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Yang X, Mishra B, Yu H, Wei Y, Chen X. A bifunctional Pasteurella multocida β1-3-galactosyl/ N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (PmNatB) for the highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of disaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6004-6015. [PMID: 38993172 PMCID: PMC11290465 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are nature's key biocatalysts for the formation of glycosidic bonds. Discovery and characterization of new synthetically useful glycosyltransferases are critical for the development of efficient enzymatic and chemoenzymatic strategies for producing complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Herein we report the identification of Pasteurella multocida PmNatB as a bifunctional single-catalytic-domain glycosyltransferase with both β1-3-galactosyltransferase and β1-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activities. It is a novel glycosyltransferase for constructing structurally diverse GalNAcβ3Galα/βOR and Galβ3GalNAcα/βOR disaccharides in one-pot multienzyme systems with in situ generation of UDP-sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Bijoyananda Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | - Yijun Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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2
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Okada T, Teramoto T, Ihara H, Ikeda Y, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of mango α1,3/α1,4-fucosyltransferase elucidates unique elements that regulate Lewis A-dominant oligosaccharide assembly. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae015. [PMID: 38376259 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In various organisms, α1,3/α1,4-fucosyltransferases (CAZy GT10 family enzymes) mediate the assembly of type I (Galβ1,3GlcNAc) and/or type II (Galβ1,4GlcNAc)-based Lewis structures that are widely distributed in glycoconjugates. Unlike enzymes of other species, plant orthologues show little fucosyltransferase activity for type II-based glycans and predominantly catalyze the assembly of the Lewis A structure [Galβ1,3(Fucα1,4)GlcNAc] on the type I disaccharide unit of their substrates. However, the structural basis underlying this unique substrate selectivity remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the structure-function relationship of MiFUT13A, a mango α1,3/α1,4-fucosyltransferase. The prepared MiFUT13A displayed distinct α1,4-fucosyltransferase activity. Consistent with the enzymatic properties of this molecule, X-ray crystallography revealed that this enzyme has a typical GT-B fold-type structure containing a set of residues that are responsible for its SN2-like catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking analyses proposed a rational binding mechanism for type I oligosaccharides. Within the catalytic cleft, the pocket surrounding Trp121 serves as a binding site, anchoring the non-reducing terminal β1,3-galactose that belongs to the type I disaccharide unit. Furthermore, Glu177 was postulated to function as a general base catalyst through its interaction with the 4-hydroxy group of the acceptor N-acetylglucosamine residue. Adjacent residues, specifically Thr120, Thr157 and Asp175 were speculated to assist in binding of the reducing terminal residues. Intriguingly, these structural elements were not fully conserved in mammalian orthologue which also shows predominant α1,4-fucosyltransferase activity. In conclusion, we have proposed that MiFUT13A generates the Lewis A structure on type I glycans through a distinct mechanism, divergent from that of mammalian enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okada
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ihara
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Zhao M, Zhu Y, Wang H, Xu W, Zhang W, Mu W. An Overview of Sugar Nucleotide-Dependent Glycosyltransferases for Human Milk Oligosaccharide Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12390-12402. [PMID: 37552889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have received increasing attention because of their special effects on infant health and commercial value as the new generation of core components in infant formula. Currently, large-scale production of HMOs is generally based on microbial synthesis using metabolically engineered cell factories. Introduction of the specific glycosyltransferases is essential for the construction of HMO-producing engineered strains in which the HMO-producing glycosyltransferases are generally sugar nucleotide-dependent. Four types of glycosyltransferases have been used for typical glycosylation reactions to synthesize HMOs. Soluble expression, substrate specificity, and regioselectivity are common concerns of these glycosyltransferases in practical applications. Screening of specific glycosyltransferases is an important research topic to solve these problems. Molecular modification has also been performed to enhance the catalytic activity of various HMO-producing glycosyltransferases and to improve the substrate specificity and regioselectivity. In this article, various sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases for HMO synthesis were overviewed, common concerns of these glycosyltransferases were described, and the future perspectives of glycosyltransferase-related studies were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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4
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Yang L, Zhu Y, Meng J, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent progress in fucosylated derivatives of lacto- N-tetraose and lacto- N-neotetraose. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10384-10396. [PMID: 37341681 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2224431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their unique physiological functions. Two important tetrasaccharides, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), are core structures of HMOs. Their safety has been evaluated and they can be added to infant formula as functional ingredients. The fucosylated derivatives of LNT and LNnT, mainly lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I, LNFP II, LNFP III, and lacto-N-difucohexaose I, exhibit prominent physiological characteristics, including modificating the intestinal microbiota, immunomodulation, anti-bacterial activities, and antiviral infection. However, they have received lesser attention than 2'-fucosyllactose. As precursors, LNT and LNnT are connected to one or two fucosyl units through α1,2/3/4 glycosidic bonds, forming a series of compounds with complex structures. These complex fucosylated oligosaccharides can be biologically synthesized using enzymatic and cell factory approaches. This review summarizes the occurrence, physiological effects, and biosynthesis of fucosylated LNT and LNnT derivatives and their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Microbial Production of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031491. [PMID: 36771155 PMCID: PMC9921495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex nonnutritive sugars present in human milk. These sugars possess prebiotic, immunomodulatory, and antagonistic properties towards pathogens and therefore are important for the health and well-being of newborn babies. Lower prevalence of breastfeeding around the globe, rising popularity of nutraceuticals, and low availability of HMOs have inspired efforts to develop economically feasible and efficient industrial-scale production platforms for HMOs. Recent progress in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools has enabled microbial systems to be a production system of HMOs. In this regard, the model organism Escherichia coli has emerged as the preferred production platform. Herein, we summarize the remarkable progress in the microbial production of HMOs and discuss the challenges and future opportunities in unraveling the scope of production of complex HMOs. We focus on the microbial production of five HMOs that have been approved for their commercialization.
