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Jin X, Rosenbohm J, Moghaddam AO, Kim E, Seiffert-Sinha K, Leiker M, Zhai H, Baddam SR, Minnick G, Huo Y, Safa BT, Wahl JK, Meng F, Huang C, Lim JY, Conway DE, Sinha AA, Yang R. Desmosomal Cadherin Tension Loss in Pemphigus Vulgaris Mediated by the Inhibition of Active RhoA at Cell-Cell Adhesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592394. [PMID: 38766211 PMCID: PMC11100601 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Binding of autoantibodies to keratinocyte surface antigens, primarily desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) of the desmosomal complex, leads to the dissociation of cell-cell adhesion in the blistering disorder pemphigus vulgaris (PV). After the initial disassembly of desmosomes, cell-cell adhesions actively remodel in association with the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions. Growing evidence highlights the role of adhesion mechanics and mechanotransduction at cell-cell adhesions in this remodeling process, as their active participation may direct autoimmune pathogenicity. However, a large part of the biophysical transformations after antibody binding remains underexplored. Specifically, it is unclear how tension in desmosomes and cell-cell adhesions changes in response to antibodies, and how the altered tensional states translate to cellular responses. Here, we showed a tension loss at Dsg3 using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensors, a tension loss at the entire cell-cell adhesion, and a potentially compensatory increase in junctional traction force at cell-extracellular matrix adhesions after PV antibody binding. Further, our data indicate that this tension loss is mediated by the inhibition of RhoA at cell-cell contacts, and the extent of RhoA inhibition may be crucial in determining the severity of pathogenicity among different PV antibodies. More importantly, this tension loss can be partially restored by altering actomyosin based cell contractility. Collectively, these findings provide previously unattainable details in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern cell-cell interactions under physiological and autoimmune conditions, which may open the window to entirely new therapeutics aimed at restoring physiological balance to tension dynamics that regulates the maintenance of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Amir Ostadi Moghaddam
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | | | - Merced Leiker
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Haiwei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Sindora R. Baddam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284
| | - Grayson Minnick
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Yucheng Huo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bahareh Tajvidi Safa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - James K. Wahl
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583
| | - Fanben Meng
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Daniel E. Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Animesh A. Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Arslan FN, Hannezo É, Merrin J, Loose M, Heisenberg CP. Adhesion-induced cortical flows pattern E-cadherin-mediated cell contacts. Curr Biol 2024; 34:171-182.e8. [PMID: 38134934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan development relies on the formation and remodeling of cell-cell contacts. Dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and the actomyosin cell cortex in space and time plays a central role in cell-cell contact formation and maturation. Nevertheless, how this process is mechanistically achieved when new contacts are formed remains unclear. Here, by building a biomimetic assay composed of progenitor cells adhering to supported lipid bilayers functionalized with E-cadherin ectodomains, we show that cortical F-actin flows, driven by the depletion of myosin-2 at the cell contact center, mediate the dynamic reorganization of adhesion receptors and cell cortex at the contact. E-cadherin-dependent downregulation of the small GTPase RhoA at the forming contact leads to both a depletion of myosin-2 and a decrease of F-actin at the contact center. At the contact rim, in contrast, myosin-2 becomes enriched by the retraction of bleb-like protrusions, resulting in a cortical tension gradient from the contact rim to its center. This tension gradient, in turn, triggers centrifugal F-actin flows, leading to further accumulation of F-actin at the contact rim and the progressive redistribution of E-cadherin from the contact center to the rim. Eventually, this combination of actomyosin downregulation and flows at the contact determines the characteristic molecular organization, with E-cadherin and F-actin accumulating at the contact rim, where they are needed to mechanically link the contractile cortices of the adhering cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria; Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Édouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Martin Loose
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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Levay MK, Throm L, Bahrami N, Wieland T. The Muscarinic Acetylcholine M 2 Receptor-Induced Nitration of p190A by eNOS Increases RhoA Activity in Cardiac Myocytes. Cells 2023; 12:2432. [PMID: 37887276 PMCID: PMC10605742 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
p190RhoGAP, which exists in two paralogs, p190RhoGAP-A (p190A) and p190RhoGAP-B (p190B), is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) contributing to the regulation of the cellular activity of RhoGTPases. Recent data showed that M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2R) stimulation in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCM) induces the binding of p190RhoGAP to the long isoform of the regulator of G protein signaling 3 (RGS3L). This complex formation alters the substrate preference of p190RhoGAP from RhoA to Rac1. By analyzing carbachol-stimulated GAP activity, we show herein that p190A, but not p190B, alters its substrate preference in NRCM. Based on data that the RhoGAP activity of p190A in endothelial cells is diminished upon nitration by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived peroxynitrite, we studied whether carbachol-induced NO/peroxynitrite formation contributes to the carbachol-induced RhoA activation in NRCM. Interestingly, the carbachol-induced RhoA activation in NRCM was suppressed by the eNOS-preferring inhibitor L-NIO as well as the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Using L-NIO, we firstly verified the carbachol-induced NO production concurrent with eNOS activation and, secondly, the carbachol-induced nitration of p190A in NRCM. By co-immunoprecipitation, the carbachol-induced complex formation of eNOS, p190A, RGS3L and caveolin-3 was detected. We thus conclude that the NO production by M2R-induced eNOS activation in caveolae in NRCM is required for the nitration of p190A, leading to the binding to RGS3L and the change in substrate preference from RhoA to Rac1. In line with this interpretation, the disruption of caveolae in NRCM by methyl-β-cyclodextrin suppressed carbachol-induced RhoA activation in NRCM to a similar extent as the inhibition of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna K. Levay
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.L.); (L.T.); (N.B.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lena Throm
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.L.); (L.T.); (N.B.)
| | - Nabil Bahrami
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.L.); (L.T.); (N.B.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim (EPM), European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (M.K.L.); (L.T.); (N.B.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Freiberg F, Thakkar M, Hamann W, Lopez Carballo J, Jüttner R, Voss FK, Becher PM, Westermann D, Tschöpe C, Heuser A, Rocks O, Fischer R, Gotthardt M. CAR links hypoxia signaling to improved survival after myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:643-652. [PMID: 36941462 PMCID: PMC10073142 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homo- and heterotopic interactions between neighboring cardiomyocytes at the intercalated disc. CAR is upregulated in the hypoxic areas surrounding myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate whether CAR contributes to hypoxia signaling and MI pathology, we used a gain- and loss-of-function approach in transfected HEK293 cells, H9c2 cardiomyocytes and CAR knockout mice. CAR overexpression increased RhoA activity, HIF-1α expression and cell death in response to chemical and physical hypoxia. In vivo, we subjected cardiomyocyte-specific CAR knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) to coronary artery ligation. Survival was drastically improved in KO mice with largely preserved cardiac function as determined by echocardiography. Histological analysis revealed a less fibrotic, more compact lesion. Thirty days after MI, there was no compensatory hypertrophy or reduced cardiac output in hearts from CAR KO mice, in contrast to control mice with increased heart weight and reduced ejection fraction as signs of the underlying pathology. Based on these findings, we suggest CAR as a therapeutic target for the improved future treatment or prevention of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Freiberg
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meghna Thakkar
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hamann
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacobo Lopez Carballo
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rene Jüttner
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felizia K Voss
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M Becher
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT (Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Animal Phenotyping, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Spatiotemporal Control of Rho GTPase Signaling, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Fischer
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Translational Cardiology and Functional Genomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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RGS3L allows for an M 2 muscarinic receptor-mediated RhoA-dependent inotropy in cardiomyocytes. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:8. [PMID: 35230541 PMCID: PMC8888479 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role and outcome of the muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor (M2R) signaling in healthy and diseased cardiomyocytes is still a matter of debate. Here, we report that the long isoform of the regulator of G protein signaling 3 (RGS3L) functions as a switch in the muscarinic signaling, most likely of the M2R, in primary cardiomyocytes. High levels of RGS3L, as found in heart failure, redirect the Gi-mediated Rac1 activation into a Gi-mediated RhoA/ROCK activation. Functionally, this switch resulted in a reduced production of reactive oxygen species (- 50%) in cardiomyocytes and an inotropic response (+ 18%) in transduced engineered heart tissues. Importantly, we could show that an adeno-associated virus 9-mediated overexpression of RGS3L in rats in vivo, increased the contractility of ventricular strips by maximally about twofold. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that this switch is mediated by a complex formation of RGS3L with the GTPase-activating protein p190RhoGAP, which balances the activity of RhoA and Rac1 by altering its substrate preference in cardiomyocytes. Enhancement of this complex formation could open new possibilities in the regulation of the contractility of the diseased heart.
