1
|
Ossetek KL, Müller AT, Mithöfer A. Robotic mechanical wounding is sufficient to induce phenylacetaldoxime accumulation in Tococa quadrialata. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2360298. [PMID: 38813798 PMCID: PMC11141477 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2360298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the accumulation of phenlyacetaldoxime (PAOx) and PAOx-Glc in Tococa quadrialata leaves in response to herbivore infestation and mechanical wounding. Results show that PAOx levels peaked at 24 h post-infestation, while PAOx-Glc remained present for several days. The accumulation of PAOx began as early as 3 h after herbivory, with PAOx-Glc significantly increased after 6 h. Mechanical wounding induced similar responses in PAOx and PAOx-Glc accumulation as herbivory, suggesting that continuous tissue damage triggers the production of these compounds. Interestingly, SpitWorm-treated leaves showed the highest levels of both PAOx and PAOx-Glc, indicating that herbivore-derived oral secretions (OS) play a role in the induction of these compounds. Additionally, JA-independent PAOx production was found to be associated with tissue damage rather than specific known signaling compounds. Emission of benzyl cyanide and 2-phenylethanol, PAOx-derived plant volatiles, was observed in response to herbivory and SpitWorm treatment providing plant-derived OS, further highlighting the role of herbivore cues in plant defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Lucas Ossetek
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Teresa Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Shan L, Zheng W, Chen J, Deng L, Tian X, Xie R, Yang Y, Zhang L, Yang B. Global lysine succinylation analysis unveils post-translational regulation effect on phenylpropanoid metabolism remodeling during Lonicera japonica flower development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:108978. [PMID: 39084169 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica plays a significant role in traditional Chinese medicine and as a food source, making it a focus of studies on protein succinylation and its potential role in regulating secondary metabolism during flower development. This study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of protein succinylation on phenylpropanoid-related phenotypic changes by conducting a global lysine succinylation proteomic analysis across different flowering stages. A total of 586 lysine succinylated peptides in 303 proteins were identified during early and late floral stages. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that succinylated proteins primarily participated in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolism. The abundance of succinylated aspartate transaminase (AT), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), and phenylalanine N-hydroxylase (CYP79A2) in phenylpropanoid metabolism varied during flower development. In vitro experiments demonstrated that succinylation increased AT activity while inhibited 4CL activity. Decreased levels of total flavonoids and phenolic acids indicated significant alterations in phenylpropanoid metabolism during later floral stages. These results suggest that succinylation of TCA cycle proteins not only influences flower development but also, together with AT-4CL-CYP79A2 co-succinylation, redirects phenylpropanoid metabolism during flower development in L. japonica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Luhuizi Shan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenxi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Linfang Deng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Xu Tian
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ruili Xie
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yunhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liyanage SD, Gunasekera D, Ratnaweera CN. Harnessing the anti-cancer potential of linamarin: A computational study on design and hydrolysis mechanisms of its derivatives. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 128:108716. [PMID: 38277856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cassava extracts containing cyanogenic compounds demonstrate anticancer properties. The cyanogenic glucoside linamarin found abundantly in cassava can release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon hydrolysis, a potent cytotoxin. However, linamarin's hydrolysis mechanism by human enzymes is poorly delineated and constitutes a bottleneck for therapeutic development. This study aimed to investigate linamarin's hydrolysis mechanism by human β-glucosidase and identify structural derivatives with enhanced hydrolytic potential using density functional theory calculations. Results revealed α-anomeric derivatives as promising, with leaving group ability and steric bulk strongly governing hydrolysability. We identified several linamarin analogs with predicted rapid hydrolysis kinetics that may enable swift cytotoxic HCN release against cancer cells. This investigation enriches understanding of cyanogenic glycoside reactivity to facilitate their development as targeted antineoplastic agents. The identified derivatives set the groundwork for experimental evaluation of enhanced linamarin-inspired compounds as innovative cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Senal D Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Dinara Gunasekera
- New Frontier Bio, Inc., 48 Dunham Ridge, Suite 5600, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernández-Milmanda GL. What to do when your ants go marching: Ant-deprived Tococa produce protoxin phenylacetaldoxime glucoside in response to herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:314-316. [PMID: 37675650 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe L Fernández-Milmanda
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Müller AT, Nakamura Y, Reichelt M, Luck K, Cosio E, Lackus ND, Gershenzon J, Mithöfer A, Köllner TG. Biosynthesis, herbivore induction, and defensive role of phenylacetaldoxime glucoside. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:329-346. [PMID: 37584327 PMCID: PMC10756763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are well-known metabolic precursors for plant defense compounds such as cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and volatile nitriles. They are also defenses themselves produced in response to herbivory; however, it is unclear whether aldoximes can be stored over a longer term as defense compounds and how plants protect themselves against the potential autotoxic effects of aldoximes. Here, we show that the Neotropical myrmecophyte tococa (Tococa quadrialata, recently renamed Miconia microphysca) accumulates phenylacetaldoxime glucoside (PAOx-Glc) in response to leaf herbivory. Sequence comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and heterologous expression revealed that 2 cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP79A206 and CYP79A207, and the UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT85A123 are involved in the formation of PAOx-Glc in tococa. Another P450, CYP71E76, was shown to convert PAOx to the volatile defense compound benzyl cyanide. The formation of PAOx-Glc and PAOx in leaves is a very local response to herbivory but does not appear to be regulated by jasmonic acid signaling. In contrast to PAOx, which was only detectable during herbivory, PAOx-Glc levels remained high for at least 3 d after insect feeding. This, together with the fact that gut protein extracts of 3 insect herbivore species exhibited hydrolytic activity toward PAOx-Glc, suggests that the glucoside is a stable storage form of a defense compound that may provide rapid protection against future herbivory. Moreover, the finding that herbivory or pathogen elicitor treatment also led to the accumulation of PAOx-Glc in 3 other phylogenetically distant plant species suggests that the formation and storage of aldoxime glucosides may represent a widespread plant defense response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Müller
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Cosio
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Institute for Nature Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Research, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qian J, Liao Y, Jian G, Jia Y, Zeng L, Gu D, Li H, Yang Y. Light induces an increasing release of benzyl nitrile against diurnal herbivore Ectropis grisescens Warren attack in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3464-3480. [PMID: 37553868 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are critical compounds that directly or indirectly regulate the tritrophic interactions among herbivores, natural enemies and plants. The synthesis and release of HIPVs are regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors. However, the mechanism by which multiple factors synergistically affect HIPVs release remains unclear. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is the object of this study because of its rich and varied volatile metabolites. In this study, benzyl nitrile was released from herbivore-attacked tea plants more in the daytime than at night, which was consistent with the feeding behaviour of tea geometrid (Ectropis grisescens Warren) larvae. The Y-tube olfactometer assay and insect resistance analysis revealed that benzyl nitrile can repel tea geometrid larvae and inhibit their growth. On the basis of enzyme activities in transiently transformed Nicotiana benthamiana plants, CsCYP79 was identified as a crucial regulator in the benzyl nitrile biosynthetic pathway. Light signalling-related transcription factor CsPIF1-like and the jasmonic acid (JA) signalling-related transcription factor CsMYC2 serve as the activator of CsCYP79 under light and damage conditions. Our study revealed that light (abiotic factor) and herbivore-induced damage (biotic stress) synergistically regulate the synthesis and release of benzyl nitrile to protect plants from diurnal herbivorous tea geometrid larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guotai Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin D, Perez VC, Dickinson GK, Zhao H, Dai R, Tomiczek B, Cho KH, Zhu N, Koh J, Grenning A, Kim J. Altered methionine metabolism impacts phenylpropanoid production and plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:187-200. [PMID: 37366635 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are specialized metabolites derived from phenylalanine. Glucosinolates are defense compounds derived mainly from methionine and tryptophan in Arabidopsis. It was previously shown that the phenylpropanoid pathway and glucosinolate production are metabolically linked. The accumulation of indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), the precursor of tryptophan-derived glucosinolates, represses phenylpropanoid biosynthesis through accelerated degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). As PAL functions at the entry point of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces indispensable specialized metabolites such as lignin, aldoxime-mediated phenylpropanoid repression is detrimental to plant survival. Although methionine-derived glucosinolates in Arabidopsis are abundant, any impact of aliphatic aldoximes (AAOx) derived from aliphatic amino acids such as methionine on phenylpropanoid production remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of AAOx accumulation on phenylpropanoid production using Arabidopsis aldoxime mutants, ref2 and ref5. REF2 and REF5 metabolize aldoximes to respective nitrile oxides redundantly, but with different substrate specificities. ref2 and ref5 mutants have decreased phenylpropanoid contents due to the accumulation of aldoximes. As REF2 and REF5 have high substrate specificity toward AAOx and IAOx, respectively, it was assumed that ref2 accumulates AAOx, not IAOx. Our study indicates that ref2 accumulates both AAOx and IAOx. Removing IAOx partially restored phenylpropanoid content in ref2, but not to the wild-type level. However, when AAOx biosynthesis was silenced, phenylpropanoid production and PAL activity in ref2 were completely restored, suggesting an inhibitory effect of AAOx on phenylpropanoid production. Further feeding studies revealed that the abnormal growth phenotype commonly observed in Arabidopsis mutants lacking AAOx production is a consequence of methionine accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doosan Shin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Veronica C Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella K Dickinson
