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Rousseau E, Raman R, Tamir T, Bu A, Srinivasan S, Lynch N, Langer R, White FM, Cima MJ. Actuated tissue engineered muscle grafts restore functional mobility after volumetric muscle loss. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122317. [PMID: 37717406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Damage that affects large volumes of skeletal muscle tissue can severely impact health, mobility, and quality-of-life. Efforts to restore muscle function by implanting tissue engineered muscle grafts at the site of damage have demonstrated limited restoration of force production. Various forms of mechanical and biochemical stimulation have been shown to have a potentially beneficial impact on graft maturation, vascularization, and innervation. However, these approaches yield unpredictable and incomplete recovery of functional mobility. Here we show that targeted actuation of implanted grafts, via non-invasive transcutaneous light stimulation of optogenetic engineered muscle, restores motor function to levels similar to healthy mice 2 weeks post-injury. Furthermore, we conduct phosphoproteomic analysis of actuated engineered muscle in vivo and in vitro to show that repeated muscle contraction alters signaling pathways that play key roles in skeletal muscle contractility, adaptation to injury, neurite growth, neuromuscular synapse formation, angiogenesis, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Our study uncovers changes in phosphorylation of several proteins previously unreported in the context of muscle contraction, revealing promising mechanisms for leveraging actuated muscle grafts to restore mobility after volumetric muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Rousseau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ritu Raman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Tigist Tamir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angel Bu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shriya Srinivasan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Naomi Lynch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Motaln H, Rogelj B. The Role of c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase in Brain and Its Pathologies. Cells 2023; 12:2041. [PMID: 37626851 PMCID: PMC10453230 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated status, low regenerative capacity and complex signaling make neuronal tissues highly susceptible to translating an imbalance in cell homeostasis into cell death. The high rate of neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population confirms this. The multiple and divergent signaling cascades downstream of the various stress triggers challenge researchers to identify the central components of the stress-induced signaling pathways that cause neurodegeneration. Because of their critical role in cell homeostasis, kinases have emerged as one of the key regulators. Among kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Abelson kinase) c-Abl appears to be involved in both the normal development of neural tissue and the development of neurodegenerative pathologies when abnormally expressed or activated. However, exactly how c-Abl mediates the progression of neurodegeneration remains largely unexplored. Here, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of c-Abl in normal and abnormal processes in nervous tissue, focusing on neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells, with particular reference to molecular events at the interface between stress signaling, DNA damage, and metabolic regulation. Because inhibition of c-Abl has neuroprotective effects and can prevent neuronal death, we believe that an integrated view of c-Abl signaling in neurodegeneration could lead to significantly improved treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Motaln
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Rogelj
- Department of Biotechnology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for BDNF-Induced Dendritic Branching and Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031944. [PMID: 36768268 PMCID: PMC9916151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces activation of the TrkB receptor and several downstream pathways (MAPK, PI3K, PLC-γ), leading to neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity. It has been well established that TrkB signaling regulation is required for neurite formation and dendritic arborization, but the specific mechanism is not fully understood. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is a possible candidate regulator of this process, as it has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptors' signaling and trafficking, as well as regulation of neuronal morphogenesis. To assess the role of c-Abl in BDNF-induced dendritic arborization, wild-type and c-Abl-KO neurons were stimulated with BDNF, and diverse strategies were employed to probe the function of c-Abl, including the use of pharmacological inhibitors, an allosteric c-Abl activator, and shRNA to downregulates c-Abl expression. Surprisingly, BDNF promoted c-Abl activation and interaction with TrkB receptors. Furthermore, pharmacological c-Abl inhibition and genetic ablation abolished BDNF-induced dendritic arborization and increased the availability of TrkB in the cell membrane. Interestingly, inhibition or genetic ablation of c-Abl had no effect on the classic TrkB downstream pathways. Together, our results suggest that BDNF/TrkB-dependent c-Abl activation is a novel and essential mechanism in TrkB signaling.
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Principles and Functions in Glioma Invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:151-178. [PMID: 32034713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that are capable of adding a phosphate group to specific tyrosines on target proteins. A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a tyrosine kinase located at the cellular membrane and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Protein phosphorylation by kinases is an important mechanism for communicating signals within a cell and regulating cellular activity; furthermore, this mechanism functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Ninety unique tyrosine kinase genes, including 58 RTKs, were identified in the human genome; the products of these genes regulate cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, function, and motility. Tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer, in addition to their roles as key regulators of normal cellular processes. Recent studies have revealed that RTKs such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-Met, Tie, Axl, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), and erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) play a major role in glioma invasion. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of RTKs in glioma pathobiology, especially the invasive phenotype, and present the perspective that RTKs are a potential target of glioma therapy.
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Cyclophilin A promotes cell migration via the Abl-Crk signaling pathway. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 12:117-23. [PMID: 26656091 PMCID: PMC4718742 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is overexpressed in a number of human cancer types, but the mechanisms by which the protein promotes oncogenic properties of cells are not understood. Here we demonstrate that CypA binds the CrkII adaptor protein and prevents it from switching to the inhibited state. CrkII influences cell motility and invasion by mediating signaling through its SH2 and SH3 domains. CrkII Tyr221 phosphorylation by the Abl or EGFR kinases induces an inhibited state of CrkII by means of an intramolecular SH2-pTyr221 interaction, causing signaling interruption. We show that the CrkII phosphorylation site constitutes a binding site for CypA. Recruitment of CypA sterically restricts the accessibility of Tyr221 to kinases, thereby suppressing CrkII phosphorylation and promoting the active state. Structural, biophysical and in vivo data show that CypA augments CrkII-mediated signaling. A strong stimulation of cell migration is observed in cancer cells wherein both CypA and CrkII are greatly upregulated.
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p130Cas scaffolds the signalosome to direct adaptor-effector cross talk during Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus trafficking in human microvascular dermal endothelial cells. J Virol 2014; 88:13858-78. [PMID: 25253349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01674-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) interacts with cell surface receptors, such as heparan sulfate, integrins (α3β1, αVβ3, and αVβ5), and EphrinA2 (EphA2), and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), c-Cbl, and RhoA GTPase signal molecules early during lipid raft (LR)-dependent productive macropinocytic entry into human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Our recent studies have identified CIB1 as a signal amplifier facilitating EphA2 phosphorylation and subsequent cytoskeletal cross talk during KSHV macropinocytosis. Although CIB1 lacks an enzymatic activity and traditional adaptor domain or known interacting sequence, it associated with the KSHV entry signal complex and the CIB1-KSHV association was sustained over 30 min postinfection. To identify factors scaffolding the EphA2-CIB1 signal axis, the role of major cellular scaffold protein p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate of Src) was investigated. Inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) studies demonstrated that KSHV induced p130Cas in an EphA2-, CIB1-, and Src-dependent manner. p130Cas and Crk were associated with KSHV, LRs, EphA2, and CIB1 early during infection. Live-cell microscopy and biochemical studies demonstrated that p130Cas knockdown did not affect KSHV entry but significantly reduced productive nuclear trafficking of viral DNA and routed KSHV to lysosomal degradation. p130Cas aided in scaffolding adaptor Crk to downstream guanine nucleotide exchange factor phospho-C3G possibly to coordinate GTPase signaling during KSHV trafficking. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that p130Cas acts as a bridging molecule between the KSHV-induced entry signal complex and the downstream trafficking signalosome in endothelial cells and suggest that simultaneous targeting of KSHV entry receptors with p130Cas would be an attractive potential avenue for therapeutic intervention in KSHV infection. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cell adaptor molecules, without any intrinsic enzymatic activity, are well known to allow a great diversity of specific and coordinated protein-protein interactions imparting signal amplification to different networks for physiological and pathological signaling. They are involved in integrating signals from growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, bacterial pathogens, and apoptotic cells. The present study identifies human microvascular dermal endothelial (HMVEC-d) cellular scaffold protein p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate) as a platform to promote Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) trafficking. Early during KSHV de novo infection, p130Cas associates with lipid rafts and scaffolds EphrinA2 (EphA2)-associated critical adaptor members to downstream effector molecules, promoting successful nuclear delivery of the KSHV genome. Hence, simultaneous targeting of the receptor EphA2 and scaffolding action of p130Cas can potentially uncouple the signal cross talk of the KSHV entry-associated upstream signal complex from the immediate downstream trafficking-associated signalosome, consequently routing KSHV toward lysosomal degradation and eventually blocking KSHV infection and associated malignancies.