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6
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Howden JD, Michael M, Hight-Warburton W, Parsons M. α2β1 integrins spatially restrict Cdc42 activity to stabilise adherens junctions. BMC Biol 2021; 19:130. [PMID: 34158053 PMCID: PMC8220754 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Keratinocytes form the main protective barrier in the skin to separate the underlying tissue from the external environment. In order to maintain this barrier, keratinocytes form robust junctions between neighbouring cells as well as with the underlying extracellular matrix. Cell–cell adhesions are mediated primarily through cadherin receptors, whereas the integrin family of transmembrane receptors is predominantly associated with assembly of matrix adhesions. Integrins have been shown to also localise to cell–cell adhesions, but their role at these sites remains unclear. Results Here we show that α2β1 integrins are enriched at mature keratinocyte cell–cell adhesions, where they play a crucial role in organising cytoskeletal networks to stabilize adherens junctions. Loss of α2β1 integrin has significant functional phenotypes associated with cell–cell adhesion destabilisation, including increased proliferation, reduced migration and impaired barrier function. Mechanistically, we show that α2β1 integrins suppress activity of Src and Shp2 at cell–cell adhesions leading to enhanced Cdc42–GDI interactions and stabilisation of junctions between neighbouring epithelial cells. Conclusion Our data reveals a new role for α2β1 integrins in controlling integrity of epithelial cell–cell adhesions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01054-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Howden
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Magdalene Michael
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Willow Hight-Warburton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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7
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Chi Y, Liu X, Chai J. A narrative review of changes in microvascular permeability after burn. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:719. [PMID: 33987417 PMCID: PMC8106041 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective We aimed to review and discuss some of the latest research results related to post-burn pathophysiological changes and provide some clues for future study. Background Burns are one of the most common and serious traumas and consist of a series of pathophysiological changes of thermal injury. Accompanied by thermal damage to skin and soft tissues, inflammatory mediators are released in large quantities. Changes in histamine, bradykinin, and cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), metabolic factors such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and activated neutrophils all affect the body’s vascular permeability. Methods We searched articles with subject words “microvascular permeability”, “burn” “endothelium”, and “endothelial barrier” in PubMed in English published from the beginning of database to Dec, 2020. Conclusions The essence of burn shock is the rapid and extensive fluid transfer in burn and non-burn tissue. After severe burns, the local and systemic vascular permeability increase, causing intravascular fluid extravasation, leading to a progressive decrease in effective circulation volume, an increase in systemic vascular resistance, a decrease in cardiac output, peripheral tissue edema, multiple organ failure, and even death. There are many cells, tissues, mediators and structures involved in the pathophysiological process of the damage to vascular permeability. Ulinastatin is a promising agent for this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Chi
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Burn Institute, The Fourth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Ichikawa T, Stuckenholz C, Davidson LA. Non-junctional role of Cadherin3 in cell migration and contact inhibition of locomotion via domain-dependent, opposing regulation of Rac1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17326. [PMID: 33060598 PMCID: PMC7567069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins are well-known adhesion molecules responsible for physically connecting neighboring cells and signaling this cell-cell contact. Recent studies have suggested novel signaling roles for "non-junctional" cadherins (NJCads); however, the function of cadherin signaling independent of cell-cell contacts remains unknown. In this study, mesendodermal cells and tissues from gastrula stage Xenopus laevis embryos demonstrate that deletion of extracellular domains of Cadherin3 (Cdh3; formerly C-cadherin in Xenopus) disrupts contact inhibition of locomotion. In both bulk Rac1 activity assays and spatio-temporal FRET image analysis, the extracellular and cytoplasmic Cdh3 domains disrupt NJCad signaling and regulate Rac1 activity in opposing directions. Stabilization of the cytoskeleton counteracted this regulation in single cell migration assays. Our study provides novel insights into adhesion-independent signaling by Cadherin3 and its role in regulating single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ichikawa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, 5059-BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Rouaud F, Sluysmans S, Flinois A, Shah J, Vasileva E, Citi S. Scaffolding proteins of vertebrate apical junctions: structure, functions and biophysics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are specializations of the plasma membrane responsible for physically integrating cells into tissues. We are now beginning to appreciate the diverse impacts that mechanical forces exert upon the integrity and function of these junctions. Currently, this is best understood for cadherin-based adherens junctions in epithelia and endothelia, where cell-cell adhesion couples the contractile cytoskeletons of cells together to generate tissue-scale tension. Junctional tension participates in morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Changes in tension can also be detected by mechanotransduction pathways that allow cells to communicate with each other. In this review, we discuss progress in characterising the forces present at junctions in physiological conditions; the cellular mechanisms that generate intrinsic tension and detect changes in tension; and, finally, we consider how tissue integrity is maintained in the face of junctional stresses.
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11
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Rebalancing of actomyosin contractility enables mammary tumor formation upon loss of E-cadherin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3800. [PMID: 31444332 PMCID: PMC6707221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin (CDH1) is a master regulator of epithelial cell adherence junctions and a well-established tumor suppressor in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC). Intriguingly, somatic inactivation of E-cadherin alone in mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs) is insufficient to induce tumor formation. Here we show that E-cadherin loss induces extrusion of luminal MMECs to the basal lamina. Remarkably, E-cadherin-deficient MMECs can breach the basal lamina but do not disseminate into the surrounding fat pad. Basal lamina components laminin and collagen IV supported adhesion and survival of E-cadherin-deficient MMECs while collagen I, the principle component of the mammary stromal micro-environment did not. We uncovered that relaxation of actomyosin contractility mediates adhesion and survival of E-cadherin-deficient MMECs on collagen I, thereby allowing ILC development. Together, these findings unmask the direct consequences of E-cadherin inactivation in the mammary gland and identify aberrant actomyosin contractility as a critical barrier to ILC formation.
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12
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Polarity signaling ensures epidermal homeostasis by coupling cellular mechanics and genomic integrity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3362. [PMID: 31358743 PMCID: PMC6662827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial homeostasis requires balanced progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas disrupting this equilibrium fosters degeneration or cancer. Here we studied how cell polarity signaling orchestrates epidermal self-renewal and differentiation. Using genetic ablation, quantitative imaging, mechanochemical reconstitution and atomic force microscopy, we find that mammalian Par3 couples genome integrity and epidermal fate through shaping keratinocyte mechanics, rather than mitotic spindle orientation. Par3 inactivation impairs RhoA activity, actomyosin contractility and viscoelasticity, eliciting mitotic failures that trigger aneuploidy, mitosis-dependent DNA damage responses, p53 stabilization and premature differentiation. Importantly, reconstituting myosin activity is sufficient to restore mitotic fidelity, genome integrity, and balanced differentiation and stratification. Collectively, this study deciphers a mechanical signaling network in which Par3 acts upstream of Rho/actomyosin contractility to promote intrinsic force generation, thereby maintaining mitotic accuracy and cellular fitness at the genomic level. Disturbing this network may compromise not only epidermal homeostasis but potentially also that of other self-renewing epithelia. Many developing tissues require Par-driven polarization, but its role in mammalian tissue maintenance is unclear. Here, the authors show that in mouse epidermis, Par3 governs tissue homeostasis not via orientation of cell division but by coupling cell mechanics with mitotic accuracy and genome integrity.