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keun Ho Cho
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alexander Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shin D, Perez VC, Dickinson GK, Zhao H, Dai R, Tomiczek B, Cho KH, Zhu N, Koh J, Grenning A, Kim J. Altered methionine metabolism impacts phenylpropanoid production and plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542770. [PMID: 37398371 PMCID: PMC10312446 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are specialized metabolites derived from phenylalanine. Glucosinolates are defense compounds derived mainly from methionine and tryptophan in Arabidopsis. It was previously shown that the phenylpropanoid pathway and glucosinolate production are metabolically linked. The accumulation of indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx), the precursor of tryptophan-derived glucosinolates, represses phenylpropanoid biosynthesis through accelerated degradation of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL). As PAL functions at the entry point of the phenylpropanoid pathway which produces indispensable specialized metabolites such as lignin, aldoxime-mediated phenylpropanoid repression is detrimental to plant survival. Although methionine-derived glucosinolates in Arabidopsis are abundant, any impact of aliphatic aldoximes (AAOx) derived from aliphatic amino acids such as methionine on phenylpropanoid production remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of AAOx accumulation on phenylpropanoid production using Arabidopsis aldoxime mutants, ref2 and ref5 . REF2 and REF5 metabolize aldoximes to respective nitrile oxides redundantly, but with different substrate specificities. ref2 and ref5 mutants have decreased phenylpropanoid contents due to the accumulation of aldoximes. As REF2 and REF5 have high substrate specificity toward AAOx and IAOx respectively, it was assumed that ref2 accumulates AAOx, not IAOx. Our study indicates that ref2 accumulates both AAOx and IAOx. Removing IAOx partially restored phenylpropanoid production in ref2 , but not to the wild-type level. However, when AAOx biosynthesis was silenced, phenylpropanoid production and PAL activity in ref2 were completely restored, suggesting an inhibitory effect of AAOx on phenylpropanoid production. Further feeding studies revealed that the abnormal growth phenotype commonly observed in Arabidopsis mutants lacking AAOx production is a consequence of methionine accumulation. Significance Statement Aliphatic aldoximes are precursors of various specialized metabolites including defense compounds. This study reveals that aliphatic aldoximes repress phenylpropanoid production and that altered methionine metabolism affects plant growth and development. As phenylpropanoids include vital metabolites such as lignin, a major sink of fixed carbon, this metabolic link may contribute to available resource allocation during defense.
Collapse
|
9
|
Qin H, King GJ, Borpatragohain P, Zou J. Developing multifunctional crops by engineering Brassicaceae glucosinolate pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023:100565. [PMID: 36823985 PMCID: PMC10363516 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), found mainly in species of the Brassicaceae family, are one of the most well-studied classes of secondary metabolites. Produced by the action of myrosinase on GSLs, GSL-derived hydrolysis products (GHPs) primarily defend against biotic stress in planta. They also significantly affect the quality of crop products, with a subset of GHPs contributing unique food flavors and multiple therapeutic benefits or causing disagreeable food odors and health risks. Here, we explore the potential of these bioactive functions, which could be exploited for future sustainable agriculture. We first summarize our accumulated understanding of GSL diversity and distribution across representative Brassicaceae species. We then systematically discuss and evaluate the potential of exploited and unutilized genes involved in GSL biosynthesis, transport, and hydrolysis as candidate GSL engineering targets. Benefiting from available information on GSL and GHP functions, we explore options for multifunctional Brassicaceae crop ideotypes to meet future demand for food diversification and sustainable crop production. An integrated roadmap is subsequently proposed to guide ideotype development, in which maximization of beneficial effects and minimization of detrimental effects of GHPs could be combined and associated with various end uses. Based on several use-case examples, we discuss advantages and limitations of available biotechnological approaches that may contribute to effective deployment and could provide novel insights for optimization of future GSL engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Graham J King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jun Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghidoli M, Ponzoni E, Araniti F, Miglio D, Pilu R. Genetic Improvement of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz: Opportunities and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:570. [PMID: 36771654 PMCID: PMC9920110 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a renewed interest in novel crops has been developing due to the environmental issues associated with the sustainability of agricultural practices. In particular, a cover crop, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, belonging to the Brassicaceae family, is attracting the scientific community's interest for several desirable features. It is related to the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, and its oil extracted from the seeds can be used either for food and feed, or for industrial uses such as biofuel production. From an agronomic point of view, it can grow in marginal lands with little or no inputs, and is practically resistant to the most important pathogens of Brassicaceae. Although cultivated in the past, particularly in northern Europe and Italy, in the last century, it was abandoned. For this reason, little breeding work has been conducted to improve this plant, also because of the low genetic variability present in this hexaploid species. In this review, we summarize the main works on this crop, focused on genetic improvement with three main objectives: yield, seed oil content and quality, and reduction in glucosinolates content in the seed, which are the main anti-nutritional substances present in camelina. We also report the latest advances in utilising classical plant breeding, transgenic approaches, and CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ghidoli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ponzoni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Miglio
- Laboratory for Mother and Child Health, Department of Public Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Perez VC, Zhao H, Lin M, Kim J. Occurrence, Function, and Biosynthesis of the Natural Auxin Phenylacetic Acid (PAA) in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:266. [PMID: 36678978 PMCID: PMC9867223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are a class of plant hormones playing crucial roles in a plant's growth, development, and stress responses. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is a phenylalanine-derived natural auxin found widely in plants. Although the auxin activity of PAA in plants was identified several decades ago, PAA homeostasis and its function remain poorly understood, whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most potent auxin, has been used for most auxin studies. Recent studies have revealed unique features of PAA distinctive from IAA, and the enzymes and intermediates of the PAA biosynthesis pathway have been identified. Here, we summarize the occurrence and function of PAA in plants and highlight the recent progress made in PAA homeostasis, emphasizing PAA biosynthesis and crosstalk between IAA and PAA homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Haohao Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Makou Lin
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetic Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schulz V, Freibert SA, Boss L, Mühlenhoff U, Stehling O, Lill R. Mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins: new functions for old dogs. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:102-121. [PMID: 36443530 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ferredoxins (FDXs) comprise a large family of iron-sulfur proteins that shuttle electrons from NADPH and FDX reductases into diverse biological processes. This review focuses on the structure, function and specificity of mitochondrial [2Fe-2S] FDXs that are related to bacterial FDXs due to their endosymbiotic inheritance. Their classical function in cytochrome P450-dependent steroid transformations was identified around 1960, and is exemplified by mammalian FDX1 (aka adrenodoxin). Thirty years later the essential function in cellular Fe/S protein biogenesis was discovered for the yeast mitochondrial FDX Yah1 that is additionally crucial for the formation of haem a and ubiquinone CoQ6 . In mammals, Fe/S protein biogenesis is exclusively performed by the FDX1 paralog FDX2, despite the high structural similarity of both proteins. Recently, additional and specific roles of human FDX1 in haem a and lipoyl cofactor biosyntheses were described. For lipoyl synthesis, FDX1 transfers electrons to the radical S-adenosyl methionine-dependent lipoyl synthase to kickstart its radical chain reaction. The high target specificity of the two mammalian FDXs is contained within small conserved sequence motifs, that upon swapping change the target selection of these electron donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinzent Schulz
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven-A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Boss
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mühlenhoff
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stehling
