulation restrains the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes from fully differentiating into mature adipocytes. Mechanistically, Fyn regulates the activity of the adipogenic transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) through enhancing its interaction with the GTPase phosphoinositide 3-kinase enhancer A (PIKE-A). The STAT5a activity is therefore reduced in Fyn- or PIKE-ablated adipose tissues, leading to diminished expression of adipogenic markers and adipocyte differentiation. Our data thus demonstrate a novel functional interaction between Fyn, PIKE-A, and STAT5a in mediating adipogenesis.
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Abstract
Prolactin and the prolactin receptors are members of a family of hormone/receptor pairs which include GH, erythropoietin, and other ligand/receptor pairs. The mechanisms of these ligand/receptor pairs have broad similarities, including general structures, ligand/receptor stoichiometries, and activation of several common signaling pathways. But significant variations in the structural and mechanistic details are present among these hormones and their type 1 receptors. The prolactin receptor is particularly interesting because it can be activated by three sequence-diverse human hormones: prolactin, GH, and placental lactogen. This system offers a unique opportunity to compare the detailed molecular mechanisms of these related hormone/receptor pairs. This review critically evaluates selected literature that informs these mechanisms, compares the mechanisms of the three lactogenic hormones, compares the mechanism with those of other class 1 ligand/receptor pairs, and identifies information that will be required to resolve mechanistic ambiguities. The literature describes distinct mechanistic differences between the three lactogenic hormones and their interaction with the prolactin receptor and describes more significant differences between the mechanisms by which other related ligands interact with and activate their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Brooks
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Bouilly J, Sonigo C, Auffret J, Gibori G, Binart N. Prolactin signaling mechanisms in ovary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356:80-7. [PMID: 21664429 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone that is essential for normal reproduction and signals through two types of receptors. Not only is the classical long form of the prolactin receptor identified, but so are many short form receptors in rodents and human tissues. Mouse mutagenesis studies have offered insight into the biology of prolactin family, providing compelling evidence that the different isoforms have independent biological activity. The possibility that short forms mediate cell proliferation is important for a variety of tissues including mammary gland and ovarian follicles. This review summarizes our current knowledge about prolactin signaling and its role in reproduction through either long or short isoform receptors.
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Trott JF, Schennink A, Petrie WK, Manjarin R, VanKlompenberg MK, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Prolactin: The multifaceted potentiator of mammary growth and function1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1674-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A. Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - W. K. Petrie
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R. Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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Rider L, Diakonova M. Adapter protein SH2B1beta binds filamin A to regulate prolactin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization and cell motility. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1231-43. [PMID: 21566085 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell motility. PRL-activated Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) phosphorylates the p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK)1 and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein SH2B1β. SH2B1β is an actin-binding protein that cross-links actin filaments, whereas PAK1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton by different mechanisms, including direct phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNa). Here, we have used a FLNa-deficient human melanoma cell line (M2) and its derivative line (A7) that stably expresses FLNa to demonstrate that SH2B1β and FLNa are required for maximal PRL-dependent cell ruffling. We have found that in addition to two actin-binding domains, SH2B1β has a FLNa-binding domain (amino acids 200-260) that binds directly to repeats 17-23 of FLNa. The SH2B1β-FLNa interaction participates in PRL-dependent actin rearrangement. We also show that phosphorylation of the three tyrosines of PAK1 by JAK2, as well as the presence of FLNa, play a role in PRL-dependent cell ruffling. Finally, we show that the actin- and FLNa-binding-deficient mutant of SH2B1β (SH2B1β 3Δ) abolished PRL-dependent ruffling and PRL-dependent cell migration when expressed along with PAK1 Y3F (JAK2 tyrosyl-phosphorylation-deficient mutant). Together, these data provide insight into a novel mechanism of PRL-stimulated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility via JAK2 signaling through FLNa, PAK1, and SH2B1β. We propose a model for PRL-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton that integrates our findings with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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Saha S, Tieng A, Pepeljugoski KP, Zandamn-Goddard G, Peeva E. Prolactin, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoreactive B cells: lessons learnt from murine models. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 40:8-15. [PMID: 19937157 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The predominant prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women of reproductive age has led to the investigation of the effects of sex hormones on immune regulation and in autoimmune diseases, in particular the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease lupus. The female hormone prolactin has receptors beyond the reproductive axis including immune cells, and it is thought to promote autoimmunity in human and murine lupus. Induced hyperprolactinemia in experimental lupus models, regardless of gender, exacerbates disease activity and leads to premature death. Prolactin treatment in mice that are not prone to develop lupus leads to the development of a lupus-like phenotype. Persistent mild-moderate hyperprolactinemia alters the selection of the naïve B cell repertoire. Recent studies demonstrate that prolactin impairs all three mechanisms of B cell tolerance induction (negative selection, receptor editing, and anergy) and thereby contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The effects of prolactin are genetically determined as shown by the differential response to the hormone in the different mice strains. Bromocriptine, a drug that inhibits prolactin secretion, abrogates some of the immune effects of this hormone. Further research is required to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in immune effects of prolactin and to develop novel targeted treatments for SLE patients with prolactin-responsive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Saha
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital, DTC Bldg 440, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Binart N, Bachelot A, Bouilly J. Impact of prolactin receptor isoforms on reproduction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:362-8. [PMID: 20149678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone involved in growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, brain and behavior, and immunoregulation. Its actions on reproductive processes represent the largest group of functions identified for this hormone. Besides the classic long form of the prolactin receptor, many short form receptors have been identified in rodents and human tissues. Mouse mutagenesis studies have offered insight into the biology of the prolactin family, providing compelling evidence that different isoforms have independent biological activity. The possibility that short forms mediate cell proliferation is important for a variety of tissues including mammary glands and ovarian follicles. This review summarizes the current knowledge about prolactin signaling and its role in reproduction through either long or short isoform receptors.
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Pujianto DA, Curry BJ, Aitken RJ. Prolactin exerts a prosurvival effect on human spermatozoa via mechanisms that involve the stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and suppression of caspase activation and capacitation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1269-79. [PMID: 20032052 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of prolactin (PRL) on human sperm function, in light of a recent proteomic analysis indicating that these cells express the PRL receptor (PRLR). Immunocytochemical analyses confirmed the presence of PRLR in human spermatozoa and localized this receptor to the postacrosomal region of the sperm head as well as the neck, midpiece, and principal piece of the sperm tail. Nested PCR analysis indicated that these cells possess four splice variants of the PRLR: the long form and three short isoforms, one of which is reported for the first time. A combination of Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry demonstrated that PRL inhibited sperm capacitation in a dose-dependent manner, suppressing SRC kinase activation and phosphotyrosine expression, two hallmarks of this process. The suppression of sperm capacitation was accompanied by a powerful prosurvival effect, supporting the prolonged motility of these cells and preventing the formation of spontaneous DNA strand breaks via mechanisms that involved the concomitant suppression of caspase activation. Western blot analyses indicated that the prosurvival effect of PRL on human spermatozoa involved the stimulation of Akt phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase and Akt negated this effect, as did the direct induction of sperm capacitation with cAMP analogues. We conclude that PRL is a prosurvival factor for human spermatozoa that prevents these cells from defaulting to an intrinsic apoptotic pathway associated with cell senescence. These findings have implications for preservation of sperm integrity in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Ari Pujianto
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Huang KT, Walker AM. Long term increased expression of the short form 1b prolactin receptor in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells decreases cell growth and migration, and causes multiple changes in gene expression consistent with reduced invasive capacity. Prostate 2010; 70:37-47. [PMID: 19739126 PMCID: PMC2787886 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that treatment of human prostate cancer cells with the selective prolactin (PRL) receptor modulator, S179D PRL, inhibits growth in vitro, and the initiation and growth of xenografts in vivo. S179D PRL treatment also upregulates expression of the short form 1b (SF1b) PRL receptor, activation of which upregulates expression of the cell cycle-regulating protein, p21. METHODS We examined the consequences of long term increased expression and activation of SF1b, at levels comparable to those resulting from treatment with S179D PRL, by creating PC-3-derived stable cell lines expressing a constitutively active form of SF1b, DeltaS2 SF1b. RESULTS Increased expression of DeltaS2 SF1b decreased growth and migration of the cells. This was accompanied by an increase in cell-matrix interactions, and cell-cell aggregation when cells were plated on basement membrane components. Real-time PCR evaluated