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13
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Héraud C, Pinault M, Lagrée V, Moreau V. p190RhoGAPs, the ARHGAP35- and ARHGAP5-Encoded Proteins, in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040351. [PMID: 31013840 PMCID: PMC6523970 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) gathered in the Rat sarcoma (Ras) superfamily represent a large family of proteins involved in several key cellular mechanisms. Within the Ras superfamily, the Ras homolog (Rho) family is specialized in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton-based mechanisms. These proteins switch between an active and an inactive state, resulting in subsequent inhibiting or activating downstream signals, leading finally to regulation of actin-based processes. The On/Off status of Rho GTPases implicates two subsets of regulators: GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors), which favor the active GTP (guanosine triphosphate) status of the GTPase and GAPs (GTPase activating proteins), which inhibit the GTPase by enhancing the GTP hydrolysis. In humans, the 20 identified Rho GTPases are regulated by over 70 GAP proteins suggesting a complex, but well-defined, spatio-temporal implication of these GAPs. Among the quite large number of RhoGAPs, we focus on p190RhoGAP, which is known as the main negative regulator of RhoA, but not exclusively. Two isoforms, p190A and p190B, are encoded by ARHGAP35 and ARHGAP5 genes, respectively. We describe here the function of each of these isoforms in physiological processes and sum up findings on their role in pathological conditions such as neurological disorders and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Héraud
- INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) 2018, 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Pinault
- INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) 2018, 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Lagrée
- INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) 2018, 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Violaine Moreau
- INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
- University of Bordeaux, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux F-33000, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM) 2018, 75007 Paris, France.
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14
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Rangel L, Bernabé-Rubio M, Fernández-Barrera J, Casares-Arias J, Millán J, Alonso MA, Correas I. Caveolin-1α regulates primary cilium length by controlling RhoA GTPase activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1116. [PMID: 30718762 PMCID: PMC6362014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a single non-motile protrusion of the plasma membrane of most types of mammalian cell. The structure, length and function of the primary cilium must be tightly controlled because their dysfunction is associated with disease. Caveolin 1 (Cav1), which is best known as a component of membrane invaginations called caveolae, is also present in non-caveolar membrane domains whose function is beginning to be understood. We show that silencing of α and β Cav1 isoforms in different cell lines increases ciliary length regardless of the route of primary ciliogenesis. The sole expression of Cav1α, which is distributed at the apical membrane, restores normal cilium size in Cav1 KO MDCK cells. Cells KO for only Cav1α, which also show long cilia, have a disrupted actin cytoskeleton and reduced RhoA GTPase activity at the apical membrane, and a greater accumulation of Rab11 vesicles at the centrosome. Subsequent experiments showed that DIA1 and ROCK help regulate ciliary length. Since MDCK cells lack apical caveolae, our results imply that non-caveolar apical Cav1α is an important regulator of ciliary length, exerting its effect via RhoA and its effectors, ROCK and DIA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rangel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Correas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Qin P, Han T, Yu ACH, Xu L. Mechanistic understanding the bioeffects of ultrasound-driven microbubbles to enhance macromolecule delivery. J Control Release 2018; 272:169-181. [PMID: 29305924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-driven microbubbles can trigger reversible membrane perforation (sonoporation), open interendothelial junctions and stimulate endocytosis, thereby providing a temporary and reversible time-window for the delivery of macromolecules across biological membranes and endothelial barriers. This time-window is related not only to cavitation events, but also to biological regulatory mechanisms. Mechanistic understanding of the interaction between cavitation events and cells and tissues, as well as the subsequent cellular and molecular responses will lead to new design strategies with improved efficacy and minimized side effects. Recent important progress on the spatiotemporal characteristics of sonoporation, cavitation-induced interendothelial gap and endocytosis, and the spatiotemporal bioeffects and the preliminary biological mechanisms in cavitation-enhanced permeability, has been made. On the basis of the summary of this research progress, this Review outlines the underlying bioeffects and the related biological regulatory mechanisms involved in cavitation-enhanced permeability; provides a critical commentary on the future tasks and directions in this field, including developing a standardized methodology to reveal mechanism-based bioeffects in depth, and designing biology-based treatment strategies to improve efficacy and safety. Such mechanistic understanding the bioeffects that contribute to cavitation-enhanced delivery will accelerate the translation of this approach to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qin
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Short SP, Kondo J, Smalley-Freed WG, Takeda H, Dohn MR, Powell AE, Carnahan RH, Washington MK, Tripathi M, Payne DM, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Coffey RJ, Reynolds AB. p120-Catenin is an obligate haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in intestinal neoplasia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4462-4476. [PMID: 29130932 PMCID: PMC5707165 DOI: 10.1172/jci77217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-Catenin (p120) functions as a tumor suppressor in intestinal cancer, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, using conditional p120 knockout in Apc-sensitized mouse models of intestinal cancer, we have identified p120 as an "obligatory" haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Whereas monoallelic loss of p120 was associated with a significant increase in tumor multiplicity, loss of both alleles was never observed in tumors from these mice. Moreover, forced ablation of the second allele did not further enhance tumorigenesis, but instead induced synthetic lethality in combination with Apc loss of heterozygosity. In tumor-derived organoid cultures, elimination of both p120 alleles resulted in caspase-3-dependent apoptosis that was blocked by inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK). With ROCK inhibition, however, p120-ablated organoids exhibited a branching phenotype and a substantial increase in cell proliferation. Access to data from Sleeping Beauty mutagenesis screens afforded an opportunity to directly assess the tumorigenic impact of p120 haploinsufficiency relative to other candidate drivers. Remarkably, p120 ranked third among the 919 drivers identified. Cofactors α-catenin and epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) were also among the highest scoring candidates, indicating a mechanism at the level of the intact complex that may play an important role at very early stages of of intestinal tumorigenesis while simultaneously restricting outright loss via synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Haruna Takeda
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michael R. Dohn
- Department of Cancer Biology, and
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anne E. Powell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - D. Michael Payne
- CU Systems Biology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nancy A. Jenkins
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Cancer Research Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neal G. Copeland
