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Nguyen NM, Nakao K, Kobayashi R, Taniguchi H, Yokoyama F, Horiuchi JI, Kumada Y. Generation of rabbit single-chain variable fragments with different physicochemical and biological properties by complementary determining region-grafting technology. J Biosci Bioeng 2024:S1389-1723(24)00198-1. [PMID: 39198103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated a complementary-determining region (CDR) grafting technology for the generation of rabbit scFvs with different antigen recognition and physicochemical properties. The antigen-binding affinity of the CDR-grafted anti-CRP scFv, C1R/B1R (V1), which was generated by the CDR/framework region (CDR/FR) definition based on the traditional numbering rule, was insufficient when compared to that of the original clone, C1R, suggesting that the amino acid residues outside the original CDRs might significantly contribute to antigen recognition in rabbit scFvs. We redefined new CDRs and FRs to maintain antigen-binding affinities through the extension of multiple amino acid residues for CDRH1 and CDRH2, based on the amino acid sequence alignments of rabbit scFvs isolated from phage libraries. The new version successfully maintained the antigen binding affinity. CDR-grafted scFvs possessing a common CDR sequence and different FR sequences were successfully generated based on this new CDR/FR definition, and their physicochemical properties were further investigated. The antigen-binding activities of rabbit scFvs on Maxisorp varied between the tested clones in sandwich ELISA, supporting the idea that the combination of CDR with different FRs might change the physicochemical properties of scFvs on a solid material. The CDR-grafted scFvs possessing a frame sequence of anti-CRP scFv C2R maintained the ability to bind to protein L and were successfully purified. Expression titers showed improved solubility by diminishing the amount of insoluble scFvs. Thus, the method developed in this study is promising for generating alternatives with strict antigen binding recognition and different physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kiichi Nakao
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Haruka Taniguchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Fuki Yokoyama
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Horiuchi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kumada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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2
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Abstract
A phagemid is a plasmid that contains the origin of replication and packaging signal of a filamentous phage. Following bacterial transformation, a phagemid can be replicated and amplified as a plasmid, using a double-stranded DNA origin of replication, or it can be replicated as single-stranded DNA for packaging into filamentous phage particles. The use of phagemids enables phage display of large proteins, such as antibody fragments. Phagemid pComb3 was among the first phage display vectors used for the generation and selection of antibody libraries in the 50-kDa Fab format, a monovalent proxy of natural antibodies. Affording a robust and versatile tool for more than three decades, phage display vectors of the pComb3 phagemid family have been widely used for the discovery, affinity maturation, and humanization of antibodies in Fab, scFv, and single-domain formats from naive, immune, and synthetic antibody repertoires. In addition, they have been used for broadening phage display to the mining of nonimmunoglobulin repertoires. This review examines conceptual, functional, and molecular features of the first-generation phage display vector pComb3 and its successors, pComb3H, pComb3X, and pC3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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3
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Kreutzer AG, Malonis RJ, Parrocha CMT, Tong K, Guaglianone G, Nguyen JT, Diab MN, Lai JR, Nowick JS. Generation and Study of Antibodies against Two Triangular Trimers Derived from Aβ. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2024; 116:e24333. [PMID: 38644932 PMCID: PMC11029597 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the P-amyloid peptide (Aβ) are important Alzheimer's disease research tools and are now being used as Alzheimer's disease therapies. Conformation-specific mAbs that target oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ assemblies are of particular interest, as these assemblies are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and progression. This paper reports the generation of rabbit mAbs against two different triangular trimers derived from Aβ. These antibodies are the first mAbs generated against Aβ oligomer mimics in which the high-resolution structures of the oligomers are known. We describe the isolation of the mAbs using single B-cell sorting of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from immunized rabbits, the selectivity of the mAbs for the triangular trimers, the immunoreactivity of the mAbs with aggregated Aβ42, and the immunoreactivity of the mAbs in brain tissue from the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The characterization of these mAbs against structurally defined trimers derived from Aβ enhances understanding of antibody-amyloid recognition and may benefit the development of diagnostics and immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Jennifer T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Michelle N Diab
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - James S Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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4
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Petrenko VA. Phage Display's Prospects for Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer. Viruses 2024; 16:277. [PMID: 38400052 PMCID: PMC10892688 DOI: 10.3390/v16020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer among men. It was observed that early diagnosis of disease is highly beneficial for the survival of cancer patients. Therefore, the extension and increasing quality of life of PC patients can be achieved by broadening the cancer screening programs that are aimed at the identification of cancer manifestation in patients at earlier stages, before they demonstrate well-understood signs of the disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need for standard, sensitive, robust, and commonly available screening and diagnosis tools for the identification of early signs of cancer pathologies. In this respect, the "Holy Grail" of cancer researchers and bioengineers for decades has been molecular sensing probes that would allow for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer diseases via their interaction with cell-secreted and cell-associated PC biomarkers, e.g., PSA and PSMA, respectively. At present, most PSA tests are performed at centralized laboratories using high-throughput total PSA immune analyzers, which are suitable for dedicated laboratories and are not readily available for broad health screenings. Therefore, the current trend in the detection of PC is the development of portable biosensors for mobile laboratories and individual use. Phage display, since its conception by George Smith in 1985, has emerged as a premier tool in molecular biology with widespread application. This review describes the role of the molecular evolution and phage display paradigm in revolutionizing the methods for the early diagnosis and monitoring of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery A Petrenko
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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5
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Koelbel C, Ruiz Y, Wan Z, Wang S, Ho T, Lake D. Development of tandem antigen capture ELISAs measuring QSOX1 isoforms in plasma and serum. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 210:212-220. [PMID: 38036070 PMCID: PMC10843750 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
QSOX1 is a sulfhydryl oxidase that has been identified as a potential biomarker in multiple cancer types as well as acute decompensated heart failure. Three anti-QSOX1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated: 2F1, 3A10, and 56-3. MAbs 2F1 and 3A10 were generated against the short isoform of recombinant QSOX1 (rQSOX1-S), and mAb 56-3 was generated against a peptide (NEQEQPLGQWHLS) from the long isoform of QSOX1 (QSOX1-L). Using these mAbs, tandem antigen capture ELISAs were developed to quantify both short and long isoforms of QSOX1 (Total QSOX1 ELISA) and QSOX1-L (QSOX1-L ELISA) in serum and plasma samples. The Total QSOX1 ELISA pairs mAbs 2F1 and 3A10 and has a limit of detection of 109.5 pM, while the QSOX1-L ELISA pairs mAbs 2F1 and 56-3 and has a limit of detection of 10 pM. The levels of total QSOX1 and QSOX1-L were measured in a cohort of paired sera and plasma from 61 donors ≥40 years old and 15 donors <40 years old. No difference in QSOX1 levels was detected between QSOX1-L and QSOX1-S in serum, but the mean concentration of QSOX1-L was found to be 3.21 nM in serum and 5.63 nM in plasma (**p = 0.006). Our tandem ELISAs demonstrate the wide range of concentrations of QSOX1-L and QSOX1-S among individual serum and plasma samples. Since the epitope of mAb 2F1 was mapped to the first CxxC motif at residues C70 and C73 and mAb 56-3 was generated against NEQEQPLGQWHLS in QSOX1-L, our findings support previous research which suggested that QSOX1-L is secreted from cells despite a putative transmembrane domain. The ELISAs reported here may be a useful tool for investigating QSOX1 isoforms as potential biomarkers in cancer and/or heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Koelbel
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yvette Ruiz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zijian Wan
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Thai Ho
- Divison of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Douglas Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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6
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Baurand PE, Balland J, Galli E, Eklin S, Bruley R, Ringenbach L. New Anti-RSV Nucleoprotein Monoclonal Antibody Pairs Discovered Using Rabbit Phage Display Technology. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:73. [PMID: 37987251 PMCID: PMC10660478 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the major contagious viruses and causes complicated respiratory issues, especially in young children. The sensitive and fast detection of hRSV is critical for taking the most effective actions. In the present study, rabbit antibodies against the hRSV nucleoprotein (NP) were developed using phage display technology. A female rabbit was immunized with an hRSV strain A2 recombinant NP. A Fab library was built and sorted during two successive panning rounds for strain B and the A2 NP (recombinant preparations), respectively. The choice of candidates was performed using ELISA on the two NP strains. The obtained library was 3 × 106 cfu/mL, with an insertion rate of >95%. The two panning rounds permitted an enrichment factor of 100. ELISA screening allowed us to obtain 28 NP-specific Fab candidates. Among them, 10 retained candidates were reformatted into rabbit full IgG; thereafter, pairing tests on the recombinant strains and native lysate samples were performed. After the pairing tests on the recombinant strains, 53 pairs were identified. Eleven pairs were identified as being able to detect RSVs from native lysates. This work presents new high-potential monoclonal antibodies mAbs (mAbs), which would benefit from lateral flow testing data with patient materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Baurand
- Diaclone SAS—Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jérémy Balland
- Diaclone SAS—Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emilia Galli
- Medix Biochemica Group, Headquarter, Klovinpellontie 3, FI-02180 Espoo, Finland