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Wu SC, Kamili NA, Dias-Baruffi M, Josephson CD, Rathgeber MF, Yeung MY, Lane WJ, Wang J, Jan HM, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Cummings RD, Stowell SR, Arthur CM. Innate immune Galectin-7 specifically targets microbes that decorate themselves in blood group-like antigens. iScience 2022; 25:104482. [PMID: 35754739 PMCID: PMC9218387 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity can target a nearly infinite range of antigens, yet it is tempered by tolerogenic mechanisms that limit autoimmunity. Such immunological tolerance, however, creates a gap in adaptive immunity against microbes decorated with self-like antigens as a form of molecular mimicry. Our results demonstrate that the innate immune lectin galectin-7 (Gal-7) binds a variety of distinct microbes, all of which share features of blood group-like antigens. Gal-7 binding to each blood group expressing microbe, including strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, results in loss of microbial viability. Although Gal-7 also binds red blood cells (RBCs), this interaction does not alter RBC membrane integrity. These results demonstrate that Gal-7 recognizes a diverse range of microbes, each of which use molecular mimicry while failing to induce host cell injury, and thus may provide an innate form of immunity against molecular mimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nourine A. Kamili
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology, and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew F. Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa Y. Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William J. Lane
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Tvaroška I. Glycosyltransferases as targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer and inflammation: molecular modeling insights. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Xia H, Ye J, Cao H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu CC. Enzymatic modular assembly of hybrid Lewis antigens. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8041-8048. [PMID: 34473187 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01579f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of hybrid Lewis antigens including KH-1 (Lewis y-Lewis x-Lactose, Ley-Lex-Lac), Lewis a-Lewis x-Lactose (Lea-Lex-Lac), and Lewis b-Lewis x-Lactose (Leb-Lex-Lac) has been achieved using a facile enzymatic modular assembly strategy. Starting from a readily available tetrasaccharide, 3 complex hybrid Lewis antigens were achieved in over 40% total yields in less than 5 linear steps of sequential enzymatic glycosylation using 6 enzyme modules. The regio-selective fucosylation was achieved by simply controlling the donor-acceptor ratio. This strategy provides an easy access to these biologically important complex hybrid Lewis antigens at preparative scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jinfeng Ye
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongzhi Cao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianwei Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chang-Cheng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-Based Medicine, and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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9
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Zhang A, Sun L, Bai Y, Yu H, McArthur JB, Chen X, Atsumi S. Microbial production of human milk oligosaccharide lactodifucotetraose. Metab Eng 2021; 66:12-20. [PMID: 33812022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are potent bioactive compounds that modulate neonatal health and are of interest for development as potential drug treatments for adult diseases. The potential of these molecules, their limited access from natural sources, and difficulty in large-scale isolation of individual HMOs for studies and applications have motivated the development of chemical syntheses and in vitro enzymatic catalysis strategies. Whole cell biocatalysts are emerging as alternative self-regulating production platforms that have the potential to reduce the cost for enzymatic synthesis of HMOs. Whole cell biocatalysts for the production of short-chained, linear and small monofucosylated HMOs have been reported but those for fucosylated structures with higher complexity have not been explored. In this study, we established a strategy for producing a difucosylated HMO, lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), from lactose and L-fucose in Escherichia coli. We used two bacterial fucosyltransferases with narrow acceptor selectivity to drive the sequential fucosylation of lactose and intermediate 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) to produce LDFT. Deletion of substrate degradation pathways that decoupled cellular growth from LDFT production, enhanced expression of native substrate transporters and modular induction of the genes in the LDFT biosynthetic pathway allowed complete conversion of lactose into LDFT and minor quantities of the side product 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Overall, 5.1 g/L of LDFT was produced from 3 g/L lactose and 3 g/L L-fucose in 24 h. Our results demonstrate promising applications of engineered microbial biosystems for the production of multi-fucosylated HMOs for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shota Atsumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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10
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Moulton KD, Adewale AP, Carol HA, Mikami SA, Dube DH. Metabolic Glycan Labeling-Based Screen to Identify Bacterial Glycosylation Genes. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3247-3259. [PMID: 33186014 PMCID: PMC7808405 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface glycans are quintessential drug targets due to their critical role in colonization of the host, pathogen survival, and immune evasion. The dense cell envelope glycocalyx contains distinctive monosaccharides that are stitched together into higher order glycans to yield exclusively bacterial structures that are critical for strain fitness and pathogenesis. However, the systematic study and inhibition of bacterial glycosylation enzymes remains challenging. Bacteria produce glycans containing rare sugars refractory to traditional glycan analysis, complicating the study of bacterial glycans and the identification of their biosynthesis machinery. To ease the study of bacterial glycans in the absence of detailed structural information, we used metabolic glycan labeling to detect changes in glycan biosynthesis. Here, we screened wild-type versus mutant strains of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, ultimately permitting the identification of genes involved in glycoprotein and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Our findings provide the first evidence that H. pylori protein glycosylation proceeds via a lipid carrier-mediated pathway that overlaps with lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Protein glycosylation mutants displayed fitness defects consistent with those induced by small molecule glycosylation inhibitors. Broadly, our results suggest a facile approach to screen for bacterial glycosylation genes and gain insight into their biosynthesis and functional importance, even in the absence of glycan structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Adedunmola P. Adewale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Hallie A. Carol
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Sage A. Mikami
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
| | - Danielle H. Dube
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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11
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Valverde P, Vendeville JB, Hollingsworth K, Mattey AP, Keenan T, Chidwick H, Ledru H, Huonnic K, Huang K, Light ME, Turner N, Jiménez-Barbero J, Galan MC, Fascione MA, Flitsch S, Turnbull WB, Linclau B. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-l-fucose and its enzymatic incorporation into glycoconjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6408-6411. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02209h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A chemoenzymatic synthesis of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-l-fucose, using a d- to l-sugar translation strategy, and its enzymatic activation and glycosylation, is reported.
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12
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Huang HH, Fang JL, Wang HK, Sun CY, Tsai TW, Huang YT, Kuo CY, Wang YJ, Liao CC, Yu CC. Substrate Characterization of Bacteroides fragilis α1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase Enabling Access to Programmable One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of KH-1 Antigen. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Kuo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
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13
