1
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Gray TE, Narayana K, Garner AM, Bakker SA, Yoo RKH, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Steele MA, Zandberg WF. Analysis of the biosynthetic flux in bovine milk oligosaccharides reveals competition between sulfated and sialylated species and the existence of glucuronic acid-containing analogues. Food Chem 2021; 361:130143. [PMID: 34051596 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously observed that sialylated bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) decline in both absolute and relative abundances over the initial stages of bovine lactation, with initial evidence suggesting that this decline occurred due to increased concentrations of unique sulfated BMOs. Since both sulfated and sialylated BMOs have distinct bioactivites, a follow up study was launched in order to more clearly define relative changes in these classes of BMOs over the first week of lactation in dairy cattle. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and several liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, including a novel multiplexed tandem MS method, were used to profile the BMOs extracted from milk collected from the same 20 Holstein cows at milkings 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 14 post-partum. In addition to clearly validating that sulfated and sialylated BMOs exist in direct biosynthetic completion, our study has identified over 170 unique BMOs including 14 unique glucuronic acid-containing trisaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor E Gray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kamal Narayana
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alexander M Garner
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Samantha A Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Rachael K H Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 1Y2, Canada.
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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2
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Le Berre M, Gerlach JQ, Loughrey C, Creavin A, Pluta K, Gallagher M, Carrington SD, Joshi L, Kilcoyne M. Examination of oestrus-dependent alterations of bovine cervico-vaginal mucus glycosylation for potential as optimum fertilisation indicators. Mol Omics 2021; 17:338-346. [PMID: 33720233 DOI: 10.1039/d0mo00193g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oestrus is the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals where they become most receptive to mating and are most fertile. Efficient detection of oestrus is a key component in successful reproductive livestock management programmes. Oestrus detection in cattle is most often performed by visual observation, such as mounting behaviour and standing heat, to facilitate more successful prediction of optimal time points for artificial insemination. This time-consuming method requires a skilled, diligent observer. Biological measurements using easily accessible biomolecules in the cervico-vaginal mucus could provide an alternative strategy to physical methods of oestrus detection, providing an inexpensive means of rapidly and accurately assessing the onset of oestrus. In this study, glycosylation changes in cervico-vaginal mucus from three heifers following oestrus induction were investigated as a proof of concept to assess whether potential glycosylation-based trends could be useful for oestrus stage indication. Mucus collected at different time points following oestrus induction was immobilised in a microarray format and its glycosylation interrogated with a panel of fluorescently labelled lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins with different specificities. Individual animal-specific glycosylation patterns were observed, however each pattern followed a similar trend around oestrus. This unique oestrus-associated glycosylation was identified by a combination of relative binding of the lectins SNA-I and WFA for each animal. This alteration in cervico-vaginal mucus glycosylation could potentially be exploited in future to more accurately identify optimal fertilisation intervention points compared to visual signs. More effective oestrus biomarkers will lead to more successful livestock reproductive programmes, decreasing costs and animal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Le Berre
- Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Jared Q Gerlach
- Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Loughrey
- Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Aileen Creavin
- Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Katarzyna Pluta
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Gallagher
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen D Carrington
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. and Carbohydrate Signalling Group, Discipline of Microbiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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3
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Quin C, Vicaretti SD, Mohtarudin NA, Garner AM, Vollman DM, Gibson DL, Zandberg WF. Influence of sulfonated and diet-derived human milk oligosaccharides on the infant microbiome and immune markers. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4035-4048. [PMID: 32014993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote the development of the neonatal intestinal, immune, and nervous systems and has recently received considerable attention. Here we investigated how the maternal diet affects HMO biosynthesis and how any diet-induced HMO alterations influence the infant gut microbiome and immunity. Using capillary electrophoresis and MS-based analyses, we extracted and measured HMOs from breast milk samples and then correlated their levels with results from validated 24-h diet recall surveys and breast milk fatty acids. We found that fruit intake and unsaturated fatty acids in breast milk were positively correlated with an increased absolute abundance of numerous HMOs, including 16 sulfonated HMOs we identified here in humans for the first time. The diet-derived monosaccharide 5-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was unambiguously detected in all samples. To gain insights into the potential impact of Neu5Gc on the infant microbiome, we used a constrained ordination approach and identified correlations between Neu5Gc levels and Bacteroides spp. in infant stool. However, Neu5Gc was not associated with marked changes in infant immune markers, in contrast with sulfonated HMOs, whose expression correlated with suppression of two major Th2 cytokines, IL-10 and IL-13. The findings of our work highlight the importance of maternal diet for HMO biosynthesis and provide as yet unexplored targets for future studies investigating interactions between HMOs and the intestinal microbiome and immunity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Quin
- Department of Biology, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Sara D Vicaretti
- Department of Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Nina A Mohtarudin
- Department of Biology, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Alexander M Garner
- Department of Biology, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Deanna M Vollman
- Department of Biology, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7 .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, I. K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
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4
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Vicaretti SD, Mohtarudin NA, Garner AM, Zandberg WF. Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Permits an Assessment of the Influence of Diet and the Discovery of Nine Abundant Sulfated Analogues. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8574-8583. [PMID: 29745223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs), like their analogues in human milk, have important prebiotic functions. Environmental factors have previously been linked to variation in BMO structures, and thus to test the hypothesis that the bovine diet may lead to these changes in relative BMO abundances, a rapid capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based work flow was developed to profile the BMOs extracted from the milk of cows fed distinctly different diets. Over the first week of lactation, few significant differences were observed between the different diet groups, with the dominant changes being clearly linked to lactation period. CE analyses indicated the presence of ten unusually anionic BMOs, which were predicted to be phosphorylated and sulfated species. Nine unique sulfated BMOs were detected by high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry, none of which have been previously described in bovine milk. The biosynthesis of these was in direct competition with 3'-sialyllactose, the most abundant BMO in bovine milk.