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.,Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie Synmikro, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Perez VC, Dai R, Tomiczek B, Mendoza J, Wolf ESA, Grenning A, Vermerris W, Block AK, Kim J. Metabolic link between auxin production and specialized metabolites in Sorghum bicolor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:364-376. [PMID: 36300527 PMCID: PMC9786853 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aldoximes are amino acid derivatives that serve as intermediates for numerous specialized metabolites including cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and auxins. Aldoxime formation is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the 79 family (CYP79s) that can have broad or narrow substrate specificity. Except for SbCYP79A1, aldoxime biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) have not been characterized. This study identified nine CYP79-encoding genes in the genome of sorghum. A phylogenetic analysis of CYP79 showed that SbCYP79A61 formed a subclade with maize ZmCYP79A61, previously characterized to be involved in aldoxime biosynthesis. Functional characterization of this sorghum enzyme using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that SbCYP79A61 catalyzes the production of phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) from phenylalanine but, unlike the maize enzyme, displays no detectable activity against tryptophan. Additionally, targeted metabolite analysis after stable isotope feeding assays revealed that PAOx can serve as a precursor of phenylacetic acid (PAA) in sorghum and identified benzyl cyanide as an intermediate of PAOx-derived PAA biosynthesis in both sorghum and maize. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SbCYP79A61 produces PAOx in sorghum and may serve in the biosynthesis of other nitrogen-containing phenylalanine-derived metabolites involved in mediating biotic and abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Emily S A Wolf
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alexander Grenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kurzbach E, Strieker M, Wittstock U. Production of benzylglucosinolate in genetically engineered carrot suspension cultures. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:241-250. [PMID: 36349242 PMCID: PMC9592945 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, a group of sulfur-containing specialized metabolites of the Brassicales, have attracted a lot of interest in nutrition, medicine and agriculture due to their positive health effects and their involvement in plant defense. Their biological activities and the extensive knowledge of their biosynthesis have inspired research into development of crops with enhanced glucosinolate contents as well as their biotechnological production in homologous and heterologous systems. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for transgenic suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota, Apiacae) as a scalable production platform for plant specialized metabolites using benzylglucosinolate as a model. Two T-DNAs carrying in total six genes of the benzylglucosinolate biosynthesis pathway from Arabidopsis thaliana as well as NPTII and BAR as selectable markers were transferred to carrot cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Putative transformants selected based on their kanamycin and BASTA resistances were subjected to HPLC-MS analysis. Of 79 putative transformants, 17 produced benzylglucosinolate. T-DNA-integration was confirmed for the five best producers. Callus from these transformants was used to establish suspension cultures for quantitative analysis. When grown in 60-ml-cultures, the best transformants produced roughly 2.5 nmol (g fw)-1 benzylglucosinolate, together with up to 10 nmol (g fw)-1 desulfobenzylglucosinolate. Only one transformant produced more benzylglucosinolate than desulfobenzylglucosinolate. The concentration of sulfate in the medium was not a major limiting factor. High production seemed to be associated with poor growth and vice versa. Therefore, future research should try to optimize medium and cultivation process and to separate growth and production phase by using an inducible promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kurzbach
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Strieker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Wittstock
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu J, Tu X, Huang AC. Functions and biosynthesis of plant signaling metabolites mediating plant-microbe interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1393-1422. [PMID: 35766105 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015-2022Plants and microbes have coevolved since their appearance, and their interactions, to some extent, define plant health. A reasonable fraction of small molecules plants produced are involved in mediating plant-microbe interactions, yet their functions and biosynthesis remain fragmented. The identification of these compounds and their biosynthetic genes will open up avenues for plant fitness improvement by manipulating metabolite-mediated plant-microbe interactions. Herein, we integrate the current knowledge on their chemical structures, bioactivities, and biosynthesis with the view of providing a high-level overview on their biosynthetic origins and evolutionary trajectory, and pinpointing the yet unknown and key enzymatic steps in diverse biosynthetic pathways. We further discuss the theoretical basis and prospects for directing plant signaling metabolite biosynthesis for microbe-aided plant health improvement in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Xingzhao Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Ancheng C Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, SUSTech-PKU Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bhinder G, Sharma S, Kaur H, Akhatar J, Mittal M, Sandhu S. Genomic Regions Associated With Seed Meal Quality Traits in Brassica napus Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882766. [PMID: 35909769 PMCID: PMC9333065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The defatted Brassica napus (rapeseed) meal can be high-protein feed for livestock as the protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins. Extensive work has already been carried out on developing canola rapeseed where the focus was on reducing erucic acid and glucosinolate content, with less consideration to other antinutritional factors such as tannin, phytate, sinapine, crude fiber, etc. The presence of these antinutrients limits the use and marketing of rapeseed meals and a significant amount of it goes unused and ends up as waste. We investigated the genetic architecture of crude protein, methionine, tryptophan, total phenols, β-carotene, glucosinolates (GLSs), phytate, tannins, sinapine, and crude fiber content of defatted seed meal samples by conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS), using a diversity panel comprising 96 B. napus genotypes. Genotyping by sequencing was used to identify 77,889 SNPs, spread over 19 chromosomes. Genetic diversity and phenotypic variations were generally high for the studied traits. A total of eleven genotypes were identified which showed high-quality protein, high antioxidants, and lower amount of antinutrients. A significant negative correlation between protein and limiting amino acids and a significant positive correlation between GLS and phytic acid were observed. General and mixed linear models were used to estimate the association between the SNP markers and the seed quality traits and quantile-quantile (QQ) plots were generated to allow the best-fit algorithm. Annotation of genomic regions around associated SNPs helped to predict various trait-related candidates such as ASP2 and EMB1027 (amino acid biosynthesis); HEMA2, GLU1, and PGM (tryptophan biosynthesis); MS3, CYSD1, and MTO1 (methionine biosynthesis); LYC (β-carotene biosynthesis); HDR and ISPF (MEP pathway); COS1 (riboflavin synthesis); UGT (phenolics biosynthesis); NAC073 (cellulose and hemicellulose biosynthesis); CYT1 (cellulose biosynthesis); BGLU45 and BGLU46 (lignin biosynthesis); SOT12 and UGT88A1 (flavonoid pathway); and CYP79A2, DIN2, and GSTT2 (GLS metabolism), etc. The functional validation of these candidate genes could confirm key seed meal quality genes for germplasm enhancement programs directed at improving protein quality and reducing the antinutritional components in B. napus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjula Sharma
- Oilseeds Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | - Javed Akhatar
- Oilseeds Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shang G, Zhao H, Tong L, Yin N, Hu R, Jiang H, Kamal F, Zhao Z, Xu L, Lu K, Li J, Qu C, Du D. Genome-Wide Association Study of Phenylalanine Derived Glucosinolates in Brassica rapa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1274. [PMID: 35567275 PMCID: PMC9104335 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are sulfur-containing bioactive compounds usually present in Brassicaceae plants and are usually responsible for a pungent flavor and reduction of the nutritional values of seeds. Therefore, breeding rapeseed varieties with low GSL levels is an important breeding objective. Most GSLs in Brassica rapa are derived from methionine or tryptophan, but two are derived from phenylalanine, one directly (benzylGSL) and one after a round of chain elongation (phenethylGSL). In the present study, two phenylalanine (Phe)-derived GSLs (benzylGSL and phenethylGSL) were identified and quantified in seeds by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Levels of benzylGSL were low but differed among investigated low and high GSL genotypes. Levels of phenethylGSL (also known as 2-phenylethylGSL) were high but did not differ among GSL genotypes. Subsequently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 159 B. rapa accessions to demarcate candidate regions underlying 43 and 59 QTNs associated with benzylGSL and phenethylGSL that were distributed on 10 chromosomes and 9 scaffolds, explaining 0.56% to 70.86% of phenotypic variations, respectively. Furthermore, we find that 15 and 18 known or novel candidate genes were identified for the biosynthesis of benzylGSL and phenethylGSL, including known regulators of GSL biosynthesis, such as BrMYB34, BrMYB51, BrMYB28, BrMYB29 and BrMYB122, and novel regulators or structural genes, such as BrMYB44/BrMYB77 and BrMYB60 for benzylGSL and BrCYP79B2 for phenethylGSL. Finally, we investigate the expression profiles of the biosynthetic genes for two Phe-derived GSLs by transcriptomic analysis. Our findings provide new insight into the complex machinery of Phe-derived GSLs in seeds of B. rapa and help to improve the quality of Brassicaceae plant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Shang
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (G.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Huiyan Zhao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Linhui Tong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Nengwen Yin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Ran Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Farah Kamal
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (G.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Liang Xu
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (G.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| | - Kun Lu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (H.Z.); (L.T.); (N.Y.); (R.H.); (H.J.); (F.K.); (K.L.)