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Tsai TW, Fang JL, Liang CY, Wang CJ, Huang YT, Wang YJ, Li JY, Yu CC. Exploring the Synthetic Application of Helicobacter pylori α1,3/4-Fucosyltransferase FucTIII toward the Syntheses of Fucosylated Human Milk Glycans and Lewis Antigens. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Tan Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, Liu H, Chen H, Ma F, Withers SG, Feng Y, Yang G. Directed evolution of an α1,3-fucosyltransferase using a single-cell ultrahigh-throughput screening method. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw8451. [PMID: 31633018 PMCID: PMC6785251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw8451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated glycoconjugates are involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. However, economical production of fucosylated drugs and prebiotic supplements has been hampered by the poor catalytic efficiency of fucosyltransferases. Here, we developed a fluorescence-activated cell sorting system that enables the ultrahigh-throughput screening (>107 mutants/hour) of such enzymes and designed a companion strategy to assess the screening performance of the system. After three rounds of directed evolution, a mutant M32 of the α1,3-FucT from Helicobacter pylori was identified with 6- and 14-fold increases in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K m) for the synthesis of Lewis x and 3'-fucosyllactose, respectively. The structure of the M32 mutant revealed that the S45F mutation generates a clamp-like structure that appears to improve binding of the galactopyranose ring of the acceptor substrate. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations reveal that helix α5, is more mobile in the M32 mutant, possibly explaining its high fucosylation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunbin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fuqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Faijes M, Castejón-Vilatersana M, Val-Cid C, Planas A. Enzymatic and cell factory approaches to the production of human milk oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:667-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Yu J, Shin J, Park M, Seydametova E, Jung SM, Seo JH, Kweon DH. Engineering of α-1,3-fucosyltransferases for production of 3-fucosyllactose in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2018; 48:269-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Yu H, Li Y, Wu Z, Li L, Zeng J, Zhao C, Wu Y, Tasnima N, Wang J, Liu H, Gadi MR, Guan W, Wang PG, Chen X. H. pylori α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase (Hp3/4FT)-catalyzed one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of Lewis antigens and human milk fucosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:11012-11015. [PMID: 28936496 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase (Hp3/4FT) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a level of 30 mg L-1 culture and used as a diverse catalyst in a one-pot multienzyme (OPME) system for high-yield production of l-fucose-containing carbohydrates including Lewis antigens such as Lewis a, b, and x, O-sulfated Lewis x, and sialyl Lewis x and human milk fucosides such as 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) III, and lacto-N-difuco-hexaose (LNDFH) II and III. Noticeably, while difucosylation of tetrasaccharides was readily achieved using an excess amount of donor, the synthesis of LNFP III was achieved by Hp3/4FT-catalyzed selective fucosylation of the N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) component in lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Molecular basis for the functions of a bacterial MutS2 in DNA repair and recombination. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 57:161-170. [PMID: 28800560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial MutS2 proteins, consisting of functional domains for ATPase, DNA-binding, and nuclease activities, play roles in DNA recombination and repair. Here we observe a mechanism for generating MutS2 expression diversity in the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, and identify a unique MutS2 domain responsible for specific DNA-binding. H. pylori strains differ in mutS2 expression due to variations in the DNA upstream sequence containing short sequence repeats. Based on Western blots, mutS2 in some strains appears to be co-translated with the upstream gene, but in other strains (e.g. UA948) such translational coupling does not occur. Accordingly, strain UA948 had phenotypes similar to its ΔmutS2 derivative, whereas expression of MutS2 at a separate locus in UA948 (the genetically complemented strain) displayed a lower mutation rate and lower transformation frequency than did ΔmutS2. A series of truncated HpMutS2 proteins were purified and tested for their specific abilities to bind 8-oxoG-containing DNA (GO:C) and Holiday Junction structures (HJ). The specific DNA binding domain was localized to an area adjacent to the Smr nuclease domain, and it encompasses 30-amino-acid-residues containing a "KPPKNKFKPPK" motif. Gel shift assays and competition assays supported that a truncated version of HpMutS2-C12 (∼12kDa protein containing the specific DNA-binding domain) has much greater capacity to bind to HJ or GO:C DNA than to normal double stranded DNA. By studying the in vivo roles of the separate domains of HpMutS2, we observed that the truncated versions were unable to complement the ΔmutS2 strain, suggesting the requirement for coordinated function of all the domains in vivo.
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19
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Chua EG, Wise MJ, Khosravi Y, Seow SW, Amoyo AA, Pettersson S, Peters F, Tay CY, Perkins TT, Loke MF, Marshall BJ, Vadivelu J. Quantum changes in Helicobacter pylori gene expression accompany host-adaptation. DNA Res 2017; 24:37-49. [PMID: 27803027 PMCID: PMC5381349 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful gastric pathogen. High genomic plasticity allows its adaptation to changing host environments. Complete genomes of H. pylori clinical isolate UM032 and its mice-adapted serial derivatives 298 and 299, generated using both PacBio RS and Illumina MiSeq sequencing technologies, were compared to identify novel elements responsible for host-adaptation. The acquisition of a jhp0562-like allele, which encodes for a galactosyltransferase, was identified in the mice-adapted strains. Our analysis implies a new β-1,4-galactosyltransferase role for this enzyme, essential for Ley antigen expression. Intragenomic recombination between babA and babB genes was also observed. Further, we expanded on the list of candidate genes whose expression patterns have been mediated by upstream homopolymer-length alterations to facilitate host adaption. Importantly, greater than four-fold reduction of mRNA levels was demonstrated in five genes. Among the down-regulated genes, three encode for outer membrane proteins, including BabA, BabB and HopD. As expected, a substantial reduction in BabA protein abundance was detected in mice-adapted strains 298 and 299 via Western analysis. Our results suggest that the expression of Ley antigen and reduced outer membrane protein expressions may facilitate H. pylori colonisation of mouse gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Sven Pettersson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,SCELSE Microbiome Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Fanny Peters
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chin-Yen Tay
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy T Perkins
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mun-Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,UM Marshall Centre, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Li H, Liao T, Debowski AW, Tang H, Nilsson HO, Stubbs KA, Marshall BJ, Benghezal M. Lipopolysaccharide Structure and Biosynthesis in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2016; 21:445-461. [PMID: 26934862 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the current knowledge and gaps in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure and biosynthesis. H. pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium which colonizes the luminal surface of the human gastric epithelium. Both a constitutive alteration of the lipid A preventing TLR4 elicitation and host mimicry of the Lewis antigen decorated O-antigen of H. pylori LPS promote immune escape and chronic infection. To date, the complete structure of H. pylori LPS is not available, and the proposed model is a linear arrangement composed of the inner core defined as the hexa-saccharide (Kdo-LD-Hep-LD-Hep-DD-Hep-Gal-Glc), the outer core composed of a conserved trisaccharide (-GlcNAc-Fuc-DD-Hep-) linked to the third heptose of the inner core, the glucan, the heptan and a variable O-antigen, generally consisting of a poly-LacNAc decorated with Lewis antigens. Although the glycosyltransferases (GTs) responsible for the biosynthesis of the H. pylori O-antigen chains have been identified and characterized, there are many gaps in regard to the biosynthesis of the core LPS. These limitations warrant additional mutagenesis and structural studies to obtain the complete LPS structure and corresponding biosynthetic pathway of this important gastric bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tingting Liao
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra W Debowski
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hong Tang
- West China Marshall Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Centre of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Ondek Pty Ltd., School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Barry J Marshall
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mohammed Benghezal
- Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory, School of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, M504, L Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.,Swiss Vitamin Institute, Route de la Corniche 1, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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21