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Cancer Research Program, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Oskolkova O, Gawlak G, Tian Y, Ke Y, Sarich N, Son S, Andreasson K, Bochkov VN, Birukova AA, Birukov KG. Prostaglandin E receptor-4 receptor mediates endothelial barrier-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects of oxidized phospholipids. FASEB J 2017; 31:4187-4202. [PMID: 28572443 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601232rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other agonists that cause transient endothelial cell (EC) response, the products of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAPC) oxidation that contain cyclopenthenone groups, which recapitulate prostaglandin-like structure, cause sustained enhancement of the pulmonary EC barrier. The mechanisms that drive the sustained effects by oxidized PAPC (OxPAPC) remain unexplored. On the basis of the structural similarity of isoprostanoid moieties that are present in full-length oxygenated PAPC species, we used an inhibitory approach to perform the screening of prostanoid receptors as potential candidates that mediate OxPAPC effects. Results show that only prostaglandin E receptor-4 (EP4) was involved and mediated the sustained phase of the barrier-enhancing effects of OxPAPC that are associated with the activation of Rac GTPase and its cytoskeletal targets. EC incubation with OxPAPC also induced EP4 mRNA expression in pulmonary ECs and lung tissue. EP4 knockdown using gene-specific small interfering RNA did not affect the rapid phase of OxPAPC-induced EC barrier enhancement or the protective effects against thrombin-induced EC permeability, but abolished the advanced barrier enhancement phase and suppressed the protective effects of OxPAPC against more sustained EC barrier dysfunction and cell inflammatory response caused by TNF-α. Endothelial-specific knockout of the EP4 receptor in mice attenuated the protective effect of intravenous OxPAPC administration in the model of acute lung injury caused by intratracheal injection of LPS. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role for prostaglandin receptor EP4 in the mediation of barrier-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects caused by oxidized phospholipids.-Oskolkova, O., Gawlak, G., Tian, Y., Ke, Y., Sarich, N., Son, S., Andreasson, K., Bochkov, V. N., Birukova, A. A., Birukov, K. G. Prostaglandin E receptor-4 receptor mediates endothelial barrier-enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects of oxidized phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Oskolkova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Grzegorz Gawlak
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yufeng Tian
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yunbo Ke
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicolene Sarich
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophia Son
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Katrin Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna A Birukova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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18
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Bidaud-Meynard A, Binamé F, Lagrée V, Moreau V. Regulation of Rho GTPase activity at the leading edge of migrating cells by p190RhoGAP. Small GTPases 2017; 10:99-110. [PMID: 28287334 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1280584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration, a key feature of embryonic development, immunity, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis, is based on the coordinated regulation of actin dynamics and integrin-mediated adhesion. Rho GTPases play a major role in this phenomenon by regulating the onset and maintenance of actin-based protruding structures at cell leading edges (i.e. lamellipodia and filopodia) and contractile structures (i.e., stress fibers) at their trailing edge. While spatio-temporal analysis demonstrated the tight regulation of Rho GTPases at the migration front during cell locomotion, little is known about how the main regulators of Rho GTPase activity, such as GAPs, GEFs and GDIs, play a role in this process. In this review, we focus on a major negative regulator of RhoA, p190RhoGAP-A and its close isoform p190RhoGAP-B, which are necessary for efficient cell migration. Recent studies, including our, demonstrated that p190RhoGAP-A localization and activity undergo a complex regulatory mechanism, accounting for the tight regulation of RhoA, but also other members of the Rho GTPase family, at the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Bordeaux , France.,b Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology , Bordeaux , France
| | - Fabien Binamé
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Bordeaux , France.,b Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology , Bordeaux , France
| | - Valérie Lagrée
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Bordeaux , France.,b Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology , Bordeaux , France
| | - Violaine Moreau
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale , Bordeaux , France.,b Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology , Bordeaux , France
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19
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Przybyla L, Muncie JM, Weaver VM. Mechanical Control of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in Development and Cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:527-554. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laralynne Przybyla
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
| | - Jonathon M. Muncie
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering (University of California, San Francisco, and University of California, Berkeley), San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
- Departments of Anatomy, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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20
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Binamé F, Bidaud-Meynard A, Magnan L, Piquet L, Montibus B, Chabadel A, Saltel F, Lagrée V, Moreau V. Cancer-associated mutations in the protrusion-targeting region of p190RhoGAP impact tumor cell migration. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:859-73. [PMID: 27646271 PMCID: PMC5037408 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
p190RhoGAP (p190A) is a negative regulator of RhoA and localizes to membrane protrusions, where its GAP activity is required for directional migration. Here, Binamé et al. identify the protrusion-localization sequence in p190A and show that cancer-associated mutations in this region affect p190A localization and function as well as tumor cell migration. Spatiotemporal regulation of RhoGTPases such as RhoA is required at the cell leading edge to achieve cell migration. p190RhoGAP (p190A) is the main negative regulator of RhoA and localizes to membrane protrusions, where its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity is required for directional migration. In this study, we investigated the molecular processes responsible for p190A targeting to actin protrusions. By analyzing the subcellular localization of truncated versions of p190A in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, we identified a novel functional p190A domain: the protrusion localization sequence (PLS) necessary and sufficient for p190A targeting to leading edges. Interestingly, the PLS is also required for the negative regulation of p190A RhoGAP activity. Further, we show that the F-actin binding protein cortactin binds the PLS and is required for p190A targeting to protrusions. Lastly, we demonstrate that cancer-associated mutations in PLS affect p190A localization and function, as well as tumor cell migration. Altogether, our data unveil a new mechanism of regulation of p190A in migrating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Bidaud-Meynard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Magnan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Léo Piquet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bertille Montibus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Chabadel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 441, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Saltel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Lagrée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Violaine Moreau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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21
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Tian Y, Tian X, Gawlak G, Sarich N, Sacks DB, Birukova AA, Birukov KG. Role of IQGAP1 in endothelial barrier enhancement caused by OxPAPC. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L800-L809. [PMID: 27566003 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (OxPAPC) attenuates agonist-induced endothelial cell (EC) permeability and increases pulmonary endothelial barrier function via enhancement of both the peripheral actin cytoskeleton and cell junctions mediated by Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. This study evaluated the role for the multifunctional Rac1/Cdc42 effector and regulator, IQGAP1, as a molecular transducer of the OxPAPC-mediated EC barrier enhancing signal. IQGAP1 knockdown in endothelial cells by gene-specific siRNA abolished OxPAPC-induced enlargement of VE-cadherin-positive adherens junctions, suppressed peripheral accumulation of actin polymerization regulators, namely cortactin, N-WASP and Arp3, and attenuated remodeling of the peripheral actin cytoskeleton. Inhibition of OxPAPC-induced barrier enhancement by IQGAP1 knockdown was due to suppressed Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. Expression of an IQGAP1 truncated mutant showed that the GTPase regulatory domain (GRD) of IQGAP1 was essential for the OxPAPC-induced membrane localization of cortactin, adherens junction proteins VE-cadherin and p120-catenin as well as for EC permeability response. IQGAP1knockdown attenuated the protective effect of OxPAPC against thrombin-induced cell contraction, cell junction disruption and EC permeability. These results demonstrate for the first time the role of IQGAP1 as a critical transducer of OxPAPC-induced Rac1/Cdc42 signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and adherens junctions which promotes cortical cytoskeletal remodeling and EC barrier protective effects of oxidized phospholipids.