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5
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Loo CP, Nelson NA, Lane RS, Booth JL, Loprinzi Hardin SC, Thomas A, Slifka MK, Nolz JC, Lund AW. Lymphatic Vessels Balance Viral Dissemination and Immune Activation following Cutaneous Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3176-3187. [PMID: 28954233 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels lie at the interface between peripheral sites of pathogen entry, adaptive immunity, and the systemic host. Though the paradigm is that their open structure allows for passive flow of infectious particles from peripheral tissues to lymphoid organs, virus applied to skin by scarification does not spread to draining lymph nodes. Using cutaneous infection by scarification, we analyzed the effect of viral infection on lymphatic transport and evaluated its role at the host-pathogen interface. We found that, in the absence of lymphatic vessels, canonical lymph-node-dependent immune induction was impaired, resulting in exacerbated pathology and compensatory, systemic priming. Furthermore, lymphatic vessels decouple fluid and cellular transport in an interferon-dependent manner, leading to viral sequestration while maintaining dendritic cell transport for immune induction. In conclusion, we found that lymphatic vessels balance immune activation and viral dissemination and act as an "innate-like" component of tissue host viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Loo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nicholas A Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ryan S Lane
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jamie L Booth
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sofia C Loprinzi Hardin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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6
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Zhang Y, Chan JW, Moretti A, Uhrich KE. Designing polymers with sugar-based advantages for bioactive delivery applications. J Control Release 2015; 219:355-368. [PMID: 26423239 PMCID: PMC4656084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-based polymers have been extensively explored as a means to increase drug delivery systems' biocompatibility and biodegradation. Here,we review he use of sugar-based polymers for drug delivery applications, with a particular focus on the utility of the sugar component(s) to provide benefits for drug targeting and stimuli responsive systems. Specifically, numerous synthetic methods have been developed to reliably modify naturally-occurring polysaccharides, conjugate sugar moieties to synthetic polymer scaffolds to generate glycopolymers, and utilize sugars as a multifunctional building block to develop sugar-linked polymers. The design of sugar-based polymer systems has tremendous implications on both the physiological and biological properties imparted by the saccharide units and are unique from synthetic polymers. These features include the ability of glycopolymers to preferentially target various cell types and tissues through receptor interactions, exhibit bioadhesion for prolonged residence time, and be rapidly recognized and internalized by cancer cells. Also discussed are the distinct stimuli-sensitive properties of saccharide-modified polymers to mediate drug release under desired conditions. Saccharide-based systems with inherent pH- and temperature-sensitive properties, as well as enzyme-cleavable polysaccharides for targeted bioactive delivery, are covered. Overall, this work emphasizes inherent benefits of sugar-containing polymer systems for bioactive delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jennifer W Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alysha Moretti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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7
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Kudelka MR, Ju T, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Simple sugars to complex disease--mucin-type O-glycans in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:53-135. [PMID: 25727146 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycans are a class of glycans initiated with N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) α-linked primarily to Ser/Thr residues within glycoproteins and often extended or branched by sugars or saccharides. Most secretory and membrane-bound proteins receive this modification, which is important in regulating many biological processes. Alterations in mucin-type O-glycans have been described across tumor types and include expression of relatively small-sized, truncated O-glycans and altered terminal structures, both of which are associated with patient prognosis. New discoveries in the identity and expression of tumor-associated O-glycans are providing new avenues for tumor detection and treatment. This chapter describes mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, altered mucin-type O-glycans in primary tumors, including mechanisms for structural changes and contributions to the tumor phenotype, and clinical approaches to detect and target altered O-glycans for cancer treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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8
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Molecular mechanisms of CD8(+) T cell trafficking and localization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2461-73. [PMID: 25577280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells are potent mediators of host protection against disease due to their ability to directly kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens and produce inflammatory cytokines at the site of infection. To fully achieve this objective, naïve CD8(+) T cells must be able to survey the entire body for the presence of foreign or "non-self" antigen that is delivered to draining lymph nodes following infection or tissue injury. Once activated, CD8(+) T cells undergo many rounds of cell division, acquire effector functions, and are no longer restricted to the circulation and lymphoid compartments like their naïve counterparts, but rather are drawn to inflamed tissues to combat infection. As CD8(+) T cells transition from naïve to effector to memory populations, this is accompanied by dynamic changes in the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors that ultimately dictate their localization in vivo. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating CD8(+) T cell trafficking and localization is critical for vaccine design, control of infectious diseases, treatment of autoimmune disorders, and cancer immunotherapy.
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9
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Hsieh HW, Schombs MW, Witschi MA, Gervay-Hague J. Regioselective silyl/acetate exchange of disaccharides yields advanced glycosyl donor and acceptor precursors. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9677-88. [PMID: 23980653 DOI: 10.1021/jo4013805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are composed of carbohydrate building blocks linked together in a multitude of ways giving rise to diverse biological functions. Carbohydrates are especially difficult to synthetically manipulate because of the similar reactivity of their numerous and largely equivalent hydroxyl groups. Hence, methodologies for both the efficient protection and selective modification of carbohydrate alcohols are considered important synthetic tools in organic chemistry. When per-O-TMS protected mono- or disaccharides in a mixture of pyridine and acetic anhydride are treated with acetic acid, regioselective exchange of silicon for acetate protecting groups occurs. Acid concentration, thermal conditions, and microwave assistance mediate the silyl/acetate exchange reaction. Regiocontrol is achieved by limiting the equivalents of acetic acid, and microwave irradiation hastens the process. We coined the term Regioselective Silyl Exchange Technology (ReSET) to describe this process, which essentially sets the protecting groups anew. To demonstrate the scope of the reaction, the conditions were applied to lactose, melibiose, cellobiose, and trehalose. ReSET provided rapid access to a wide range of orthogonally protected disaccharides that would otherwise require multiple synthetic steps to acquire. The resulting bifunctional molecules are poised to serve as modular building blocks for more complex glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wu Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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10