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Wong EHJ, Ng CG, Chua EG, Tay ACY, Peters F, Marshall BJ, Ho B, Goh KL, Vadivelu J, Loke MF. Comparative Genomics Revealed Multiple Helicobacter pylori Genes Associated with Biofilm Formation In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166835. [PMID: 27870886 PMCID: PMC5117725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori may be one of the factors influencing eradication outcome. However, genetic differences between good and poor biofilm forming strains have not been studied. Materials and Methods Biofilm yield of 32 Helicobacter pylori strains (standard strain and 31 clinical strains) were determined by crystal-violet assay and grouped into poor, moderate and good biofilm forming groups. Whole genome sequencing of these 32 clinical strains was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Annotation and comparison of the differences between the genomic sequences were carried out using RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) and SEED viewer. Genes identified were confirmed using PCR. Results Genes identified to be associated with biofilm formation in H. pylori includes alpha (1,3)-fucosyltransferase, flagellar protein, 3 hypothetical proteins, outer membrane protein and a cag pathogenicity island protein. These genes play a role in bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis, Lewis antigen synthesis, adhesion and/or the type-IV secretion system (T4SS). Deletion of cagA and cagPAI confirmed that CagA and T4SS were involved in H. pylori biofilm formation. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that biofilm formation in H. pylori might be genetically determined and might be influenced by multiple genes. Good, moderate and poor biofilm forming strain might differ during the initiation of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hong Jian Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chow Goon Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M502), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Alfred Chin Yen Tay
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M502), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fanny Peters
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M502), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Barry J. Marshall
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M502), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- UM Marshall Centre, High Impact Research Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khean Lee Goh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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22
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Biotechnological production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides: Prokaryotic fucosyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades or whole cell conversion systems. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:61-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Engels L, Elling L. WbgL: a novel bacterial α1,2-fucosyltransferase for the synthesis of 2'-fucosyllactose. Glycobiology 2013; 24:170-8. [PMID: 24249735 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucosyltransferases (FucTs) are essential tools for the synthesis of fucosylated glycoconjugates. Multistep enzyme catalysis of fucosylated glycans is not limited as long as isolated and well-characterized FucTs are available. The present paper introduces a novel bacterial α1,2-FucT of the glycosyltransferase family 11 encoded by the gene wbgL in the E. coli O126 genome, which only displays 25-30% homology to previously published α1,2-FucTs. A tailor made cloning and expression strategy allowed the successful production of active soluble enzyme in the cytoplasm of E. coli BL21(DE3) and E. coli JM109(DE3), respectively. The lack of a DxD motif and its high activity without divalent metal ions suggests that WbgL belongs to the GT-B fold superfamily. Substrate screening revealed the highest activity for β4-linked galactoside acceptor substrates, such as lactose and lactulose, making WbgL unique among other characterized α1,2-FucTs. Based on its excellent kinetic efficiency for lactose, we present here a sequential reaction strategy for the synthesis of α1,2-fucosyllactose in one pot including the synthesis of the donor substrate 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (GDP)-β-l-fucose by the bifunctional l-fucokinase/GDP-β-l-Fuc pyrophosphorylase of Bacteroides fragilis 9343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Engels
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute of Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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24
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Lee JH, Pandey RP, Kim D, Sohng JK. Cloning and functional characterization of an α-1,3-fucosyltransferase from Bacteroides fragilis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Yu H, Lau K, Li Y, Sugiarto G, Chen X. One-pot multienzyme synthesis of Lewis x and sialyl Lewis x antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:233-247. [PMID: 25000293 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Fucose has been found abundantly in human milk oligosaccharides, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, glycolipids, and many N- and O-linked glycans produced by mammalian cells. Fucose-containing carbohydrates have important biological functions. Alterations in the expression of fucosylated oligosaccharides have been observed in several pathological processes such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Chemical formation of fucosidic bonds is challenging due to its acid lability. Enzymatic construction of fucosidic bonds by fucosyltransferases is highly efficient and selective but requires the expensive sugar nucleotide donor guanosine 5'- diphosphate-L-fucose (GDP-Fuc). Here, we describe a protocol for applying a one-pot three-enzyme system in synthesizing structurally defined fucose-containing oligosaccharides from free L-fucose. In this system, GDP-Fuc is generated from L-fucose, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) by a bifunctional L-fucokinase/GDP-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP). An inorganic pyrophosphatase (PpA) is used to degrade the by-product pyrophosphate (PPi) to drive the reaction towards the formation of GDP-Fuc. In situ generated GDP-Fuc is then used by a suitable fucosyltransferase for the formation of fucosides. The three-enzyme reactions are carried out in one pot without the need for high cost sugar nucleotide or isolation of intermediates. The time for the synthesis is 4-24 hours. Purification and characterization of products can be completed in 2-3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Go Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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26
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Pohl MA, Zhang W, Shah SN, Sanabria-Valentín EL, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Genotypic and phenotypic variation of Lewis antigen expression in geographically diverse Helicobacter pylori isolates. Helicobacter 2011; 16:475-81. [PMID: 22059399 PMCID: PMC3228314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori are a persistent colonizer of the human gastric mucosa, which can lead to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinomas. However, H. pylori can asymptomatically colonize a host for years. One factor that has been hypothesized to contribute to such persistence is the production of Lewis (Le) antigens in the lipopolysaccharide layer of the bacterial outer membrane as a form of molecular mimicry, because humans also express these antigens on their gastric mucosa. Humans and H. pylori both are polymorphic for Le expression, which is driven in H. pylori by variation at the Le synthesis loci. In this report, we sought to characterize Le genotypic and phenotypic variation in geographically diverse H. pylori isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS From patients undergoing endoscopy in 29 countries, we determined Le phenotypes of 78 H. pylori strains and performed genotyping of the galT and β-(1,3)galT loci in 113 H. pylori strains. RESULTS Le antigen phenotyping revealed a significant (p < .0001) association between type 1 (Le(a) and Le(b) ) expression and strains of East Asian origin. Genotyping revealed a significant correlation between strain origin and the size of the promoter region upstream of the Le synthesis gene, galT (p < .0001). CONCLUSION These results indicate that the heterogeneity of human Le phenotypes is reflected in their H. pylori colonizing strains and suggest new loci that can be studied to assess the variation of Le expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Pohl
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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28
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Rabbani S, Corona F, Ernst B. Biochemical characterization of Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase: metal ion requirement, donor substrate specificity and organic solvent stability. Biometals 2011; 22:1011-7. [PMID: 19565338 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-009-9252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of metal ions on the activity, the donor substrate specificity, and the stability in organic solvents of Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase were studied. The recombinant enzyme was expressed as soluble form in E. coli strain AD494 and purified in a one step affinity chromatography. Its activity was highest in cacodylate buffer at pH 6.5 in the presence of 20 mM Mn2+ ions at 37°C. Mn2+ ions could be substituted by other metal ions. In all cases, Mn2+ ions proofed to be the most effective (Mn2+ > Co2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > EDTA). The enzyme shows substrate specificity for Type I disaccharide (1) with a KM of 114 μM. In addition, the H. pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase efficiently transfers GDP-activated L-fucose derivatives to Galβ1-3GlcNAc-OR (1). Interestingly, the presence of organic solvents such as DMSO and methanol up to 20% in the reaction medium does not affect significantly the enzyme activity. However, at the same concentration of dioxane, activity is totally abolished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Kawai M, Furuta Y, Yahara K, Tsuru T, Oshima K, Handa N, Takahashi N, Yoshida M, Azuma T, Hattori M, Uchiyama I, Kobayashi I. Evolution in an oncogenic bacterial species with extreme genome plasticity: Helicobacter pylori East Asian genomes. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:104. [PMID: 21575176 PMCID: PMC3120642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genome of Helicobacter pylori, an oncogenic bacterium in the human stomach, rapidly evolves and shows wide geographical divergence. The high incidence of stomach cancer in East Asia might be related to bacterial genotype. We used newly developed comparative methods to follow the evolution of East Asian H. pylori genomes using 20 complete genome sequences from Japanese, Korean, Amerind, European, and West African strains. RESULTS A phylogenetic tree of concatenated well-defined core genes supported divergence of the East Asian lineage (hspEAsia; Japanese and Korean) from the European lineage ancestor, and then from the Amerind lineage ancestor. Phylogenetic profiling revealed a large difference in the repertoire of outer membrane proteins (including oipA, hopMN, babABC, sabAB and vacA-2) through gene loss, gain, and mutation. All known functions associated with molybdenum, a rare element essential to nearly all organisms that catalyzes two-electron-transfer oxidation-reduction reactions, appeared to be inactivated. Two pathways linking acetyl~CoA and acetate appeared intact in some Japanese strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed greater divergence between the East Asian (hspEAsia) and the European (hpEurope) genomes in proteins in host interaction, specifically virulence factors (tipα), outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharide synthesis (human Lewis antigen mimicry) enzymes. Divergence was also seen in proteins in electron transfer and translation fidelity (miaA, tilS), a DNA recombinase/exonuclease that recognizes genome identity (addA), and DNA/RNA hybrid nucleases (rnhAB). Positively selected amino acid changes between hspEAsia and hpEurope were mapped to products of cagA, vacA, homC (outer membrane protein), sotB (sugar transport), and a translation fidelity factor (miaA). Large divergence was seen in genes related to antibiotics: frxA (metronidazole resistance), def (peptide deformylase, drug target), and ftsA (actin-like, drug target). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate dramatic genome evolution within a species, especially in likely host interaction genes. The East Asian strains appear to differ greatly from the European strains in electron transfer and redox reactions. These findings also suggest a model of adaptive evolution through proteome diversification and selection through modulation of translational fidelity. The results define H. pylori East Asian lineages and provide essential information for understanding their pathogenesis and designing drugs and therapies that target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiko Kawai
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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Naruchi K, Nishimura SI. Membrane-Bound Stable Glycosyltransferases: Highly Oriented Protein Immobilization by a C-Terminal Cationic Amphipathic Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Naruchi K, Nishimura SI. Membrane-Bound Stable Glycosyltransferases: Highly Oriented Protein Immobilization by a C-Terminal Cationic Amphipathic Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1328-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nilsson C, Skoglund A, Moran AP, Annuk H, Engstrand L, Normark S. Lipopolysaccharide diversity evolving in Helicobacter pylori communities through genetic modifications in fucosyltransferases. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3811. [PMID: 19043574 PMCID: PMC2583950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori persistently colonizes the gastric mucosa of half the human population. It is one of the most genetically diverse bacterial organisms and subvariants are continuously emerging within an H. pylori population. In this study we characterized a number of single-colony isolates from H. pylori communities in various environmental settings, namely persistent human gastric infection, in vitro bacterial subcultures on agar medium, and experimental in vivo infection in mice. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen chain revealed considerable phenotypic diversity between individual cells in the studied bacterial communities, as demonstrated by size variable O-antigen chains and different levels of Lewis glycosylation. Absence of high-molecular-weight O-antigen chains was notable in a number of experimentally passaged isolates in vitro and in vivo. This phenotype was not evident in bacteria obtained from a human gastric biopsy, where all cells expressed high-molecular-weight O-antigen chains, which thus may be the preferred phenotype for H. pylori colonizing human gastric mucosa. Genotypic variability was monitored in the two genes encoding α1,3-fucosyltransferases, futA and futB, that are involved in Lewis antigen expression. Genetic modifications that could be attributable to recombination events within and between the two genes were commonly detected and created a diversity, which together with phase variation, contributed to divergent LPS expression. Our data suggest that the surrounding environment imposes a selective pressure on H. pylori to express certain LPS phenotypes. Thus, the milieu in a host will select for bacterial variants with particular characteristics that facilitate adaptation and survival in the gastric mucosa of that individual, and will shape the bacterial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:436-56. [PMID: 18565714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cell surfaces are all covered with bioactive oligosaccharides which play an important role in molecular recognition events such as immune recognition, cell-cell communication and initiation of microbial pathogenesis. Consequently, bioactive oligosaccharides have been recognized as a medicinally relevant class of biomolecules for which the interest is growing. For the preparation of complex and highly pure oligosaccharides, methods based on the application of glycosyltransferases are currently recognized as being the most effective. The present paper reviews the potential of glycosyltransferases as synthetic tools in oligosaccharide synthesis. Reaction mechanisms and selected characteristics of these enzymes are described in relation to the stereochemistry of the transfer reaction and the requirements of sugar nucleotide donors. For the application of glycosyltransferases, accepted substrate profiles are summarized and the whole-cell approach versus isolated enzyme methodology is compared. Sialyltransferase-catalyzed syntheses of gangliosides and other sialylated oligosaccharides are described in more detail in view of the prominent role of these compounds in biological recognition.
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34
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Moran AP. Relevance of fucosylation and Lewis antigen expression in the bacterial gastroduodenal pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Carbohydr Res 2007; 343:1952-65. [PMID: 18279843 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent bacterial, gastroduodenal pathogen of humans that can express Lewis (Le) and related antigens in the O-chains of its surface lipopolysaccharide. The O-chains of H. pylori are commonly composed of internal Le(x) units with terminal Le(x) or Le(y) units or, in some strains, with additional units of Le(a), Le(b), Le(c), sialyl-Le(x) and H-1 antigens, as well as blood groups A and B, thereby producing a mosaicism of antigenic units expressed. The genetic determination of the Le antigen biosynthetic pathways in H. pylori has been studied, and despite striking functional similarity, low sequence homology occurs between the bacterial and mammalian alpha(1,3/4)- and alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferases. Factors affecting Le antigen expression in H. pylori, that can influence the biological impact of this molecular mimicry, include regulation of fucosyltransferase genes through slipped-strand mispairing, the activity and expression levels of the functional enzymes, the preferences of the expressed enzyme for distinctive acceptor molecules and the availability of activated sugar intermediates. Le mimicry was initially implicated in immune evasion and gastric adaptation by the bacterium, but more recent studies show a role in gastric colonization and bacterial adhesion with galectin-3 identified as the gastric receptor for polymeric Le(x) on the bacterium. From the host defence aspect, innate immune recognition of H. pylori by surfactant protein D is influenced by the extent of LPS fucosylation. Furthermore, Le antigen expression affects both the inflammatory response and T-cell polarization that develops after infection. Although controversial, evidence suggests that long-term H. pylori infection can induce autoreactive anti-Le antibodies cross-reacting with the gastric mucosa, in part leading to the development of gastric atrophy. Thus, Le antigen expression and fucosylation in H. pylori have multiple biological effects on pathogenesis and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Sun HY, Lin SW, Ko TP, Pan JF, Liu CL, Lin CN, Wang AHJ, Lin CH. Structure and mechanism of Helicobacter pylori fucosyltransferase. A basis for lipopolysaccharide variation and inhibitor design. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:9973-9982. [PMID: 17251184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT) is involved in catalysis to produce the Lewis x trisaccharide, the major component of the bacteria's lipopolysaccharides, which has been suggested to mimic the surface sugars in gastric epithelium to escape host immune surveillance. We report here three x-ray crystal structures of FucT, including the FucT.GDP-fucose and FucT.GDP complexes. The protein structure is typical of the glycosyltransferase-B family despite little sequence homology. We identified a number of catalytically important residues, including Glu-95, which serves as the general base, and Glu-249, which stabilizes the developing oxonium ion during catalysis. The residues Arg-195, Tyr-246, Glu-249, and Lys-250 serve to interact with the donor substrate, GDP-fucose. Variations in the protein and ligand conformations, as well as a possible FucT dimer, were also observed. We propose a catalytic mechanism and a model of polysaccharide binding not only to explain the observed variations in H. pylori lipopolysaccharides, but also to facilitate the development of potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Sun
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fu Pan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Liu