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dezhi Du
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement, Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (G.S.); (Z.Z.); (L.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feng X, Ma J, Liu Z, Li X, Wu Y, Hou L, Li M. Analysis of Glucosinolate Content and Metabolism Related Genes in Different Parts of Chinese Flowering Cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:767898. [PMID: 35111173 PMCID: PMC8801782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are important secondary metabolites that play important defensive roles in cruciferous plants. Chinese flowering cabbage, one of the most common vegetable crops, is rich in GSLs and thus has the potential to reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Many genes that are involved in GSL biosynthesis and metabolism have been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana; however, few studies investigated the genes related to GSL biosynthesis and metabolism in Chinese flowering cabbage. In the present study, the GSL composition and content in three different organs of Chinese flowering cabbage (leaf, stalk, and flower bud) were determined. Our results showed that the total GSL content in flower buds was significantly higher than in stalks and leaves, and aliphatic GSLs were the most abundant GSL type. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the variations of GSL content, we analyzed the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in GSL biosynthesis and transport in different tissues of Chinese flowering cabbage using RNA sequencing; the expression levels of most genes were found to be consistent with the pattern of total GSL content. Correlation and consistency analysis of differentially expressed genes from different organs with the GSL content revealed that seven genes (Bra029966, Bra012640, Bra016787, Bra011761, Bra006830, Bra011759, and Bra029248) were positively correlated with GSL content. These findings provide a molecular basis for further elucidating GSL biosynthesis and transport in Chinese flowering cabbage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Yinghua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Leiping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increasing Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Taigu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perez VC, Dai R, Block AK, Kim J. Metabolite analysis of Arabidopsis CYP79A2 overexpression lines reveals turnover of benzyl glucosinolate and an additive effect of different aldoximes on phenylpropanoid repression. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1966586. [PMID: 34429019 PMCID: PMC8526031 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1966586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) and phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) are precursors for the growth hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) and the defense compounds glucosinolates in Brassicales. Our recent work has shown that Arabidopsis transgenic lines overexpressing AtCYP79A2, a PAOx-production enzyme, accumulate the PAOx-derived compounds benzyl glucosinolate and PAA. Here we report that they also accumulate the benzyl glucosinolate hydrolysis products benzyl isothiocyanate and benzyl cyanide, which indicates that the turnover of benzyl glucosinolate can occur in intact tissues. Myrosinases or β-glucosidases are known to catalyze glucosinolate breakdown. However, transcriptomics analysis detected no substantial increase in expression of known myrosinases or putative β-glucosidases in AtCYP79A2 overexpressing lines. It was previously shown that accumulation of aldoximes or their derivatives represses the phenylpropanoid pathway. For instance, ref2 mutant having a defect in one of the aldoxime catabolic enzymes decreases phenylpropanoid production. Considering that AtCYP79A2 is not expressed in most organs under optimal growth condition, ref2 accumulates aliphatic aldoximes but not PAOx. Interestingly, overexpression of AtCYP79A2 in ref2 resulted in a further decrease in sinapoylmalate content compared to ref2. This indicates that accumulation of PAOx has an additive effect on phenylpropanoid pathway suppression mediated by other aldoximes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna K. Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kitainda V, Jez JM. Structural Studies of Aliphatic Glucosinolate Chain-Elongation Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091500. [PMID: 34573132 PMCID: PMC8468904 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved specialized metabolic pathways through gene duplication and functional divergence of enzymes involved in primary metabolism. The results of this process are varied pathways that produce an array of natural products useful to both plants and humans. In plants, glucosinolates are a diverse class of natural products. Glucosinolate function stems from their hydrolysis products, which are responsible for the strong flavors of Brassicales plants, such as mustard, and serve as plant defense molecules by repelling insects, fighting fungal infections, and discouraging herbivory. Additionally, certain hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates can potentially serve as cancer prevention agents in humans. The breadth of glucosinolate function is a result of its great structural diversity, which comes from the use of aliphatic, aromatic and indole amino acids as precursors and elongation of some side chains by up to nine carbons, which, after the formation of the core glucosinolate structure, can undergo further chemical modifications. Aliphatic methionine-derived glucosinolates are the most abundant form of these compounds. Although both elongation and chemical modification of amino acid side chains are important for aliphatic glucosinolate diversity, its elongation process has not been well described at the molecular level. Here, we summarize new insights on the iterative chain-elongation enzymes methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAMS) and isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IPMDH).
Collapse
|
21
|
Improvement of glucosinolates by metabolic engineering in Brassica crops. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:314-329. [PMID: 36303883 PMCID: PMC9590530 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a class of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing, and amino acid-derived important secondary metabolites, which mainly present in plants of Brassicaceae family, including Brassica crops, such as broccoli, cabbage, and oilseed rape. The bioactive GSL metabolites confer benefits to plant defense, human health, and the unique flavor of some Brassica crops. However, certain GSL profiles have adverse effects and are known as anti-nutritional factors. This has attracted mounting attempts to increase beneficial GSLs and reduce detrimental ones in the most commonly consumed Brassica crops. We provide a comprehensive overview of metabolic engineering applied in Brassica crops to achieve this purpose, including modulation of GSL biosynthesis, ablation of GSL hydrolysis, inhibition of GSL transport processes, and redirection of metabolic flux to GSL. Moreover, advances in omics approaches, i.e., genomics, transcriptome, and metabolome, applied in the elucidation of GSL metabolism in Brassica crops, as well as promising and potential genome-editing technologies are also discussed.
Collapse
|
22
|
Harun S, Afiqah-Aleng N, Karim MB, Altaf Ul Amin M, Kanaya S, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. Potential Arabidopsis thaliana glucosinolate genes identified from the co-expression modules using graph clustering approach. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11876. [PMID: 34430080 PMCID: PMC8349163 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites that contain nitrogen-containing compounds. They are important in the plant defense system and known to provide protection against cancer in humans. Currently, increasing the amount of data generated from various omics technologies serves as a hotspot for new gene discovery. However, sometimes sequence similarity searching approach is not sufficiently effective to find these genes; hence, we adapted a network clustering approach to search for potential GSLs genes from the Arabidopsis thaliana co-expression dataset. Methods We used known GSL genes to construct a comprehensive GSL co-expression network. This network was analyzed with the DPClusOST algorithm using a density of 0.5. 0.6. 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9. Generating clusters were evaluated using Fisher’s exact test to identify GSL gene co-expression clusters. A significance score (SScore) was calculated for each gene based on the generated p-value of Fisher’s exact test. SScore was used to perform a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study to classify possible GSL genes using the ROCR package. ROCR was used in determining the AUC that measured the suitable density value of the cluster for further analysis. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using ClueGO to identify significant pathways associated with the GSL clusters. Results The density value of 0.8 showed the highest area under the curve (AUC) leading to the selection of thirteen potential GSL genes from the top six significant clusters that include IMDH3, MVP1, T19K24.17, MRSA2, SIR, ASP4, MTO1, At1g21440, HMT3, At3g47420, PS1, SAL1, and At3g14220. A total of Four potential genes (MTO1, SIR, SAL1, and IMDH3) were identified from the pathway enrichment analysis on the significant clusters. These genes are directly related to GSL-associated pathways such as sulfur metabolism and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. This approach demonstrates the ability of the network clustering approach in identifying potential GSL genes which cannot be found from the standard similarity search.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarahani Harun
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Afiqah-Aleng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Bozlul Karim
- Graduate School of Science and Technology & NAIST Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Md Altaf Ul Amin
- Graduate School of Science and Technology & NAIST Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology & NAIST Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Perez VC, Dai R, Bai B, Tomiczek B, Askey BC, Zhang Y, Rubin GM, Ding Y, Grenning A, Block AK, Kim J. Aldoximes are precursors of auxins in Arabidopsis and maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1449-1461. [PMID: 33959967 PMCID: PMC8282758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two natural auxins, phenylacetic acid (PAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), play crucial roles in plant growth and development. One route of IAA biosynthesis uses the glucosinolate intermediate indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) as a precursor, which is thought to occur only in glucosinolate-producing plants in Brassicales. A recent study showed that overproducing phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) in Arabidopsis increases PAA production. However, it remains unknown whether this increased PAA resulted from hydrolysis of PAOx-derived benzyl glucosinolate or, like IAOx-derived IAA, is directly converted from PAOx. If glucosinolate hydrolysis is not required, aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis may occur beyond Brassicales. To better understand aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis, we conducted an isotope-labelled aldoxime feeding assay using an Arabidopsis glucosinolate-deficient mutant sur1 and maize, and transcriptomics analysis. Our study demonstrated that the conversion of PAOx to PAA does not require glucosinolates in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, maize produces PAA and IAA from PAOx and IAOx, respectively, indicating that aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis also occurs in maize. Considering that aldoxime production occurs widely in the plant kingdom, aldoxime-derived auxin biosynthesis is likely to be more widespread than originally believed. A genome-wide transcriptomics study using PAOx-overproduction plants identified complex metabolic networks among IAA, PAA, phenylpropanoid and tryptophan metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C. Perez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Bing Bai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Breanna Tomiczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Bryce C. Askey
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Garret M. Rubin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | | | - Anna K. Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Soundararajan P, Park SG, Won SY, Moon MS, Park HW, Ku KM, Kim JS. Influence of Genotype on High Glucosinolate Synthesis Lines of Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147301. [PMID: 34298919 PMCID: PMC8305852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate doubled haploid (DH) lines produced between high GSL (HGSL) Brassica rapa ssp. trilocularis (yellow sarson) and low GSL (LGSL) B. rapa ssp. chinensis (pak choi) parents. In total, 161 DH lines were generated. GSL content of HGSL DH lines ranged from 44.12 to 57.04 μmol·g−1·dry weight (dw), which is within the level of high GSL B. rapa ssp. trilocularis (47.46 to 59.56 μmol g−1 dw). We resequenced five of the HGSL DH lines and three of the LGSL DH lines. Recombination blocks were formed between the parental and DH lines with 108,328 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in all chromosomes. In the measured GSL, gluconapin occurred as the major substrate in HGSL DH lines. Among the HGSL DH lines, BrYSP_DH005 had glucoraphanin levels approximately 12-fold higher than those of the HGSL mother plant. The hydrolysis capacity of GSL was analyzed in HGSL DH lines with a Korean pak choi cultivar as a control. Bioactive compounds, such as 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate, 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate, and sulforaphane, were present in the HGSL DH lines at 3-fold to 6.3-fold higher levels compared to the commercial cultivar. The selected HGSL DH lines, resequencing data, and SNP identification were utilized for genome-assisted selection to develop elite GSL-enriched cultivars and the industrial production of potential anti-cancerous metabolites such as gluconapin and glucoraphanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Soundararajan
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (P.S.); (S.Y.W.); (M.-S.M.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Sin-Gi Park
- Bioinformatics Team of Theragen Etex Institute, Suwon 16229, Korea;
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (P.S.); (S.Y.W.); (M.-S.M.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Mi-Sun Moon
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (P.S.); (S.Y.W.); (M.-S.M.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (P.S.); (S.Y.W.); (M.-S.M.); (H.W.P.)