| | - Suvi Eklin
- Medix Biochemica Group, Headquarter, Klovinpellontie 3, FI-02180 Espoo, Finland
| | - Rémy Bruley
- Diaclone SAS—Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Ringenbach
- Diaclone SAS—Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
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7
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Peng Y, Zhang C, Deng M, Jiang H, Huang H, Li Y, Lai W, Lin YP, Yu J. A cell hybridization-based method of generating recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies for detecting cytokines. Biotechniques 2023; 75:150-156. [PMID: 37671637 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies (rabbit rAbs) have shown promise in various biomedical fields. However, it is challenging and costly to generate rabbit rAbs using traditional techniques. Here we describe a convenient and cost-effective method. Using this method, we generated rabbit rAbs against mouse soluble IL-6 receptor α with affinities in the range of 10-9 to 10-12 M. The presented method is suitable for industrial and academic scientists looking to customize rabbit rAbs for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun'e Zhang
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyan Deng
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Haijuan Jiang
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Huishu Huang
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Lai
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Pin Lin
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Bio-Rad (Shanghai) Life Science Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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8
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Chang J, Rader C, Peng H. A mammalian cell display platform based on scFab transposition. Antib Ther 2023; 6:157-169. [PMID: 37492588 PMCID: PMC10365156 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro display technologies have been successfully utilized for the discovery and evolution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, with phage display and yeast display being the most commonly used platforms due to their simplicity and high efficiency. As their prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic host organisms typically have no or different post-translational modifications, several mammalian cell-based display and screening technologies for isolation and optimization of mAbs have emerged and are being developed. We report here a novel and useful mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system to display mAbs in a single-chain Fab (scFab) format on the surface of HEK293F cells. Immune rabbit antibody libraries encompassing ~7 × 107 independent clones were generated in an all-in-one transposon vector, stably delivered into HEK293F cells and displayed as an scFab with rabbit variable and human constant domains. After one round of magnetic activated cell sorting and two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting, mAbs with high affinity in the subnanomolar range and cross-reactivity to the corresponding human and mouse antigens were identified, demonstrating the power of this platform for antibody discovery. We developed a highly efficient mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system for antibody discovery, which could be further utilized for humanization as well as affinity and specificity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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9
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Zahrl RJ, Prielhofer R, Burgard J, Mattanovich D, Gasser B. Synthetic activation of yeast stress response improves secretion of recombinant proteins. N Biotechnol 2023; 73:19-28. [PMID: 36603701 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts, such as Pichia pastoris (syn Komagataella spp.), are particularly suitable expression systems for emerging classes of recombinant proteins. Among them, recombinant antibody fragments, such as single-chain variable fragments (scFv) and single-domain antibodies (VHH), are credible alternatives to monoclonal antibodies. The availability of powerful genetic engineering and synthetic biology tools has facilitated improvement of this cell factory to overcome certain limitations. However, cell engineering to improve secretion often remains a trial-and-error approach and improvements are often specific to the protein produced. Where multiple genetic interventions are needed to remove bottlenecks in the process of recombinant protein secretion, this leads to a high number of combinatorial possibilities for creation of new production strains. Therefore, our aim was to exploit whole transcriptional programs (stress response pathways) in order to simplify the strain engineering of new production strains. Indeed, the artificial activation of the general stress response transcription factor Msn4, as well as synthetic versions thereof, could replace the secretion enhancing effect of several cytosolic chaperones. Greater than 4-fold improvements in recombinant protein secretion were achieved by overexpression of MSN4 or synMSN4, either alone or in combination with Hac1 or ER chaperones. With this concept we were able to successfully engineer strains reaching titers of more than 2.5 g/L scFv and 8 g/L VHH in bioreactor cultivations. This increased secretion capacity of different industrially relevant model proteins indicates that MSN4 overexpression most likely represents a general concept to improve recombinant protein production in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Zahrl
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Prielhofer
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Burgard
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Zahrl RJ, Prielhofer R, Ata Ö, Baumann K, Mattanovich D, Gasser B. Pushing and pulling proteins into the yeast secretory pathway enhances recombinant protein secretion. Metab Eng 2022; 74:36-48. [PMID: 36057427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts and especially Pichia pastoris (syn Komagataella spp.) are popular microbial expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins. One of the key advantages of yeast host systems is their ability to secrete the recombinant protein into the culture media. However, secretion of some recombinant proteins is less efficient. These proteins include antibody fragments such as Fabs or scFvs. We have recently identified translocation of nascent Fab fragments from the cytosol into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as one major bottleneck. Conceptually, this bottleneck requires engineering to increase the flux of recombinant proteins at the translocation step by pushing on the cytosolic side and pulling on the ER side. This engineering strategy is well-known in the field of metabolic engineering. To apply the push-and-pull strategy to recombinant protein secretion, we chose to modulate the cytosolic and ER Hsp70 cycles, which have a key impact on the translocation process. After identifying the relevant candidate factors of the Hsp70 cycles, we combined the push-and-pull factors in a single strain and achieved synergistic effects for antibody fragment secretion. With this concept we were able to successfully engineer strains and improve protein secretion up to 5-fold for different model protein classes. Overall, titers of more than 1.3 g/L Fab and scFv were reached in bioreactor cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Zahrl
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Prielhofer
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Özge Ata
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristin Baumann
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- ACIB GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (IMMB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Li Y, Li P, Ke Y, Yu X, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. A rare monoclonal antibody discovery based on indirect competitive screening of a single hapten-specific rabbit antibody secreting cell. Analyst 2022; 147:2942-2952. [PMID: 35674177 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A rare antibody that is able to tolerate physio-chemical factors is preferred and highly demanded in diagnosis and therapy. Rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RmAbs) are distinguished owing to their high affinity and stability. However, the efficiency and availability of traditional methods for RmAb discovery are limited, particularly for small molecules. Here, we present an indirect competitive screening method in nanowells, named CSMN, for single rabbit antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) selection with 20.6 h and propose an efficient platform for RmAb production against small molecules within 5.8 days for the first time. Chloramphenicol (CAP) as an antibacterial agent poses a great threat to public health. We applied CSMN to select CAP-specific ASCs and produced one high-affinity RmAb, surprisingly showed extremely halophilic properties with an IC50 of 0.08 ng mL-1 in the saturated salt solution, which has not yet been seen for other antibodies. The molecular dynamic simulation showed that the negatively charged surface improved the stability of the RmAb structure with additional disulfide bonds compared with mouse antibodies. Moreover, the reduced solvent accessible surface area of the binding pocket increased the interactions of RmAb with CAP in a saturated salt solution. Furthermore, RmAb was used to develop an immunoassay for the detection of CAP in real biological samples with simple pretreatment, shorter assay time, and higher sensitivity. The results demonstrated that the practical and efficient CSMN is suitable for rare RmAb discovery against small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peipei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518000 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Dias JNR, Almeida A, André AS, Aguiar SI, Bule P, Nogueira S, Oliveira SS, Carrapiço B, Gil S, Tavares L, Aires-da-Silva F. Characterization of the canine CD20 as a therapeutic target for comparative passive immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2678. [PMID: 35177658 PMCID: PMC8854400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 therapies have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Despite these advances, relapsed and refractory disease remains a major treatment challenge. The optimization of CD20-targeted immunotherapies is considered a promising strategy to improve current therapies. However, research has been limited by the scarcity of preclinical models that recapitulate the complex interaction between the immune system and cancers. The addition of the canine lymphoma (cNHL) model in the development of anti-CD20 therapies may provide a clinically relevant approach for the translation of improved immunotherapies. Still, an anti-CD20 therapy for cNHL has not been established stressing the need of a comprehensive target characterization. Herein, we performed an in-depth characterization on canine CD20 mRNA transcript and protein expression in a cNHL biobank and demonstrated a canine CD20 overexpression in B-cell lymphoma samples. Moreover, CD20 gene sequencing analysis identified six amino acid differences in patient samples (C77Y, L147F, I159M, L198V, A201T and G273E). Finally, we reported the use of a novel strategy for the generation of anti-CD20 mAbs, with human and canine cross-reactivity, by exploring our rabbit derived single-domain antibody platform. Overall, these results support the rationale of using CD20 as a target for veterinary settings and the development of novel therapeutics and immunodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana N R Dias
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S André
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Aguiar
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Nogueira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraia S Oliveira