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Nakada M, Kita D, Teng L, Pyko IV, Watanabe T, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI. Receptor tyrosine kinases: principles and functions in glioma invasion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:143-70. [PMID: 22879068 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases are enzymes that are capable of adding a phosphate group to specific tyrosines on target proteins. A receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a tyrosine kinase located at the cellular membrane and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Protein phosphorylation by kinases is an important mechanism for communicating signals within a cell and regulating cellular activity; furthermore, this mechanism functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Ninety unique tyrosine kinase genes, including 58 RTKs, were identified in the human genome; the products of these genes regulate cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, function, and motility. Tyrosine kinases play a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer, in addition to their roles as key regulators of normal cellular processes. Recent studies have revealed that RTKs such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), c-Met, Tie, Axl, discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), and erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) play a major role in glioma invasion. Herein, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of RTKs in glioma pathobiology, especially the invasive phenotype, and present the perspective that RTKs are a potential target of glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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PAK1 kinase promotes cell motility and invasiveness through CRK-II serine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42012. [PMID: 22848689 PMCID: PMC3407072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of c-Crk (CRK) in promoting metastasis is well described however the role of CRK phosphorylation and the corresponding signaling events are not well explained. We have observed CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation is inversely correlated with p120-catenin and E-cadherin expressions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation in the down-regulation of p120-catenin, cell motility and cell invasiveness in NSCLC cells. For this purpose, we expressed phosphomimetic and phosphodeficient CRK-II serine 41 mutants in NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells expressing phosphomimetic CRK-II seine 41 mutant showed lower p120-catenin level while CRK-II seine 41 phosphodeficient mutant expression resulted in higher p120-catenin. In addition, A549 cells expressing CRK-II serine 41 phosphomimetic mutant demonstrated more aggressive behavior in wound healing and invasion assays and, on the contrary, expression of phosphodeficient CRK-II serine 41 mutant in A549 cells resulted in reduced cell motility and invasiveness. We also provide evidence that PAK1 mediates CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation. RNAi mediated silencing of PAK1 increased p120-catenin level in A549 and H157 cells. Furthermore, PAK1 silencing decreased cell motility and invasiveness in A549 cells. These effects were abrogated in A549 cells expressing phosphomimetic CRK-II serine 41. In summary, these data provide evidence for the role of PAK1 in the promotion of cell motility, cell invasiveness and the down regulation of p120-catenin through CRK serine 41 phosphorylation in NSCLC cells.
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Okada H, Uezu A, Mason FM, Soderblom EJ, Moseley MA, Soderling SH. SH3 domain-based phototrapping in living cells reveals Rho family GAP signaling complexes. Sci Signal 2011; 4:rs13. [PMID: 22126966 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GAPs [guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating proteins] negatively regulate Rho family GTPase activity and therefore modulate signaling events that control cytoskeletal dynamics. The spatial distribution of these GAPs and their specificity toward individual GTPases are controlled by their interactions with various proteins within signaling complexes. These interactions are likely mediated through the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, which is abundant in the Rho family GAP proteome and exhibits a micromolar binding affinity, enabling the Rho family GAPs to participate in transient interactions with multiple binding partners. To capture these elusive GAP signaling complexes in situ, we developed a domain-based proteomics approach, starting with in vivo phototrapping of SH3 domain-binding proteins and the mass spectrometry identification of associated proteins for nine representative Rho family GAPs. After the selection of candidate binding proteins by cluster analysis, we performed peptide array-based high-throughput in vitro binding assays to confirm the direct interactions and map the SH3 domain-binding sequences. We thereby identified 54 SH3-mediated binding interactions (including 51 previously unidentified ones) for nine Rho family GAPs. We constructed Rho family GAP interactomes that provided insight into the functions of these GAPs. We further characterized one of the predicted functions for the Rac-specific GAP WRP and identified a role for WRP in mediating clustering of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin and the GABA(A) (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptor at inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Sriram G, Reichman C, Tunceroglu A, Kaushal N, Saleh T, Machida K, Mayer B, Ge Q, Li J, Hornbeck P, Kalodimos CG, Birge RB. Phosphorylation of Crk on tyrosine 251 in the RT loop of the SH3C domain promotes Abl kinase transactivation. Oncogene 2011; 30:4645-55. [PMID: 21602891 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the identification and characterization of a novel tyrosine phosphorylation site in the carboxy-terminal Src Homology 3 (SH3) (SH3C) domain of the Crk adaptor protein. Y251 is located in the highly conserved RT loop structure of the SH3C, a region of Crk involved in the allosteric regulation of the Abl kinase. Exploiting kinase assays to show that Y251 is phosphorylated by Abl in vitro, we generated affinity-purified antisera against phosphorylated Y251 in Crk and showed that Abl induces phosphorylation at Y251 in vivo, and that the kinetics of phosphorylation at Y251 and the negative regulatory Y221 site in vitro are similar. Y251 on endogenous Crk was robustly phosphorylated in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines and in A431 and MDA-MB-468 cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor. Using streptavidin-biotin pull downs and unbiased high-throughput Src Homology 2 (SH2) profiling approaches, we found that a pY251 phosphopeptide binds specifically to a subset of SH2 domains, including Abl and Arg SH2, and that binding of pY251 to Abl SH2 induces transactivation of Abl 1b. Finally, the Y251F Crk mutant significantly abrogates Abl transactivation in vitro and in vivo. These studies point to a yet unrealized positive regulatory role resulting from tyrosine phosphorylation of Crk, and identify a novel mechanism by which an adaptor protein activates a non-receptor tyrosine kinase by SH2 domain displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sriram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103-6399, USA
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Birge RB, Kalodimos C, Inagaki F, Tanaka S. Crk and CrkL adaptor proteins: networks for physiological and pathological signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2009; 7:13. [PMID: 19426560 PMCID: PMC2689226 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crk adaptor proteins (Crk and CrkL) constitute an integral part of a network of essential signal transduction pathways in humans and other organisms that act as major convergence points in tyrosine kinase signaling. Crk proteins integrate signals from a wide variety of sources, including growth factors, extracellular matrix molecules, bacterial pathogens, and apoptotic cells. Mounting evidence indicates that dysregulation of Crk proteins is associated with human diseases, including cancer and susceptibility to pathogen infections. Recent structural work has identified new and unusual insights into the regulation of Crk proteins, providing a rationale for how Crk can sense diverse signals and produce a myriad of biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Birge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Gullapalli VK, Sugino IK, Zarbin MA. Culture-induced increase in alpha integrin subunit expression in retinal pigment epithelium is important for improved resurfacing of aged human Bruch's membrane. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:189-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Frasca F, Pandini G, Malaguarnera R, Mandarino A, Messina RL, Sciacca L, Belfiore A, Vigneri R. Role of c-Abl in Directing Metabolic versus Mitogenic Effects in Insulin Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26077-88. [PMID: 17620332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705008200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Abl is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in several signal transduction pathways. Here we report that c-Abl is involved also in insulin receptor signaling. Indeed, c-Abl tyrosine kinase is activated upon insulin stimulation. Inhibition of c-Abl tyrosine kinase by STI571 attenuates the effect of insulin on Akt/GSK-3beta phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis, and at the same time, it enhances the effect of insulin on ERK activation, cell proliferation, and migration. This effect of STI571 is specific to c-Abl inhibition, because it does not occur in Abl-null cells and is restored in c-Abl-reconstituted cells. Numerous evidences suggest that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is involved in mediating this c-Abl effect. First, anti-phosphotyrosine blots indicate that c-Abl tyrosine kinase activation is concomitant with FAK dephosphorylation in response to insulin, whereas c-Abl inhibition is accompanied by FAK phosphorylation in response to insulin, a response similar to that observed with IGF-I. Second, the c-Abl effects on insulin signaling are not observed in cells devoid of FAK (FAK(-/-) cells). Taken together these results suggest that c-Abl activation by insulin, via a modification of FAK response, may play an important role in directing mitogenic versus metabolic insulin receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e di Medicina Specialistica, Università di Catania, Ospedale Garibaldi, Nesima, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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14