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22
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Hendrick J, Franz-Wachtel M, Moeller Y, Schmid S, Macek B, Olayioye MA. The polarity protein Scribble positions DLC3 at adherens junctions to regulate Rho signaling. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3583-3596. [PMID: 27505894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial regulation of cellular Rho signaling by GAP proteins is still poorly understood. By performing mass spectrometry, we here identify the polarity protein Scribble as a scaffold for the RhoGAP protein DLC3 (also known as StarD8) at cell-cell adhesions. This mutually dependent interaction is mediated by the PDZ domains of Scribble and a PDZ ligand (PDZL) motif in DLC3. Both Scribble depletion and PDZL deletion abrogated DLC3 junctional localization. Using a RhoA biosensor and a targeted GAP domain, we demonstrate that DLC3 activity locally regulates RhoA-ROCK signaling at and Scribble localization to adherens junctions, and is required for their functional integrity. In a 3D model of cyst development, we furthermore show that DLC3 depletion impairs polarized morphogenesis, phenocopying the effects observed upon Scribble knockdown. We thus propose a new function for Scribble in Rho regulation that entails positioning of DLC3 GAP activity at cell junctions in polarized epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hendrick
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Yvonne Moeller
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Simone Schmid
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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23
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Gugnoni M, Sancisi V, Gandolfi G, Manzotti G, Ragazzi M, Giordano D, Tamagnini I, Tigano M, Frasoldati A, Piana S, Ciarrocchi A. Cadherin-6 promotes EMT and cancer metastasis by restraining autophagy. Oncogene 2016; 36:667-677. [PMID: 27375021 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells toward a mesenchymal condition (EMT) is a complex process that allows tumor cells to migrate to ectopic sites. Cadherins are not just structural proteins, but they act as sensors of the surrounding microenvironment and as signaling centers for cellular pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these signaling functions remain poorly characterized. Cadherin-6 (CDH6) is a type 2 cadherin, which drives EMT during embryonic development and it is aberrantly re-activated in cancer. We recently showed that CDH6 is a TGFβ target and an EMT marker in thyroid cancer, suggesting a role for this protein in the progression of this type of tumor. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are usually indolent lesions. However, metastatic spreading occurs in about 5% of the cases. The identification of molecular markers that could early predict the metastatic potential of these lesions would be strategic to design more tailored approaches and reduce patients overtreatment. In this work, we assessed the role of CDH6 in the metastatic progression of thyroid cancer. We showed that loss of CDH6 expression profoundly changes cellular architecture, alters the inter-cellular interaction modalities and attenuates EMT features in thyroid cancer cells. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening approach, based on a thyroid cancer patients library, we showed that CDH6 directly interacts with GABARAP, BNIP3 and BNIP3L, and that through these interactions CDH6 restrains autophagy and promotes re-organization of mitochondrial network through a DRP1-mediated mechanism. Analysis of the LIR domains suggests that the interaction with the autophagic machinery may be a common feature of many cadherin family members. Finally, the analysis of CDH6 expression in a unique cohort of human PTCs showed that CDH6 expression marks specifically EMT cells. and it is strongly associated with metastatic behavior and worse outcome of PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gugnoni
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - V Sancisi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Manzotti
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Ragazzi
- Pathology Unit, Deptartment of Oncology and Advanced Technologies, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - D Giordano
- Otolaryngology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Specialistic Unit, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - I Tamagnini
- Pathology Unit, Deptartment of Oncology and Advanced Technologies, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Tigano
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - A Frasoldati
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Specialistic Unit, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - S Piana
- Pathology Unit, Deptartment of Oncology and Advanced Technologies, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - A Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Scientific Direction, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Sroka R, Van Lint J, Katz SF, Schneider MR, Kleger A, Paschke S, Seufferlein T, Eiseler T. Cortactin is a scaffolding platform for the E-cadherin adhesion complex and is regulated by protein kinase D1 phosphorylation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2416-29. [PMID: 27179075 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of cell-cell adhesion by the coordinated formation and dissolution of E-cadherin-based adherens junctions is crucial for tissue homeostasis. The actin-binding protein cortactin interacts with E-cadherin and enables F-actin accumulation at adherens junctions. Here, we were interested to study the broader functional interactions of cortactin in adhesion complexes. In line with literature, we demonstrate that cortactin binds to E-cadherin, and that a posttranslational modification of cortactin, RhoA-induced phosphorylation by protein kinase D1 (PKD1; also known as PRKD1) at S298, impairs adherens junction assembly and supports their dissolution. Two new S298-phosphorylation-dependent interactions were also identified, namely, that phosphorylation of cortactin decreases its interaction with β-catenin and the actin-binding protein vinculin. In addition, binding of vinculin to β-catenin, as well as linkage of vinculin to F-actin, are also significantly compromised upon phosphorylation of cortactin. Accordingly, we found that regulation of cell-cell adhesion by phosphorylation of cortactin downstream of RhoA and PKD1 is vitally dependent on vinculin-mediated protein interactions. Thus, cortactin, unexpectedly, is an important integration node for the dynamic regulation of protein complexes during breakdown and formation of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sroka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N1 - Herestraat 49 bus 901, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Fee Katz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Department for Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Gene Center, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Stephan Paschke
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany
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Muhamed I, Wu J, Sehgal P, Kong X, Tajik A, Wang N, Leckband DE. E-cadherin-mediated force transduction signals regulate global cell mechanics. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1843-54. [PMID: 26966187 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report elucidates an E-cadherin-based force-transduction pathway that triggers changes in cell mechanics through a mechanism requiring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and the downstream formation of new integrin adhesions. This mechanism operates in addition to local cytoskeletal remodeling triggered by conformational changes in the E-cadherin-associated protein α-catenin, at sites of mechanical perturbation. Studies using magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC), together with traction force microscopy (TFM) and confocal imaging identified force-activated E-cadherin-specific signals that integrate cadherin force transduction, integrin activation and cell contractility. EGFR is required for the downstream activation of PI3K and myosin-II-dependent cell stiffening. Our findings also demonstrated that α-catenin-dependent cytoskeletal remodeling at perturbed E-cadherin adhesions does not require cell stiffening. These results broaden the repertoire of E-cadherin-based force transduction mechanisms, and define the force-sensitive signaling network underlying the mechano-chemical integration of spatially segregated adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Poonam Sehgal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyu Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Arash Tajik
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Carl W. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Otsu K, Harada H. Rho GTPases in ameloblast differentiation. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2015; 52:32-40. [PMID: 28408954 PMCID: PMC5382790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During tooth development, ameloblasts differentiate from inner enamel epithelial cells to enamel-forming cells by modulating the signal pathways mediating epithelial–mesenchymal interaction and a cell-autonomous gene network. The differentiation process of epithelial cells is characterized by marked changes in their morphology and polarity, accompanied by dynamic cytoskeletal reorganization and changes in cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion over time. Functional ameloblasts are tall, columnar, polarized cells that synthesize and secrete enamel-specific proteins. After deposition of the full thickness of enamel matrix, ameloblasts become smaller and regulate enamel maturation. Recent significant advances in the fields of molecular biology and genetics have improved our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the ameloblast cell life cycle, mediated by the Rho family of small GTPases. They act as intracellular molecular switch that transduce signals from extracellular stimuli to the actin cytoskeleton and the nucleus. In our review, we summarize studies that provide current evidence for Rho GTPases and their involvement in ameloblast differentiation. In addition to the Rho GTPases themselves, their downstream effectors and upstream regulators have also been implicated in ameloblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Otsu
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 19 651 5111x5881; fax: +81 19 908 8017.