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- BK21 Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wansan-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (P.S.); (S.Y.W.); (M.-S.M.); (H.W.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teng Z, Yu Y, Zhu Z, Hong SB, Yang B, Zang Y. Melatonin elevated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance via modulation of ATP and glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis. J Proteomics 2021; 243:104264. [PMID: 33992838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot is a common disease found in Brassica rapa that is caused by the necrotic plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Melatonin (MT) has known biological activity and effectively relieved this type of Sclerotinia stem rot in B. rapa. To better understand the mechanisms behind MT-induced S. sclerotiorum resistance in B. rapa, we performed both proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Our results showed that during S. sclerotiorum infection, thiamine synthesis was activated and defended against it. In infected leaves, ribosomal synthesis-related proteins responded positively to MT treatment. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis showed that amino acid metabolism was activated by MT treatment. After MT treatment, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were both increased in B. rapa infected leaves. Cysteine synthase, sulfur transfer-related proteins, and glucosinolate (GS) were all increased after MT treatment in infected B. rapa leaves. Taken together, these results indicated that B. rapa leaves promoted thiamine formation to defend against S. sclerotiorum infection. Moreover, MT helped further induce antioxidant activation in B. rapa in an ATP-dependent manner and stimulating GS biosynthesis to well inhibit the S. sclerotiorum infection. SIGNIFICANCE: Melatonin (MT) has biological activity and effectively relieved the Sclerotinia stem rot of Brassica rapa caused by the necrotic plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In order to reveal the molecular mechanisms of MT-induced S. sclerotiorum resistance in B. rapa, comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted. The integration analysis of omic-data illustrated that the modulation of ATP and glucosinolate biosynthesis induced by MT administration helped to defend the infection of S. sclerotiorum in B. rapa. Our results will provide insights into MT-induced anti-fungal mechanism and therapeutic strategies to mitigate Sclerotinia stem rot of B. rapa, thereby increasing plant yield and decreasing economic losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Teng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Street 666, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Street 666, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Street 666, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1098, USA
| | - Bingxian Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
| | - Yunxiang Zang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Wusu Street 666, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang C, Crocoll C, Agerbirk N, Halkier BA. Engineering and optimization of the 2-phenylethylglucosinolate production in Nicotiana benthamiana by combining biosynthetic genes from Barbarea vulgaris and Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:978-992. [PMID: 33624307 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2-Phenylethylglucosinolate (2PE) derived from homophenylalanine is present in plants of the Brassicales order as a defense compound. It is associated with multiple biological properties, including deterrent effects on pests and antimicrobial and health-promoting functions, due to its hydrolysis product 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate, which confers 2PE as a potential application in agriculture and industry. In this study, we characterized the putative key genes for 2PE biosynthesis from Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton and demonstrated the feasibility of engineering 2PE production in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin. We used different combinations of genes from B. vulgaris and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. to demonstrate that: (i) BvBCAT4 performed more efficiently than AtBCAT4 in biosynthesis of both homophenylalanine and dihomomethionine; (ii) MAM1 enzymes were critical for the chain-elongated profile, while CYP79F enzymes accepted both chain-elongated methionine and homophenylalanine; (iii) aliphatic but not aromatic core structure pathway catalyzed the 2PE biosynthesis; (iv) a chimeric pathway containing BvBCAT4, BvMAM1, AtIPMI and AtIPMDH1 resulted in a two-fold increase in 2PE production compared with the B. vulgaris-specific chain elongation pathway; and (v) profiles of chain-elongated products and glucosinolates partially mirrored the profiles in the gene donor plant, but were wider in N. benthamiana than in the native plants. Our study provides a strategy to produce the important homophenylalanine and 2PE in a heterologous host. Furthermore, chimeric engineering of the complex 2PE biosynthetic pathway enabled detailed understanding of catalytic properties of individual enzymes - a prerequisite for understanding biochemical evolution. The new-to-nature gene combinations have the potential for application in biotechnological and plant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwei Wang
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Agerbirk N, Hansen CC, Kiefer C, Hauser TP, Ørgaard M, Asmussen Lange CB, Cipollini D, Koch MA. Comparison of glucosinolate diversity in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae and the remaining order Brassicales highlights repetitive evolutionary loss and gain of biosynthetic steps. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112668. [PMID: 33743499 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We review glucosinolate (GSL) diversity and analyze phylogeny in the crucifer tribe Cardamineae as well as selected species from Brassicaceae (tribe Brassiceae) and Resedaceae. Some GSLs occur widely, while there is a scattered distribution of many less common GSLs, tentatively sorted into three classes: ancient, intermediate and more recently evolved. The number of conclusively identified GSLs in the tribe (53 GSLs) constitute 60% of all GSLs known with certainty from any plant (89 GSLs) and apparently unique GSLs in the tribe constitute 10 of those GSLs conclusively identified (19%). Intraspecific, qualitative GSL polymorphism is known from at least four species in the tribe. The most ancient GSL biosynthesis in Brassicales probably involved biosynthesis from Phe, Val, Leu, Ile and possibly Trp, and hydroxylation at the β-position. From a broad comparison of families in Brassicales and tribes in Brassicaceae, we estimate that a common ancestor of the tribe Cardamineae and the family Brassicaceae exhibited GSL biosynthesis from Phe, Val, Ile, Leu, possibly Tyr, Trp and homoPhe (ancient GSLs), as well as homologs of Met and possibly homoIle (intermediate age GSLs). From the comparison of phylogeny and GSL diversity, we also suggest that hydroxylation and subsequent methylation of indole GSLs and usual modifications of Met-derived GSLs (formation of sulfinyls, sulfonyls and alkenyls) occur due to conserved biochemical mechanisms and was present in a common ancestor of the family. Apparent loss of homologs of Met as biosynthetic precursors was deduced in the entire genus Barbarea and was frequent in Cardamine (e.g. C. pratensis, C. diphylla, C. concatenata, possibly C. amara). The loss was often associated with appearance of significant levels of unique or rare GSLs as well as recapitulation of ancient types of GSLs. Biosynthetic traits interpreted as de novo evolution included hydroxylation at rare positions, acylation at the thioglucose and use of dihomoIle and possibly homoIle as biosynthetic precursors. Biochemical aspects of the deduced evolution are discussed and testable hypotheses proposed. Biosyntheses from Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, homoPhe and homologs of Met are increasingly well understood, while GSL biosynthesis from mono- and dihomoIle is poorly understood. Overall, interpretation of known diversity suggests that evolution of GSL biosynthesis often seems to recapitulate ancient biosynthesis. In contrast, unprecedented GSL biosynthetic innovation seems to be rare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Cecilie Cetti Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christiane Kiefer
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thure P Hauser
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marian Ørgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Conny Bruun Asmussen Lange
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Don Cipollini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Harun S, Rohani ER, Ohme-Takagi M, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. ADAP is a possible negative regulator of glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana based on clustering and gene expression analyses. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:327-339. [PMID: 33558947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites consisting of sulfur and nitrogen, commonly found in Brassicaceae crops, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. These compounds are known for their roles in plant defense mechanisms against pests and pathogens. 'Guilt-by-association' (GBA) approach predicts genes encoding proteins with similar function tend to share gene expression pattern generated from high throughput sequencing data. Recent studies have successfully identified GSL genes using GBA approach, followed by targeted verification of gene expression and metabolite data. Therefore, a GSL co-expression network was constructed using known GSL genes obtained from our in-house database, SuCComBase. DPClusO was used to identify subnetworks of the GSL co-expression network followed by Fisher's exact test leading to the discovery of a potential gene that encodes the ARIA-interacting double AP2-domain protein (ADAP) transcription factor (TF). Further functional analysis was performed using an effective gene silencing system known as CRES-T. By applying CRES-T, ADAP TF gene was fused to a plant-specific EAR-motif repressor domain (SRDX), which suppresses the expression of ADAP target genes. In this study, ADAP was proposed as a negative regulator in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis due to the over-expression of downstream aliphatic GSL genes (UGT74C1 and IPMI1) in ADAP-SRDX line. The significant over-expression of ADAP gene in the ADAP-SRDX line also suggests the behavior of the TF that negatively affects the expression of UGT74C1 and IPMI1 via a feedback mechanism in A. thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Harun
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E R Rohani
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Ohme-Takagi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - H-H Goh
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z-A Mohamed-Hussein