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Tammer I, Brandt S, Hartig R, König W, Backert S. Activation of Abl by Helicobacter pylori: a novel kinase for CagA and crucial mediator of host cell scattering. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1309-19. [PMID: 17408661 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated diseases depends on a specialized type IV secretion system. This type IV secretion system injects the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) effector protein into target cells where CagA becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by Src. Src then is inactivated rapidly, suggesting the presence of another host tyrosine kinase to ensure constant CagA phosphorylation in sustained Hp infections. We aimed to identify this kinase. METHODS By using the AGS gastric epithelial cell model, we performed a detailed functional characterization of Abl tyrosine kinase in signaling during Hp infections. RESULTS We showed that Abl kinase is activated and a novel crucial mediator of Hp infections. First, Abl-specific inhibitors SKI-DV2-43 or STI571 (Gleevec, Novartis) and knockdown of c-Abl/Abl-related gene Arg by small hairpin and interfering RNAs efficiently inhibit CagA phosphorylation and cell scattering. Second, during infection, Abl is activated rapidly by autophosphorylation at Y-412. Third, both Abl and Src phosphorylated Y-899, Y-918, and Y-972 of CagA. Fourth, we found that the Abl substrate CrkII is phosphorylated at Y-221 in vivo. Fifth, overexpression of kinase-dead Abl (K290M) blocked Hp-induced actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. We further showed that sustained activity of Abl is required to maintain CagA in a phosphorylated state. Moreover, phosphorylated CagA forms a physical complex with Abl and activated CrkII in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We propose a model in which Hp has evolved a mechanism to use at least 2 tyrosine kinases, Abl and Src, for CagA phosphorylation and subsequent actin-cytoskeletal rearrangements leading to cell scattering and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Tammer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Poppe M, Feller SM, Römer G, Wessler S. Phosphorylation of Helicobacter pylori CagA by c-Abl leads to cell motility. Oncogene 2006; 26:3462-72. [PMID: 17160020 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori induces a strong motogenic response in infected gastric epithelial host cells, which is enhanced by translocation of the pathogenic factor cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) into host cells via a specialized type IV secretion system. Once injected into the cytosol CagA is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated by Src family kinases followed by Src inactivation. Hence, it remained unknown why CagA is constantly phosphorylated in sustained H. pylori infections to induce cell migration, whereas other substrates of Src kinases are dephosphorylated. Here, we identify the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl as a crucial mediator of H. pylori-induced migration and novel CagA kinase in epithelial cells. Upon H. pylori infection c-Abl directly interacts with CagA and localizes in focal adhesion complexes and membrane ruffles, which are highly dynamic cytoskeletal structures necessary for cell motility. Selective inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity by STI571 or shRNA abrogates sustained CagA phosphorylation and epithelial cell migration, indicating a pivotal role of c-Abl in H. pylori infection and pathogenicity. These results implicate c-Abl as a novel molecular target for therapeutic intervention in H. pylori-related gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poppe
- Junior Research Group, Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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16
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Arévalo JC, Pereira DB, Yano H, Teng KK, Chao MV. Identification of a switch in neurotrophin signaling by selective tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1001-7. [PMID: 16284401 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504163200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, activate Trk receptor tyrosine kinases through receptor dimerization at the cell surface followed by autophosphorylation and recruitment of intracellular signaling molecules. The intracellular pathways used by neurotrophins share many common protein substrates that are used by other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), such as Shc, Grb2, FRS2, and phospholipase C-gamma. Here we describe a novel RTK mechanism that involves a 220-kilodalton membrane tetraspanning protein, ARMS/Kidins220, which is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated in primary neurons after neurotrophin treatment. ARMS/Kidins220 undergoes multiple tyrosine phosphorylation events and also serine phosphorylation by protein kinase D. We have identified a single tyrosine (Tyr(1096)) phosphorylation event in ARMS/Kidins220 that plays a critical role in neurotrophin signaling. A reassembled complex of ARMS/Kidins220 and CrkL, an upstream component of the C3G-Rap1-MAP kinase cascade, is SH3-dependent. However, Tyr(1096) phosphorylation enables ARMS/Kidins220 to recruit CrkL through its SH2 domain, thereby freeing the CrkL SH3 domain to engage C3G for MAP kinase activation in a neurotrophin dependent manner. Accordingly, mutation of Tyr(1096) abolished CrkL interaction and sustained MAPK kinase activity, a response that is not normally observed in other RTKs. Therefore, Trk receptor signaling involves an inducible switch mechanism through an unconventional substrate that distinguishes neurotrophin action from other growth factor receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Arévalo
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Abstract
Exoenzyme T (ExoT) is a bifunctional type III cytotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that possesses both Rho GTPase-activating protein and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities. The ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ExoT stimulated depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton independent of Rho GTPase-activating protein function, and ExoT was subsequently shown to ADP-ribosylate Crk (CT10 regulator of kinase)-I and Crk-II. Crk proteins are eukaryotic adaptor proteins comprising SH2 and SH3 domains that are components of the integrin signaling pathway leading to Rac1 and Rap1 functions. Mass spectroscopic analysis identified Arg20 as the site of ADP-ribosylation by ExoT. Arg20 is a conserved residue located within the SH2 domain that is required for interactions with upstream signaling molecules such as paxillin and p130cas. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and far Western assays showed that ADP-ribosylated Crk-I or Crk-I(R20K) failed to bind p130cas or paxillin. This indicates that ADP-ribosylation inhibited the direct interaction of Crk with these focal adhesion proteins. Overexpression of wild-type Crk-I reduced cell rounding by ExoT, whereas expression of dominant-active Rac1 interfered with the ability of ExoT to round cells. Thus, the ADP-ribosylation of Crk uncouples integrin signaling by direct inhibition of the binding of Crk to focal adhesion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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18