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; National Core Facility of High-Throughput Protein Crystallography, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10642; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No.128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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36
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Abstract
Fucosylated carbohydrate structures are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms including tissue development, angiogenesis, fertilization, cell adhesion, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. In contrast, fucosylation appears less common in prokaryotic organisms and has been suggested to be involved in molecular mimicry, adhesion, colonization, and modulating the host immune response. Fucosyltransferases (FucTs), present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, are the enzymes responsible for the catalysis of fucose transfer from donor guanosine-diphosphate fucose to various acceptor molecules including oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. To date, several subfamilies of mammalian FucTs have been well characterized; these enzymes are therefore delineated and used as models. Non-mammalian FucTs that possess different domain construction or display distinctive acceptor substrate specificity are highlighted. It is noteworthy that the glycoconjugates from plants and schistosomes contain some unusual fucose linkages, suggesting the presence of novel FucT subfamilies as yet to be characterized. Despite the very low sequence homology, striking functional similarity is exhibited between mammalian and Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 FucTs, implying that these enzymes likely share a conserved mechanistic and structural basis for fucose transfer; such conserved functional features might also exist when comparing other FucT subfamilies from different origins. Fucosyltranferases are promising tools used in synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which show great potential in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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37
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Lin SW, Yuan TM, Li JR, Lin CH. Carboxyl terminus of Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase determines the structure and stability. Biochemistry 2006; 45:8108-16. [PMID: 16800635 DOI: 10.1021/bi0601297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is well known as the primary cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcers, and gastric cancer. The pathogenic bacteria produces Lewis x and Lewis y epitopes in the O-antigens of lipopolysaccharides to mimic the carbohydrate antigens of gastric epithelial cells to avoid detection by the host's immune system. The enzyme alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase from H. pylori catalyzes the glycosyl addition of fucose from the donor GDP-fucose to the acceptor N-acetyllactosamine. The poor solubility of the enzyme was resolved by systematic deletion of the C-terminus. We report here the first structural analysis using CD spectroscopy and analytical ultracentrifugation. The results indicate that up to 80 residues, including the tail rich in hydrophobic and positively charged residues (sequence 434-478) and 5 of the 10 tandem repeats of 7 amino acids each (399-433), can be removed without significant change in structure and catalysis. Half of the heptad repeats are required to maintain both the secondary and native quaternary structures. Removal of more residues in the C-terminus led to major structural alteration, which was correlated with the loss of enzymatic activity. In accordance with the thermal denaturation studies, the results support the idea that a higher number of tandem repeats functioning to facilitate a dimeric structure helps to prevent the protein from unfolding during incubation at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road Section 2, Nan-Kang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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38
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Wirth HP, Yang M, Sanabria-Valentín E, Berg DE, Dubois A, Blaser MJ. Host Lewis phenotype-dependent Helicobacter pylori Lewis antigen expression in rhesus monkeys. FASEB J 2006; 20:1534-6. [PMID: 16720729 PMCID: PMC2579782 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5529fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both human and H. pylori populations are polymorphic for the expression of Lewis antigens. Using an experimental H. pylori challenge of rhesus monkeys of differing Lewis phenotypes, we aimed to determine whether H. pylori populations adapt their Lewis phenotypes to those of their hosts. After inoculation of four monkeys with a mixture of seven strains identified by RAPD-polymerase chain reaction, H. pylori Lewis expression was followed in 86 isolates obtained over 40 wk. Host Lewis(a/b) secretion status was characterized by immunological assays. Fingerprints of the predominating strain (J166) were identical in all four animals after 40 wk, but its Lewis phenotype had substantial variability in individual hosts. At 40 wk, J166 populations from two Lewis(a-b+) animals predominantly expressed Lewis(y). In contrast, J166 populations had switched to a Lewis(x) dominant phenotype in the two Lewis(a+b-) animals; a frame shift in futC, regulating conversion of Lewis(x) to Lewis(y), accounted for the phenotypic switch. The results indicate that individual cells in H. pylori populations can change Lewis phenotypes during long-term colonization of natural hosts to resemble those of their hosts, providing evidence for host selection for bacterial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Wirth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zurich University School of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manqiao Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Zurich University School of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edgardo Sanabria-Valentín
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas E. Berg
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - André Dubois
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal and Liver Studies, Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, and VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Correspondence: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA. E-mail:
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39
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Ma B, Audette GF, Lin S, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. Purification, Kinetic Characterization, and Mapping of the Minimal Catalytic Domain and the Key Polar Groups of Helicobacter pylori α-(1,3/1,4)-Fucosyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6385-94. [PMID: 16407247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m511320200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimal catalytic domain of alpha-(1,3/1,4)-fucosyltransferases (FucTs) from Helicobacter pylori strains NCTC11639 and UA948 was mapped by N- and C-terminal truncations. Only the C terminus could be truncated without significant loss of activity. 11639FucT and UA948FucT contain 10 and 8 heptad repeats, respectively, which connect the catalytic domain with the C-terminal putative amphipathic alpha-helices. Deletion of all heptad repeats almost completely abolished enzyme activity. Nevertheless, with only one heptad repeat 11639FucT is fully active, whereas UA948FucT is partially active. Removal of the two putative amphipathic alpha-helices dramatically increased protein expression and solubility, enabling purification with yields of milligrams/liter. Steady-state kinetic analysis of the purified FucTs showed that 11639FucTs possessed slightly tighter binding affinity for both Type II acceptor and GDP-fucose donor than UA948FucT, and its kcat of 2.3 s(-1) was double that of UA948FucT, which had a kcat value of 1.1 s(-1) for both Type II and Type I acceptors. UA948FucT strongly favors Type II over the Type I acceptor with a 20-fold difference in acceptor Km. Sixteen modified Type I and Type II series acceptors were employed to map the molecular determinants of acceptors required for recognition by H. pylori alpha-(1,3/1,4)-FucTs. Deoxygenation at 6-C of the galactose in Type II acceptor caused a 5000-fold decrease in alpha1,3 activity, whereas in Type I acceptor this completely abolished alpha1,4 activity, indicating that this hydroxyl group is a key polar group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7
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40
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Khamri W, Moran AP, Worku ML, Karim QN, Walker MM, Annuk H, Ferris JA, Appelmelk BJ, Eggleton P, Reid KBM, Thursz MR. Variations in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide to evade the innate immune component surfactant protein D. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7677-86. [PMID: 16239572 PMCID: PMC1273859 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7677-7686.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a common and persistent human pathogen of the gastric mucosa. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a component of innate immunity, is expressed in the human gastric mucosa and is capable of aggregating H. pylori. Wide variation in the SP-D binding affinity to H. pylori has been observed in clinical isolates and laboratory-adapted strains. The aim of this study was to reveal potential mechanisms responsible for evading SP-D binding and establishing persistent infection. An escape variant, J178V, was generated in vitro, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure of the variant was compared to that of the parental strain, J178. The genetic basis for structural variation was explored by sequencing LPS biosynthesis genes. SP-D binding to clinical isolates was demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses. Here, we show that H. pylori evades SP-D binding through phase variation in lipopolysaccharide. This phenomenon is linked to changes in the fucosylation of the O chain, which was concomitant with slipped-strand mispairing in a poly(C) tract of the fucosyltransferase A (fucT1) gene. SP-D binding organisms are predominant in mucus in vivo (P = 0.02), suggesting that SP-D facilitates physical elimination. Phase variation to evade SP-D contributes to the persistence of this common gastric pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Khamri
- Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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41
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Ma B, Lau LH, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. A single aromatic amino acid at the carboxyl terminus of Helicobacter pylori {alpha}1,3/4 fucosyltransferase determines substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:36848-56. [PMID: 16150700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504415200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosyltransferases (FucT) from different Helicobacter pylori strains display distinct Type I (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc) or Type II (Galbeta1,4GlcNAc) substrate specificity. FucT from strain UA948 can transfer fucose to the OH-3 of Type II acceptors as well as to the OH-4 of Type I acceptors on the GlcNAc moiety, so it has both alpha1,3 and alpha1,4 activities. In contrast, FucT from strain NCTC11639 has exclusive alpha1,3 activity. Our domain swapping study (Ma, B., Wang, G., Palcic, M. M., Hazes, B., and Taylor, D. E. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 21893-21900) demonstrated that exchange of the hypervariable loops, (347)DNPFIFC(353) in 11639FucT and (345)CNDAHYSALH(354) in UA948FucT, were sufficient to either confer or abolish alpha1,4 activity. Here we performed alanine scanning site-directed mutagenesis to identify which amino acids within (345)CNDAHYSALH(354) of UA948FucT confer Type I substrate specificity. The Tyr(350) --> Ala mutation dramatically reduced alpha1,4 activity without lowering alpha1,3 activity. None of the other alanine substitutions selectively eliminated alpha1,4 activity. To elucidate how Tyr(350) determines alpha1,4 specificity, mutants Tyr(350) --> Phe, Tyr(350) --> Trp, and Tyr(350) --> Gly were constructed in UA948FucT. These mutations did not decrease alpha1,3 activity but reduced the alpha1,4 activity to 66.9, 55.6, and 3.1% [corrected] of wild type level, respectively. Apparently the aromatic nature, but not the hydroxyl group of Tyr(350), is essential for alpha1,4 activity. Our data demonstrate that a single amino acid (Tyr(350)) in the C-terminal hypervariable region of UA948FucT determines Type I acceptor specificity. Notably, a single aromatic residue (Trp) has also been implicated in controlling Type I acceptor preference for human FucT III, but it is located in an N-terminal hypervariable stem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Hiratsuka K, Logan SM, Conlan JW, Chandan V, Aubry A, Smirnova N, Ulrichsen H, Chan KHN, Griffith DW, Harrison BA, Li J, Altman E. Identification of a D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase gene from Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:5156-65. [PMID: 16030209 PMCID: PMC1196013 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.15.5156-5165.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a Helicobacter pylori d-glycero-d-manno-heptosyltransferase gene, HP0479, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the outer core region of H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Insertional inactivation of HP0479 resulted in formation of a truncated LPS molecule lacking an alpha-1,6-glucan-, dd-heptose-containing outer core region and O-chain polysaccharide. Detailed structural analysis of purified LPS from HP0479 mutants of strains SS1, 26695, O:3, and PJ1 by a combination of chemical and mass spectrometric methods showed that HP0479 likely encodes alpha-1,2-d-glycero-d-manno-heptosyltransferase, which adds a d-glycero-d-manno-heptose residue (DDHepII) to a distal dd-heptose of the core oligosaccharide backbone of H. pylori LPS. When the wild-type HP0479 gene was reintegrated into the chromosome of strain 26695 by using an "antibiotic cassette swapping" method, the complete LPS structure was restored. Introduction of the HP0479 mutation into the H. pylori mouse-colonizing Sydney (SS1) strain and the clinical isolate PJ1, which expresses dd-heptoglycan, resulted in the loss of colonization in a mouse model. This indicates that H. pylori expressing a deeply truncated LPS is unable to successfully colonize the murine stomach and provides evidence for a critical role of the outer core region of H. pylori LPS in colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hiratsuka
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Rabbani S, Miksa V, Wipf B, Ernst B. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1076-83. [PMID: 16000696 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen which causes both gastric and duodenal ulcers and is associated with gastric cancer and lymphoma. This microorganism synthesizes fucosylated oligosaccharides, predominantly the Galb-1,4GlcNAc (Type II) blood group antigens Lewis X and Y, whereas a small population also expresses the Galb-1,3GlcNAc (Type I) blood group antigens Lewis A and B. These carbohydrate structures are known to mimic host cell antigens and permit the bacteria to escape from the host immune response. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel H. pylori alpha-1,4 fucosyltransferase (FucT). In contrast to the family members characterized to date, this enzyme shows exclusively Type I acceptor substrate specificity. The enzyme consisting of 432 amino acids (MW 50,502 Da) was cloned using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. It exhibits a high degree of identity (75-87%) and similar structural features, for example, in the heptamer repeat pattern, with other H. pylori FucTs. The kinetic characterization revealed a very efficient transferase (k(cat)/Km = 229 mM(-1) s(-1)) for the Type I acceptor substrate (Gal)-1,3 GlcNAc-Lem (1). Additionally, the enzyme possesses a broad tolerance toward nonnatural Type I acceptor substrate analogs and therefore represents a valuable tool for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Lewis A, sialyl Lewis A as well as mimetics thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Yi W, Shao J, Zhu L, Li M, Singh M, Lu Y, Lin S, Li H, Ryu K, Shen J, Guo H, Yao Q, Bush CA, Wang PG. Escherichia coli O86 O-antigen biosynthetic gene cluster and stepwise enzymatic synthesis of human blood group B antigen tetrasaccharide. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2040-1. [PMID: 15713070 DOI: 10.1021/ja045021y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous study showed that some Gram-negative bacteria possess human blood group activity. Among them, Escherichia coli O86 has high blood group B activity and weak blood group A activity. This is due to the cell surface O-antigen structure, which resembles that of human blood group B antigen. In this study, we sequenced the entire E. coli O86 antigen gene cluster and identified all the genes responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis by sequence comparative analysis. The blood group B-like antigen in E. coli O86 O-polysaccharide was synthesized by sequentially employing three glycosyltransferases identified in the gene cluster. More importantly, we identified a new bacterial glycosyltransferase (WbnI) equivalent to human blood group transferase B (GTB). The enzyme substrate specificity and stepwise enzymatic synthesis of blood group B-like antigen revealed that the biosynthetic pathway of B antigen is essentially the same in E. coli O86 as in humans. This new finding provides a model to study the specificity and structure relationship of blood group transferases and supports the hypothesis of anti-blood group antibody production by bacterial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Logan SM, Altman E, Mykytczuk O, Brisson JR, Chandan V, Schur MJ, St Michael F, Masson A, Leclerc S, Hiratsuka K, Smirnova N, Li J, Wu Y, Wakarchuk WW. Novel biosynthetic functions of lipopolysaccharide rfaJ homologs from Helicobacter pylori. Glycobiology 2005; 15:721-33. [PMID: 15814825 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity screening and insertional inactivation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic genes in Helicobacter pylori have led to the successful characterization of two key enzymes encoded by HP0159 (JHP0147) and HP1105 (JHP1032) open reading frames (ORFs) which are members of the large and diverse carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZY) GT-8 (rfaJ) family of glycosyltransferases. Activity screening of a genomic library led to the identification of the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the type 2 N-acetyl-lactosamine O-chain backbone, the beta-1,3-N-acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase. In addition, the activity screening approach led to the identification and characterization of a key core biosynthetic enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the alpha-1,6-glucan polymer. This alpha-1,6-glucosyltransferase protein is encoded by the HP0159 ORF. Both enzymes play an integral part in the biosynthesis of LPS, and insertional inactivation leads to the production of a truncated LPS molecule on the bacterial cell surface. The LPS structures were determined by mass spectrometry and chemical analyses. The linkage specificity of each glycosyltransferase was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of model compounds synthesized in vitro. A cryogenic probe was used to structurally characterize nanomole amounts of the product of the HP1105 (JHP1032) enzyme. In contrast to the HP0159 enzyme, which displays the GT-8-predicted retaining stereochemistry for the reaction product, HP1105 (JHP1032) is the first member of this GT-8 family to have been shown to have an inverting stereochemistry in its reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Logan
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OR6.