- Technophage SA, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Belmira Carrapiço
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Solange Gil
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Aires-da-Silva
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Highly Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Transmigrating Single-Domain Antibodies Selected by an In Vivo Phage Display Screening. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101598. [PMID: 34683891 PMCID: PMC8540410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in the successful development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs is the discovery and design of molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nano-delivery strategies are a promising approach that take advantage of natural portals of entry into the brain such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting endogenous BBB receptors. However, the main selected mAbs rely on targeting broadly expressed receptors, such as the transferrin and insulin receptors, and in selection processes that do not fully mimic the native receptor conformation, leading to mistargeting and a low fraction of the administered dose effectively reaching the brain. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new BBB receptors and explore novel antibody selection approaches that can allow a more selective delivery into the brain. Considering that in vitro models fail to completely mimic brain structure complexity, we explored an in vivo cell immunization approach to construct a rabbit derived single-domain antibody (sdAb) library towards BBB endothelial cell receptors. The sdAb antibody library was used in an in vivo phage display screening as a functional selection of novel BBB targeting antibodies. Following three rounds of selections, next generation sequencing analysis, in vitro brain endothelial barrier (BEB) model screenings and in vivo biodistribution studies, five potential sdAbs were identified, three of which reaching >0.6% ID/g in the brain. To validate the brain drug delivery proof-of-concept, the most promising sdAb, namely RG3, was conjugated at the surface of liposomes encapsulated with a model drug, the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (PAN). The translocation efficiency and activity of the conjugate liposome was determined in a dual functional in vitro BEB-glioblastoma model. The RG3 conjugated PAN liposomes enabled an efficient BEB translocation and presented a potent antitumoral activity against LN229 glioblastoma cells without influencing BEB integrity. In conclusion, our in vivo screening approach allowed the selection of highly specific nano-antibody scaffolds with promising properties for brain targeting and drug delivery.
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14
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Radoman B, Grünwald-Gruber C, Schmelzer B, Zavec D, Gasser B, Altmann F, Mattanovich D. The Degree and Length of O-Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins Produced in Pichia pastoris Depends on the Nature of the Protein and the Process Type. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000266. [PMID: 32975831 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an efficient host for the production of heterologous proteins. While N-linked protein glycosylation is well characterized in P. pastoris there is less knowledge of the patterns of O-glycosylation. O-glycans produced by P. pastoris consist of short linear mannose chains, which in the case of recombinant biopharmaceuticals can trigger an immune response in humans. This study aims to reveal the influence of different cultivation strategies on O-mannosylation profiles in P. pastoris. Sixteen different model proteins, produced by different P. pastoris strains, are analyzed for their O-glycosylation profile. Based on the obtained data, human serum albumin (HSA) is chosen to be produced in fast and slow growth fed batch fermentations by using common promoters, PGAP and PAOX1 . After purification and protein digestion, glycopeptides are analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. In the samples expressed with PGAP it is found that the degree of glycosylation is slightly higher when a slow growth rate is used, regardless of the efficiency of the producing strain. The highest glycosylation intensity is observed in HSA produced with PAOX1 . The results indicate that the O-glycosylation level is markedly higher when the protein is produced in a methanol-based expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Radoman
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schmelzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Domen Zavec
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Vienna, 1190, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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15
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Application of antibody phage display to identify potential antigenic neural precursor cell proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:14. [PMID: 32775305 PMCID: PMC7398072 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The discovery of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and the concomitant intensive research in the field offer regenerative medicine novel approaches, enabling it to tackle conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Transplantation of NPCs is nowadays considered a cutting-edge treatment for these conditions and many related clinical trials have been already completed or are still ongoing. However, little is known about the antigenicity of NPCs, with most studies addressing the question whether their antigenicity could lead to rejection of the transplanted cells. Results In this study we investigated the antigenic potential of syngeneic NPCs emulsion, upon subcutaneous (s.c.) administration to wild type C57BL/6 mice, following a standard immunization protocol. The whole IgG repertoire expressed upon immunization was cloned into a Fab phage display vector. From the created phage display library, Fab expressing clones interacting with NPCs lysate proteins were selected with the biopanning technique. The IgG Fab fragment from clone 65 proved to be reactive against antigens originating from NPCs lysates and/or whole brain lysate in diverse immunological assays. Conclusions Using a standard immunization protocol to administer NPCs antigens, and applying the Fab fragment phage display technique, we were able to isolate at least a monoclonal IgG Fab fragment, which interacts with different mouse brain proteins. It is not clear whether such antibodies are produced in the host organisms, following NPCs transplantation.
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16
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Wei D, Tao Z, Shi Q, Wang L, Liu L, She T, Yi Q, Wen X, Liu L, Li S, Yang H, Jiang X. Selective Photokilling of Colorectal Tumors by Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy with a GPA33-Targeted Single-Chain Antibody Variable Fragment Conjugate. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2508-2517. [PMID: 32396000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Tumor cells can be selectively and efficiently killed by the targeted delivery of an antibody-photoabsorber complex followed by exposure to NIR light. Glycoprotein A33 antigen (GPA33) is highly expressed in most human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and is an ideal diagnostic and therapeutic target. We previously produced a single-chain fragment of a variable antibody against GPA33 (A33scFv antibody). Here, we investigate the efficacy of NIR-PIT by combining A33scFv with the NIR photoabsorber IR700 (A33scFv-IR700). In vitro, recombinant A33scFv displayed specific binding and delivery of an NIR dye to GPA33-positive tumor cells. Furthermore, A33scFv-IR700-mediated NIR-PIT was successful in rapidly and specifically killing GPA33-positive colorectal tumor cells. NIR-PIT treatment induced the release of lactate dehydrogenase from tumor cells, followed by cell necrosis, rather than apoptosis, through the promotion of reactive oxygen species accumulation in tumor cells. In mice bearing LS174T tumor grafts, A33scFv selectively accumulated in GPA33-positive tumors. Following only a single injection of the conjugate and subsequent illumination, A33scFv-IR700-mediated NIR-PIT induced a significant increase in therapeutic response in LS174T-tumor mice compared with that in the non-NIR-PIT groups (p < 0.001). Because the GPA33 antigen is specifically expressed in CRC tumors, A33scFv-IR700 might be a promising antibody fragment-photoabsorber conjugate for NIR-PIT of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wei
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Chengdu Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu 610031, China.,Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ze Tao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiuxiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Chengdu Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Affiliated Chengdu Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tianshan She
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medical Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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17
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Goydel RS, Weber J, Peng H, Qi J, Soden J, Freeth J, Park H, Rader C. Affinity maturation, humanization, and co-crystallization of a rabbit anti-human ROR2 monoclonal antibody for therapeutic applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5995-6006. [PMID: 32193207 PMCID: PMC7196640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are widely used as cancer therapeutics, but their current use is limited by the low number of antigens restricted to cancer cells. A receptor tyrosine kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), is normally expressed only during embryogenesis and is tightly down-regulated in postnatal healthy tissues. However, it is up-regulated in a diverse set of hematologic and solid malignancies, thus ROR2 represents a candidate antigen for antibody-based cancer therapy. Here we describe the affinity maturation and humanization of a rabbit mAb that binds human and mouse ROR2 but not human ROR1 or other human cell-surface antigens. Co-crystallization of the parental rabbit mAb in complex with the human ROR2 kringle domain (hROR2-Kr) guided affinity maturation by heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3)-focused mutagenesis and selection. The affinity-matured rabbit mAb was then humanized by complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting and framework fine tuning and again co-crystallized with hROR2-Kr. We show that the affinity-matured and humanized mAb retains strong affinity and specificity to ROR2 and, following conversion to a T cell-engaging bispecific antibody, has potent cytotoxicity toward ROR2-expressing cells. We anticipate that this humanized affinity-matured mAb will find application for antibody-based cancer therapy of ROR2-expressing neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Goydel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458. Tel.:
561-228-2053; E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are among the most significant biological tools used in medicine and biology that have revolutionized the field of diagnostics, therapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems for many diseases. Among them, rabbit monoclonal antibodies have attracted significant attention for having high affinity and specificity. During the past few decades, different techniques have been developed to produce monoclonal antibodies. Single B cell cloning technology offers many advantages compared to other methods and has been used to generate monoclonal antibodies from different species including rabbits. This review briefly describes some of these methods, with main focus on single B cell cloning and production of rabbit monoclonal antibodies.