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Dollé JP, Rezvan A, Allen FD, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI. Nerve growth factor-induced migration of endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 315:1220-7. [PMID: 16123305 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well known neurotropic and neurotrophic agonist in the nervous system, which recently was shown to also induce angiogenic effects in endothelial cells (ECs). To measure NGF effects on the migration of cultured ECs, an important step in neoangiogenesis, we optimized an omnidirectional migration assay using human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and validated the assay with human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) and human recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF). The potencies of nerve growth factor purified from various species (viper, mouse, and recombinant human) to stimulate HAEC migration was similar to that of VEGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (EC50 of approximately 0.5 ng/ml). Recombinant human bFGF was significantly more efficacious than either viper NGF or rhVEGF, both of which stimulated HAEC migration by approximately 30% over basal spontaneous migration. NGF-mediated stimulation of HAEC migration was completely blocked by the NGF/TrkA receptor antagonist K252a [(8R*,9S*,11S*)-(/)-9-hydroxy-9-methoxycarbonyl-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8,11-epoxy-1H,-8H,11H-2,7b,11a-triazadibenzo(a,g)cycloocta(c,d,e)trindene-1-one] (30 nM) but not by the VEGF/Flk receptor antagonist SU-5416 [3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl) methylidenyl]-indolin-2-one] (250 nM), indicating a direct effect of NGF via TrkA receptor activation on HAEC migration. Viper NGF stimulation of HAEC migration was additively increased by either rhVEGF or rhbFGF, suggesting a potentiating interaction between their tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathways. Viper NGF represents a novel pharmacological tool to investigate possible TrkA receptor subtypes in endothelial cells. The ability of NGF to stimulate migration of HAEC cells in vitro implies that this factor may play an important role in the cardiovascular system besides its well known effects in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Dollé
- Calhoun Chair Professor of Cellular Tissue Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Hu H, Bliss JM, Wang Y, Colicelli J. RIN1 is an ABL tyrosine kinase activator and a regulator of epithelial-cell adhesion and migration. Curr Biol 2005; 15:815-23. [PMID: 15886098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABL tyrosine kinases control actin remodeling in development and in response to environmental stimuli. These changes affect cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell-cell contact. Little is known, however, about upstream mechanisms regulating ABL protein activation. RESULTS We report that the RAS effector RIN1 is an activator of ABL tyrosine kinases. RIN1 expression in fibroblasts promotes the formation of membrane spikes; similar effects have been reported for ABL overexpression. RIN1 binds to the ABL SH3 and SH2 domains, and these interactions stimulate ABL2 catalytic activity. This leads to increased phosphorylation of CRK and CRKL, inhibiting these cytoskeletal regulators by promoting intramolecular over intermolecular associations. Activated RAS participates in a stable RAS-RIN1-ABL2 complex and stimulates the tyrosine kinase-activation function of RIN1. Deletion of the RAS binding domain (RBD) strongly stimulated the ABL2 activation function of RIN1, suggesting that RAS activation results from the relief of RIN1 autoinhibition. The ABL binding domain of RIN1 (RIN1-ABD) increased the activity of ABL2 immune complexes and purified RIN1-ABD-stimulated ABL2 kinase activity toward CRK. Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from Rin1-/- mice showed accelerated cell adhesion and increased motility in comparison to wild-type cells. Knockdown of RIN1 in epithelial-cell lines blocked the induction of CRKL phosphorylation, confirming that RIN1 normally functions as an inhibitor of cell motility. CONCLUSIONS RIN1 is a directly binding ABL tyrosine kinase activator in cells as well as in a defined-component assay. In response to environmental changes, this novel signal pathway mediates actin remodeling associated with adhesion and migration of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Hu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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20
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Wu Y, Singh S, Georgescu MM, Birge RB. A role for Mer tyrosine kinase in αvβ5 integrin-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:539-53. [PMID: 15673687 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is crucial for many cellular processes. One of earliest signals to the phagocyte is the expression of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer surface of the apoptotic cell that provides a potent `eat-me' signal. Recognition of PS occurs either directly, via PS receptor (PS-R), or indirectly via αvβ5(3) integrin or Mer-family tyrosine kinases through the opsonizing proteins milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8), or growth arrest specific factor-6 (Gas6), respectively. Because Mer and αvβ5 integrin share PS-dependent recognition signals, we investigated their post-receptor signaling cascades following receptor activation. Using a constitutively active form for Mer (CDMer) or Gas6 as a ligand to stimulate Mer, we found that Mer activation induced a post-receptor signaling cascade involving Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK on Tyr861, the recruitment of FAKTyr861 to the αvβ5 integrin, and increased formation of p130CAS/CrkII/Dock180 complex to activate Rac1. Coexpression of Mer with αvβ5 integrin had a synergistic effect on Rac1 activation, lamellipodial formation and the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Interestingly, Gas6 or CDMer failed to stimulate p130CAS tyrosine phosphorylation or phagocytosis in β5-deficient CS-1 cells or in mutant β5ΔC-expressing cells, suggesting that Mer is directionally and functionally linked to the integrin pathway. The present data indicate that receptors that recognize apoptotic cells in the context of PS functionally crosstalk to amplify intracellular signals to internalize apoptotic cells. Moreover, our data link another PS-dependent signal to the CrkII/Dock180/Rac1 module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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21
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Daniels CE, Wilkes MC, Edens M, Kottom TJ, Murphy SJ, Limper AH, Leof EB. Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-beta and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1308-16. [PMID: 15520863 PMCID: PMC524221 DOI: 10.1172/jci19603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal fibrotic disease of the lungs with unclear etiology. Prior efforts to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis that focused on anti-inflammatory therapy have not proven to be effective. Recent insight suggests that the pathogenesis is mediated through foci of dysregulated fibroblasts driven by profibrotic cytokine signaling. TGF-beta and PDGF are 2 of the most potent of these cytokines. In the current study, we investigated the role of TGF-beta-induced fibrosis mediated by activation of the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase. Our data indicate that fibroblasts respond to TGF-beta by stimulating c-Abl kinase activity independently of Smad2/3 phosphorylation or PDGFR activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Abl by imatinib prevented TGF-beta-induced ECM gene expression, morphologic transformation, and cell proliferation independently of any effect on Smad signaling. Further, using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, we found a significant inhibition of lung fibrosis by imatinib. Thus, Abl family members represent common targets for the modulation of profibrotic cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Daniels
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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22
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Lee TN, Gold G, Workman R, Cook CA, Konrad RJ. Glucose stimulates the association of Crk with p130Cas in pancreatic beta cells. Pancreas 2004; 29:e100-5. [PMID: 15502635 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200411000-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously, we demonstrated glucose-induced beta-cell tyrosine phosphorylation of p130Cas, a protein containing 15 YXXP repeats that can become tyrosine phosphorylated and bind Src-homology 2 (SH2)-containing proteins. In light of the importance of p130Cas in other cell types, we determined which beta-cell proteins exhibited glucose-induced association with p130Cas. METHODS beta cells were stimulated with glucose and/or the muscarinic agonist carbachol to determine which SH2-containing adapter proteins underwent glucose-induced association with p130Cas. RESULTS The SH2-containing adapter protein Crk underwent glucose-induced association with p130Cas, while other SH2-containing proteins such as grb2, PI3 kinase, Shp-2, paxillin, and pyk2 did not. Glucose-induced Crk-p130Cas association was rapid and sustained and was maximal with the combination of glucose and carbachol, paralleling insulin secretion. There was no increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Crk itself. The expression of Crk in isolated rat islets was also demonstrated. CONCLUSION beta cells contain the SH2-containing adapter protein Crk, which undergoes glucose-induced association with p130Cas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Lee
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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23