the expression of genes related to invasive capacity. Of particular interest was decreased expression of the protease, urokinase-type plaminogen activator, and its receptor, uPAR, and increased expression of its inhibitors, PAI-1 and 2. Also decreased in cells with increased expression of DeltaS2 SF1b was expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. CONCLUSION We conclude that at least part of the beneficial effects of S179D PRL is the result of increased expression of SF1b, and that the effects of increased expression and activation of SF1b continue to be of potential benefit in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-tzu Huang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Watanabe Y, Ikegawa M, Naruse Y, Tanaka M. A novel splicing variant form suppresses the activity of full-length signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A. FEBS J 2009; 276:6312-23. [PMID: 19788420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) regulate a variety of cellular functions, including differentiation and proliferation. STAT3 and STAT5 are known to play important roles in brain processes, such as energy homeostasis and neuronal development. We isolated a novel splicing variant of STAT5A from a cDNA library of the mouse brainstem. This variant, STAT5A_DeltaE18, lacked exon 18 and caused a frameshift in the C-terminus, resulting in deletion of a tyrosine phosphorylation site and a transactivation domain. Although the frameshift region had no characteristic motifs, it was highly serine/threonine-rich and contained a short proline-rich sequence. Expression of STAT5A_DeltaE18 was detected in the mouse brainstem, lung and thymus, but not in the mouse cerebrum or cerebellum. We developed a specific antibody against STAT5A_DeltaE18 and investigated the intracellular localization of this variant. STAT5A_DeltaE18 showed dot-like structures in the cytoplasm and could not translocate into the nucleus after prolactin treatment. STAT5A_DeltaE18 showed a strong tendency to aggregate, which led to coaggregation with STAT5A_full-length. This coaggregation inhibited the nuclear transport of STAT5A and suppressed prolactin-induced activation of STAT5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Neurological Diseases and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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Intramolecular disulfide bonds of the prolactin receptor short form are required for its inhibitory action on the function of the long form of the receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2546-55. [PMID: 19273600 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01716-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The short form (S1b) of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) silences prolactin-induced activation of gene transcription by the PRLR long form (LF). The functional and structural contributions of two intramolecular disulfide (S-S) bonds within the extracellular subdomain 1 (D1) of S1b to its inhibitory function on the LF were investigated. Mutagenesis of the paired cysteines eliminated the inhibitory action of S1b. The expression of the mutated S1b (S1bx) on the cell surface was not affected, indicating native-like folding of the receptor. The constitutive JAK2 phosphorylation observed in S1b was not present in cells expressing S1bx, and JAK2 association was disrupted. BRET(50) (BRET(50) represents the relative affinity as acceptor/donor ratio required to reach half-maximal BRET [bioluminescence resonance energy transfer] values) showed decreased LF/S1bx heterodimeric-association and increased affinity in S1bx homodimerization, thus favoring LF homodimerization and prolactin-induced signaling. Computer modeling based on the PRLR crystal structure showed that minor changes in the tertiary structure of D1 upon S-S bond disruption propagated to the quaternary structure of the homodimer, affecting the dimerization interface. These changes explain the higher homodimerization affinity of S1bx and provide a structural basis for its lack of inhibitory function. The PRLR conformation as stabilized by S-S bonds is required for the inhibitory action of S1b on prolactin-induced LF-mediated function and JAK2 association.
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Structure and function of a new class of human prolactin antagonists. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:121-30. [PMID: 19236917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Delta 41-52 hPRL (human prolactin with residues 41-52 removed) is a lead compound for a new class of hPRL antagonists. The deleted sequence contains residues that functionally couple sites 1 and 2, the two hormone surfaces that each bind receptors. Delta 41-52 hPRL retains 0.03% agonist activity in FDC-1 cell bioassays, a 3054-fold reduction in activity, and displays approximately 100-fold less agonist activity than G129R hPRL, an antagonist that reduces the binding of hPRL receptor at site 2 during the formation of the heterotrimeric hormone/receptor complex. Replacement of various numbers and types of residues into the gap created by the deletion of residues 41 through 52 created hPRLs with varying agonist activities, suggested that manipulation of the sequence connecting the C-terminal of helix 1 with the disulfide bond (cysteines 58 with 174) linking helices 1 and 4 modulates articulation of these helices and influences agonist activity. We have compared the antagonist activities of G129R and Delta 41-52 hPRLs to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells, a human lymphoid cell line displaying an autocrine/paracrine hPRL/receptor system. Delta 41-52 hPRL induces apoptosis in a time and dose-dependent fashion. Under these same conditions G129R hPRL fails to induce apoptosis. We conclude Delta 41-52 hPRL is a lead compound of a new class of hPRL antagonists capable at low concentrations of inducing apoptosis in human cells expressing an autocrine/paracrine hPRL/receptor system.