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Patnode ML, Yu SY, Cheng CW, Ho MY, Tegesjö L, Sakuma K, Uchimura K, Khoo KH, Kannagi R, Rosen SD. KSGal6ST generates galactose-6-O-sulfate in high endothelial venules but does not contribute to L-selectin-dependent lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2013; 23:381-94. [PMID: 23254996 PMCID: PMC3555504 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of sulfate to glycan structures can regulate their ability to serve as ligands for glycan-binding proteins. Although sulfate groups present on the monosaccharides glucosamine, uronate, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine are recognized by defined receptors that mediate important functions, the functional significance of galactose-6-O-sulfate (Gal6S) is not known. However, in vitro studies using synthetic glycans and sulfotransferase overexpression implicate Gal6S as a binding determinant for the lymphocyte homing receptor, L-selectin. Only two sulfotransferases have been shown to generate Gal6S, namely keratan sulfate galactose 6-O-sulfotransferase (KSGal6ST) and chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1). In the present study, we use mice deficient in KSGal6ST and C6ST-1 to test whether Gal6S contributes to ligand recognition by L-selectin in vivo. First, we establish that KSGal6ST is selectively expressed in high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. We also determine by mass spectrometry that KSGal6ST generates Gal6S on several classes of O-glycans in peripheral lymph nodes. Furthermore, KSGal6ST, but not C6ST-1, is required for the generation of the Gal6S-containing glycan, 6,6'-disulfo-3'sLN (Siaα2→3[6S]Galβ1→4[6S]GlcNAc) or a closely related structure in lymph node HEVs. Nevertheless, L-selectin-dependent short-term homing of lymphocytes is normal in KSGal6ST-deficient mice, indicating that the Gal6S-containing structures we detected do not contribute to L-selectin ligand recognition in this setting. These results refine our understanding of the biological ligands for L-selectin and introduce a mouse model for investigating the functions of Gal6S in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Patnode
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, and
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Lotten Tegesjö
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
| | - Keiichiro Sakuma
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Steven D Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA
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11
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Sulfoform generation from an orthogonally protected disaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2012; 355:19-27. [PMID: 22624867 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An orthogonally protected disaccharide (GlcN(α1→4)Glc) with a β-linked 2'-aminoethyl linker was used to generate a series of sulfated derivatives (sulfoforms), with a 6-O-sulfate on the glucose residue and one or more sulfate esters on the terminal glucosamine. Deprotection and sulfonation steps were performed in solution and in variable order, with isolated yields of 36-54% (85-90% per operation) after HPLC purification. The modular deprotection-sulfonation sequences can be performed with efficient recovery of the polysulfate products, and avoids complications associated with heterogeneous reactivity in solid-phase synthesis.
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12
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Kilcoyne M, Gerlach JQ, Gough R, Gallagher ME, Kane M, Carrington SD, Joshi L. Construction of a Natural Mucin Microarray and Interrogation for Biologically Relevant Glyco-Epitopes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3330-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203404n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kilcoyne
- Glycoscience
Group, National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jared Q. Gerlach
- Glycoscience
Group, National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronan Gough
- Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary E. Gallagher
- Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marian Kane
- Glycoscience
Group, National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience
Group, National
Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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13
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Nolz JC, Starbeck-Miller GR, Harty JT. Naive, effector and memory CD8 T-cell trafficking: parallels and distinctions. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1223-33. [PMID: 21995573 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of CD8 T cells, in both the steady-state and during episodes of infection or inflammation, is a highly dynamic process and involves a variety of receptor-ligand interactions. A thorough, mechanistic understanding of how this process is regulated could potentially lead to disease prevention strategies, through either enhancing (for infectious diseases or tumors) or limiting (for autoimmunity) recruitment of antigen-specific CD8 T cells to areas of tissue inflammation. As CD8 T cells transition from naive to effector to memory cells, changes in gene expression will ultimately dictate anatomical localization of these cells in vivo. In this article, we discuss recent advances in understanding how antigenic stimulation influences expression of various trafficking receptors and ligands, and how this determines the tissue localization of CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Microbiology, 3-512 Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Hirakawa J, Tsuboi K, Sato K, Kobayashi M, Watanabe S, Takakura A, Imai Y, Ito Y, Fukuda M, Kawashima H. Novel anti-carbohydrate antibodies reveal the cooperative function of sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40864-78. [PMID: 20929857 PMCID: PMC3003387 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.167296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface glycans play pivotal roles in immune cell trafficking and immunity. Here we present an efficient method for generating anti-carbohydrate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using gene-targeted mice and describe critical glycans in lymphocyte homing. We immunized sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 doubly deficient mice with sulfotransferase-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells and generated two mAbs, termed S1 and S2. Both S1 and S2 bound high endothelial venules (HEVs) in the lymphoid organs of humans and wild-type mice, but not in those of doubly deficient mice. Glycan array analysis indicated that both S1 and S2 specifically bound 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X and its defucosylated structure. Interestingly, S2 inhibited lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes by 95%, whereas S1 inhibited it by only 25%. S2 also significantly inhibited contact hypersensitivity responses and L-selectin-dependent leukocyte adhesion to HEVs. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses indicated that S1 preferentially bound sulfated O-glycans, whereas S2 bound both sulfated N- and O-glycans in HEVs. Furthermore, S2 strongly inhibited the N-glycan-dependent residual lymphocyte homing in mutant mice lacking sulfated O-glycans, indicating the importance of both sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing. Thus, the two mAbs generated by a novel method revealed the cooperative function of sulfated N- and O-glycans in lymphocyte homing and immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotaro Hirakawa
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuboi
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kobayashi
- the Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Sota Watanabe
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takakura
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Imai
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- the Glycobiology Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Minoru Fukuda
- the Glycobiology Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- From the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Global Center of Excellence Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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15
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The glycosylation of human synovial lubricin: implications for its role in inflammation. Biochem J 2010; 429:359-67. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acidic proteins were isolated from synovial fluid from two osteoarthritic and two rheumatoid arthritic patients and identified by MS. It was found that the most abundant protein in all of the samples was the mucin-like protein lubricin. Further characterization of lubricin from the different patients by LC (liquid chromatography)–MS of released oligosaccharides showed that the core 1 O-linked oligosaccharides NeuAcα2–3Galβ1–3GalNAc and NeuAcα2–3Galβ1–3(NeuAcα2–6)GalNAc were the dominating structures on lubricin. The latter was found to be more prevalent in the rheumatoid arthritis samples, indicating that sialylation is up-regulated as part of the inflammatory response. In addition to these dominating structures, core 2 structures were also found in low amounts, where the largest was the disialylated hexasaccharide corresponding to the sequence NeuAcα2–3Galβ1–3(NeuAcα2–3Galβ1–3/4GlcNAcβ1–6)GalNAc. It was also found that a small proportion of the core 2 oligosaccharides carried sulfate. The ability of lubricin to present complex glycosylation reflecting the state of the joint tissue makes lubricin a candidate as a carrier of inflammatory oligosaccharide epitopes. In particular, it was shown that lubricin from inflamed arthritic tissue was recognized by the antibody MECA-79 and thus carried the sulfated epitope proposed to be part of the L-selectin ligand that is responsible for recruitment of leucocytes to inflammatory sites.