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Daniels CE, Wilkes MC, Edens M, Kottom TJ, Murphy SJ, Limper AH, Leof EB. Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-β and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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24
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Chen K, Ochalski PG, Tran TS, Sahir N, Schubert M, Pramatarova A, Howell BW. Interaction between Dab1 and CrkII is promoted by Reelin signaling. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:4527-36. [PMID: 15316068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin-induced Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal positioning during brain development. The downstream consequences of Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation are not fully understood, however. Here we identify CrkII, CrkL and Dock1 in complexes bound to tyrosine-phosphorylated Dab1, through mass spectrometry. The CrkII-Dab1 interaction requires tyrosine phosphorylation of Dab1 at residues 220 or 232 and is promoted by Reelin treatment of embryonic forebrain neurons. Unlike other CrkII binding proteins, such as paxillin and p130Cas, expression of Dab1 interfered with CrkII-dependent cell migration of Nara Bladder Tumor II (NBT-II) cells, in a tyrosine phosphorylation-site dependent manner. Overexpression of CrkIIGFP rescued the migration of these cells, suggesting that Dab1 makes Crk a limiting factor for migration. The Dock1-Dab1 association is indirect and requires CrkII. In organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, signaling complexes, which contain Crk and Dock1 family members are conserved and act through Rac. We show that a rough-eye phenotype in Drosophila caused by exogenous expression of tyrosine-phosphorylated mouse Dab1RFP is partially rescued by a loss-of-function mutation in myoblast city, a Dock1-like gene in Drosophila. We propose a model that tyrosine-phosphorylated Dab1 engages the conserved Crk-Dock1-Rac signaling cassette, but when bound to Dab1 this signaling complex does not support migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelian Chen
- Neurogenetics Branch, NINDS/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1250, USA
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25
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Arévalo JC, Yano H, Teng KK, Chao MV. A unique pathway for sustained neurotrophin signaling through an ankyrin-rich membrane-spanning protein. EMBO J 2004; 23:2358-68. [PMID: 15167895 PMCID: PMC423292 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A major question in cell biology is how molecular specificity is achieved by different growth factor receptors that activate apparently identical signaling events. For the neurotrophin family, a distinguishing feature is the ability to maintain a prolonged duration of signal transduction. However, the mechanisms by which neurotrophin receptors assemble such a sustained signaling complex are not understood. Here we report that an unusual ankyrin-rich transmembrane protein (ARMS+kidins220) is closely associated with Trk receptor tyrosine kinases, and not the EGF receptor. This association requires interactions between transmembrane domains of Trk and ARMS. ARMS is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after binding of neurotrophins to Trk receptors and provides a docking site for the CrkL-C3G complex, resulting in Rap1-dependent sustained ERK activation. Accordingly, disruption of Trk-ARMS or the ARMS-CrkL interaction with dominant-negative ARMS mutants, or treatment with small interference RNA against ARMS substantially reduce neurotrophin-elicited signaling to ERK, but without any effect upon Ras or Akt activation. These findings suggest that ARMS acts as a major and neuronal-specific platform for prolonged MAP kinase signaling by neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Arévalo
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth K Teng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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26
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Birge RB, Wadsworth S, Akakura R, Abeysinghe H, Kanojia R, MacIelag M, Desbarats J, Escalante M, Singh K, Sundarababu S, Parris K, Childs G, August A, Siekierka J, Weinstein DE. A role for schwann cells in the neuroregenerative effects of a non-immunosuppressive fk506 derivative, jnj460. Neuroscience 2004; 124:351-66. [PMID: 14980385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED FK506 and its non-immunosuppressive derivatives represent a class of pharmacological agents referred to as immunophilin ligands that have been reported to promote neuroregeneration and survival in several experimental models; however their cellular and molecular mechanisms of action have not been well established. Here we characterize a new immunophilin ligand that interacts with both FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) and FKBP52, and demonstrate that JNJ460 induces neurite outgrowth from freshly explanted dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a Schwann cell-dependent manner. Purified cultures of neurons fail to respond to these drugs, but cultures containing Schwann cells and neurons respond with neurite outgrowth, as do neurons grown in conditioned medium from JNJ460-treated Schwann cells. Using microarray analysis and a transcription reporter assay, we show that JNJ460 induces a series of transcriptional changes that occur in a temporal cascade. Among the Schwann cell-expressed genes upregulated following JNJ460 treatment is the POU transcription factor SCIP, which has been shown to regulate Schwann cell gene transcription and differentiation. JNJ460 potentiated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced transcriptional activation and SCIP induction in Schwann cells, by altering the interaction between FKBP12 and the TGF-beta type I receptor, TbetaR1. Finally, to test whether JNJ460 enhances neurite regeneration in vivo, we treated animals with JNJ460 for 30 days following mechanical transection of the sciatic nerve and demonstrated myelin and axonal hypertrophy at the ultrastructural level. Collectively, these data suggest that Schwann cells play an important role in the biological effects of immunophilin ligands by affecting neuron-glial signaling during regeneration. SUMMARY The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the regenerative effects of immunophilin ligands are not well understood. Here we show that the neuritogenic effects of JNJ460 in a DRG model depend on interactions between neurons and Schwann cells. Treatment of purified Schwann cells with JNJ460 alters Schwann cell gene expression, and promotes the generation of factors that act on neurons. These data indicate that Schwann cells play an important role in the actions of immunophilin ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Axons/drug effects
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Blotting, Northern/methods
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques/methods
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Enzyme Induction
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Immunophilins/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron/methods
- Models, Molecular
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Octamer Transcription Factor-6
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/physiology
- Schwann Cells/ultrastructure
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Tacrolimus/analogs & derivatives
- Tacrolimus/pharmacology
- Tacrolimus/therapeutic use
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Tacrolimus Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tryptophan/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Birge
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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27
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Burton EA, Plattner R, Pendergast AM. Abl tyrosine kinases are required for infection by Shigella flexneri. EMBO J 2004; 22:5471-9. [PMID: 14532119 PMCID: PMC213767 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of host cell proteins, but the kinases involved and their effects on the regulation of cell signaling pathways during bacterial entry remain largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate a requirement for the Abl family of tyrosine kinases during Shigella internalization. Family members Abl and Arg are catalytically activated upon Shigella infection, accumulate at the site of bacterial entry, and are required for efficient bacterial uptake, as internalization is blocked upon targeted deletion of these kinases or treatment with a specific pharmacological inhibitor. We identify the adapter protein Crk as a target for Abl kinases during Shigella uptake, and show that a phosphorylation-deficient Crk mutant significantly inhibits bacterial uptake. Moreover, we define a novel signaling pathway activated during Shigella entry that links Abl kinase phosphorylation of Crk to activation of the Rho family GTPases Rac and Cdc42. Together, these findings reveal a new role for the Abl kinases, and suggest a novel approach to treatment of Shigella infections through inhibition of host cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Burton
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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28