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19
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Construction of an immunized rabbit phage display antibody library for screening microcystin-LR high sensitive single-chain antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Mechaly A, Alcalay R, Noy-Porat T, Epstein E, Gal Y, Mazor O. Novel Phage Display-Derived Anti-Abrin Antibodies Confer Post-Exposure Protection against Abrin Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10020080. [PMID: 29438273 PMCID: PMC5848181 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin toxin is a type 2 ribosome inactivating glycoprotein isolated from the seeds of Abrus precatorius (jequirity pea). Owing to its high toxicity, relative ease of purification and accessibility, it is considered a biological threat agent. To date, there is no effective post-exposure treatment for abrin poisoning and passive immunization remains the most effective therapy. However, the effectiveness of anti-abrin monoclonal antibodies for post-exposure therapy following abrin intoxication has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to isolate high affinity anti-abrin antibodies that possess potent toxin-neutralization capabilities. An immune scFv phage-display library was constructed from an abrin-immunized rabbit and a panel of antibodies (six directed against the A subunit of abrin and four against the B subunit) was isolated and expressed as scFv-Fc antibodies. By pair-wise analysis, we found that these antibodies target five distinct epitopes on the surface of abrin and that antibodies against all these sites can bind the toxin simultaneously. Several of these antibodies (namely, RB9, RB10, RB28 and RB30) conferred high protection against pulmonary intoxication of mice, when administered six hours post exposure to a lethal dose of abrin. The data presented in this study demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in treatment of mice after pulmonary intoxication with abrin and promote the use of these antibodies, one or several, for post-exposure treatment of abrin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Mechaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel;
| | - Ron Alcalay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.A.); (T.N.-P.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tal Noy-Porat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.A.); (T.N.-P.); (Y.G.)
| | - Eyal Epstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel;
| | - Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.A.); (T.N.-P.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-938-5862; Fax: +972-8-938-1544
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21
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Decoding Selection Bias Imparted by Unpaired Cysteines: a Tug of War Between Expression and Affinity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:778-785. [PMID: 29330770 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2691-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a recombinant antibody scFv format, the presence of an unpaired cysteine (Cys) is implicated in reduced soluble expression and inefficient presentation in phage display. Compared to other species, antibodies derived from rabbits are more likely to contain this unpaired Cys residue at position 80 (Cys80), when generated in a scFv format. In a screening campaign to isolate rabbit scFv against cardiac troponin I (cTnI), it was found that, a large proportion of isolated cTnI-specific clones contained unpaired Cys80. To analyze the factors that led to the selection of anti-cTnI Cys80 scFv, after five rounds of biopanning, the biopanning experiments were repeated with a Cys80 scFv (MG4Cys), its alanine variant (MG4Ala), and an irrelevant high expressing scFv control. It was found that the selection and subsequent enrichment of MG4Cys scFv was ousted by the superior expressing variant MG4Ala, indicating that the Cys80 scFv was selected primarily due to its affinity. It is evident that phage-based selection is influenced by specific sequence characteristics affecting the expression as well as the binding specificity and this needs to be taken into account for selection of optimal antibody derivatives.
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22
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Zhuang X, Watts NR, Palmer IW, Kaufman JD, Dearborn AD, Trenbeath JL, Eren E, Steven AC, Rader C, Wingfield PT. Chimeric rabbit/human Fab antibodies against the hepatitis Be-antigen and their potential applications in assays, characterization, and therapy. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16760-16772. [PMID: 28842495 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection afflicts millions worldwide, causing cirrhosis and liver cancer. HBV e-antigen (HBeAg), a clinical marker for disease severity, is a soluble variant of the viral capsid protein. HBeAg is not required for viral replication but is implicated in establishing immune tolerance and chronic infection. The structure of recombinant e-antigen (rHBeAg) was recently determined, yet to date, the exact nature and quantitation of HBeAg still remain uncertain. Here, to further characterize HBeAg, we used phage display to produce a panel of chimeric rabbit/human monoclonal antibody fragments (both Fab and scFv) against rHBeAg. Several of the Fab/scFv, expressed in Escherichia coli, had unprecedentedly high binding affinities (Kd ∼10-12 m) and high specificity. We used Fab/scFv in the context of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HBeAg quantification, which we compared with commercially available kits and verified with seroconversion panels, the WHO HBeAg standard, rHBeAg, and patient plasma samples. We found that the specificity and sensitivity are superior to those of existing commercial assays. To identify potential fine differences between rHBeAg and HBeAg, we used these Fabs in microscale immunoaffinity chromatography to purify HBeAg from individual patient plasmas. Western blotting and MS results indicated that rHBeAg and HBeAg are essentially structurally identical, although HBeAg from different patients exhibits minor carboxyl-terminal heterogeneity. We discuss several potential applications for the humanized Fab/scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Joni L Trenbeath
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Elif Eren
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Christoph Rader
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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23
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Peng H, Nerreter T, Chang J, Qi J, Li X, Karunadharma P, Martinez GJ, Fallahi M, Soden J, Freeth J, Beerli RR, Grawunder U, Hudecek M, Rader C. Mining Naïve Rabbit Antibody Repertoires by Phage Display for Monoclonal Antibodies of Therapeutic Utility. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2954-2973. [PMID: 28818634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their high affinities and specificities, rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated value and potential primarily as basic research and diagnostic reagents, but, in some cases, also as therapeutics. To accelerate access to rabbit mAbs bypassing immunization, we generated a large naïve rabbit antibody repertoire represented by a phage display library encompassing >10 billion independent antibodies in chimeric rabbit/human Fab format and validated it by next-generation sequencing. Panels of rabbit mAbs selected from this library against two emerging cancer targets, ROR1 and ROR2, revealed high diversity, affinity, and specificity. Moreover, ROR1- and ROR2-targeting rabbit mAbs demonstrated therapeutic utility as components of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells, further corroborating the value of the naïve rabbit antibody library as a rich and virtually unlimited source of rabbit mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas Nerreter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | | | - Mohammad Fallahi
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd, Whaley Bridge, High Peak, SK23 7LY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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24
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Kennedy PJ, Oliveira C, Granja PL, Sarmento B. Monoclonal antibodies: technologies for early discovery and engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:394-408. [PMID: 28789584 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1357002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are essential in modern life sciences biotechnology. Their architecture and diversity allow for high specificity and affinity to a wide array of biochemicals. Combining monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology with recombinant DNA and protein expression links antibody genotype with phenotype. Yet, the ability to select and screen for high affinity binders from recombinantly-displayed, combinatorial libraries unleashes the true power of mAbs and a flood of clinical applications. The identification of novel antibodies can be accomplished by a myriad of in vitro display technologies from the proven (e.g. phage) to the emerging (e.g. mammalian cell and cell-free) based on affinity binding as well as function. Lead candidates can be further engineered for increased affinity and half-life, reduced immunogenicity and/or enhanced manufacturing, and storage capabilities. This review begins with antibody biology and how the structure and genetic machinery relate to function, diversity, and in vivo affinity maturation and follows with the general requirements of (therapeutic) antibody discovery and engineering with an emphasis on in vitro display technologies. Throughout, we highlight where antibody biology inspires technology development and where high-throughput, "big data" and in silico strategies are playing an increasing role. Antibodies dominate the growing class of targeted therapeutics, alone or as bioconjugates. However, their versatility extends to research, diagnostics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kennedy
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Pedro L Granja
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,e Departmento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais , FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- a i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,f CESPU , Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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Spidel JL, Albone EF, Cheng X, Vaessen B, Jacob S, Milinichik AZ, Verdi A, Kline JB, Grasso L. Engineering humanized antibody framework sequences for optimal site-specific conjugation of cytotoxins. MAbs 2017; 9:907-915. [PMID: 28541812 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1330734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing techniques used to generate antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) involve random conjugation of the linker-drug to multiple lysines or cysteines in the antibody. Engineering natural and non-natural amino acids into an antibody has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to produce homogeneous ADC products with defined drug-to-antibody ratios. We recently reported an efficient residue-specific conjugation technology (RESPECT) where thiol-reactive payloads can be efficiently conjugated to a native unpaired cysteine in position 80 (C80) of rabbit light chains. Deimmunizing the rabbit variable domains through humanization is necessary to reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody responses in patients. However, we found that first-generation humanized RESPECT ADCs showed high levels of aggregation and low conjugation efficiency. We correlated these negative properties to the phenylalanine at position 83 present in most human variable kappa frameworks. When position 83 was substituted with selected amino acids, conjugation was restored and aggregation was reduced to levels similar to the chimeric ADC. This engineering strategy allows for development of second-generation humanized RESPECT ADCs with desirable biopharmaceutical properties.
