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Liu Y, Tang R, Cao Y, Wu N, Qin Q, Chen Y, Wei X, Ren J, Sun Y, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Li P. LIFU/MMP-2 dual-responsive release of repurposed drug disulfiram from nanodroplets for inhibiting vasculogenic mimicry and lung metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:209. [PMID: 38664830 PMCID: PMC11046851 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), when microvascular channels are formed by cancer cells independent of endothelial cells, often occurs in deep hypoxic areas of tumors and contributes to the aggressiveness and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. However, well-developed VM inhibitors exhibit inadequate efficacy due to their low drug utilization rate and limited deep penetration. Thus, a cost-effective VM inhibition strategy needs to be designed for TNBC treatment. RESULTS Herein, we designed a low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) dual-responsive nanoplatform termed PFP@PDM-PEG for the cost-effective and efficient utilization of the drug disulfiram (DSF) as a VM inhibitor. The PFP@PDM-PEG nanodroplets effectively penetrated tumors and exhibited substantial accumulation facilitated by PEG deshielding in a LIFU-mediated and MMP-2-sensitive manner. Furthermore, upon exposure to LIFU irradiation, DSF was released controllably under ultrasound imaging guidance. This secure and controllable dual-response DSF delivery platform reduced VM formation by inhibiting COL1/pro-MMP-2 activity, thereby significantly inhibiting tumor progression and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Considering the safety of the raw materials, controlled treatment process, and reliable repurposing of DSF, this dual-responsive nanoplatform represents a novel and effective VM-based therapeutic strategy for TNBC in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nianhong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoxi Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianli Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering of Chongqing Medical University, No.76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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2
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Lu C, Bevers J, Tyagi T, To H, Lin M, Ti S, Nakamura G, Lin W, Chen Y, Wu Y, Li H, Wu J, Wang F. AviTrap: A novel solution to achieve complete biotinylation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297122. [PMID: 38662671 PMCID: PMC11045115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Site specific biotinylation of AviTagged recombinant proteins using BirA enzyme is a widely used protein labeling technology. However, due to the incomplete biotinylation reactions and the lack of a purification method specific for the biotinylated proteins, it is challenging to purify the biotinylated sample when mixed with the non-biotinylated byproduct. Here, we have developed a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the non-biotinylated AviTag but not the biotinylated sequence. After a ten-minute incubation with the resin that is conjugated with the antibody, the non-biotinylated AviTagged protein is trapped on the resin while the fully biotinylated material freely passes through. Therefore, our AviTrap (anti-AviTag antibody conjugated resin) provides an efficient solution for enriching biotinylated AviTagged proteins via a simple one-step purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lu
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jack Bevers
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tulika Tyagi
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Hao To
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - May Lin
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Shu Ti
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerry Nakamura
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - WeiYu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Protein Sciences, Wuxi Biologics, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Yeung CYC, Garva R, Pickard A, Lu Y, Mallikarjun V, Swift J, Taylor SH, Rai J, Eyre DR, Chaturvedi M, Itoh Y, Meng QJ, Mauch C, Zigrino P, Kadler KE. Mmp14 is required for matrisome homeostasis and circadian rhythm in fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2023; 124:8-22. [PMID: 37913834 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock in tendon regulates the daily rhythmic synthesis of collagen-I and the appearance and disappearance of small-diameter collagen fibrils in the extracellular matrix. How the fibrils are assembled and removed is not fully understood. Here, we first showed that the collagenase, membrane type I-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, encoded by Mmp14), is regulated by the circadian clock in postnatal mouse tendon. Next, we generated tamoxifen-induced Col1a2-Cre-ERT2::Mmp14 KO mice (Mmp14 conditional knockout (CKO)). The CKO mice developed hind limb dorsiflexion and thickened tendons, which accumulated narrow-diameter collagen fibrils causing ultrastructural disorganization. Mass spectrometry of control tendons identified 1195 proteins of which 212 showed time-dependent abundance. In Mmp14 CKO mice 19 proteins had reversed temporal abundance and 176 proteins lost time dependency. Among these, the collagen crosslinking enzymes lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) and lysyl hydroxylase 1 (LH1; encoded by Plod2) were elevated and had lost time-dependent regulation. High-pressure chromatography confirmed elevated levels of hydroxylysine aldehyde (pyridinoline) crosslinking of collagen in CKO tendons. As a result, collagen-I was refractory to extraction. We also showed that CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of Mmp14 from cultured fibroblasts resulted in loss of circadian clock rhythmicity of period 2 (PER2), and recombinant MT1-MMP was highly effective at cleaving soluble collagen-I but less effective at cleaving collagen pre-assembled into fibrils. In conclusion, our study shows that circadian clock-regulated Mmp14 controls the rhythmic synthesis of small diameter collagen fibrils, regulates collagen crosslinking, and its absence disrupts the circadian clock and matrisome in tendon fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yan Chloé Yeung
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Richa Garva
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Adam Pickard
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yinhui Lu
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Venkatesh Mallikarjun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joe Swift
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Susan H Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jyoti Rai