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Kain KH, Gooch S, Klemke RL. Cytoplasmic c-Abl provides a molecular 'Rheostat' controlling carcinoma cell survival and invasion. Oncogene 2003; 22:6071-80. [PMID: 12955086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis involves the coordinated activation of migration and survival mechanisms necessary for cell invasion of foreign tissues. Here, we report that cytoplasmic c-Abl tyrosine kinase determines whether a cell invades the ECM or commits suicide. c-Abl phosphorylates the cytoskeleton-associated adaptor protein, Crk, at tyrosine 221, causing disassociation of Crk from the Crk-associated substrate (CAS) and disassembly of Crk/CAS complexes. c-Abl-induced disruption of Crk/CAS complexes inhibits cell migration and promotes apoptosis in normal cells, and is deregulated in highly invasive carcinoma cells. c-Abl-mediated disassembly of Crk/CAS complexes and induction of death occur via disruption of the cytoskeleton, which is distinct from nuclear c-Abl-induced apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging agents. Inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity or Crk binding to Abl's polyproline region prevents Crk phosphorylation and apoptosis, leading to increased cell survival and invasion of the extracellular matrix. Together, these data illustrate that c-Abl prevents aberrant motility and survival through Crk 221 phosphorylation and modulation of Crk/CAS complexes, and that deregulation of this pathway contributes to cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin H Kain
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP 231, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Takino T, Tamura M, Miyamori H, Araki M, Matsumoto K, Sato H, Yamada KM. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the CrkII adaptor protein modulates cell migration. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:3145-55. [PMID: 12799422 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CrkII belongs to a family of adaptor proteins that become tyrosine phosphorylated after various stimuli. We examined the role of CrkII tyrosine phosphorylation in fibronectin-induced cell migration. Overexpression of CrkII inhibited dephosphorylation of focal adhesion components such as p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130cas) and paxillin by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Tyrosine-phosphorylated CrkII was dephosphorylated by PTP1B both in vitro and in vivo, showing for the first time that PTP1B directly dephosphorylates CrkII. A CrkII mutant in which tyrosine residue 221 was substituted by phenylalanine (CrkII-Y221F) could not be tyrosine phosphorylated, and it showed significantly increased binding to p130cas and paxillin. Enhanced binding of CrkII to p130cas has been reported to promote cell migration. Nonphosphorylated CrkII-Y221F promoted HT1080 cell migration on fibronectin, whereas wild-type CrkII did not at moderate expression levels. Moreover, co-expression of CrkII and PTP1B promoted HT1080 cell migration on fibronectin and retained tyrosine phosphorylation and binding of p130cas to CrkII, whereas paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation was reduced. These findings support the concepts that CrkII binding activity is regulated by tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and that tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkII can downmodulate cell migration mediated by the focal adhesion kinase/p130cas pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Takino
- Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4370, USA
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30
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Woodring PJ, Hunter T, Wang JYJ. Regulation of F-actin-dependent processes by the Abl family of tyrosine kinases. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2613-26. [PMID: 12775773 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The F-actin cytoskeleton is a fundamental component of all eukaryotic cells. It provides force and stability and plays an integral role in a diverse array of cellular processes. The spatiotemporal regulation of F-actin dynamics is essential for proper biological output. The basic molecular machinery underlying the assembly and disassembly of filamentous actin is conserved in all eukaryotic cells. Additionally, protein tyrosine kinases, found only in multicellular eukaryotes, provide links between extracellular signals and F-actin-dependent cellular processes. Among the tyrosine kinases, c-Abl and its relative Arg are unique in binding directly to F-actin. Recent results have demonstrated a role for c-Abl in membrane ruffling, cell spreading, cell migration, and neurite extension in response to growth factor and extracellular matrix signals. c-Abl appears to regulate the assembly of F-actin polymers into different structures, depending on the extracellular signal. Interestingly, c-Abl contains nuclear import and export signals, and the nuclear c-Abl inhibits differentiation and promotes apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. The modular structure and the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of c-Abl suggest that it integrates multiple signals to coordinate F-actin dynamics with the cellular decision to differentiate or to die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Woodring
- The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099, USA.
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31
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Abassi YA, Vuori K. Tyrosine 221 in Crk regulates adhesion-dependent membrane localization of Crk and Rac and activation of Rac signaling. EMBO J 2002; 21:4571-82. [PMID: 12198159 PMCID: PMC126186 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein CrkII plays a central role in signal transduction cascades downstream of a number of different stimuli. We and others have previously shown that CrkII mediates attachment-induced JNK activation, membrane ruffling and cell motility in a Rac-dependent manner. We report here that cell attachment leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkII on Y221, and that CrkII-Y221F mutant demonstrates enhanced association with the Crk-binding partners C3G and paxillin. Despite this enhanced signaling complex formation, CrkII-Y221F fails to induce JNK and PAK activation, membrane ruffling and cell migration, suggesting that it is defective in activating Rac signaling. Wild-type CrkII has no effect on adhesion-induced GTP loading of Rac, but its expression results in enhanced membrane localization of Rac, which is known to be required for Rac signaling. In contrast, CrkII-Y221F is deficient in enhancing membrane localization of Rac. Mutations in Rac and CrkII-Y221F that force membrane targeting of these molecules restore Rac signaling in adherent cells. Together, these results indicate that the Y221 site in CrkII regulates Rac membrane translocation upon cell adhesion, which is necessary for activation of downstream Rac signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Corresponding author e-mail:
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32
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Scheijen B, Griffin JD. Tyrosine kinase oncogenes in normal hematopoiesis and hematological disease. Oncogene 2002; 21:3314-33. [PMID: 12032772 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase oncogenes are formed as a result of mutations that induce constitutive kinase activity. Many of these tyrosine kinase oncogenes that are derived from genes, such as c-Abl, c-Fes, Flt3, c-Fms, c-Kit and PDGFRbeta, that are normally involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis or hematopoietic cell function. Despite differences in structure, normal function, and subcellular location, many of the tyrosine kinase oncogenes signal through the same pathways, and typically enhance proliferation and prolong viability. They represent excellent potential drug targets, and it is likely that additional mutations will be identified in other kinases, their immediate downstream targets, or in proteins regulating their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115, USA
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33
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Woodring PJ, Litwack ED, O'Leary DDM, Lucero GR, Wang JYJ, Hunter T. Modulation of the F-actin cytoskeleton by c-Abl tyrosine kinase in cell spreading and neurite extension. J Cell Biol 2002; 156:879-92. [PMID: 11864995 PMCID: PMC2173320 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-Abl gene has the unique feature of an F-actin binding domain (FABD). Purified c-Abl tyrosine kinase is inhibited by F-actin, and this inhibition can be relieved through mutation of its FABD. The c-Abl kinase is activated by physiological signals that also regulate the actin cytoskeleton. We show here that c-Abl stimulated the formation of actin microspikes in fibroblasts spreading on fibronectin. This function of c-Abl is dependent on kinase activity and is not shared by c-Src tyrosine kinase. The Abl-dependent F-actin microspikes occurred under conditions where the Rho-family GTPases were inhibited. The FABD-mutated c-Abl, which is active in detached fibroblasts, stimulated F-actin microspikes independent of cell attachment. Moreover, FABD-mutated c-Abl stimulated the formation of F-actin branches in neurites of rat embryonic cortical neurons. The reciprocal regulation between F-actin and the c-Abl tyrosine kinase may provide a self-limiting mechanism in the control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics.