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16
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Bi S, Baum LG. Sialic acids in T cell development and function. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1599-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Ducatti DRB, Massi A, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Dondoni A. Production of carbohydrate building blocks from red seaweed polysaccharides. Efficient conversion of galactans into C-glycosyl aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:576-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b816606d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Woodside DG, Vanderslice P. Cell adhesion antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BioDrugs 2008; 22:85-100. [PMID: 18345706 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases of the lung where a hallmark feature is excessive leukocyte infiltration that leads to tissue injury. Cell adhesion molecules (e.g. selectins and integrins) play a key role in cell trafficking, and in the lung they regulate leukocyte extravasation, migration within the interstitium, cellular activation, and tissue retention. All selectin family members (including L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin) and many of the beta1 and beta2 integrins appear to be important therapeutic targets, as numerous animal studies have demonstrated essential roles for these cell adhesion molecules in lung inflammation. Not surprisingly, these families of adhesion molecules have been under intense investigation by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel therapeutics. Integrins are validated drug targets, as drugs that antagonize integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (e.g. abciximab), integrin alphaLbeta2 (efalizumab), and integrin alpha4beta1 (natalizumab) are currently US FDA-approved for acute coronary syndromes, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis, respectively. However, none has been approved for indications related to asthma or COPD. Here, we provide an overview of roles played by selectins and integrins in lung inflammation. We also describe recent clinical results (both failures and successes) in developing adhesion molecule antagonists, with specific emphasis on those targets that may have potential benefit in asthma and COPD. Early clinical trials using selectin and integrin antagonists have met with limited success. However, recent positive phase II clinical trials with a small-molecule selectin antagonist (bimosiamose) and a small-molecule integrin alpha4beta1 antagonist (valategrast [R411]), have generated enthusiastic anticipation that novel strategies to treat asthma and COPD may be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Woodside
- Department of Drug Discovery, Biological Sciences, Encysive Pharmaceuticals Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
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19
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Liu R, Chanthamontri C, Han H, Hernández-Torres JM, Wood KV, McLuckey SA, Wei A. Solid-phase synthesis of alpha-glucosamine sulfoforms with fragmentation analysis by tandem mass spectrometry. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6059-72. [PMID: 18610984 DOI: 10.1021/jo800713m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated epitopes of alpha-glucosamine (GlcN sulfoforms) were prepared by solid-phase synthesis as models of internal glucosamines within heparan sulfate. An orthogonally protected 2'-hydroxyethyl GlcN derivative was immobilized on a trityl resin support and subjected to regioselective deprotection and sulfonation conditions, which were optimized with the aid of on-resin infrared or Raman analysis. The sulfoforms were cleaved from the resin under mild Lewis acid conditions without affecting the O- or N-sulfate groups and purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The alpha-GlcN sulfoforms and their 4- O-benzyl ethers were examined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), with product ion spectra produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID). ESI-MS/MS revealed significant differences in parent ion stabilities and fragmentation rates as a function of sulfate position. Ion fragmentation by CID resulted in characteristic mass losses with strong correlation to the positions of both free hydroxyl groups and sulfate ions. Most of these fragmentation patterns are consonant with elimination pathways, and suggest possible strategies for elucidating the structures of glucosamine-derived sulfoforms with identical m/ z ratios. In particular, fragmentation analysis can easily distinguish GlcN sulfoforms bearing the relatively rare 3- O-sulfate from isomers with the more common 6- O-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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20
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Hiraoka N, Petryniak B, Kawashima H, Mitoma J, Akama TO, Fukuda MN, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Significant decrease in alpha1,3-linked fucose in association with increase in 6-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine in peripheral lymph node addressin of FucT-VII-deficient mice exhibiting diminished lymphocyte homing. Glycobiology 2007; 17:277-93. [PMID: 17172261 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is mediated by binding of L-selectin on lymphocytes with L-selectin ligands present on high-endothelial venules (HEV) of peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. L-selectin ligands are specific O-linked carbohydrates, 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X, composed of sialylated, fucosylated, and sulfated glycans. Abrogation of fucosyltransferase-VII (FucT-VII) results in almost complete loss of lymphocyte homing, but structural analysis of carbohydrates has not been carried out on FucT-VII null mice. To determine whether functional losses seen in FucT-VII null mice are caused by structural changes in carbohydrates, we elucidated the carbohydrate structure of GlyCAM-1, a major L-selectin counter-receptor. Our results show that most alpha1,3-fucosylated structures in 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X are absent and 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine is increased in the mutant mice. Surprisingly, the amount of 6'-sulfated galactose (Gal) that bound to Sumbucus nigra agglutinin column was also increased. We found that structures of those oligosaccharides containing 6'-sulfated Gal are almost identical to those synthesized by keratan sulfate sulfotransferase (KSST). We then showed that overexpression of KSST suppresses the expression of sialyl Lewis X on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express sialyl Lewis X. Moreover, KSST expression in those cells suppressed lymphocyte rolling compared with mock-transfected CHO cells expressing 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis X. 6'-Sulfo sialyl Lewis X can neither be found in GlyCAM-1 from CHO cells expressing both KSST and FucT-VII nor be found in GlyCAM-1 from HEV of mice. These results combined together suggest that KSST competes with FucT-VII for the same acceptor substrate and downregulates the synthesis of L-selectin ligand by inhibiting alpha1,3-fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Prakobphol A, Genbacev O, Gormley M, Kapidzic M, Fisher SJ. A role for the L-selectin adhesion system in mediating cytotrophoblast emigration from the placenta. Dev Biol 2006; 298:107-17. [PMID: 16930583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytotrophoblast (CTB) aggregates that bridge the gap between the placenta and the uterus are suspended as cell columns in the intervillous space, where they