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Dail MB, Shack LA, Chambers JE, Burgess SC. Global liver proteomics of rats exposed for 5 days to phenobarbital identifies changes associated with cancer and with CYP metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2008; 106:556-69. [PMID: 18796496 PMCID: PMC2581678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A global proteomics approach was applied to model the hepatic response elicited by the toxicologically well-characterized xenobiotic phenobarbital (PB), a prototypical inducer of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and a well-known nongenotoxic liver carcinogen in rats. Differential detergent fractionation two-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and systems biology modeling were used to identify alterations in toxicologically relevant hepatic molecular functions and biological processes in the livers of rats following a 5-day exposure to PB at 80 mg/kg/day or a vehicle control. Of the 3342 proteins identified, expression of 121 (3.6% of the total proteins) was significantly increased and 127 (3.8%) significantly decreased in the PB group compared to controls. The greatest increase was seen for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B2 (167-fold). All proteins with statistically significant differences from control were then analyzed using both Gene Ontology (GO) and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA, 5.0 IPA-Tox) for cellular location, function, network connectivity, and possible disease processes, especially as they relate to CYP-mediated metabolism and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis mechanisms. The GO results suggested that PB's mechanism of nongenotoxic carcinogenesis involves both increased xenobiotic metabolism, especially induction of the 2B subfamily of CYP enzymes, and increased cell cycle activity. Apoptosis, however, also increased, perhaps, as an attempt to counter the rising cancer threat. Of the IPA-mapped proteins, 41 have functions which are procarcinogenic and 14 anticarcinogenic according to the hypothesized nongenotoxic mechanism of imbalance between apoptosis and cellular proliferation. Twenty-two additional IPA nodes can be classified as procarcinogenic by the competing theory of increased metabolism resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species. Since the systems biology modeling corresponded well to PB effects previously elucidated via more traditional methods, the global proteomic approach is proposed as a new screening methodology that can be incorporated into future toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Dail
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - L. Allen Shack
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Janice E. Chambers
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station
- Institute for Digital Biology
- Life Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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McHale K, Tomaszewski JE, Puthiyaveettil R, Livolsi VA, Clevenger CV. Altered expression of prolactin receptor-associated signaling proteins in human breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:565-71. [PMID: 18246042 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin receptor signaling can modulate proliferation, survival, motility, angiogenesis, and differentiation in breast cancer. Increased serum prolactin is associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of prolactin receptor-associated signaling proteins in breast cancer vs benign breast tissue. Breast tissue microarrays representing 40 cases of benign and malignant pathologies were obtained from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. Standard immunohistochemistry for prolactin and prolactin receptor-associated proteins was performed. Both positive regulators (c-Myb, Nek3, Vav2) and negative regulators (PIAS3, SIRP) of prolactin receptor signaling were examined. Virtual slides were created from the stained breast tissue microarrays. Labels were scored by region of interest and labeling indices incorporating percent target labeled and label intensity were created. Quantitative determinations of labels were made using the Clarient image system. The unpaired t-test was used to compare labels from benign and malignant tissues. Visual scoring data showed upregulation of Nek3 (P=0.000377), PIAS3 (P=0.000257), and prolactin (P=0.002576) in breast cancer vs normal/hyperplastic epithelium. c-Myb showed a trend toward upregulation, but this did not achieve statistical significance (P=0.107374). SIRP (P=0.002060) was downregulated. Vav2 showed a trend toward downregulation (P=0.107456), but this did not achieve statistical significance. Clarient analysis corroborated upregulation in cancer of Nek3 (P=0.000013), PIAS3 (P=0.000067), and prolactin (P=0.017569). In conclusion, regulators of prolactin receptor signaling show heterogeneity in their expression in benign vs malignant breast tissue. Since these species are known to regulate prolactin-mediated actions, these results suggest multiple targets for modulating prolactin receptor-mediated growth and differentiation in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McHale
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Huang K, Ueda E, Chen Y, Walker AM. Paradigm-shifters: phosphorylated prolactin and short prolactin receptors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:69-79. [PMID: 18219563 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of physiologically-regulated prolactin (PRL) phosphorylation, one focus of the laboratory has been an examination of the different functions of the unmodified and phosphorylated hormone. In the mammary gland, unmodified PRL promotes growth activities, whereas phosphorylated or pseudophosphorylated PRL antagonizes this while also being a superior agonist for changes that favor differentiation. Phosphorylated PRL also increases expression of the short forms of the PRL receptor. These short forms of the receptor have functions beyond the accepted dominant negative and in mammary epithelial cells are capable of generating an intracellular signal leading to increased tight junction formation and beta-casein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- KuangTzu Huang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Swaminathan G, Varghese B, Fuchs SY. Regulation of prolactin receptor levels and activity in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:81-91. [PMID: 18204982 PMCID: PMC2276629 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