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mitreiter S, Gigolashvili T. Regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:70-91. [PMID: 33313802 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the past 13 years, the regulation of glucosinolate synthesis in plants has been intensively studied, with recent research revealing complex molecular mechanisms that connect glucosinolate production with responses to other central pathways. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis is ecologically relevant for plants, how it is controlled by transcription factors, and how this transcriptional machinery interacts with hormonal, environmental, and epigenetic mechanisms. We present the central players in glucosinolate regulation, MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, as well as the plant hormone jasmonate, which together with other hormones and environmental signals allow the coordinated and rapid regulation of glucosinolate genes. Furthermore, we highlight the regulatory connections between glucosinolates, auxin, and sulfur metabolism and discuss emerging insights and open questions on the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mitreiter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Xia L, Xiaodong M, Yunhe C, Junxiang L, Junzhu Z, Feifei Z, Zhenyuan S, Lei H. Transcriptomic and metabolomic insights into the adaptive response of Salix viminalis to phenanthrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127573. [PMID: 32745791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread, persistent environmental pollutants. They exert toxic effects at different developmental stages of plants. Plant defense mechanisms against PAHs are poorly understood. To this end, transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolomic sequencing were used to study the changes in gene expression and metabolites that occur in the roots of Salix viminalis subjected to phenanthrene stress. Significant variations in genes and metabolites were observed between treatment groups and the control group. Thirteen amino acids and key genes involved in their biosynthesis were upregulated exposed to phenanthrene. Cysteine biosynthesis was upregulated. Sucrose, inositol galactoside, and mellidiose were the main carbohydrates that were largely accumulated. Glutathione biosynthesis was enhanced in order to scavenge reactive oxygen species and detoxify the phenanthrene. Glucosinolate and flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated. The production of pinocembrin, apigenin, and epigallocatechin increased, which may play a role in antioxidation to resist phenanthrene stress. In addition, levels of six amino acids and N,N'-(p-coumaroyl)-cinnamoyl-caffeoyl-spermidine were significantly increased, which may have helped protect the plant against phenanthrene stress. These results demonstrated that S. viminalis had a positive defense strategy in response to phenanthrene challenge. Subsequent defense-related reactions may have also occurred within 24 h of phenanthrene exposure. The findings of the present study would be useful in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating plant responses to PAH challenges and would help guide crop and plant breeders in enhancing PAH resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China; College of Agriculture and Bioengineering (Peony Institute), Heze University, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Ma Xiaodong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Cheng Yunhe
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Liu Junxiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zou Junzhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhai Feifei
- School of Architectural and Artistic Design, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, PR China
| | - Sun Zhenyuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Han Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Glucosinolates: Natural Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Accessibility, Isolation, Structures, and Biological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194537. [PMID: 33022970 PMCID: PMC7582585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary plant metabolites abundantly found in plant order Brassicales. GSLs are constituted by an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate moiety. The side-chain of the O-sulfate thiohydroximate moiety, which is derived from a different amino acid, contributes to the diversity of natural GSL, with more than 130 structures identified and validated to this day. Both the structural diversity of GSL and their biological implication in plants have been biochemically studied. Although chemical syntheses of GSL have been devised to give access to these secondary metabolites, direct extraction from biomass remains the conventional method to isolate natural GSL. While intact GSLs are biologically inactive, various products, including isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles, and cyanides obtained through their hydrolysis of GSLs, exhibit many different biological activities, among which several therapeutic benefits have been suggested. This article reviews natural occurrence, accessibility via chemical, synthetic biochemical pathways of GSL, and the current methodology of extraction, purification, and characterization. Structural information, including the most recent classification of GSL, and their stability and storage conditions will also be discussed. The biological perspective will also be explored to demonstrate the importance of these prominent metabolites.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rastogi S, Satapathy S, Shah S, Mytrai, Prakash H. In silico identification of cytochrome P450s involved in Ocimum tenuiflorum subjected to four abiotic stresses. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Calgaro-Kozina A, Vuu KM, Keasling JD, Loqué D, Sattely ES, Shih PM. Engineering Plant Synthetic Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Novel Antifungals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1394-1400. [PMID: 32875080 PMCID: PMC7453567 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a wealth of biologically active compounds, many of which are used to defend themselves from various pests and pathogens. We explore the possibility of expanding upon the natural chemical diversity of plants and create molecules that have enhanced properties, by engineering metabolic pathways new to nature. We rationally broaden the set of primary metabolites that can be utilized by the core biosynthetic pathway of the natural biopesticide, brassinin, producing in planta a novel class of compounds that we call crucifalexins. Two of our new-to-nature crucifalexins are more potent antifungals than brassinin and, in some instances, comparable to commercially used fungicides. Our findings highlight the potential to push the boundaries of plant metabolism for the biosynthesis of new biopesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Calgaro-Kozina
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Khanh M. Vuu
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental
Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay D. Keasling
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Biological
Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dominique Loqué
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental
Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Sattely
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Joint
BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Environmental
Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Plant Biology, University of California,
Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Harun S, Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Goh HH, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. A Comprehensive Gene Inventory for Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7281-7297. [PMID: 32551569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are plant secondary metabolites comprising sulfur and nitrogen mainly found in plants from the order of Brassicales, such as broccoli, cabbage, and Arabidopsis thaliana. The activated forms of GSL play important roles in fighting against pathogens and have health benefits to humans. The increasing amount of data on A. thaliana generated from various omics technologies can be investigated more deeply in search of new genes or compounds involved in GSL biosynthesis and metabolism. This review describes a comprehensive inventory of A. thaliana GSLs identified from published literature and databases such as KNApSAcK, KEGG, and AraCyc. A total of 113 GSL genes encoding for 23 transcription components, 85 enzymes, and five protein transporters were experimentally characterized in the past two decades. Continuous efforts are still on going to identify all molecules related to the production of GSLs. A manually curated database known as SuCCombase (http://plant-scc.org) was developed to serve as a comprehensive GSL inventory. Realizing lack of information on the regulation of GSL biosynthesis and degradation mechanisms, this review also includes relevant information and their connections with crosstalk among various factors, such as light, sulfur metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, not only in A. thaliana but also in other crucifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarahani Harun
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad-Redha Abdullah-Zawawi
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hoe-Han Goh
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Centre for Bioinformatics Research, Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abdellaoui K, Miladi M, Mkhinini M, Boughattas I, Ben Hamouda A, Hajji-Hedfi L, Tlili H, Acheuk F. The aggregation pheromone phenylacetonitrile: Joint action with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and physiological and transcriptomic effects on Schistocerca gregaria nymphs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104594. [PMID: 32527433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and sublethal rate of chemical insecticides or other biological control agents have been proposed as an environmentally and sustainable strategy in the control of locust pests. In this paper, the quarter and the half of the recommended dose of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (¼ and ½ Ma) and the aggregation pheromone (Phenylacetonitrile: PAN) were applied simultaneously and sequentially to Schistocerca gregaria fifth-instar nymphs. In addition, the physiological effects of PAN on locusts were assessed at the behavior, immune response, and biochemical level by evaluating for glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE), and malondialdehyde accumulation (MDA). Results showed that simultaneous application of PAN and the entomopathogenic fungus exhibited additive interaction. Synergistic interaction was also demonstrated when nymphs were exposed to PAN first, then treated with M. anisopliae var. acridum. Behavioral bioassay revealed that fifth-instar nymphs avoided the PAN odour and tended to remain away from the stimulus cup. In the choice assay, the pheromone significantly repelled the locusts at 2, 4, and 6 h of exposure which selected the PAN-free arena chamber. Moreover, treated nymphs become hyperactive and disoriented as evidenced by the cumulative distance travelled and the trajectory of locusts during the experiment. Immunological studies showed that PAN significantly decreased the differential haemocyte counts (prohemocytes and plasmatocytes) with a dose-response relationship. Data of biochemical analyzes showed that the PAN exposure reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase and induced significantly the glutathione S-transferases and MDA concentration in the desert locust fifth-instar nymphs. Moreover, transcriptomic responses to the PAN exposure were evaluated using gene expression levels of CYP540 and GST. The transcript levels showed an up-regulation in GST expression level particularly in nymphs exposed for 4 and 6 h. A significant increase in CYP450 transcript level was also observed after 2 h of exposure, which decreased significantly after 4 and 6 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khemais Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Miladi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Amel Ben Hamouda
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott Mariem, Sousse University, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Tlili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory of Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources "Valcore" Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Souza-Junior FJC, Luz-Moraes D, Pereira FS, Barros MA, Fernandes LMP, Queiroz LY, Maia CF, Maia JGS, Fontes-Junior EA. Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez (Lauraceae): A Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cardiovascular, and Neurological Properties. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:699. [PMID: 32528283 PMCID: PMC7264103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez, popularly known as “casca preciosa” (precious bark), falsa canela (cinnamon-scented) Casca-do-maranhão (bark of maranhão), and Folha-preciosa (precious leaf), is an aromatic species of the Lauraceae family, widely distributed in the Amazon region. In traditional medicine, it is indicated for the treatment of a great diversity of diseases, including digestive, respiratory, inflam]matory, painful, and central nervous system disorders, it is administered mainly in the form of tea or decoction orally. Its essential oil is referred to as a natural antioxidant for food preservation and disease control, showing great potential for use in the cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceutical products sector. The present review aimed to discuss critically and comprehensively the ethnobotanical characteristics, phytochemical constitution, and scientifically tested biological properties of A. canelilla, systematizing the knowledge about the species and proposing new perspectives for research and development. The chemical composition of A. canelilla includes 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, metyleugenol, eugenol, safrol, anabasin, anbin, tannin, α-pinene, b-pinene, b-felandren, b-caryophyllene, b-sesquifelandren, p-cymene, linalool, α-copaene, and spatulenol. Researches with ethanolic extracts, essential oils, and major constituents (1-nitro-2-phenylethane and metyleugenol) have revealed antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, cardio-modulating, hypotensive (vasorelaxant), hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticholinesterase, and antibiotic properties (trypanomicidal, leishmanicidal, and antifungal). Some of these effects are potentially beneficial for aging-related diseases treatment, such as cardio and cerebrovascular, chronic inflammatory, neurological, and degenerative diseases. However, it is necessary to advance in the research of its clinical use and development of therapeutic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio J C Souza-Junior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Daniele Luz-Moraes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Felype S Pereira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Mayra A Barros