experience significant amounts of shear stress generated by maternal blood flow. The proper formation of these structures is crucial to pregnancy outcome as they play a vital role in anchoring the embryo/fetus to the decidua. At the same time, they provide a route by which CTBs enter the uterine wall. The mechanism by which the integrity of the columns is maintained while allowing cell movement is unknown. Here, we present evidence that the interactions of L-selectin with its carbohydrate ligands, a specialized adhesion system that is activated by shear stress, play an important role. CTBs in cell columns, particularly near the distal ends, stained brightly for L-selectin and with the TRA-1-81 antibody, which recognizes carbohydrate epitopes that support binding of L-selectin chimeras in vitro. Function-perturbing antibodies that inhibited either receptor or ligand activity also inhibited formation of cell columns in vitro. Together, these results suggest an autocrine role for the CTB L-selectin adhesion system in forming and maintaining cell columns during the early stages of placental development, when the architecture of the basal plate region is established. This type of adhesion may also facilitate CTB exit from cell columns, a prerequisite for uterine invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akraporn Prakobphol
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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22
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Rele SM, Cui W, Wang L, Hou S, Barr-Zarse G, Tatton D, Gnanou Y, Esko JD, Chaikof EL. Dendrimer-like PEO glycopolymers exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:10132-3. [PMID: 16028900 PMCID: PMC2556565 DOI: 10.1021/ja0511974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of high molecular weight polysulfated PEO dendrimer-like glycopolymer has been synthesized by a combination of arm-first and core-first methodologies followed by trichloroacetimidate glycosidation as a facile bioconjugation strategy. An L-selectin antagonist was identified that exhibits 103-fold greater activity than other multivalent sLex glycopolymers and 20-50 times greater potency than other linear heparinoids. A significant reduction in inflammatory cell recruitment was observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam M. Rele
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Wanxing Cui
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sijian Hou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ginger Barr-Zarse
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Daniel Tatton
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Elliot L. Chaikof
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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23
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Sands WA, Palmer TM. Adenosine receptors and the control of endothelial cell function in inflammatory disease. Immunol Lett 2005; 101:1-11. [PMID: 15878624 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside adenosine accumulates in many tissues following the onset of ischaemia and inflammation. This initiates a series of protective mechanisms in target cells upon binding and activation of a family of four G-protein-coupled cell surface adenosine receptor (AR) proteins. The magnitude and duration of adenosine's effects are dictated by the identity and expression levels of each receptor subtype on individual cell types within the hypoxic microenvironment. Given the key role of endothelial cells (ECs) in the development of inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis, ARs represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in these conditions. In this review, we examine several critical aspects of endothelial function in vivo, assess the role of individual AR subtypes in these events and, where known, discuss the molecular mechanisms by which specific ARs exert their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Sands
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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24
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Prakobphol A, Borén T, Ma W, Zhixiang P, Fisher SJ. Highly glycosylated human salivary molecules present oligosaccharides that mediate adhesion of leukocytes and Helicobacter pylori. Biochemistry 2005; 44:2216-24. [PMID: 15697247 DOI: 10.1021/bi0480180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins display carbohydrate facets that serve as adhesion receptors for cells including leukocytes and bacterial cells. Our aim was to understand the role of the specialized carbohydrate motifs carried by highly glycosylated human salivary proteins in regulating the oral ecology. To date, our structural studies suggest that these molecules display a wide array of oligosaccharide structures, including many species with highly charged and/or fucosylated termini. Here, we used an immunoblot approach to gain additional information about the nature of these oligosaccharides. The results showed that MG1 and the salivary agglutinin express the MECA-79 epitope, an unusual sulfated carbohydrate structure that belongs to an important class of high-affinity (endothelial) L-selectin ligands. Unexpectedly, we discovered that in many women the expression of this epitope is hormonally regulated. Additional experiments revealed that MG1, MG2, and the salivary agglutinin also present Lewis blood group antigens, the exact repertoire varying on an individual basis. In parallel, we explored the functions of these carbohydrate motifs. Using an assay that detects L-selectin ligands, we found that the subset of MECA-79-reactive oligosaccharides displayed on salivary molecules specifically bind an L-selectin/Fc chimera. In contrast, the Lewis blood group structures are receptors for many strains of Helicobacter pylori, an organism that is implicated in the development of gastric ulcers and cancer. Together, these results suggest that MG1, MG2, and the salivary agglutinin play important roles in governing leukocyte and bacterial adhesion. Our findings suggest novel strategies, based on the relevant carbohydrate structures, for promoting or inhibiting these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akraporn Prakobphol
- Departments of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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25
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26
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Mowery P, Yang ZQ, Gordon EJ, Dwir O, Spencer AG, Alon R, Kiessling LL. Synthetic glycoprotein mimics inhibit L-selectin-mediated rolling and promote L-selectin shedding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:725-32. [PMID: 15157883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin is a leukocyte cell-surface protein that facilitates the rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium, a process that leads to leukocyte migration to a site of infection. Preventing L-selectin-mediated rolling minimizes leukocyte adhesion and extravasation; therefore, compounds that inhibit rolling may act as anti-inflammatory agents. To investigate the potential role of multivalent ligands as rolling inhibitors, compounds termed neoglycopolymers were synthesized that possess key structural features of physiological L-selectin ligands. Sulfated neoglycopolymers substituted with sialyl Lewis x derivatives (3',6-disulfo Lewis x or 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x) or a sulfatide analog (3,6-disulfo galactose) inhibited L-selectin-mediated rolling of lymphoid cells. Functional analysis of the inhibitory ligands indicates that they also induce proteolytic release of L-selectin. Thus, their inhibitory potency may arise from their ability to induce shedding. Our data indicate that screening for compounds that promote L-selectin release can identify ligands that inhibit rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mowery