From its traditional identity as a hormone involved in growth and differentiation of mammary epithelium and in lactation, to having a pertinent role in the development of mammary carcinoma, the peptide hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) has emerged as a versatile signaling molecule. There has been significant progress in our understanding of the fine working of PRL in the past several years. Notably, much effort has been concentrated on the mediator of PRL action, namely, the prolactin receptor (PRLr). The causal link between increased PRLr expression and breast cancer is being increasingly appreciated. Considering that the level of the receptor on the surface is a critical determinant of signaling output in response to PRL, the uncovering of regulatory elements that control receptor expression becomes important. The principle focus of this review is on the regulation of PRLr expression and activity in breast cancer with a brief overview of different isoforms of PRLr, their expression, signaling capabilities and the biological outcomes of PRL/PRLr signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Swaminathan
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - B Varghese
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Biomedical Graduate School, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - SY Fuchs
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Serge Y. Fuchs, Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 S. University Ave, Hill 316, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (215)-573-6949 (phone), (215)-746-2295 (fax), (email)
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Fang F, Antico G, Zheng J, Clevenger CV. Quantification of PRL/Stat5 signaling with a novel pGL4-CISH reporter. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:11. [PMID: 18254957 PMCID: PMC2268924 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevations of serum prolactin (PRL) are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. PRL signaling through its prolactin receptor (PRLr) involves the Jak2/Stat5 pathway. Luciferase-based reporter assays have been widely used to evaluate the activity of this pathway. However, the existing reporters are often not sensitive enough to monitor the effect of PRL in this pathway. Results In this study, a new biologically relevant reporter, pGL4-CISH, was generated to study the PRL/Jak2/Stat5 signaling pathway. The sensitivity of pGL4-CISH to detect PRL was superior to that of several other commonly utilized Stat5-responsive reporters. Interestingly, the enhanced function pGL4-CISH was restricted to the estrogen receptor positive (ER+) human breast cancer cell lines T47D and MCF7, but not in the ER-MDA-231, BT-474, or MCF10A cell lines. Overexpression of Stat5 further enhanced the effect of PRL on pGL4-CISH. Conclusion These studies demonstrate that pGL4-CISH is a novel and sensitive reporter for assessing the activity of the PRL/Stat5 signaling pathway in the ER+ human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 USA.
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a 23-kDa protein hormone that binds to a single-span membrane receptor, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and exerts its action via several interacting signaling pathways. PRL is a multifunctional hormone that affects multiple reproductive and metabolic functions and is also involved in tumorigenicity. In addition to being a classical pituitary hormone, PRL in humans is produced by many tissues throughout the body where it acts as a cytokine. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast multiple aspects of PRL, from structure to regulation, and from physiology to pathology in rats, mice, and humans. At each juncture, questions are raised whether, or to what extent, data from rodents are relevant to PRL homeostasis in humans. Most current knowledge on PRL has been obtained from studies with rats and, more recently, from the use of transgenic mice. Although this information is indispensable for understanding PRL in human health and disease, there is sufficient disparity in the control of the production, distribution, and physiological functions of PRL among these species to warrant careful and judicial extrapolation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45255, USA.
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Expression of prolactin receptors in the human extra villous cytotrophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVNEO. ARCH BIOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0804519s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is a pituitary hormone that is widely produced at extrapitutitary locations. One of the first described sites of its production is the decidualized endometrium, suggesting that it could be potentially significant for local processes such as immunomodulation, embryo implantation, and survival. In this study, expression of prolactin receptor protein is investigated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot in the HTR-8/SVneo cell line, often used as a model of first-tri?mester trophoblast. The obtained data enabled us to identify both long and intermediate forms of prolactin receptors, which were shown to be significant in PRL signaling in other tissues.