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28
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Kshitiz, Afzal J, Kim DH, Levchenko A. Concise review: Mechanotransduction via p190RhoGAP regulates a switch between cardiomyogenic and endothelial lineages in adult cardiac progenitors. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1999-2007. [PMID: 24710857 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues can have pleiotropic influence on stem cell shape, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis, and are increasingly realized to play an instructive role in regeneration and maintenance of tissue structure and functions. To explore the putative effects of mechanical cues in regeneration of the cardiac tissue, we investigated therapeutically important cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs), a heterogeneous patient- or animal-specific cell population containing c-Kit(+) multipotent stem cells. We showed that mechanical cues can instruct c-Kit(+) cell differentiation along two lineages with corresponding morphogenic changes, while also serving to amplify the initial c-Kit(+) subpopulation. In particular, mechanical cues mimicking the structure of myocardial extracellular matrix specify cardiomyogenic fate, while cues mimicking myocardium rigidity specify endothelial fates. Furthermore, we found that these cues dynamically regulate the same molecular species, p190RhoGAP, which then acts through both RhoA-dependent and independent mechanisms. Thus, differential regulation of p190RhoGAP molecule by either mechanical inputs or genetic manipulation can determine lineage type specification. Since human CDCs are already in phase II clinical trials, the potential therapeutic use of mechanical or genetic manipulation of the cell fate could enhance effectiveness of these progenitor cells in cardiac repair, and shed new light on differentiation mechanisms in cardiac and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Nakahara S, Tsutsumi K, Zuinen T, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a Rho–ROCK-regulated GAP for Rac, controls adherens junctions in MDCK cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Rho family small GTPases are essential for the formation of adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Here, we found that FilGAP (also known as ARHGAP24), a Rac-specific Rho GTPase-activating protein, promoted the formation of adherens junctions in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Knockdown of FilGAP by siRNA stimulated the disassembly and migration of MDCK cells induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). By contrast, forced expression of FilGAP induced accumulation of E-cadherin at adherens junctions. Endogenous FilGAP colocalized with E-cadherin at adherens junctions, and depletion of FilGAP reduced the amount of E-cadherin expressed at the surface. The Rac GAP domain of FilGAP was necessary for the suppression of cell scattering induced by HGF. In agreement with this, siRNA-mediated knockdown of both Rac1 and FilGAP suppressed cell scattering induced by HGF. Forced expression of Rho kinase (ROCK, of which there are two isoforms ROCK1 and ROCK2) induced the accumulation of E-cadherin at the adherens junction, and depletion of FilGAP prevented the accumulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, wild-type FilGAP but not a non-phosphorylatable FilGAP mutant rescued the accumulation of E-cadherin at adherens junctions. These results suggest that FilGAP might regulate cell–cell adhesion through inactivation of Rac downstream of Rho–ROCK-signaling in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nakahara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takuya Zuinen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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Zihni C, Balda MS, Matter K. Signalling at tight junctions during epithelial differentiation and microbial pathogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:3401-13. [PMID: 25125573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are a component of the epithelial junctional complex, and they form the paracellular diffusion barrier that enables epithelial cells to create cellular sheets that separate compartments with different compositions. The assembly and function of tight junctions are intimately linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton and, hence, are under the control of signalling mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Tight junctions not only receive signals that guide their assembly and function, but transmit information to the cell interior to regulate cell proliferation, migration and survival. As a crucial component of the epithelial barrier, they are often targeted by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding infection and the development of disease. In this Commentary, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular signalling mechanisms that drive junction assembly and function, and the signalling processes by which tight junctions regulate cell behaviour and survival. We also discuss the way in which junctional components are exploited by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and how this might affect junctional signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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31
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Braun AC, Olayioye MA. Rho regulation: DLC proteins in space and time. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1643-51. [PMID: 25889896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases function as molecular switches that connect changes of the external environment to intracellular signaling pathways. They are active at various subcellular sites and require fast and tight regulation to fulfill their role as transducers of extracellular stimuli. New imaging technologies visualizing the active states of Rho proteins in living cells elucidated the necessity of precise spatiotemporal activation of the GTPases. The local regulation of Rho proteins is coordinated by the interaction with different guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that turn on and off GTPase signaling to downstream effectors. GEFs and GAPs thus serve as critical signaling nodes that specify the amplitude and duration of a particular Rho signaling pathway. Despite their importance in Rho regulation, the molecular aspects underlying the spatiotemporal control of the regulators themselves are still largely elusive. In this review we will focus on the Deleted in Liver Cancer (DLC) family of RhoGAP proteins and summarize the evidence gathered over the past years revealing their different subcellular localizations that might account for isoform-specific functions. We will also highlight the importance of their tightly controlled expression in the context of neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Braun
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monilola A Olayioye
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Marjoram RJ, Lessey EC, Burridge K. Regulation of RhoA activity by adhesion molecules and mechanotransduction. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:199-208. [PMID: 24467208 PMCID: PMC3929014 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140128104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The low molecular weight GTP-binding protein RhoA regulates many cellular events, including cell migration, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, progress through the cell cycle and gene expression. Physical forces influence these cellular processes in part by regulating RhoA activity through mechanotransduction of cell adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins, cadherins, Ig superfamily molecules). RhoA activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) that are themselves regulated by many different signaling pathways. Significantly, the engagement of many cell adhesion molecules can affect RhoA activity in both positive and negative ways. In this brief review, we consider how RhoA activity is regulated downstream from cell adhesion molecules and mechanical force. Finally, we highlight the importance of mechanotransduction signaling to RhoA in normal cell biology as well as in certain pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Burridge
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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34
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Sun Q, Luo T, Ren Y, Florey O, Shirasawa S, Sasazuki T, Robinson DN, Overholtzer M. Competition between human cells by entosis. Cell Res 2014; 24:1299-310. [PMID: 25342560 PMCID: PMC4220161 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carcinomas are comprised of complex mixtures of tumor cells that are known to compete indirectly for nutrients and growth factors. Whether tumor cells could also compete directly, for example by elimination of rivals, is not known. Here we show that human cells can directly compete by a mechanism of engulfment called entosis. By entosis, cells are engulfed, or cannibalized while alive, and subsequently undergo cell death. We find that the identity of engulfing ("winner") and engulfed ("loser") cells is dictated by mechanical deformability controlled by RhoA and actomyosin, where tumor cells with high deformability preferentially engulf and outcompete neighboring cells with low deformability in heterogeneous populations. We further find that activated Kras and Rac signaling impart winner status to cells by downregulating contractile myosin, allowing for the internalization of neighboring cells that eventually undergo cell death. Finally, we compute the energy landscape of cell-in-cell formation, demonstrating that a mechanical differential between winner and loser cells is required for entosis to proceed. These data define a mechanism of competition in mammalian cells that occurs in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yixin Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasazuki
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 163-8655, Japan
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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35