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Akagi K, Kyun Park E, Mood K, Daar IO. Docking protein SNT1 is a critical mediator of fibroblast growth factor signaling during Xenopus embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2002; 223:216-28. [PMID: 11836786 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The docking protein SNT1/FRS2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2) is implicated in the transmission of extracellular signals from several growth factor receptors to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascade, but its biological function during development is not well characterized. Here, we show that the Xenopus homolog of mammalian SNT1/FRS-2 (XSNT1) plays a critical role in the appropriate formation of mesoderm-derived tissue during embryogenesis. XSNT1 has an expression pattern that is quite similar to the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) during Xenopus development. Ectopic expression of XSNT1 markedly enhanced the embryonic defects induced by an activated FGF receptor, and increased the MAP kinase activity as well as the expression of a mesodermal marker in response to FGF receptor signaling. A loss-of-function study using antisense XSNT1 morpholino oligonucleotides (XSNT-AS) shows severe malformation of trunk and posterior structures. Moreover, XSNT-AS disrupts muscle and notochord formation, and inhibits FGFR-induced MAP kinase activation. In ectodermal explants, XSNT-AS blocks FGFR-mediated induction of mesoderm and the accompanying elongation movements. Our results indicate that XSNT1 is a critical mediator of FGF signaling and is required for early Xenopus development.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryonic Development
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- In Situ Hybridization
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphogenesis
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/biosynthesis
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/physiology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Vertebrates/genetics
- Xenopus Proteins/biosynthesis
- Xenopus Proteins/genetics
- Xenopus Proteins/physiology
- Xenopus laevis/embryology
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Akagi
- Regulation of Cell Growth Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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35
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Lawrenson ID, Wimmer-Kleikamp SH, Lock P, Schoenwaelder SM, Down M, Boyd AW, Alewood PF, Lackmann M. Ephrin-A5 induces rounding, blebbing and de-adhesion of EphA3-expressing 293T and melanoma cells by CrkII and Rho-mediated signalling. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:1059-72. [PMID: 11870224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.5.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrins regulate morphogenesis in the developing embryo where they effect adhesion and motility of interacting cells. Although scarcely expressed in adult tissues, Eph receptors and ephrins are overexpressed in a range of tumours. In malignant melanoma, increased Eph and ephrin expression levels correlate with metastatic progression. We have examined cellular and biochemical responses of EphA3-expressing melanoma cell lines and human epithelial kidney 293T cells to stimulation with polymeric ephrin-A5 in solution and with surfaces of defined ephrin-A5 densities. Within minutes, rapid reorganisation of the actin and myosin cytoskeleton occurs through activation of RhoA, leading to the retraction of cellular protrusions,membrane blebbing and detachment, but not apoptosis. These responses are inhibited by monomeric ephrin-A5, showing that receptor clustering is required for this EphA3 response. Furthermore, the adapter CrkII, which associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated EphA3 in vitro, is recruited in vivo to ephrin-A5-stimulated EphA3. Expression of an SH3-domain mutated CrkII ablates cell rounding, blebbing and detachment. Our results suggest that recruitment of CrkII and activation of Rho signalling are responsible for EphA3-mediated cell rounding, blebbing and de-adhesion, and that ephrin-A5-mediated receptor clustering and EphA3 tyrosine kinase activity are essential for this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel D Lawrenson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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36
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Smith JJ, Richardson DA, Kopf J, Yoshida M, Hollingsworth RE, Kornbluth S. Apoptotic regulation by the Crk adapter protein mediated by interactions with Wee1 and Crm1/exportin. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:1412-23. [PMID: 11839808 PMCID: PMC134685 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.5.1412-1423.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2001] [Revised: 08/06/2001] [Accepted: 11/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adapter protein Crk contains an SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. Through binding of particular ligands to the SH2 domain and the N-terminal SH3 domain, Crk has been implicated in a number of signaling processes, including regulation of cell growth, cell motility, and apoptosis. We report here that the C-terminal SH3 domain, never shown to bind any specific signaling molecules, contains a binding site for the nuclear export factor Crm1. We find that a mutant Crk protein, deficient in Crm1 binding, promotes apoptosis. Moreover, this nuclear export sequence mutant [NES(-) Crk] interacts strongly, through its SH2 domain, with the nuclear tyrosine kinase, Wee1. Collectively, these data suggest that a nuclear population of Crk bound to Wee1 promotes apoptotic death of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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37
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Nakamura T, Komiya M, Gotoh N, Koizumi S, Shibuya M, Mori N. Discrimination between phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling properties of conventional and neuronal Shc adapter molecules. Oncogene 2002; 21:22-31. [PMID: 11791173 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2001] [Revised: 09/24/2001] [Accepted: 10/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine (pTyr) adapter Shc/ShcA is a major connector in various tyrosine kinase signalings following a variety of stimulation such as growth factor/neurotrophin, as well as in those following calcium influx and integrin activation. As in other tissues, Shc has been implicated in neuronal signalings; however, recent evidence suggests that N-Shc/ShcC and Sck/ShcB would take over most of the roles of Shc in mature central neurons, and switching phenomena between Shc and N-Shc expression were observed in several neuronal paradigms. Little is, however, known as to the signal-output differences between Shc and N-Shc. Here we determined the efficacy of Shc and N-Shc toward Erk activation in NGF-treated PC12 cells, and found that N-Shc transduced Grb2/Sos/Ras-dependent Erk activation less efficiently than Shc. This was mainly because N-Shc has only one high-affinity Grb2-binding site, whereas Shc has two such sites. Phosphopeptide mapping revealed that N-Shc has novel tyrosine-phosphorylation sites at Y259/Y260 and Y286; in vivo-phosphorylation of these tyrosines was demonstrated by site-specific anti-pTyr antibodies. Phosphorylated Y286 bound to several proteins, of which one was Crk. The pY221/pY222 site, corresponding to one of the Grb2-binding sites of Shc, also preferentially bound to Crk. The phosphorylation-dependent interaction between N-Shc and Crk was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that N-Shc has specific features of signal-output, and further suggest that the switching between Shc and N-Shc during neural development and regeneration would lead to differentiation of downstream signalings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute for Longevity Sciences, Oobu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
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38
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Ting AY, Kain KH, Klemke RL, Tsien RY. Genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of protein tyrosine kinase activities in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:15003-8. [PMID: 11752449 PMCID: PMC64973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.211564598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity and specificity of many forms of signal transduction are widely believed to require spatial compartmentation of protein kinase and phosphatase activities, yet existing methods for measuring kinase activities in cells lack generality or spatial or temporal resolution. We present three genetically encoded fluorescent reporters for the tyrosine kinases Src, Abl, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The reporters consist of fusions of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), a phosphotyrosine binding domain, a consensus substrate for the relevant kinase, and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Stimulation of kinase activities in living cells with addition of growth factors causes 20-35% changes in the ratios of yellow to cyan emissions because of phosphorylation-induced changes in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulated Abl activity most strongly in actin-rich membrane ruffles, supporting the importance of this tyrosine kinase in the regulation of cell morphology. These results establish a general strategy for nondestructively imaging dynamic protein tyrosine kinase activities with high spatial and temporal resolution in single living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Ting
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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39
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Abstract
Crk family adaptors are widely expressed and mediate the timely formation of signal transduction protein complexes upon a variety of extracellular stimuli, including various growth and differentiation factors. Selective formation of multi-protein complexes by the Crk and Crk-like (CRKL) proteins depends on specific motifs recognized by their SH2 and SH3 domains. In the case of the first SH3 domains [SH3(1)] a P-x-x-P-x-K motif is crucial for highly selective binding, while the SH2 domains prefer motifs which conform to the consensus pY-x-x-P. Crk family proteins are involved in the relocalization and activation of several different effector proteins which include guanine nucleotide releasing proteins like C3G, protein kinases of the Abl- and GCK-families and small GTPases like Rap1 and Rac. Crk-type proteins have been found not only in vertebrates but also in flies and nematodes. Major insight into the function of Crk within organisms came from the genetic model organism C. elegans, where the Crk-homologue CED-2 regulates cell engulfment and phagocytosis. Other biological outcomes of the Crk-activated signal transduction cascades include the modulation of cell adhesion, cell migration and immune cell responses. Crk family adaptors also appear to play a role in mediating the action of human oncogenes like the leukaemia-inducing Bcr-Abl protein. This review summarizes some key findings and highlights recent insights and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Feller
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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40
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Abstract
We have shown previously that repair in the peripheral nervous system is associated with a reversion to an embryonic pattern of alternative splicing of the extracellular matrix molecule fibronectin. One of the consequent changes is a relative increase in the number of fibronectins expressing the binding site for alpha4 integrins. Here we show that alpha4 integrins are expressed on dorsal root ganglion neuron cell bodies and growth cones in the sciatic nerve during regeneration and that the interaction of alpha4 integrin with alternatively spliced isoforms of recombinant fibronectins containing the alpha4 binding site enhances neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion neurons. The pheochromocytoma (PC12) neuronal cell line, which normally extends neurites poorly on fibronectin, does so efficiently when alpha4 is expressed in the cells. Experiments using chimeric integrins expressed in PC12 cells show that the alpha4 cytoplasmic domain is necessary and sufficient for this enhanced neurite outgrowth. In both dorsal root ganglion neurons and PC12 cells the alpha4 cytoplasmic domain is tightly linked to the intracellular adapter protein paxillin. These experiments suggest an important role for alpha4 integrin and paxillin in peripheral nerve regeneration and show how alternative splicing of fibronectin may provide a mechanism to enhance repair after injury.