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Trott JF, Farley NR, Taatjes DJ, Hovey RC. Cloning and functional characterization of allelic variation in the porcine prolactin receptor. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33:313-34. [PMID: 16905289 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) regulates various functions in pigs including reproduction, mammary development and lactation. We used 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'-RACE) to clone three full-length alleles of the porcine PRL receptor (pPRLR) from Landrace (alleles LR2 and LR4) and Yucatan miniature (MP) pigs, corresponding to the A and B alleles previously reported to be associated with reproductive traits. When expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, all three pPRLRs transduced differentiation signals to a beta-casein promoter with the same effectiveness, where human growth hormone (hGH) and porcine PRL (pPRL) were more effective ligands than ovine PRL (oPRL). The pPRLR had a lower binding affinity for oPRL than pPRL while binding affinity for hGH was not different between the three pPRLR variants. The pPRLRs primarily localized to the cytoplasm with perinuclear concentration. In conclusion, we have cloned three allelic variants of the pPRLR and have functionally characterized these as different from the hPRLR. However, our data do not support the proposal that allelic variation of the pPRLR confers functional differences in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Trott
- Lactation and Mammary Gland Biology Group, Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, 221 Terrill Hall, 570 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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San Martín R, Hurtado W, Quezada C, Reyes AE, Vera MI, Krauskopf M. Gene structure and seasonal expression of carp fish prolactin short receptor isoforms. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:970-80. [PMID: 17131379 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The complex adaptive mechanisms that eurythermal fish have evolved in response to the seasonal changes of the environment include the transduction of the physical parameter variations into neuroendocrine signals. Studies in carp (Cyprinus carpio) have indicated that prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) expression is associated with acclimatization, suggesting that the pituitary gland is a relevant physiological node in this adaptive process. Also, the distinctive pattern of expression that carp prolactin receptor (PRLr) protein depicts upon seasonal acclimatization supports the hypothesis that PRL and its receptor clearly are involved in the new homeostatic stage that the eurythermal fish needs to survive during the cyclical changes of its habitat. Here, we characterize the first prolactin receptor gene in a teleost and show that its expression is not associated with alternative promoters, unlike in humans and rodents. Using the regulatory region to direct the transcription of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in zebrafish embryos, we mapped the appearance of this hormone receptor during fish development. This is the first report identifying a fish prolactin receptor gene expressing transcript isoforms encoding for short forms of the protein (45 kDa). These have been found in osmoregulatory tissues of the carp and are regulated in connection with the seasonal acclimatization of the fish.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Carps/genetics
- Carps/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Fish Proteins/genetics
- Fish Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
- Seasons
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rody San Martín
- Department of Biological Sciences, Millennium Institute for Fundamental and Applied Biology, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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50
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Gadd SL, Clevenger CV. Ligand-Independent Dimerization of the Human Prolactin Receptor Isoforms: Functional Implications. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:2734-46. [PMID: 16840534 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) contributes to the growth of normal and malignant breast tissues. PRL initiates signaling by engaging the PRL receptor (PRLr), a transmembrane (TM) receptor belonging to the cytokine receptor family. The accepted view has been that PRL activates the PRLr by inducing dimerization of the receptor, but recent reports show ligand-independent dimerization of other cytokine receptors. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we have confirmed ligand-independent dimerization of the PRLr in T47D breast cancer and HepG2 liver carcinoma cells. In addition, mammalian cells transfected with differentially epitope-tagged isoforms of the PRLr indicated that long, intermediate, and DeltaS1 PRLrs dimerized in a ligand-independent manner. To determine the domain(s) involved in PRLr ligand-independent dimerization, we generated PRLr constructs as follows: (1) the TM-ICD, which consisted of the TM domain and the intracellular domain (ICD) but lacked the extracellular domain (ECD), and (2) the ECD-TM, which consisted of the TM domain and the ECD but lacked the ICD. These constructs dimerized in a ligand-independent manner in mammalian cells, implicating a significant role for the TM domain in this process. These truncated PRLrs were functionally inert alone or in combination in cells lacking the PRLr. However, when introduced into cells containing endogenous PRLr, the ECD-TM inhibited human PRLr signaling, whereas the TM-ICD potentiated human PRLr signaling. These studies indicate that the ECD-TM and the TM-ICD are capable of modulating PRLr function. We also demonstrated an endogenous TM-ICD in T47D cells, suggesting that these findings are relevant to PRL-signaling pathways in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Lurie 4-107, 303 East Superior Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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