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Sun Q, Cibas ES, Huang H, Hodgson L, Overholtzer M. Induction of entosis by epithelial cadherin expression. Cell Res 2014; 24:1288-98. [PMID: 25342558 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell engulfment typically targets dead or dying cells for clearance from metazoan tissues. However, recent evidence demonstrates that live cells can also be targeted and that engulfment can cause cell death. Entosis is one mechanism proposed to mediate the engulfment and killing of live tumor cells by their neighbors, an activity often referred to as cell cannibalism. Here we report that the expression of exogenous epithelial cadherin proteins (E- or P-cadherin) in human breast tumor cells lacking endogenous expression of epithelial cadherins induces entosis and inhibits transformed growth. Entosis induced by cadherin expression is associated with the polarized distribution of Rho and Rho-kinase (ROCK) activity within entotic cells, which is dependent on p190A RhoGAP activity. ROCK inhibition or downregulation of p190A RhoGAP expression reduces entosis and increases the transformed growth of epithelial cadherin-expressing tumor cells. These data define new cell systems for the study of entosis, and identify entosis as a mechanism of cell cannibalism that is induced by the establishment of epithelial adhesion and inhibits transformed growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- 1] Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China [2] Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edmund S Cibas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- 1] Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA [2] BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Clay MR, Halloran MC. Cadherin 6 promotes neural crest cell detachment via F-actin regulation and influences active Rho distribution during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Development 2014; 141:2506-15. [PMID: 24917505 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex change in cell phenotype that is important for cell migration, morphogenesis and carcinoma metastasis. Loss of epithelial cell adhesion and tight regulation of cadherin adhesion proteins are crucial for EMT. Cells undergoing EMT often display cadherin switching, where they downregulate one cadherin and induce expression of another. However, the functions of the upregulated cadherins and their effects on cell motility are poorly understood. Neural crest cells (NCCs), which undergo EMT during development, lose N-cadherin and upregulate Cadherin 6 (Cdh6) prior to EMT. Cdh6 has been suggested to suppress EMT via cell adhesion, but also to promote EMT by mediating pro-EMT signals. Here, we determine novel roles for Cdh6 in generating cell motility during EMT. We use live imaging of NCC behavior in vivo to show that Cdh6 promotes detachment of apical NCC tails, an important early step of EMT. Furthermore, we show that Cdh6 affects spatiotemporal dynamics of F-actin and active Rho GTPase, and that Cdh6 is required for accumulation of F-actin in apical NCC tails during detachment. Moreover, Cdh6 knockdown alters the subcellular distribution of active Rho, which is known to promote localized actomyosin contraction that is crucial for apical NCC detachment. Together, these data suggest that Cdh6 is an important determinant of where subcellular actomyosin forces are generated during EMT. Our results also identify mechanisms by which an upregulated cadherin can generate cell motility during EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Clay
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mary C Halloran
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Sun Z, Parrish AR, Hill MA, Meininger GA. N-cadherin, A Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecule: Function and Signaling for Vasomotor Control. Microcirculation 2014; 21:208-18. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Alan R. Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
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38
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McCormack J, Welsh NJ, Braga VMM. Cycling around cell-cell adhesion with Rho GTPase regulators. J Cell Sci 2014; 126:379-91. [PMID: 23547086 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.097923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and stability of epithelial adhesive systems, such as adherens junctions, desmosomes and tight junctions, rely on a number of cellular processes that ensure a dynamic interaction with the cortical cytoskeleton, and appropriate delivery and turnover of receptors at the surface. Unique signalling pathways must be coordinated to allow the coexistence of distinct adhesive systems at discrete sub-domains along junctions and the specific properties they confer to epithelial cells. Rho, Rac and Cdc42 are members of the Rho small GTPase family, and are well-known regulators of cell-cell adhesion. The spatio-temporal control of small GTPase activation drives specific intracellular processes to enable the hierarchical assembly, morphology and maturation of cell-cell contacts. Here, we discuss the small GTPase regulators that control the precise amplitude and duration of the levels of active Rho at cell-cell contacts, and the mechanisms that tailor the output of Rho signalling to a particular cellular event. Interestingly, the functional interaction is reciprocal; Rho regulators drive the maturation of cell-cell contacts, whereas junctions can also modulate the localisation and activity of Rho regulators to operate in diverse processes in the epithelial differentiation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McCormack
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Abstract
Increased endothelial permeability and reduction of alveolar liquid clearance capacity are two leading pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary edema, which is a major complication of acute lung injury, severe pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the pathologies characterized by unacceptably high rates of morbidity and mortality. Besides the success in protective ventilation strategies, no efficient pharmacological approaches exist to treat this devastating condition. Understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in regulation of endothelial permeability is essential for development of barrier protective therapeutic strategies. Ongoing studies characterized specific barrier protective mechanisms and identified intracellular targets directly involved in regulation of endothelial permeability. Growing evidence suggests that, although each protective agonist triggers a unique pattern of signaling pathways, selected common mechanisms contributing to endothelial barrier protection may be shared by different barrier protective agents. Therefore, understanding of basic barrier protective mechanisms in pulmonary endothelium is essential for selection of optimal treatment of pulmonary edema of different etiology. This article focuses on mechanisms of lung vascular permeability, reviews major intracellular signaling cascades involved in endothelial monolayer barrier preservation and summarizes a current knowledge regarding recently identified compounds which either reduce pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption and hyperpermeability, or reverse preexisting lung vascular barrier compromise induced by pathologic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Birukov
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Zebda N, Tian Y, Tian X, Gawlak G, Higginbotham K, Reynolds AB, Birukova AA, Birukov KG. Interaction of p190RhoGAP with C-terminal domain of p120-catenin modulates endothelial cytoskeleton and permeability. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18290-9. [PMID: 23653363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.432757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p120-catenin is a multidomain intracellular protein, which mediates a number of cellular functions, including stabilization of cell-cell transmembrane cadherin complexes as well as regulation of actin dynamics associated with barrier function, lamellipodia formation, and cell migration via modulation of the activities of small GTPAses. One mechanism involves p120 catenin interaction with Rho GTPase activating protein (p190RhoGAP), leading to p190RhoGAP recruitment to cell periphery and local inhibition of Rho activity. In this study, we have identified a stretch of 23 amino acids within the C-terminal domain of p120 catenin as the minimal sequence responsible for the recruitment of p190RhoGAP (herein referred to as CRAD; catenin-RhoGAP association domain). Expression of the p120-catenin truncated mutant lacking the CRAD in endothelial cells attenuated effects of barrier protective oxidized phospholipid, OxPAPC. This effect was accompanied by inhibition of membrane translocation of p190RhoGAP, increased Rho signaling, as well as suppressed activation of Rac1 and its cytoskeletal effectors PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) and cortactin. Expression of p120 catenin-truncated mutant lacking CRAD also delayed the recovery process after thrombin-induced endothelial barrier disruption. Concomitantly, RhoA activation and downstream signaling were sustained for a longer period of time, whereas Rac signaling was inhibited. These data demonstrate a critical role for p120-catenin (amino acids 820-843) domain in the p120-catenin·p190RhoGAP signaling complex assembly, membrane targeting, and stimulation of p190RhoGAP activity toward inhibition of the Rho pathway and reciprocal up-regulation of Rac signaling critical for endothelial barrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Zebda
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Priya R, Yap AS, Gomez GA. E-cadherin supports steady-state Rho signaling at the epithelial zonula adherens. Differentiation 2013; 86:133-40. [PMID: 23643492 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In simple polarized epithelial cells, the Rho GTPase commonly localizes to E-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions, such as the zonula adherens (ZA), where it regulates the actomyosin cytoskeleton to support junctional integrity and tension. An important question is how E-cadherin contributes to Rho signaling, notably whether junctional Rho may depend on cadherin adhesion. We sought to investigate this by assessing Rho localization and activity in epithelial monolayers depleted of E-cadherin by RNAi. We report that E-cadherin depletion reduced both Rho and Rho-GTP at the ZA, an effect that was rescued by expressing a RNAi-resistant full-length E-cadherin transgene. This impact on Rho signaling was accompanied by reduced junctional localization of the Rho GEF ECT2 and the centralspindlin complex that recruits ECT2. Further, the Rho signaling pathway contributes to the selective stabilization of E-cadherin molecules in the apical zone of the cells compared with E-cadherin at the lateral surface, thereby creating a more defined and restricted pool of E-cadherin that forms the ZA. Thus, E-cadherin and Rho signaling cooperate to ensure proper ZA architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Priya
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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42
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Lévay M, Bartos B, Ligeti E. p190RhoGAP has cellular RacGAP activity regulated by a polybasic region. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1388-94. [PMID: 23499677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
p190RhoGAP is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) known to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by decreasing RhoGTP levels through activation of the intrinsic GTPase activity of Rho. Although the GAP domain of p190RhoGAP stimulates the intrinsic' GTPase activity of several Rho family members (Rho, Rac, Cdc42) under in vitro conditions, p190RhoGAP is generally regarded as a GAP for RhoA in the cell. The cellular RacGAP activity of the protein has not been proven directly. We have previously shown that the in vitro RacGAP and RhoGAP activity of p190RhoGAP was inversely regulated through a polybasic region of the protein. Here we provide evidence that p190RhoGAP shows remarkable GAP activity toward Rac also in the cell. The cellular RacGAP activity of p190RhoGAP requires an intact polybasic region adjacent to the GAP domain whereas the RhoGAP activity is inhibited by the same domain. Our data indicate that through its alternating RacGAP and RhoGAP activity, p190RhoGAP plays a more complex role in the Rac-Rho antagonism than it was realized earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Lévay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ratheesh A, Priya R, Yap AS. Coordinating Rho and Rac: the regulation of Rho GTPase signaling and cadherin junctions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:49-68. [PMID: 23481190 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions are dynamic structures that mediate tissue organization and morphogenesis. They link cells together, mediate cell-cell recognition, and influence cell shape, motility, proliferation, and differentiation. At the cellular level, operation of classical cadherin adhesion systems is coordinated with cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility, and membrane trafficking to support productive interactions. Cadherin-based cell signaling is critical for the coordination of these many cellular processes. Here, we discuss the role of Rho family GTPases in cadherin signaling. We focus on understanding the pathways that utilize Rac and Rho in junctional biology, aiming to identify the mechanisms of upstream regulation and define how the effects of these activated GTPases might regulate the actin cytoskeleton to modulate the cellular processes involved in cadherin-based cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ratheesh