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Zhang Z, Liu H, Guan Q, Wang L, Yuan H. Advances in the Isolation of Specific Monoclonal Rabbit Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:494. [PMID: 28529510 PMCID: PMC5418221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have advantages in pharmaceuticals and diagnostics with high affinity and specificity. During the past decade, many techniques have been developed for isolating rabbit mAbs, including single B cell antibody technologies. This review describes the basic characterization of rabbit antibody repertoire and summarizes methods of hybridoma technologies, phage display platform, and single B cell antibody technologies. With advances in antibody function and repertoire analysis, rabbit mAbs will be widely used in therapeutic applications in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Qian Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China.,College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Weber J, Peng H, Rader C. From rabbit antibody repertoires to rabbit monoclonal antibodies. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e305. [PMID: 28336958 PMCID: PMC5382564 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explain why and how rabbit monoclonal antibodies have become outstanding reagents for laboratory research and increasingly for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Starting with the unique ontogeny of rabbit B cells that affords highly distinctive antibody repertoires rich in in vivo pruned binders of high diversity, affinity and specificity, we describe the generation of rabbit monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology, phage display and alternative methods, along with an account of successful humanization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Banerjee S, Shi H, Banasik M, Moon H, Lees W, Qin Y, Harley A, Shepherd A, Cho MW. Evaluation of a novel multi-immunogen vaccine strategy for targeting 4E10/10E8 neutralizing epitopes on HIV-1 gp41 membrane proximal external region. Virology 2017; 505:113-126. [PMID: 28237764 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) 4E10 and 10E8. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated a novel multi-immunogen vaccine strategy referred to as Incremental, Phased Antigenic Stimulation for Rapid Antibody Maturation (IPAS-RAM) to induce 4E10/10E8-like bnAbs. Rabbits were immunized sequentially, but in a phased manner, with three immunogens that are progressively more native (gp41-28×3, gp41-54CT, and rVV-gp160DH12). Although nAbs were not induced, epitope-mapping analyses indicated that IPAS-RAM vaccination was better able to target antibodies towards the 4E10/10E8 epitopes than homologous prime-boost immunization using gp41-28×3 alone. MPER-specific rabbit monoclonal antibodies were generated, including 9F6. Although it lacked neutralizing activity, the target epitope profile of 9F6 closely resembled those of 4E10 and 10E8 (671NWFDITNWLWYIK683). B-cell repertoire analyses suggested the importance of co-immunizations for maturation of 9F6, which warrants further evaluation of our IPAS-RAM vaccine strategy using an improved priming immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Heliang Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Marisa Banasik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Hojin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - William Lees
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - Yali Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Andrew Harley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Adrian Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - Michael W Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Zhang YF, Ho M. Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: Rationale and examples. MAbs 2017; 9:419-429. [PMID: 28165915 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1289302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RabMAbs) can recognize diverse epitopes, including those poorly immunogenic in mice and humans. However, there have been only a few reports on RabMAb humanization, an important antibody engineering step usually done before clinical applications are investigated. To pursue a general method for humanization of RabMAbs, we analyzed the complex structures of 5 RabMAbs with their antigens currently available in the Protein Data Bank, and identified antigen-contacting residues on the rabbit Fv within the 6 Angstrom distance to its antigen. We also analyzed the supporting residues for antigen-contacting residues on the same heavy or light chain. We identified "HV4" and "LV4" in rabbit Fvs, non-complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are structurally close to the antigen and located in framework 3 of the heavy chain and light chain, respectively. Based on our structural and sequence analysis, we designed a humanization strategy by grafting the combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome CDRs, which cover most antigen-contacting residues, into a human germline framework sequence. Using this strategy, we humanized 4 RabMAbs that recognize poorly immunogenic epitopes in the cancer target mesothelin. Three of the 4 humanized rabbit Fvs have similar or improved functional binding affinity for mesothelin-expressing cells. Interestingly, 4 immunotoxins composed of the humanized scFvs fused to a clinically used fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) showed stronger cytotoxicity against tumor cells than the immunotoxins derived from their original rabbit scFvs. Our data suggest that grafting the combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome CDRs to a stable human germline framework can be a general approach to humanize RabMAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Welt RS, Welt JA, Kostyal D, Gangadharan YD, Raymond V, Welt S. Specificity and biologic activities of novel anti-membrane IgM antibodies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74701-74723. [PMID: 27732950 PMCID: PMC5342696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that the B-cell Receptor (BCR) initiates a driver pathway in lymphoma-leukemia has been clinically validated. Previously described unique BCR Ig-class-specific sequences (proximal domains (PDs)), are not expressed in serum Ig (sIg). As a consequence of sequence and structural differences in the membrane IgM (mIgM) µ-Constant Domain 4, additional epitopes distinguish mIgM from sIgM. mAbs generated to linear and conformational epitopes, restricted to mIgM and not reacting with sIgM, were generated despite the relative hydrophobicity of the PDm sequence. Anti-PD mAbs (mAb1, mAb2, and mAb3) internalize mIgM. Anti-mIgM mAb4, which recognizes a distinct non-ligand binding site epitope, mediates mIgM internalization, and in low-density cultures, growth inhibition, anti-clonogenic activity, and apoptosis. We show that mAb-mediated mIgM internalization generally does not interrupt BCR-directed cell growth, however, mAb4 binding to a non-ligand binding site in the mIgM PDm-μC4 domain induces both mIgM internalization and anti-tumor effects. BCR micro-clustering in many B-cell leukemia and lymphoma lines is demonstrated by SEM micrographs using these new mAb reagents. mAb4 is a clinical candidate as a mediator of inhibition of the BCR signaling pathway. As these agents do not bind to non-mIgM B-cells, nor cross-react to non-lymphatic tissues, they may spare B-cell/normal tissue destruction as mAb-drug conjugates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Raymond
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
- Biogent, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Sydney Welt
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
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Egan TJ, Diem D, Weldon R, Neumann T, Meyer S, Urech DM. Novel multispecific heterodimeric antibody format allowing modular assembly of variable domain fragments. MAbs 2016; 9:68-84. [PMID: 27786600 PMCID: PMC5240654 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibody formats provide a promising platform for the development of novel therapeutic concepts that could facilitate the generation of safer, more effective pharmaceuticals. However, the production and use of such antibody-based multispecifics is often made complicated by: 1) the instability of the antibody fragments of which they consist, 2) undesired inter-subunit associations, and 3) the need to include recombinant heterodimerization domains that confer distribution-impairing bulk or enhance immunogenicity. In this paper, we describe a broadly-applicable method for the stabilization of human or humanized antibody Fv fragments that entails replacing framework region IV of a Vκ1/VH3-consensus Fv framework with the corresponding germ-line sequence of a λ-type VL chain. We then used this stable Fv framework to generate a novel heterodimeric multispecific antibody format that assembles by cognate VL/VH associations between 2 split variable domains in the core of the complex. This format, termed multispecific antibody-based therapeutics by cognate heterodimerization (MATCH), can be applied to produce homogeneous and highly stable antibody-derived molecules that simultaneously bind 4 distinct antigens. The heterodimeric design of the MATCH format allows efficient in-format screening of binding domain combinations that result in maximal cooperative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- a Numab AG, Wadenswil , Switzerland.,b Cartilage Engineering & Regeneration Lab, Department of Health , Science & Technology, The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Kivi G, Teesalu K, Parik J, Kontkar E, Ustav M, Noodla L, Ustav M, Männik A. HybriFree: a robust and rapid method for the development of monoclonal antibodies from different host species. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 26747451 PMCID: PMC4706699 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in mammalian cell culture is of high priority in research and medical fields. A critical step in this process is the isolation of the antigen-binding domain sequences of antibodies possessing the desired properties. Many different techniques have been described to achieve this goal, but all have shortcomings; most techniques have problems with robustness, are time-consuming and costly, or have complications in the transfer from isolation to production phase. Here, we report a novel HybriFree technology for the development of monoclonal antibodies from different species that is robust, rapid, inexpensive and flexible and can be used for the subsequent production of antibodies in mammalian cell factories. RESULTS HybriFree technology is illustrated herein via detailed examples of isolating mouse, rabbit and chicken monoclonal antibody sequences from immunized animals. Starting from crude spleen samples, antigen capturing of specific B-cells is performed initially. cDNA of antibody variable domains is amplified from the captured cells and used a source material for simple and rapid restriction/ligation free cloning of expression vector library in order to produce scFv-Fc or intact IgG antibodies. The vectors can be directly used for screening purposes as well as for the subsequent production of the developed monoclonal antibodies in mammalian cell culture. The antibodies isolated by the method have been shown to be functional in different immunoassays, including ELISA, immunofluorescence and Western blot. In addition, we demonstrate that by using a modified method including a negative selection step, we can isolate specific antibodies targeting the desired epitope and eliminate antibodies directed to undesired off-targets. CONCLUSIONS HybriFree can be used for the reliable development of monoclonal antibodies and their subsequent production in mammalian cells. This simple protocol requires neither the culturing of B-cells nor single-cell manipulations, and only standard molecular biology laboratory equipment is needed. In principle, the method is applicable to any species for which antibody cDNA sequence information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaily Kivi
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Eerika tee 1, Õssu village, Ülenurme parish, Tartumaa, 61713, Estonia. .,University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
| | - Kaupo Teesalu
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Eerika tee 1, Õssu village, Ülenurme parish, Tartumaa, 61713, Estonia.
| | - Jüri Parik
- Estonian Biocentre, Evolutionary Biology Group, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
| | - Elen Kontkar
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Eerika tee 1, Õssu village, Ülenurme parish, Tartumaa, 61713, Estonia.
| | - Mart Ustav
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
| | - Liis Noodla
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia.
| | - Mart Ustav
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Eerika tee 1, Õssu village, Ülenurme parish, Tartumaa, 61713, Estonia. .,University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Nooruse1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia. .,Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia.
| | - Andres Männik
- Icosagen Cell Factory OÜ, Eerika tee 1, Õssu village, Ülenurme parish, Tartumaa, 61713, Estonia.
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Ojima-Kato T, Hashimura D, Kojima T, Minabe S, Nakano H. In vitro generation of rabbit anti-Listeria monocytogenes monoclonal antibody using single cell based RT-PCR linked cell-free expression systems. J Immunol Methods 2015; 427:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Augmented Binary Substitution: Single-pass CDR germ-lining and stabilization of therapeutic antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15354-9. [PMID: 26621728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510944112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although humanized antibodies have been highly successful in the clinic, all current humanization techniques have potential limitations, such as: reliance on rodent hosts, immunogenicity due to high non-germ-line amino acid content, v-domain destabilization, expression and formulation issues. This study presents a technology that generates stable, soluble, ultrahumanized antibodies via single-step complementarity-determining region (CDR) germ-lining. For three antibodies from three separate key immune host species, binary substitution CDR cassettes were inserted into preferred human frameworks to form libraries in which only the parental or human germ-line destination residue was encoded at each position. The CDR-H3 in each case was also augmented with 1 ± 1 random substitution per clone. Each library was then screened for clones with restored antigen binding capacity. Lead ultrahumanized clones demonstrated high stability, with affinity and specificity equivalent to, or better than, the parental IgG. Critically, this was mainly achieved on germ-line frameworks by simultaneously subtracting up to 19 redundant non-germ-line residues in the CDRs. This process significantly lowered non-germ-line sequence content, minimized immunogenicity risk in the final molecules and provided a heat map for the essential non-germ-line CDR residue content of each antibody. The ABS technology therefore fully optimizes the clinical potential of antibodies from rodents and alternative immune hosts, rendering them indistinguishable from fully human in a simple, single-pass process.
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CF750-A33scFv-Fc-Based Optical Imaging of Subcutaneous and Orthotopic Xenografts of GPA33-Positive Colorectal Cancer in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:505183. [PMID: 26090413 PMCID: PMC4454727 DOI: 10.1155/2015/505183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based imaging agents are attractive as adjuvant diagnostic tools for solid tumors. GPA33 is highly expressed in most human colorectal cancers and has been verified as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. Here, we built an A33scFv-Fc antibody against GPA33 by fusing A33scFv to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 antibodies. The A33scFv-Fc specifically binds GPA33-positive colorectal cancer cells and tumor tissues. After the intravenous injection of mice bearing subcutaneous GPA33-positive LS174T tumor grafts with near-infrared fluorescence probe CF750-labeled A33scFv-Fc (CF750-A33scFv-Fc), high contrast images of the tumor grafts could be kinetically documented within 24 h using an optical imaging system. However, GPA33-negative SMMC7721 tumor grafts could not be visualized by injecting the same amount of CF750-A33scFv-Fc. Moreover, in subcutaneous LS174T tumor-bearing mice, tissue scanning revealed that the CF750-A33scFv-Fc accumulated in the tumor grafts, other than the kidney and liver. In mice with orthotopic tumor transplantations, excrescent LS174T tumor tissues in the colon were successfully removed under guidance by CF750-A33scFv-Fc-based optical imaging. These results indicate that CF750-A33scFv-Fc can target GPA33, suggesting the potential of CF750-A33scFv-Fc as an imaging agent for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
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Zhang YF, Phung Y, Gao W, Kawa S, Hassan R, Pastan I, Ho M. New high affinity monoclonal antibodies recognize non-overlapping epitopes on mesothelin for monitoring and treating mesothelioma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9928. [PMID: 25996440 PMCID: PMC4440525 DOI: 10.1038/srep09928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelin is an emerging cell surface target in mesothelioma and other solid tumors. Most antibody drug candidates recognize highly immunogenic Region I (296–390) on mesothelin. Here, we report a group of high-affinity non-Region I rabbit monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies do not compete for mesothelin binding with the immunotoxin SS1P that binds Region I of mesothelin. One pair of antibodies (YP218 and YP223) is suitable to detect soluble mesothelin in a sandwich ELISA with high sensitivity. The new assay can also be used to measure serum mesothelin concentration in mesothelioma patients, indicating its potential use for monitoring patients treated with current antibody therapies targeting Region I. The antibodies are highly specific and sensitive in immunostaining of mesothelioma. To explore their use in tumor therapy, we have generated the immunotoxins based on the Fv of these antibodies. One immunotoxin (YP218 Fv-PE38) exhibits potent anti-tumor cytotoxicity towards primary mesothelioma cell lines in vitro and an NCI-H226 xenograft tumor in mice. Furthermore, we have engineered a humanized YP218 Fv that retains full binding affinity for mesothelin-expressing cancer cells. In conclusion, with their unique binding properties, these antibodies may be promising candidates for monitoring and treating mesothelioma and other mesothelin-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yen Phung