- Department of Biochemistry, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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27
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Uchimura K, Kadomatsu K, El-Fasakhany FM, Singer MS, Izawa M, Kannagi R, Takeda N, Rosen SD, Muramatsu T. N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 regulates expression of L-selectin ligands and lymphocyte homing. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35001-8. [PMID: 15175329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404456200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing is initiated by the binding of L-selectin on lymphocytes to its ligands on high endothelial venules (HEV). Sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X is a major capping group of L-selectin ligands. N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) 6-sulfation is essential for the ligand activity, and is catalyzed by GlcNAc 6-O-sulfotransferases (GlcNAc6STs) of which GlcNAc6ST-1 and GlcNAc6ST-2 are expressed in HEV. Here, we report that mice deficient in GlcNAc6ST-1 were impaired in the elaboration of sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis X in HEV and that an epitope of L-selectin ligands recognized by the MECA-79 anti-body was greatly reduced or abolished in the abluminal aspect of HEV. Lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches was significantly reduced in GlcNAc6ST-1 null mice. These results demonstrate that GlcNAc6ST-1 is involved in lymphocyte homing in vivo, and indicate that GlcNAc6ST-1 and -2 play complementary roles. The importance of GlcNAc6ST-1 is particularly high-lighted by its involvement in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patches where GlcNAc6ST-2 expression is undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Uchimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs was originally a problem of concern only to immunologists. With the discovery of L-selectin and its ligands, interested scientists have expanded to include glycobiologists, immunopathologists, cancer biologists, and developmental biologists. Going beyond its first discovered role in homing to lymph nodes, the L-selectin system is implicated in such diverse processes as inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in both acute and chronic settings, hematogenous metastasis of carcinoma cells, effector mechanisms for inflammatory demyelination of axons, and implantation of the early mammalian embryo. This review focuses on the ligands for L-selectin that are found on vascular endothelium, leukocytes, carcinoma cells, and at various extravascular sites. The discovery of selectins and their ligands has validated the long-predicted hypothesis that carbohydrate-directed cell adhesion is relevant in eukaryotic systems. Emphasis will be given to the carbohydrate and sulfation modifications of the ligands, which enable recognition by L-selectin. The rapid "homing" of labeled cells into the lymph nodes presumably had its basis in the special affinity of small lymphocytes for the endothelium of the postcapillary venules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Rosen
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA.
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Ley K, Kansas GS. Selectins in T-cell recruitment to non-lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:325-35. [PMID: 15122198 DOI: 10.1038/nri1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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30
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Hiraoka N, Kawashima H, Petryniak B, Nakayama J, Mitoma J, Marth JD, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Core 2 Branching β1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase and High Endothelial Venule-restricted Sulfotransferase Collaboratively Control Lymphocyte Homing. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:3058-67. [PMID: 14593101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311150200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L-selectin mediates lymphocyte homing by facilitating lymphocyte adhesion to carbohydrate ligands expressed on high endothelial venules (HEV) of the secondary lymphoid organs. Previous studies demonstrated that L-selectin ligand sulfotransferase (LSST) forms 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x (sLe(x)) on both core 2 branch and MECA-79-positive extended core 1 O-glycans, but the chemical nature and roles of HEV ligands elaborated by LSST and core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (Core2GlcNAcT) have been undefined. In the present study, we have generated mutant mice with deficient LSST and show that inactivation of LSST gene alone leads to only partial impairment of lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes and moderate reduction in lymphocyte counts in the peripheral lymph nodes, despite the fact that L-selectin ligands that contain 6-sulfo sLe(x) are reduced at HEV. By contrast, LSST/Core2GlcNAcT double null mice exhibited a markedly reduced lymphocyte homing and reduced lymphocyte counts as a result of significantly decreased 6-sulfo sLe(x) on HEV L-selectin counterreceptors, relative to LSST- or Core2GlcNAcT-single null mice. Moreover, induction of LSST and Core2GlcNAcT transcripts was observed in HEV-like structure formed in the salivary gland of the non-obese diabetic mouse, which displays chronic inflammation. These results indicate that LSST and Core2GlcNAcT cooperatively synthesize HEV-specific L-selectin ligands required for lymphocyte homing and suggest that LSST and Core2GlcNAcT play a critical role in lymphocyte trafficking during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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31
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de Coupade C, Solito E, Levine JD. Dexamethasone enhances interaction of endogenous annexin 1 with L-selectin and triggers shedding of L-selectin in the monocytic cell line U-937. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:133-45. [PMID: 12967943 PMCID: PMC1574011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) L-selectin, constitutively expressed by leukocytes, is involved in the initial binding of leukocytes to activated endothelium. Anti-inflammatory drugs like glucocorticoids can induce shedding of L-selectin, but the mechanism is still unknown. Annexin 1, a protein whose synthesis and externalization/secretion are induced during the inflammatory response, has been proposed as a mediator of the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. (2) The monocytic cell line U-937 strongly expresses Annexin 1 after 24 h of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 1 nm) treatment and externalizes/releases the protein after additional 16 h of dexamethasone (1 microm) treatment. (3) This study investigated the possible regulation of cell surface L-selectin shedding by endogenous Annexin 1, and its role in glucocorticoid-induced L-selectin shedding in the U-937 cell line. (4) PMA- and dexamethasone treatment-induced L-selectin shedding was potentially mediated by Annexin 1, since neutralizing antibodies against Annexin 1 reduced dexamethasone- and Annexin 1-induced shedding. (5) Immunoprecipitation and binding assays provided support for the suggestion that this effect could be mediated by an interaction between externalized Annexin 1 and L-selectin. Such interaction involved the N-terminal domain of Annexin 1 and was calcium-dependent. Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated increased colocalization of Annexin 1 and L-selectin on the cell surface. (6) Overall, our study provides new insights into the potential role of endogenous ANXA1 as a mediator of dexamethasone-induced L-selectin shedding, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine de Coupade
- Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NIH Pain Center, Box 0440, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
| | - Egle Solito
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN
| | - Jon D Levine
- Department of Medicine and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NIH Pain Center, Box 0440, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Sasaki K, Nishida Y, Tsurumi T, Uzawa H, Kondo H, Kobayashi K. Facile assembly of cell surface oligosaccharide mimics by copolymerization of carbohydrate modules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:4463-7. [PMID: 12458507 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20021202)41:23<4463::aid-anie4463>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan
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Delcommenne M, Kannagi R, Johnson P. TNF- increases the carbohydrate sulfation of CD44: induction of 6-sulfo N-acetyl lactosamine on N- and O-linked glycans. Glycobiology 2002; 12:613-22. [PMID: 12244074 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 and sulfation have both been implicated in leukocyte adhesion. In monocytes, the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates CD44 sulfation, and this correlates with the induction of CD44-mediated adhesion events. However, little is known about the sulfation of CD44 or its induction by inflammatory cytokines. We determined that TNF-alpha induces the carbohydrate sulfation of CD44. CD44 was established as a major sulfated cell surface protein on myeloid cells. In the SR91 myeloid cell line, the majority of CD44 sulfation was attributed to the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate. However, TNF-alpha stimulation increased CD44 sulfation two- to threefold, largely attributed to the increased sulfation of N- and O-linked glycans on CD44. Therefore, TNF-alpha induced a decrease in the percentage of CD44 sulfation due to chondroitin sulfate and an increase due to N- and O-linked sulfation. Furthermore, TNF-alpha induced the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyl lactosamine (LacNAc)/Lewis x on these cells, which was detected by a monoclonal antibody after neuraminidase treatment. This 6-sulfo LacNAc/Lewis x epitope was induced on N-linked and (to a lesser extent) on O-linked glycans present on CD44. This demonstrates that CD44 is modified by sulfated carbohydrates in myeloid cells and that TNF-alpha modifies both the type and amount of carbohydrate sulfation occurring on CD44. In addition, it demonstrates that TNF-alpha can induce the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyl glucosamine on both N- and O-linked glycans of CD44 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Delcommenne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 6174 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
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Samulowitz U, Kuhn A, Brachtendorf G, Nawroth R, Braun A, Bankfalvi A, Böcker W, Vestweber D. Human endomucin: distribution pattern, expression on high endothelial venules, and decoration with the MECA-79 epitope. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1669-81. [PMID: 12000719 PMCID: PMC1850881 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endomucin is a typical sialomucin that we recently identified on the surface of mouse endothelial cells and on putative hematopoetic clusters of the dorsal aorta in the embryo. We have generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the extracellular part of human endomucin and polyclonal antibodies against the cytoplasmic part. Using immunohistochemistry endomucin was specifically detected on endothelial cells of blood and lymphatic vessels of all analyzed human tissues. In addition, the polyclonal antibodies stained the epithelium of the epidermis as well as epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the eccrine and apocrine glands in the skin. This nonendothelial staining could only be seen with a subset of mAbs if the staining procedure was amplified. Although high endothelial venules (HEVs) were not significantly stained with mAbs against endomucin, the polyclonal antibodies clearly detected endomucin on HEVs in lymphatic organs of the mouse and human, suggesting HEV-specific glycosylation affecting recognition by the mAbs. Indeed, endomucin isolated from human and mouse lymphoid organs carried the MECA-79 epitope that defines a set of L-selectin ligands on HEVs called peripheral node addressins. We conclude that human and mouse endomucin are endothelial sialomucins with the potential to function as L-selectin ligands.
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35
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Galustian C, Childs RA, Stoll M, Ishida H, Kiso M, Feizi T. Synergistic interactions of the two classes of ligand, sialyl-Lewis(a/x) fuco-oligosaccharides and short sulpho-motifs, with the P- and L-selectins: implications for therapeutic inhibitor designs. Immunology 2002; 105:350-9. [PMID: 11918697 PMCID: PMC1782666 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E-, L- and P-selectins are carbohydrate-recognizing cell-adhesion molecules mediating selective leucocyte recruitment in inflammation. The 3'-sialyl- and 3'-sulpho-oligosaccharides of Lewis(x) (Le(x)) and Lewis(a) (Le(a)) series are bound by them, but for high-avidity binding of P- and L-selectins to the glycoprotein counter-receptor known as P-selectin glycoprotein ligand, PSGL-1, there is a requirement for sulpho-tyrosines neighbouring a sialyl-Le(x) glycan. The two selectins can also bind 3-O- or 6-O-sulphated galacto-lipids (sulphatides). Here we compare some features of the interactions of P- and L-selectins with a novel lipid-linked sulpho-tyrosine probe, and with the sulphatides and neoglycolipids of sialyl- and sulpho-Le(x)/Le(a) fuco-oligosaccharides. The sulpho-tyrosine probe is bound by both selectins. There are close similarities in the interactions of the two selectins with sulpho-tyrosine and the sulphatides; the binding is relatively resistant to chelation of calcium ions, in contrast to the absolute requirement of calcium ions with the long fuco-oligosaccharides, including 6-sulpho-sialyl-Le(x). With both selectins, there is striking synergy in binding signals elicited by the two ligand types when presented as equimolar mixtures on a matrix. Thus, there are two operationally distinct binding sites on both L- and P-selectin; and the binding sites for sulphate groups in the two ligand types are probably distinct. When sulpho-tyrosine and sialyl-Le(x) are presented on liposomes, a potent inhibitory activity is generated toward the binding of P-selectin to HL60 cells, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values in the nanomolar range. These features of the lipid-linked ligand analogues, and the simple approach for their display on liposomes, may have applications in designs and screening of selectin inhibitors as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Galustian
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Robert A Childs
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Mark Stoll
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kiso
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu UniversityGifu, Japan
| | - Ten Feizi
- The Glycosciences Laboratory, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Northwick Park Institute for Medical ResearchHarrow, UK