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41
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Kurokawa K, Mochizuki N, Ohba Y, Mizuno H, Miyawaki A, Matsuda M. A pair of fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based probes for tyrosine phosphorylation of the CrkII adaptor protein in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31305-10. [PMID: 11406630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptor protein, CrkII, which is involved in a variety of signaling cascades such as cell growth, migration, and apoptosis, becomes phosphorylated on Tyr(221) upon stimulation. Here, we report on a fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based sensor, which consists of CrkII sandwiched with cyan- and yellow-emitting variants of green fluorescent protein. This protein enabled us to monitor rapid and transient phosphorylation of CrkII upon epidermal growth factor stimulation in a living cell. However, rapid diffusion of the probes prevented us from specifying where the phosphorylation started within the cell. To overcome this problem, we fused the CAAX box of Ki-Ras to the carboxyl terminus of this probe and restricted its localization mostly to the plasma membrane. With this modified probe, we found that epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of CrkII was initiated at the peripheral plasma membrane, moving toward the center of the cell. Moreover, this CAAX box-fused probe showed improvement in sensitivity and time resolution of the monitoring of CrkII phosphorylation. Thus, this pair of CrkII probes visualizes dynamic changes in the total and local levels of the tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkII in a living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kurokawa
- Department of Tumor Virology, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Kao S, Jaiswal RK, Kolch W, Landreth GE. Identification of the mechanisms regulating the differential activation of the mapk cascade by epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18169-77. [PMID: 11278445 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008870200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In PC12 cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) transiently stimulates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, and provokes cellular proliferation. In contrast, nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation leads to the sustained activation of the MAPKs and subsequently to neuronal differentiation. It has been shown that both the magnitude and longevity of MAPK activation governs the nature of the cellular response. The activations of MAPKs are dependent upon two distinct small G-proteins, Ras and Rap1, that link the growth factor receptors to the MAPK cascade by activating c-Raf and B-Raf, respectively. We found that Ras was transiently stimulated upon both EGF and NGF treatment of PC12 cells. However, EGF transiently activated Rap1, whereas NGF stimulated prolonged Rap1 activation. The activation of the ERKs was due almost exclusively (>90%) to the action of B-Raf. The transient activation of the MAPKs by EGF was a consequence of the formation of a short lived complex assembling on the EGF receptor itself, composed of Crk, C3G, Rap1, and B-Raf. In contrast, NGF stimulation of the cells resulted in the phosphorylation of FRS2. FRS2 scaffolded the assembly of a stable complex of Crk, C3G, Rap1, and B-Raf resulting in the prolonged activation of the MAPKs. Together, these data provide a signaling link between growth factor receptors and MAPK activation and a mechanistic explanation of the differential MAPK kinetics exhibited by these growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kao
- Department of Neurosciences and the Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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43
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Kain KH, Klemke RL. Inhibition of cell migration by Abl family tyrosine kinases through uncoupling of Crk-CAS complexes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16185-92. [PMID: 11279004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Abl and the Abl-related gene product (Arg) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that regulate the actin cytoskeleton of cells by direct association with F-actin and localization to focal contacts. However, the biological significance of this interaction is not known. We show here that transfection of COS-7 cells with a kinase-inactive form of c-Abl (Abl) promotes c-Crk II/p130(CAS) (Crk-CAS) coupling, enhancing cell migration. Moreover, embryonic fibroblast cells isolated from mice devoid of endogenous Abl and Arg (abl-/- arg-/-) demonstrate increased Crk-CAS coupling and motility. Conversely, expression of a kinase-active form of Abl or reconstitution of abl-/- arg-/- cells with wild-type Abl prevents Crk-CAS coupling and inhibits cell migration. Thus, Abl and Arg kinases play a critical role in preventing cell migration through regulation of Crk and CAS adaptor protein complexes, which are necessary for cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kain
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Zvara A, Fajardo JE, Escalante M, Cotton G, Muir T, Kirsch KH, Birge RB. Activation of the focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway by structural alterations in the carboxyl-terminal region of c-Crk II. Oncogene 2001; 20:951-61. [PMID: 11314030 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2000] [Revised: 12/08/2000] [Accepted: 12/12/2000] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Crk II adaptor protein encodes an SH2/SH3-domain containing adaptor protein with an SH2-SH3-SH3 domain structure that transmits signals from tyrosine kinases. The two SH3 domains are separated by a 54 amino acid linker region, whose length is highly conserved in xenopus, chicken, and mamalian Crk II proteins. To gain a better understanding into the role of the C-terminal region of Crk, we generated a series of C-terminal SH3 domain and SH3 linker mutants and examined their role in tyrosine kinase pathways. Expression of point mutations in the C-terminal SH3 domain (W276K Crk), at the tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y222F Crk II), or truncation of the entire C-terminus (Crk I or Crk Delta242), all increased c-Abl binding to the N-terminal SH3 domain of Crk and, where relevant, increased Tyr(222) phosphorylation. Deletion analysis of c-Crk II also revealed the presence of a C-terminal segment important for trans-activation of FAK. Such mutants, Crk Delta255 or Crk Delta242 Extended Linker (Crk Delta242([EL])), characterized by a disruption in the SH3 linker/C-terminal SH3 boundary, induced robust hyperphosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on Tyr(397), hyperphosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins p130(cas) and paxillin and increased focal adhesion formation in NIH3T3 cells. The effects of Crk Delta242([EL]) could be abrogated by co-expression of dominant negative c-Src or the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST, but not by dominant negative Abl. Our results suggest that the C-terminal region of Crk contains negative regulatory elements important for both Abl and FAK dependent signal pathways, and offers a paradigm for an autoinhibitory region in the SH3 linker/C-terminal SH3 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zvara
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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45
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Abstract
To facilitate a rapid response to environmental change, cells use scaffolding - or adaptor - proteins to recruit key components of their signal-transduction machinery to specific subcellular locations. Paxillin is a multi-domain adaptor found at the interface between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Here it provides a platform for the integration and processing of adhesion- and growth factor-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Turner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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