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Seiji Kawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Ayyar BV, Hearty S, O’Kennedy R. Facile domain rearrangement abrogates expression recalcitrance in a rabbit scFv. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2693-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chuang TH, Lai CY, Tseng PH, Yuan CJ, Hsu LC. Development of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides for effective activation of rabbit TLR9 mediated immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108808. [PMID: 25269083 PMCID: PMC4182578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are potent immune stimuli being developed for use as adjuvants in different species. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is the cellular receptor for CpG-ODN in mammalian cells. The CpG-ODN with 18–24 deoxynucleotides that are in current use for human and mouse cells, however, have low activity with rabbit TLR9. Using a cell-based activation assay, we developed a type of CpG-ODN containing a GACGTT or AACGTT motif in 12 phosphorothioate-modified deoxynucleotides with potent stimulatory activity for rabbit TLR9. The developed CpG-ODN have higher activities than other developed CpG-ODN in eliciting antigen-nonspecific immune responses in rabbit splenocytes. When mixed with an NJ85 peptide derived from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, they had potent activities to boost an antigen-specific T cell activation and antibody production in rabbits. Compared to Freund’s adjuvant, the developed CpG-ODN are capable of boosting a potent and less toxic antibody response. The results of this study suggest that both the choice of CpG-motif and its length are important factors for CpG-ODN to effectively activate rabbit TLR9 mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yang Lai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Hui Tseng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Jye Yuan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chung Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Seeber S, Ros F, Thorey I, Tiefenthaler G, Kaluza K, Lifke V, Fischer JAA, Klostermann S, Endl J, Kopetzki E, Pashine A, Siewe B, Kaluza B, Platzer J, Offner S. A robust high throughput platform to generate functional recombinant monoclonal antibodies using rabbit B cells from peripheral blood. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86184. [PMID: 24503933 PMCID: PMC3913575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a robust platform to generate and functionally characterize rabbit-derived antibodies using B cells from peripheral blood. The rapid high throughput procedure generates a diverse set of antibodies, yet requires only few animals to be immunized without the need to sacrifice them. The workflow includes (i) the identification and isolation of single B cells from rabbit blood expressing IgG antibodies, (ii) an elaborate short term B-cell cultivation to produce sufficient monoclonal antigen specific IgG for comprehensive phenotype screens, (iii) the isolation of VH and VL coding regions via PCR from B-cell clones producing antigen specific and functional antibodies followed by the sequence determination, and (iv) the recombinant expression and purification of IgG antibodies. The fully integrated and to a large degree automated platform (demonstrated in this paper using IL1RL1 immunized rabbits) yielded clonal and very diverse IL1RL1-specific and functional IL1RL1-inhibiting rabbit antibodies. These functional IgGs from individual animals were obtained at a short time range after immunization and could be identified already during primary screening, thus substantially lowering the workload for the subsequent B-cell PCR workflow. Early availability of sequence information permits one to select early-on function- and sequence-diverse antibodies for further characterization. In summary, this powerful technology platform has proven to be an efficient and robust method for the rapid generation of antigen specific and functional monoclonal rabbit antibodies without sacrificing the immunized animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seeber
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ros
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Thorey
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaluza
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valeria Lifke
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Klostermann
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Josef Endl
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Erhard Kopetzki
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Achal Pashine
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Basile Siewe
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kaluza
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Josef Platzer
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Offner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Advanced molecular biology techniques developed during the past few decades have allowed the industry to exploit and commercialize the natural defense mechanisms that antibodies provide. This review discusses the latest advances in antibody-engineering technologies to enhance clinical efficacy and outcomes. For the constant regions, the choice of the antibody class and isotype has to be made carefully to suit the therapeutic applications. Engineering of the Fc region, either by direct targeted mutagenesis or by modifying the nature of its
N
-glycan, has played an important role in recent years in increasing half-life or controlling effector functions. The variable regions of the antibody are responsible for binding affinity and exquisite specificity to the target molecule, which together with the Fc determine the drug's efficacy and influence the drug dose required to obtain the desired effectiveness. A key requirement during antibody development is therefore to affinity mature the variable regions when necessary, so that they bind the therapeutic target with sufficiently high affinity to guarantee effective occupancy over prolonged periods. If the antibody was obtained from a non-human source, such as rodents, a humanization process has to be applied to minimize immunogenicity while maintaining the desired binding affinity and selectivity. Finally, we discuss the next next-generation antibodies, such as antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, and immunocytokines, which are being developed to meet future challenges.
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Pentameric complex of viral glycoprotein H is the primary target for potent neutralization by a human cytomegalovirus vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4997-5005. [PMID: 24297878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316517110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause serious morbidity/mortality in transplant patients, and congenital HCMV infection can lead to birth defects. Developing an effective HCMV vaccine is a high medical priority. One of the challenges to the efforts has been our limited understanding of the viral antigens important for protective antibodies. Receptor-mediated viral entry to endothelial/epithelial cells requires a glycoprotein H (gH) complex comprising five viral proteins (gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131). This gH complex is notably missing from HCMV laboratory strains as well as HCMV vaccines previously evaluated in the clinic. To support a unique vaccine concept based on the pentameric gH complex, we established a panel of 45 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a rabbit immunized with an experimental vaccine virus in which the expression of the pentameric gH complex was restored. Over one-half (25 of 45) of the mAbs have neutralizing activity. Interestingly, affinity for an antibody to bind virions was not correlated with its ability to neutralize the virus. Genetic analysis of the 45 mAbs based on their heavy- and light-chain sequences identified at least 26 B-cell linage groups characterized by distinct binding or neutralizing properties. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies possessed longer complementarity-determining region 3 for both heavy and light chains than those with no neutralizing activity. Importantly, potent neutralizing mAbs reacted to the pentameric gH complex but not to gB. Thus, the pentameric gH complex is the primary target for antiviral antibodies by vaccination.
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Accuracy and coverage assessment of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) genes encoding immunoglobulins in the whole genome sequence assembly (OryCun2.0) and localization of the IGH locus to chromosome 20. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:749-62. [PMID: 23925440 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on the analyses of genes encoding immunoglobulin heavy and light chains in the rabbit 6.51× whole genome assembly. This OryCun2.0 assembly confirms previous mapping of the duplicated IGK1 and IGK2 loci to chromosome 2 and the IGL lambda light chain locus to chromosome 21. The most frequently rearranged and expressed IGHV1 that is closest to IG DH and IGHJ genes encodes rabbit VHa allotypes. The partially inbred Thorbecke strain rabbit used for whole-genome sequencing was homozygous at the IGK but heterozygous with the IGHV1a1 allele in one of 79 IGHV-containing unplaced scaffolds and IGHV1a2, IGHM, IGHG, and IGHE sequences in another. Some IGKV, IGLV, and IGHA genes are also in other unplaced scaffolds. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, we assigned the previously unmapped IGH locus to the q-telomeric region of rabbit chromosome 20. An approximately 3-Mb segment of human chromosome 14 including IGH genes predicted to map to this telomeric region based on synteny analysis could not be located on assembled chromosome 20. Unplaced scaffold chrUn0053 contains some of the genes that comparative mapping predicts to be missing. We identified discrepancies between previous targeted studies and the OryCun2.0 assembly and some new BAC clones with IGH sequences that can guide other studies to further sequence and improve the OryCun2.0 assembly. Complete knowledge of gene sequences encoding variable regions of rabbit heavy, kappa, and lambda chains will lead to better understanding of how and why rabbits produce antibodies of high specificity and affinity through gene conversion and somatic hypermutation.