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de Leder Kremer RM, Gallo-Rodriguez C. Naturally occurring monosaccharides: properties and synthesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2005; 59:9-67. [PMID: 15607763 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(04)59002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Leder Kremer
- CIHIDECAR, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Moran AP, Shiberu B, Ferris JA, Knirel YA, Senchenkova SN, Perepelov AV, Jansson PE, Goldberg JB. Role ofHelicobacter pylori rfaJgenes (HP0159 and HP1416) in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 241:57-65. [PMID: 15556710 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 08/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Helicobacter pylori 26695 has been sequenced and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O sidechain of this strain has been shown to express both Lewis x and Lewis y units. To determine the role of HP0159 and HP1416, genes recognized as rfaJ homologs and implicated in LPS synthesis, isogenic mutants of H. pylori 26695 were generated. The LPS of mutant 26695::HP0159Kan did not express either Lewis epitope as detected by immunoblotting, whereas the control strain and 26695::HP1416Kan produced both epitopes. Structural analysis of the LPS of the mutants showed that HP0159 encodes an alpha(1,2/3)-glucosyltransferase whereas HP1416 encodes an alpha(1,2/4)-glucosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Cole SP, Harwood J, Lee R, She R, Guiney DG. Characterization of monospecies biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol 2004; 186:3124-32. [PMID: 15126474 PMCID: PMC400600 DOI: 10.1128/jb.186.10.3124-3132.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As all bacteria studied to date, the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori has an alternate lifestyle as a biofilm. H. pylori forms biofilms on glass surfaces at the air-liquid interface in stationary or shaking batch cultures. By light microscopy, we have observed attachment of individual, spiral H. pylori to glass surfaces, followed by division to form microcolonies, merging of individual microcolonies, and growth in the third dimension. Scanning electron micrographs showed H. pylori arranged in a matrix on the glass with channels for nutrient flow, typical of other bacterial biofilms. To understand the importance of biofilms to the H. pylori life cycle, we tested the effect of mucin on biofilm formation. Our results showed that 10% mucin greatly increased the number of planktonic H. pylori while not affecting biofilm bacteria, resulting in a decline in percent adherence to the glass. This suggests that in the mucus-rich stomach, H. pylori planktonic growth is favored over biofilm formation. We also investigated the effect of specific mutations in several genes, including the quorum-sensing gene, luxS, and the cagE type IV secretion gene. Both of these mutants were found to form biofilms approximately twofold more efficiently than the wild type in both assays. These results indicate the relative importance of these genes to the production of biofilms by H. pylori and the selective enhancement of planktonic growth in the presence of gastric mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri P Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0640, USA
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Ma B, Wang G, Palcic MM, Hazes B, Taylor DE. C-terminal amino acids of Helicobacter pylori alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferases determine type I and type II transfer. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21893-900. [PMID: 12676935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301704200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha1,3/4 fucosyltransferase (FucT) enzyme from Helicobacter pylori catalyzes fucose transfer from donor GDP-beta-l-fucose to the GlcNAc group of two series of acceptor substrates in H. pylori lipopolysaccharide: betaGal1,3betaGlcNAc (Type I) or betaGal1,4betaGlcNAc (Type II). Fucose is added either in alpha1,3 linkage of Type II acceptor to produce Lewis X or in alpha1,4 linkage of Type I acceptor to produce Lewis A, respectively. H. pylori FucTs from different strains have distinct Type I or Type II substrate specificities. FucT in H. pylori strain NCTC11639 has an exclusive alpha1,3 activity because it recognizes only Type II substrates, whereas FucT in H. pylori strain UA948 can utilize both Type II and Type I acceptors; thus it has both alpha1,3 and alpha1,4 activity, respectively. To identify elements conferring substrate specificity, 12 chimeric FucTs were constructed by domain swapping between 11639FucT and UA948FucT and characterized for their ability to transfer fucose to Type I and Type II acceptors. Our results indicate that the C-terminal region of H. pylori FucTs controls Type I and Type II acceptor specificity. In particular, the highly divergent C-terminal portion, seven amino acids DNPFIFC at positions 347-353 in 11639FucT, and the corresponding 10 amino acids CNDAHYSALH at positions 345-354 in UA948FucT, controls the Type I and Type II acceptor recognition. This is the opposite of mammalian FucTs where acceptor preference is determined primarily by the N-terminal residues in the hypervariable stem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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Lozniewski A, Haristoy X, Rasko DA, Hatier R, Plénat F, Taylor DE, Angioi-Duprez K. Influence of Lewis antigen expression by Helicobacter pylori on bacterial internalization by gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2902-6. [PMID: 12704166 PMCID: PMC153228 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.5.2902-2906.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lewis antigens in infection is still not well known. We investigated the influence of Lewis antigen expression by H. pylori on its internalization by AGS cells and the epithelium of human gastric xenografts in nude mice using isogenic mutants in LPS biosynthetic genes. In vivo, colonization rates were unaffected by the change in H. pylori Lewis antigen expression, whereas the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly higher with wild-type H. pylori strains expressing Lewis antigens when compared to the isogenic mutants in both models. H. pylori strains expressing more Lewis X antigens (Le(x)) were internalized at a higher rate than those expressing less Le(x), type II Lewis antigens (Le(a) or Le(b)) alone, or no Lewis antigens. Thus, Lewis antigens appear to be involved in the internalization of H. pylori by the gastric epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lozniewski
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Henri-Poincaré, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. a/
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