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David R Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Karthikeyan S, Casey PJ, Wang M. RAB4A GTPase regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by modulating RAC1 activation. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:72. [PMID: 36307864 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical underpinning process for cancer progression, recurrence and resistance to drug treatment. Identification of new regulators of EMT could lead to the development of effective therapies to improve the outcome of advanced cancers. In the current study we discovered, using a variety of in vitro and in vivo approaches, that RAB4A function is essential for EMT and related manifestation of stemness and invasive properties. Consistently, RAB4A suppression abolished the cancer cells' self-renewal and tumor forming ability. In terms of downstream signaling, we found that RAB4A regulation of EMT is achieved through its control of activation of the RAC1 GTPase. Introducing activated RAC1 efficiently rescued EMT gene expression, invasion and tumor formation suppressed by RAB4A knockdown in both the in vitro and in vivo cancer models. In summary, this study identifies a RAB4A-RAC1 signaling axis as a key regulatory mechanism for the process of EMT and cancer progression and suggests a potential therapeutic approach to controlling these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbulakshmi Karthikeyan
- Program in Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Program in Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Program in Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
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Harper EI, Hilliard TS, Sheedy EF, Carey P, Wilkinson P, Siroky MD, Yang J, Agadi E, Leonard AK, Low E, Liu Y, Biragyn A, Annunziata CM, Stack MS. Another Wrinkle with Age: Aged Collagen and Intra-peritoneal Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer. AGING AND CANCER 2022; 3:116-129. [PMID: 36188490 PMCID: PMC9518742 DOI: 10.1002/aac2.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Age is the most significant risk factor for ovarian cancer (OvCa), the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Metastasizing OvCa cells adhere to the omentum, a peritoneal structure rich in collagen, adipocytes, and immune cells. Ultrastructural changes in the omentum and the omental collagen matrix with aging have not been evaluated. Aim The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that age-related changes in collagen in the ovarian tumor microenvironment promote OvCa metastatic success in the aged host. Methods/Results Young (3-6 months) and aged mice (20-23 months) were used to study the role of aging in metastatic success. Intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of ID8Trp53 -/- ovarian cancer cells showed enhanced IP dissemination in aged vs young mice. In vitro assays using purified collagen demonstrated reduced collagenolysis of aged fibers, as visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified with a hydroxyproline release assay. Omental tumors in young and aged mice showed similar collagen deposition; however enhanced intra-tumoral collagen remodeling was seen in aged mice probed with a biotinylated collagen hybridizing peptide (CHP). In contrast, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy showed significant differences in collagen fiber structure and organization in omental tissue and SEM demonstrated enhanced omental fenestration in aged omenta. Combined SHG and Alexa Fluor-CHP microscopy in vivo demonstrated that peri-tumoral collagen was remodeled more extensively in young mice. This collagen population represents truly aged host collagen, in contrast to intra-tumoral collagen that is newly synthesized, likely by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that tumors in an aged host can grow with minimal collagen remodeling, while tumors in the young host must remodel peri-tumoral collagen to enable effective proliferation, providing a mechanism whereby age-induced ultrastructural changes in collagen and collagen-rich omenta establish a permissive pre-metastatic niche contributing to enhanced OvCa metastatic success in the aged host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I. Harper
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Tyvette S. Hilliard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | | | | | | | - Michael D. Siroky
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Elizabeth Agadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Annemarie K. Leonard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Ethan Low
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
| | | | | | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Notre Dame, IN
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, Notre Dame, IN
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6
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Zhao R, Trainor PA. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition during mammalian neural crest cell delamination. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:54-67. [PMID: 35277330 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-defined cellular process that was discovered in chicken embryos and described as "epithelial to mesenchymal transformation" [1]. During EMT, epithelial cells lose their epithelial features and acquire mesenchymal character with migratory potential. EMT has subsequently been shown to be essential for both developmental and pathological processes including embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, tissue fibrosis and cancer [2]. During the past 5 years, interest and study of EMT especially in cancer biology have increased exponentially due to the implied role of EMT in multiple aspects of malignancy such as cell invasion, survival, stemness, metastasis, therapeutic resistance and tumor heterogeneity [3]. Since the process of EMT in embryogenesis and cancer progression shares similar phenotypic changes, core transcription factors and molecular mechanisms, it has been proposed that the initiation and development of carcinoma could be attributed to abnormal activation of EMT factors usually required for normal embryo development. Therefore, developmental EMT mechanisms, whose timing, location, and tissue origin are strictly regulated, could prove useful for uncovering new insights into the phenotypic changes and corresponding gene regulatory control of EMT under pathological conditions. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in EMT and discuss the newly emerging concept of epithelial to mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). Then we focus on our current knowledge of a classic developmental EMT event, neural crest cell (NCC) delamination, highlighting key differences in our understanding of NCC EMT between mammalian and non-mammalian species. Lastly, we highlight available tools and future directions to advance our understanding of mammalian NCC EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Escalona RM, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Expression of TIMPs and MMPs in Ovarian Tumors, Ascites, Ascites-Derived Cells, and Cancer Cell Lines: Characteristic Modulatory Response Before and After Chemotherapy Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 11:796588. [PMID: 35047406 PMCID: PMC8762252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.796588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) and their associated metalloproteinase (MMPs) are essential regulators of tissue homeostasis and are essential for cancer progression. This study analyzed the expression of TIMP-1,-2,-3 and the associated MMPs (MMP-2,-9,-11,-14) in different Stages, Grades and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications of serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells from chemo-naïve (CN) and relapsed (CR) patients, and in ovarian cancer cell lines. The status of TIMPs and associated MMPs in response to chemotherapy treatment was assessed in cancer cell lines; TCGA data was interrogated to gauge TIMPs and associated MMPs as prognostic and platinum-response indicators. Methods The levels of TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of TIMPs and MMPs was quantified by real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The chemosensitivity (IC50 values) to Cisplatin or Paclitaxel in cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The levels of TIMPs in ascites and cell lysates were analyzed by an ELISA assay. Results The expression of TIMP-2 was significantly upregulated in Type 2 compared to Type 1 tumors and normal/benign ovarian tissues. TIMP-3 expression was significantly enhanced in Stage III, Grade 3 and Type 2 tumors compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The mRNA expression of MMP-9,-11 and -14 was significantly upregulated in Stage IV compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The expression of TIMP-1 was highest, followed by TIMP-2 and then TIMP-3 in CN ascites. At the cellular level, TIMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in CN compared to CR epithelial cells in patients. The expression of TIMP-1 and -2, MMPs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) were upregulated in response to chemotherapy treatments in cancer cell lines. Interrogation of the TCGA dataset suggests shifts in platinum responses in patients consistent with genetic alterations in TIMP-2, -3 and MMP-2, -11 genes in tumors; and decreased overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with altered MMP-14 genes. Conclusions TIMPs and related MMPs are differentially expressed in serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells and ovarian cancer cell lines. Chemotherapy treatment modulates expression of TIMPs and MMPs in association with increased expression of genes related to cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Escalona
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
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8
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Peeney D, Liu Y, Lazaroff C, Gurung S, Stetler-Stevenson WG. OUP accepted manuscript. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:405-418. [PMID: 35436325 PMCID: PMC9167030 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a conserved family of proteins that were originally identified as endogenous inhibitors of matrixin and adamalysin endopeptidase activity. The matrixins and adamalysins are the major mediators of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, thus making TIMPs important regulators of ECM structure and composition. Despite their high sequence identity and relative redundancy in inhibitory profiles, each TIMP possesses unique biological characteristics that are independent of their regulation of metalloproteinase activity. As our understanding of TIMP biology has evolved, distinct roles have been assigned to individual TIMPs in cancer progression. In this respect, data regarding TIMP2's role in cancer have borne conflicting reports of both tumor suppressor and, to a lesser extent, tumor promoter functions. TIMP2 is the most abundant TIMP family member, prevalent in normal and diseased mammalian tissues as a constitutively expressed protein. Despite its apparent stable expression, recent work highlights how TIMP2 is a cell stress-induced gene product and that its biological activity can be dictated by extracellular posttranslational modifications. Hence an understanding of TIMP2 molecular targets, and how its biological functions evolve in the progressing tumor microenvironment may reveal new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the continually evolving functions of TIMP proteins, future perspectives in TIMP research, and the therapeutic utility of this family, with a particular focus on TIMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peeney
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 240-858-3233;
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carolyn Lazaroff
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sadeechya Gurung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Matrix Metalloproteinases Shape the Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010146. [PMID: 35008569 PMCID: PMC8745566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression with uncontrolled tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis depends largely on the proteolytic activity of numerous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which affect tissue integrity, immune cell recruitment, and tissue turnover by degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) components and by releasing matrikines, cell surface-bound cytokines, growth factors, or their receptors. Among the MMPs, MMP-14 is the driving force behind extracellular matrix and tissue destruction during cancer invasion and metastasis. MMP-14 also influences both intercellular as well as cell-matrix communication by regulating the activity of many plasma membrane-anchored and extracellular proteins. Cancer cells and other cells of the tumor stroma, embedded in a common extracellular matrix, interact with their matrix by means of various adhesive structures, of which particularly invadopodia are capable to remodel the matrix through spatially and temporally finely tuned proteolysis. As a deeper understanding of the underlying functional mechanisms is beneficial for the development of new prognostic and predictive markers and for targeted therapies, this review examined the current knowledge of the interplay of the various MMPs in the cancer context on the protein, subcellular, and cellular level with a focus on MMP14.