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Luanna M P Fernandes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Letícia Y Queiroz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane F Maia
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| | - Enéas A Fontes-Junior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-PA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Züst T, Strickler SR, Powell AF, Mabry ME, An H, Mirzaei M, York T, Holland CK, Kumar P, Erb M, Petschenka G, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Müller C, Pires JC, Mueller LA, Jander G. Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants ( Erysimum, Brassicaceae). eLife 2020; 9:e51712. [PMID: 32252891 PMCID: PMC7180059 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical diversity is thought to result from coevolutionary cycles as specialization in herbivores imposes diversifying selection on plant chemical defenses. Plants in the speciose genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) produce both ancestral glucosinolates and evolutionarily novel cardenolides as defenses. Here we test macroevolutionary hypotheses on co-expression, co-regulation, and diversification of these potentially redundant defenses across this genus. We sequenced and assembled the genome of E. cheiranthoides and foliar transcriptomes of 47 additional Erysimum species to construct a phylogeny from 9868 orthologous genes, revealing several geographic clades but also high levels of gene discordance. Concentrations, inducibility, and diversity of the two defenses varied independently among species, with no evidence for trade-offs. Closely related, geographically co-occurring species shared similar cardenolide traits, but not glucosinolate traits, likely as a result of specific selective pressures acting on each defense. Ancestral and novel chemical defenses in Erysimum thus appear to provide complementary rather than redundant functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Makenzie E Mabry
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Hong An
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Institut für Insektenbiotechnologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - José-María Gómez
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC)AlmeríaSpain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Department of Genetics, University of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo Q, He Z, Liu X, Liu B, Zhang Y. High-throughput non-targeted metabolomics study of the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on the metabolic characteristics of A. thaliana leaves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135542. [PMID: 31785916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is complex and has been reported in animals (including fish and mice), but the effects of PFOS in plants, especially the toxic mechanisms, have rarely been studied. High-throughput nontargeted metabolomics methods for comprehensive assessment were selected to study changes in metabolic characteristics in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by exposure to different concentrations of PFOS throughout the growth period (30 days). All the metabolites were analyzed by PCA and OPLS-DA methods, by the cutoff of VIP and p-value, 53 biomarkers were found and significantly regulated, all amino acids except glutamate were inhibited and probably associated with binding to protein, auxin and cytokinin of phytohormones were significantly down-regulated. In response mechanism to oxidative stress from PFOS, the phenylpropanoid pathway were fully activated to form several polyphenols and further enhanced into several flavonoids against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the primary defend pathway, in addition, ascorbate, trehalose and nicotinamide also were activated and help decrease the damage from oxidative stress. These results provide insights into the mechanism underlying the phytotoxicity of PFOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Aoi Y, Tanaka K, Cook SD, Hayashi KI, Kasahara H. GH3 Auxin-Amido Synthetases Alter the Ratio of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Phenylacetic Acid in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:596-605. [PMID: 31808940 PMCID: PMC7065595 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is the first discovered plant hormone and is essential for many aspects of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main auxin and plays pivotal roles in intercellular communication through polar auxin transport. Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is another natural auxin that does not show polar movement. Although a wide range of species have been shown to produce PAA, its biosynthesis, inactivation and physiological significance in plants are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the CYP79A2 gene, which is involved in benzylglucosinolate synthesis, remarkably increased the levels of PAA and enhanced lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. This coincided with a significant reduction in the levels of IAA. The results from auxin metabolite quantification suggest that the PAA-dependent induction of GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) genes, which encode auxin-amido synthetases, promote the inactivation of IAA. Similarly, an increase in IAA synthesis, via the indole-3-acetaldoxime pathway, significantly reduced the levels of PAA. The same adjustment of IAA and PAA levels was also observed by applying each auxin to wild-type plants. These results show that GH3 auxin-amido synthetases can alter the ratio of IAA and PAA in plant growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Keita Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Sam David Cook
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- JSPS International Research Fellow, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-42-360-8830
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang C, Dissing MM, Agerbirk N, Crocoll C, Halkier BA. Characterization of Arabidopsis CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 by Glucosinolate Pathway Engineering in Nicotiana benthamiana Shows Substrate Specificity Toward a Range of Aliphatic and Aromatic Amino Acids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32117393 PMCID: PMC7033466 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are amino acid-derived defense compounds characteristic of the Brassicales order. Cytochromes P450s of the CYP79 family are the entry point into the biosynthetic pathway of the GLS core structure and catalyze the conversion of amino acids to oximes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CYP79A2, CYP79B2, CYP79B3, CYP79F1, and CYP79F2 have been functionally characterized and are responsible for the biosynthesis of phenylalanine-, tryptophan-, and methionine-derived GLSs, respectively. However, the substrate(s) for CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 were unknown. Here, we investigated the function of CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 by transiently co-expressing the genes together with three sets of remaining genes required for GLS biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-expression of CYP79C2 with either the aliphatic or aromatic core structure pathways resulted in the production of primarily leucine-derived 2-methylpropyl GLS and phenylalanine-derived benzyl GLS, along with minor amounts of GLSs from isoleucine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Co-expression of CYP79C1 displayed minor amounts of GLSs from valine, leucine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine with the aliphatic core structure pathway, and similar GLS profile (except the GLS from valine) with the aromatic core structure pathway. Additionally, we co-expressed CYP79C1 and CYP79C2 with the chain elongation and aliphatic core structure pathways. With the chain elongation pathway, CYP79C2 still mainly produced 2-methylpropyl GLS derived from leucine, accompanied by GLSs derived from isoleucine and from chain-elongated mono- and dihomoleucine, but not from phenylalanine. However, co-expression of CYP79C1 only resulted in GLSs derived from chain-elongated amino acid substrates, dihomoleucine and dihomomethionine, when the chain elongation pathway was present. This shows that CYP79 activity depends on the specific pathways co-expressed and availability of amino acid precursors, and that description of GLS core structure pathways as "aliphatic" and "aromatic" pathways is not suitable, especially in an engineering context. This is the first characterization of members of the CYP79C family. Co-expression of CYP79 enzymes with engineered GLS pathways in N. benthamiana is a valuable tool for simultaneous testing of substrate specificity against multiple amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwei Wang
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mads Møller Dissing
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liao Y, Zeng L, Tan H, Cheng S, Dong F, Yang Z. Biochemical Pathway of Benzyl Nitrile Derived from l-Phenylalanine in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) and Its Formation in Response to Postharvest Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1397-1404. [PMID: 31917559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles affect tea (Camellia sinensis) aroma quality and have roles in tea plant defense against stresses. Some volatiles defend against stresses through their toxicity, which might affect tea safety. Benzyl nitrile is a defense-related toxic volatile compound that accumulates in tea under stresses, but its formation mechanism in tea remains unknown. In this study, l-[2H8]phenylalanine feeding experiments and enzyme reactions showed that benzyl nitrile was generated from l-phenylalanine via phenylacetaldoxime in tea. CsCYP79D73 showed activity for converting l-phenylalanine into phenylacetaldoxime, while CsCYP71AT96s showed activity for converting phenylacetaldoxime into benzyl nitrile. Continuous wounding in the oolong tea process significantly enhanced the CsCYP79D73 expression level and phenylacetaldoxime and benzyl nitrile contents. Benzyl nitrile accumulation under continuous wounding stress was attributed to an increase in jasmonic acid, which activated CsCYP79D73 expression. This represents the first elucidation of the formation mechanism of benzyl nitrile in tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