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Design, production, and characterization of a single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) derived from the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody J591. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 89:136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Molecular deconvolution of the monoclonal antibodies that comprise the polyclonal serum response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2993-8. [PMID: 23382245 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213737110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed and validated a methodology for determining the antibody composition of the polyclonal serum response after immunization. Pepsin-digested serum IgGs were subjected to standard antigen-affinity chromatography, and resulting elution, wash, and flow-through fractions were analyzed by bottom-up, liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Identification of individual monoclonal antibodies required the generation of a database of IgG variable gene (V-gene) sequences constructed by NextGen sequencing of mature B cells. Antibody V-gene sequences are characterized by short complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of high diversity adjacent to framework regions shared across thousands of IgGs, greatly complicating the identification of antigen-specific IgGs from proteomically observed peptides. By mapping peptides marking unique V(H) CDRH3 sequences, we identified a set of V-genes heavily enriched in the affinity chromatography elution, constituting the serum polyclonal response. After booster immunization in a rabbit, we find that the antigen-specific serum immune response is oligoclonal, comprising antibodies encoding 34 different CDRH3s that group into 30 distinct antibody V(H) clonotypes. Of these 34 CDRH3s, 12 account for ∼60% of the antigen-specific CDRH3 peptide mass spectral counts. For comparison, antibodies with 18 different CDRH3s (12 clonotypes) were represented in the antigen-specific IgG fraction from an unimmunized rabbit that fortuitously displayed a moderate titer for BSA. Proteomically identified antibodies were synthesized and shown to display subnanomolar affinities. The ability to deconvolute the polyclonal serum response is likely to be of key importance for analyzing antibody responses after vaccination and for more completely understanding adaptive immune responses in health and disease.
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Finlay WJJ, Almagro JC. Natural and man-made V-gene repertoires for antibody discovery. Front Immunol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 23162556 PMCID: PMC3498902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market. The success of antibody-based drugs resides in their exquisite specificity, high potency, stability, solubility, safety, and relatively inexpensive manufacturing process in comparison with other biologics. We outline here the structural studies and fundamental principles that define how antibodies interact with diverse targets. We also describe the antibody repertoires and affinity maturation mechanisms of humans, mice, and chickens, plus the use of novel single-domain antibodies in camelids and sharks. These species all utilize diverse evolutionary solutions to generate specific and high affinity antibodies and illustrate the plasticity of natural antibody repertoires. In addition, we discuss the multiple variations of man-made antibody repertoires designed and validated in the last two decades, which have served as tools to explore how the size, diversity, and composition of a repertoire impact the antibody discovery process.
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da Silva FA, Li M, Rato S, Maia S, Malhó R, Warren K, Harrich D, Craigie R, Barbas C, Goncalves J. Recombinant rabbit single-chain antibodies bind to the catalytic and C-terminal domains of HIV-1 integrase protein and strongly inhibit HIV-1 replication. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2012; 59:353-66. [PMID: 23586912 PMCID: PMC3917493 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) protein plays an important role during the early stages of the retroviral life cycle and therefore is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We immunized rabbits with HIV-1 IN protein and developed a combinatorial single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library against IN. Five different scFv antibodies with high binding activity and specificity for IN were identified. These scFvs recognize the catalytic and C-terminal domains of IN and block the strand-transfer process. Cells expressing anti-IN-scFvs were highly resistant to HIV-1 replication due to an inhibition of the integration process itself. These results provide proof-of-concept that rabbit anti-IN-scFv intrabodies can be designed to block the early stages of HIV-1 replication without causing cellular toxicity. Therefore, these anti-IN-scFvs may be useful agents for "intracellular immunization"-based gene therapy strategies. Furthermore, because of their epitope binding characteristics, these scFvs can be used also as new tools to study the structure and function of HIV-1 IN protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Aires da Silva
- URIA—Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Min Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sylvie Rato
- URIA—Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Maia
- URIA—Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, BioFIG, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kylie Warren
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Harrich
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert Craigie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Barbas
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joao Goncalves
- URIA—Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- IMM—Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
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Venet S, Ravn U, Buatois V, Gueneau F, Calloud S, Kosco-Vilbois M, Fischer N. Transferring the characteristics of naturally occurring and biased antibody repertoires to human antibody libraries by trapping CDRH3 sequences. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43471. [PMID: 22937053 PMCID: PMC3427355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody repertoires are characterized by diversity as they vary not only amongst individuals and post antigen exposure but also differ significantly between vertebrate species. Such plasticity can be exploited to generate human antibody libraries featuring hallmarks of these diverse repertoires. In this study, the focus was to capture CDRH3 sequences, as this region generally accounts for most of the interaction energy with antigen. Sequences from human as well as non-human sources were successfully integrated into human antibody libraries. Next generation sequencing of these libraries proved that the CDRH3 lengths and amino acid composition corresponded to the species of origin. Specific CDRH3 sequences, biased towards the recognition of a model antigen either by immunizing mice or by selecting with phage display, were then integrated into another set of libraries. From these antigen biased libraries, highly potent antibodies were more frequently isolated, indicating that the characteristics of an immune repertoire is transferrable via CDRH3 sequences into a human antibody library. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the properties of naturally or experimentally biased repertoires can be effectively harnessed for the generation of targeted human antibody libraries, substantially increasing the probability of isolating antibodies suitable for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Huang A, Lu T. Production of single-chain Fv antibodies against melamine from a rabbit phage display library for the development of a melamine immunoassay. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Wu L, Oficjalska K, Lambert M, Fennell BJ, Darmanin-Sheehan A, Ní Shúilleabháin D, Autin B, Cummins E, Tchistiakova L, Bloom L, Paulsen J, Gill D, Cunningham O, Finlay WJJ. Fundamental characteristics of the immunoglobulin VH repertoire of chickens in comparison with those of humans, mice, and camelids. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:322-33. [PMID: 22131336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Examination of 1269 unique naive chicken V(H) sequences showed that the majority of positions in the framework (FW) regions were maintained as germline, with high mutation rates observed in the CDRs. Many FW mutations could be clearly related to the modulation of CDR structure or the V(H)-V(L) interface. CDRs 1 and 2 of the V(H) exhibited frequent mutation in solvent-exposed positions, but conservation of common structural residues also found in human CDRs at the same positions. In comparison with humans and mice, the chicken CDR3 repertoire was skewed toward longer sequences, was dominated by small amino acids (G/S/A/C/T), and had higher cysteine (chicken, 9.4%; human, 1.6%; and mouse, 0.25%) but lower tyrosine content (chicken, 9.2%; human, 16.8%; and mouse 26.4%). A strong correlation (R(2) = 0.97) was observed between increasing CDR3 length and higher cysteine content. This suggests that noncanonical disulfides are strongly favored in chickens, potentially increasing CDR stability and complexity in the topology of the combining site. The probable formation of disulfide bonds between CDR3 and CDR1, FW2, or CDR2 was also observed, as described in camelids. All features of the naive repertoire were fully replicated in the target-selected, phage-displayed repertoire. The isolation of a chicken Fab with four noncanonical cysteines in the V(H) that exhibits 64 nM (K(D)) binding affinity for its target proved these constituents to be part of the humoral response, not artifacts. This study supports the hypothesis that disulfide bond-constrained CDR3s are a structural diversification strategy in the restricted germline v-gene repertoire of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeying Wu
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Yang J, Baskar S, Kwong KY, Kennedy MG, Wiestner A, Rader C. Therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 with monoclonal antibodies in B-cell malignancies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21018. [PMID: 21698301 PMCID: PMC3115963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on its selective cell surface expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 has recently emerged as a promising target for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To further assess the suitability of ROR1 for targeted therapy of CLL and MCL, a panel of mAbs was generated and its therapeutic utility was investigated. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A chimeric rabbit/human Fab library was generated from immunized rabbits and selected by phage display. Chimeric rabbit/human Fab and IgG1 were investigated for their capability to bind to human and mouse ROR1, to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and internalization, and to agonize or antagonize apoptosis using primary CLL cells from untreated patients as well as MCL cell lines. A panel of mAbs demonstrated high affinity and specificity for a diverse set of epitopes that involve all three extracellular domains of ROR1, are accessible on the cell surface, and mediate internalization. The mAb with the highest affinity and slowest rate of internalization was found to be the only mAb that mediated significant, albeit weak, ADCC. None of the mAbs mediated CDC. Alone, they did not enhance or inhibit apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Owing to its relatively low cell surface density, ROR1 may be a preferred target for armed rather than naked mAbs. Provided is a panel of fully sequenced and thoroughly characterized anti-ROR1 mAbs suitable for conversion to antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, chimeric antigen receptors, and other armed mAb entities for preclinical and clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rabbits
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors/chemistry
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sivasubramanian Baskar
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ka Yin Kwong
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Kennedy
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christoph Rader
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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