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Takaeda M, Yokoyama H, Segawa-Takaeda C, Wada T, Kobayashi KI. High endothelial venule-like vessels in the interstitial lesions of human glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol 2002; 22:48-57. [PMID: 11919403 DOI: 10.1159/000046674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the characteristics of high endothelial venule (HEV) -like vessels in the interstitium of human glomerulonephritis, we investigated the expression of HEVs related molecules such as P-selectin and L-selectin ligands; MECA-79 epitope and variant sulfated forms of sialyl Lewis X (variant sLe(X), clones 2H5, 2F3, GS-13 and GS-36) in kidney specimens by means of immunohistochemical studies, and P-selectin and hevin mRNA signals by using in situ hybridization analyses. In lymphoid organs, HEVs strongly expressed P-selectin, MECA-79, variant sLe(X) and hevin mRNA signals. In normal kidneys (n = 4), only P-selectin was faintly positive in the vessels of interstitium, but other molecules could not be detected. Interstitial P-selectin expression was upregulated in patients with tubulointerstitial diseases (n = 4) and proliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 51) such as IgA-related nephropathy (n = 39), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 4) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (n = 2), but not in nonproliferative glomerular diseases (n = 39) such as minimal change nephrotic syndrome (n = 18) (1.00 +/- 0.41, 0.64 +/- 0.11, 0.21 +/- 0.05, respectively). Interstitial P-selectin expression also correlated with interstitial local cellular infiltration (r = 0.60, p < 0.0001). In addition, P-selectin mRNA signals were detected on the peritubular capillaries and HEV-like vascular endothelial cells. MECA-79 and variant sLe(X) (2H5 and 2F3) were weakly expressed on the HEV-like vessels located at the corticomedullary regions in three cases (7%) and in nine cases (27%) with interstitial cellular infiltration, respectively. However, we could not detect GS-13, GS-36 or hevin mRNA signals in the diseased kidney specimens. In conclusion, HEV-like vessels in renal interstitium expressed molecules somewhat different from HEVs in lymphoid organs and were associated with interstitial leukocyte accumulation in human proliferative glomerulonephritis possibly through the de novo expression of P-selectin and partly L-selectin ligands (MECA-79 epitope and variant sLe(X)) in the interstitial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takaeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Shamloo S, Blaszcyk-Thurin M, Kieber-Emmons T. Immunization with a carbohydrate mimicking peptide augments tumor-specific cellular responses. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1361-71. [PMID: 11675368 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.11.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic potential of some tumor cells is associated with the expression of the neolactoseries antigens sialyl-Lewis x (sLex) and sialyl-Lewis a (sLea) as they are ligands for selectins. We have recently shown that peptide mimetics of these antigens can potentiate IgG2a antibodies, which are associated with a Th1-type cellular response. As L-selectin is preferentially expressed on CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell populations, specific induction of these phenotypes could augment a response to L-selectin ligand-expressing tumor cells. Here we demonstrate that immunization with a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) mimetic of sugar constituents of neolactoseries antigens induces a MHC-dependent peptide-specific cellular response that triggers IFN-gamma production upon peptide stimulation, correlating with IgG2a induction. Surprisingly, T lymphocytes from peptide-immunized animals were activated in vitro by sLex, also triggering IFN-gamma production in a MHC-dependent manner. Stimulation by peptide or carbohydrate resulted in loss of L-selectin on CD4+ T cells confirming a Th1 phenotype. We also observed an enhancement in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in vitro against sLex-expressing Meth A cells using effector cells from Meth A-primed/peptide-boosted animals. CTL activity was inhibited by both anti-MHC class I and anti-L-selectin antibodies. These results further support a role for L-selectin in tumor rejection along with the engagement by the TCR for most likely processed tumor-associated glycopeptides, focusing on peptide mimetics as a means to induce carbohydrate reactive cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Monzavi-Karbassi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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38
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Hemmerich S, Bistrup A, Singer MS, van Zante A, Lee JK, Tsay D, Peters M, Carminati JL, Brennan TJ, Carver-Moore K, Leviten M, Fuentes ME, Ruddle NH, Rosen SD. Sulfation of L-selectin ligands by an HEV-restricted sulfotransferase regulates lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes. Immunity 2001; 15:237-47. [PMID: 11520459 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes home to lymph nodes, using L-selectin to bind specific ligands on high endothelial venules (HEV). In vitro studies implicate GlcNAc-6-sulfate as an essential posttranslational modification for ligand activity. Here, we show that genetic deletion of HEC-GlcNAc6ST, a sulfotransferase that is highly restricted to HEV, results in the loss of the binding of recombinant L-selectin to the luminal aspect of HEV, elimination of lymphocyte binding in vitro, and markedly reduced in vivo homing. Reactivity with MECA 79, an adhesion-blocking mAb that stains HEV in lymph nodes and vessels in chronic inflammatory sites, is also lost from the luminal aspects of HEV. These results establish a critical role for HEC-GlcNAc6ST in lymphocyte trafficking and suggest it as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemmerich
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Roche Bioscience, 3401 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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39
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Yeh JC, Hiraoka N, Petryniak B, Nakayama J, Ellies LG, Rabuka D, Hindsgaul O, Marth JD, Lowe JB, Fukuda M. Novel sulfated lymphocyte homing receptors and their control by a Core1 extension beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. Cell 2001; 105:957-69. [PMID: 11439191 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L-selectin mediates lymphocyte homing by facilitating lymphocyte adhesion to addressins expressed in the high endothelial venules (HEV) of secondary lymphoid organs. Peripheral node addressin recognized by the MECA-79 antibody is apparently part of the L-selectin ligand, but its chemical nature has been undefined. We now identify a sulfated extended core1 mucin-type O-glycan, Gal beta 1-->4(sulfo-->6)GlcNAc beta 1-->3Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc, as the MECA-79 epitope. Molecular cloning of a HEV-expressed core1-beta 1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Core1-beta 3GlcNAcT) enabled the construction of the 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x on extended core1 O-glycans, recapitulating the potent L-selectin-mediated, shear-dependent adhesion observed with novel L-selectin ligands derived from core2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I null mice. These results identify Core1-beta 3GlcNAcT and its cognate extended core1 O-glycans as essential participants in the expression of the MECA-79-positive, HEV-specific L-selectin ligands required for lymphocyte homing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Yeh
- Glycobiology Program, Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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