- Center of Economic Botany , Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College , Longdongbei Road 321, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510520 , China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement , South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No.19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center of Economic Botany , Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang D, Song YH, Dai R, Lee TG, Kim J. Aldoxime Metabolism Is Linked to Phenylpropanoid Production in Camelina sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32117366 PMCID: PMC7025560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse secondary metabolites. Although each metabolite is made through its respective biosynthetic pathway, plants coordinate multiple biosynthetic pathways simultaneously. One example is an interaction between glucosinolate and phenylpropanoid pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Glucosinolates are defense compounds made primarily from methionine and tryptophan, while phenylpropanoids are made from phenylalanine. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of glucosinolate intermediate such as indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) or its derivatives represses phenylpropanoid production via the degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) functioning at the entry point of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Given that IAOx is a precursor of other bioactive compounds other than glucosinolates and that the phenylpropanoid pathway is present in most plants, we hypothesized that this interaction is relevant to other species. Camelina sativa is an oil crop and produces camalexin from IAOx. We enhanced IAOx production in Camelina by overexpressing Arabidopsis CYP79B2 which encodes an IAOx-producing enzyme. The overexpression of AtCYP79B2 results in increased auxin content and its associated morphological phenotypes in Camelina but indole glucosinolates were not detected in Camelina wild type as well as the overexpression lines. However, phenylpropanoid contents were reduced in AtCYP79B2 overexpression lines suggesting a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production. Interestingly, the expression of PALs was not affected in the overexpression lines although PAL activity was reduced. To test if PAL degradation is involved in the crosstalk, we identified F-box genes functioning in PAL degradation through a phylogenetic study. A total of 459 transcript models encoding kelch-motifs were identified from the Camelina sativa database. Among them, the expression of CsKFBs involved in PAL degradation is up-regulated in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production in Camelina and that the molecular mechanism behind the crosstalk is conserved in Arabidopsis and Camelina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingpeng Zhang
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yeong Hun Song
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tong Geon Lee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeongim Kim,
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Andini S, Dekker P, Gruppen H, Araya-Cloutier C, Vincken JP. Modulation of Glucosinolate Composition in Brassicaceae Seeds by Germination and Fungal Elicitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12770-12779. [PMID: 31652052 PMCID: PMC6873265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are of interest for potential antimicrobial activity of their degradation products and exclusive presence in Brassicaceae. Compositional changes of aliphatic, benzenic, and indolic GSLs of Sinapis alba, Brassica napus, and B. juncea seeds by germination and fungal elicitation were studied. Rhizopus oryzae (nonpathogenic), Fusarium graminearum (nonpathogenic), and F. oxysporum (pathogenic) were employed. Thirty-one GSLs were detected by reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array with in-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn). Aromatic-acylated derivatives of 3-butenyl GSL, p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, and indol-3-ylmethyl GSL were for the first time tentatively annotated and confirmed to be not artifacts. For S. alba, germination, Rhizopus elicitation, and F. graminearum elicitation increased total GSL content, mainly consisting of p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, by 2-3 fold. For B. napus and B. juncea, total GSL content was unaffected by germination or elicitation. In all treatments, aliphatic GSL content was decreased (≥50%) in B. napus and remained unchanged in B. juncea. Indolic GSLs were induced in all species by germination and nonpathogenic elicitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Andini
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Satya Wacana Christian University, Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
| | - Pieter Dekker
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31
317 482234. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kittipol V, He Z, Wang L, Doheny-Adams T, Langer S, Bancroft I. Genetic architecture of glucosinolate variation in Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 240:152988. [PMID: 31255878 PMCID: PMC6739596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The diverse biological activities of glucosinolate (GSL) hydrolysis products play significant biological and economical roles in the defense system and nutritional qualities of Brassica napus (oilseed rape). Yet, genomic-based study of the B. napus GSL regulatory mechanisms are scarce due to the complexity of working with polyploid species. To address these challenges, we used transcriptome-based GWAS approach, Associative Transcriptomics (AT), across a diversity panel of 288 B. napus genotypes to uncover the underlying genetic basis controlling quantitative variation of GSLs in B. napus vegetative tissues. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and gene expression markers (GEMs) associations identify orthologues of MYB28/HAG1 (AT5G61420), specifically the copies on chromosome A9 and C2, to be the key regulators of aliphatic GSL variation in leaves. We show that the positive correlation observed between aliphatic GSLs in seed and leaf is due to the amount synthesized, as controlled by Bna.HAG1.A9 and Bna.HAG1.C2, rather than by variation in the transport processes. In addition, AT and differential expression analysis in root tissues implicate an orthologue of MYB29/HAG3 (AT5G07690), Bna.HAG3.A3, as controlling root aromatic GSL variation. Based on the root expression data we also propose Bna.MAM3.A3 to have a role in controlling phenylalanine chain elongation for aromatic GSL biosynthesis. This work uncovers a regulator of homophenylalanine-derived aromatic GSLs and implicates the shared biosynthetic pathways between aliphatic and aromatic GSLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varanya Kittipol
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Zhesi He
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tim Doheny-Adams
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Swen Langer
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian Bancroft
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Petersen A, Crocoll C, Halkier BA. De novo production of benzyl glucosinolate in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2019; 54:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
47
|
Beran F, Köllner TG, Gershenzon J, Tholl D. Chemical convergence between plants and insects: biosynthetic origins and functions of common secondary metabolites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:52-67. [PMID: 30707438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the phylogenetic distance between plants and insects, these two groups of organisms produce some secondary metabolites in common. Identical structures belonging to chemical classes such as the simple monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, iridoid monoterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, benzoic acid derivatives, benzoquinones and naphthoquinones are sometimes found in both plants and insects. In addition, very similar glucohydrolases involved in activating two-component defenses, such as glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides, occur in both plants and insects. Although this trend was first noted many years ago, researchers have long struggled to find convincing explanations for such co-occurrence. In some cases, identical compounds may be produced by plants to interfere with their function in insects. In others, plant and insect compounds may simply have parallel functions, probably in defense or attraction, and their co-occurrence is a coincidence. The biosynthetic origin of such co-occurring metabolites may be very different in insects as compared to plants. Plants and insects may have different pathways to the same metabolite, or similar sequences of intermediates, but different enzymes. Further knowledge of the ecological roles and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites may shed more light on why plants and insects produce identical substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Development of expressed sequenced tags (EST) to identify some pathogen resistance genes expressed in Gossypium arboreum. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
49
|
Wei D, Cui Y, Mei J, Qian L, Lu K, Wang ZM, Li J, Tang Q, Qian W. Genome-wide identification of loci affecting seed glucosinolate contents in Brassica napus L. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:611-623. [PMID: 30183130 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are amino acid-derived secondary metabolites that act as chemical defense agents against pests. However, the presence of high levels of glucosinolates severely diminishes the nutritional value of seed meals made from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). To identify the loci affecting seed glucosinolate content (SGC), we conducted genome-wide resequencing in a population of 307 diverse B. napus accessions from the three B. napus ecotype groups, namely, spring, winter, and semi-winter. These resequencing data were used for a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the loci affecting SGC. In the three ecotype groups, four common and four ecotype-specific haplotype blocks (HBs) were significantly associated with SGC. To identify candidate genes controlling SGC, transcriptome analysis was carried out in 36 accessions showing extreme SGC values. Analyses of haplotypes, genomic variation, and candidate gene expression pointed to five and three candidate genes in the common and spring group-specific HBs, respectively. Our expression analyses demonstrated that additive effects of the three candidate genes in the spring group-specific HB play important roles in the SGC of B. napus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lunwen Qian
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Kun Lu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi-Min Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinglin Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Stonebloom SH, Scheller HV. Transcriptome analysis of rubber biosynthesis in guayule (Parthenium argentatum gray). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:71. [PMID: 30755179 PMCID: PMC6373111 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural rubber is currently produced nearly exclusively from latex of the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. The desire to reduce the environmental cost of rubber production, fears of pathogen susceptibility in clonal Hevea plantations, volatility in the price of natural rubber, and increasing labor costs have motivated efforts to diversify the supply of natural rubber by developing alternative rubber crops such as guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray). In Hevea, latex is produced as an exudate following wounding while in guayule, rubber is deposited within the cortical parenchyma and its production is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. RESULTS To better understand the enzymology and regulation of guayule rubber biosynthesis and to identify genes with potential uses in the improvement of rubber yields, we conducted de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analyses of this process in guayule. This analysis supports a role for rubber in the defense against pathogens, identified new enzymes potentially involved in the biosynthesis of rubber as well as transcription factors specifically expressed in rubber-producing tissues. CONCLUSIONS Data presented here will be useful in the improvement of guayule as an alternative source of natural rubber and in better understanding the biosynthesis of this critical polymer. In particular, some of the candidate transcription factors are likely to control the rubber biosynthesis pathway and are good targets for molecular breeding or engineering of guayule plants with higher and more consistent production of rubber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon H. Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|