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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Birukova AA, Tian Y, Dubrovskyi O, Zebda N, Sarich N, Tian X, Wang Y, Birukov KG. VE-cadherin trans-interactions modulate Rac activation and enhancement of lung endothelial barrier by iloprost. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3405-16. [PMID: 22213015 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPase Rac is important regulator of endothelial cell (EC) barrier enhancement by prostacyclin characterized by increased peripheral actin cytoskeleton and increased interactions between VE-cadherin and other adherens junction (AJ) proteins. This study utilized complementary approaches including siRNA knockdown, culturing in Ca(2+) -free medium, and VE-cadherin blocking antibody to alter VE-cadherin extracellular interactions to investigate the role of VE-cadherin outside-in signaling in modulation of Rac activation and EC barrier regulation by prostacyclin analog iloprost. Spatial analysis of Rac activation in pulmonary EC by FRET revealed additional spike in iloprost-induced Rac activity at the sites of newly formed cell-cell junctions. In contrast, disruption of VE-cadherin extracellular trans-interactions suppressed iloprost-activated Rac signaling and attenuated EC barrier enhancement and cytoskeletal remodeling. These inhibitory effects were associated with decreased membrane accumulation and activation of Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Tiam1 and Vav2. Conversely, plating of pulmonary EC on surfaces coated with extracellular VE-cadherin domain further promoted iloprost-induced Rac signaling. In the model of thrombin-induced EC barrier recovery, blocking of VE-cadherin trans-interactions attenuated activation of Rac pathway during recovery phase and delayed suppression of Rho signaling and restoration of EC barrier properties. These results suggest that VE-cadherin outside-in signaling controls locally Rac activity stimulated by barrier protective agonists. This control is essential for maximal EC barrier enhancement and accelerated barrier recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Birukova
- Lung Injury Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
Throughout their lives, all cells constantly experience and respond to various mechanical forces. These frequently originate externally but can also arise internally as a result of the contractile actin cytoskeleton. Mechanical forces trigger multiple signaling pathways. Several converge and result in the activation of the GTPase RhoA. In this review, we focus on the pathways by which mechanical force leads to RhoA regulation, especially when force is transmitted via cell adhesion molecules that mediate either cell-matrix or cell-cell interactions. We discuss both the upstream signaling events that lead to activation of RhoA and the downstream consequences of this pathway. These include not only cytoskeletal reorganization and, in a positive feedback loop, increased myosin-generated contraction but also profound effects on gene expression and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Lessey
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Tabdili H, Barry AK, Langer MD, Chien YH, Shi Q, Lee KJ, Lu S, Leckband DE. Cadherin point mutations alter cell sorting and modulate GTPase signaling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3299-309. [PMID: 22505612 PMCID: PMC3516376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of cadherin binding differences on both cell sorting and GTPase activation. The use of N-terminal domain point mutants of Xenopus C-cadherin enabled us to quantify binding differences and determine their effects on cadherin-dependent functions without any potential complications arising as a result of differences in cytodomain interactions. Dynamic cell-cell binding measurements carried out with the micropipette manipulation technique quantified the impact of these mutations on the two-dimensional binding affinities and dissociation rates of cadherins in the native context of the cell membrane. Pairwise binding affinities were compared with in vitro cell-sorting specificity and ligation-dependent GTPase signaling. Two-dimensional affinity differences greater than five-fold correlated with cadherin-dependent in vitro cell segregation, but smaller differences failed to induce cell sorting. Comparison of the binding affinities with GTPase signaling amplitudes further demonstrated that differential binding also proportionally modulates intracellular signaling. These results show that differential cadherin affinities have broader functional consequences than merely controlling cell-cell cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tabdili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adrienne K. Barry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew D. Langer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Chien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keng Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Centralspindlin and α-catenin regulate Rho signalling at the epithelial zonula adherens. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:818-828. [PMID: 22750944 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The biological impact of Rho depends critically on the precise subcellular localization of its active, GTP-loaded form. This can potentially be determined by the balance between molecules that promote nucleotide exchange or GTP hydrolysis. However, how these activities may be coordinated is poorly understood. We now report a molecular pathway that achieves exactly this coordination at the epithelial zonula adherens. We identify an extramitotic activity of the centralspindlin complex, better understood as a cytokinetic regulator, which localizes to the interphase zonula adherens by interacting with the cadherin-associated protein, α-catenin. Centralspindlin recruits the RhoGEF, ECT2, to activate Rho and support junctional integrity through myosin IIA. Centralspindlin also inhibits the junctional localization of p190 B RhoGAP, which can inactivate Rho. Thus, a conserved molecular ensemble that governs Rho activation during cytokinesis is used in interphase cells to control the Rho GTPase cycle at the zonula adherens.
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Kshitiz, Hubbi ME, Ahn EH, Downey J, Afzal J, Kim DH, Rey S, Chang C, Kundu A, Semenza GL, Abraham RM, Levchenko A. Matrix rigidity controls endothelial differentiation and morphogenesis of cardiac precursors. Sci Signal 2012; 5:ra41. [PMID: 22669846 PMCID: PMC11055637 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue development and regeneration involve tightly coordinated and integrated processes: selective proliferation of resident stem and precursor cells, differentiation into target somatic cell type, and spatial morphological organization. The role of the mechanical environment in the coordination of these processes is poorly understood. We show that multipotent cells derived from native cardiac tissue continually monitored cell substratum rigidity and showed enhanced proliferation, endothelial differentiation, and morphogenesis when the cell substratum rigidity closely matched that of myocardium. Mechanoregulation of these diverse processes required p190RhoGAP, a guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein for RhoA, acting through RhoA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Natural or induced decreases in the abundance of p190RhoGAP triggered a series of developmental events by coupling cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions to genetic circuits controlling differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maimon E. Hubbi
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Downey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Junaid Afzal
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sergio Rey
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Connie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arnab Kundu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roselle M. Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Oinuma I, Kawada K, Tsukagoshi K, Negishi M. Rnd1 and Rnd3 targeting to lipid raft is required for p190 RhoGAP activation. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1593-604. [PMID: 22357615 PMCID: PMC3327318 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal region is the lipid raft–targeting determinant. A novel regulatory mechanism is found by which Rnd proteins function as RhoA antagonists, as is a striking mechanism by which differential membrane targeting governs activities of G proteins having similarities in effector interaction. The Rnd proteins Rnd1, Rnd2, and Rnd3/RhoE are well known as key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types, but they comprise a distinct subgroup of the Rho family in that they are GTP bound and constitutively active. Functional differences of the Rnd proteins in RhoA inhibition signaling have been reported in various cell types. Rnd1 and Rnd3 antagonize RhoA signaling by activating p190 RhoGAP, whereas Rnd2 does not. However, all the members of the Rnd family have been reported to bind directly to p190 RhoGAP and equally induce activation of p190 RhoGAP in vitro, and there is no evidence that accounts for the functional difference of the Rnd proteins in RhoA inhibition signaling. Here we report the role of the N-terminal region in signaling. Rnd1 and Rnd3, but not Rnd2, have a KERRA (Lys-Glu-Arg-Arg-Ala) sequence of amino acids in their N-terminus, which functions as the lipid raft-targeting determinant. The sequence mediates the lipid raft targeting of p190 RhoGAP correlated with its activation. Overall, our results demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism by which differential membrane targeting governs activities of Rnd proteins to function as RhoA antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Oinuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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50
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Selva J, Egea G. Ethanol increases p190RhoGAP activity, leading to actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. J Neurochem 2011; 119:1306-16. [PMID: 21985251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that cells chronically exposed to ethanol show alterations in actin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics in primary cultures of newborn rat astrocytes, a well-established in vitro model for foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These alterations were attributed to a decrease in the cellular levels of active RhoA (RhoA-GTP), which in turn was produced by an increase in the total RhoGAP activity. We here provide evidence that p190RhoGAPs are the main factors responsible for such increase. Thus, in astrocytes chronically exposed to ethanol we observe: (i) an increase in p190A- and p190B-associated RhoGAP activity; (ii) a higher binding of p190A and p190B to RhoA-GTP; (iii) a higher p120RasGAP-p190A RhoGAP complex formation; and (iv) the recruitment of both p190RhoGAPs to the plasma membrane. The simultaneous silencing of both p190 isoforms prevents the actin rearrangements and the total RhoGAP activity increase triggered both by ethanol. Therefore, our data directly points p190RhoGAPs as ethanol-exposure molecular targets on glial cells of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Selva
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, and Instituts d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) i de Nanociències i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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