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10
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Vos MC, van der Wurff AAM, van Kuppevelt TH, Massuger LFAG. The role of MMP-14 in ovarian cancer: a systematic review. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 34344453 PMCID: PMC8336022 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In order to evaluate the role of MMP-14 in ovarian cancer, a systematic review was conducted. METHODS In March 2020, a search in Pubmed was performed with MMP-14 and ovarian cancer as search terms. After exclusion of the references not on MMP-14 or ovarian cancer or not in English, the studies found were classified into two categories: basic research and clinicopathological research. RESULTS In total, 94 references were found of which 33 were excluded. Two additional articles were found in the reference lists of the included studies. Based on the full texts, another 4 were excluded. Eventually, 59 studies were included in the review, 32 on basic research and 19 on clinicopathological research. 8 studies fell in both categories. The basic research studies show that MMP-14 plays an important role in ovarian cancer in the processes of proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. In clinocopathological research, MMP-14 expression is found in most tumours with characteristics of poor prognosis but this immunohistochemical MMP-14 determination does not seem to be an independent predictor of prognosis. CONCLUSIONS From this systematic review of the literature concerning MMP-14 in ovarian cancer it becomes clear that MMP-14 plays various important roles in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer. The exact translation of these roles in the pathophysiology to the importance of MMP-14 in clinicopathological research in ovarian cancer and possible therapeutic role of anti-MMP-14 agents needs further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Caroline Vos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, PO Box 90151, 5000 LC Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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11
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Musikant D, Higa R, Rodríguez CE, Edreira MM, Campetella O, Jawerbaum A, Leguizamón MS. Sialic acid removal by trans-sialidase modulates MMP-2 activity during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Biochimie 2021; 186:82-93. [PMID: 33891967 PMCID: PMC8187320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) not only play a relevant role in homeostatic processes but are also involved in several pathological mechanisms associated with infectious diseases. As their clinical relevance in Chagas disease has recently been highlighted, we studied the modulation of circulating MMPs by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. We found that virulent parasites from Discrete Typing Units (DTU) VI induced higher proMMP-2 and MMP-2 activity in blood, whereas both low (DTU I) and high virulence parasites induced a significant decrease in proMMP-9 plasma activity. Moreover, trans-sialidase, a relevant T. cruzi virulence factor, is involved in MMP-2 activity modulation both in vivo and in vitro. It removes α2,3-linked sialyl residues from cell surface glycoconjugates, which then triggers the PKC/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Additionally, bacterial sialidases specific for this sialyl residue linkage displayed similar MMP modulation profiles and triggered the same signaling pathways. This novel pathogenic mechanism, dependent on sialic acid removal by the neuraminidase activity of trans-sialidase, can be exploited by different pathogens expressing sialidases with similar specificity. Thus, here we present a new pathogen strategy through the regulation of the MMP network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Musikant
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Higa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Reproducción y Metabolismo, CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 C1121ABG, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina E Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, IMPAM-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 C1121ABG, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin M Edreira
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160 C1428EGA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Campetella
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIBio, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia B1650HMP, San Martín, San Martin, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Reproducción y Metabolismo, CEFYBO-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 C1121ABG, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María S Leguizamón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, (CONICET) Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIBio, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia B1650HMP, San Martín, San Martin, Argentina.
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12
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Carey P, Low E, Harper E, Stack MS. Metalloproteinases in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3403. [PMID: 33810259 PMCID: PMC8036623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases play a crucial role in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Pericellular protein degradation and fragmentation along with remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is accomplished by numerous proteases that are present in the ovarian tumor microenvironment. Several proteolytic processes have been linked to cancer progression, particularly those facilitated by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. These proteases have been linked to enhanced migratory ability, extracellular matrix breakdown, and development of support systems for tumors. Several studies have reported the direct involvement of MMPs with ovarian cancer, as well as their mechanisms of action in the tumor microenvironment. MMPs play a key role in upregulating transcription factors, as well as the breakdown of structural proteins like collagen. Proteolytic mechanisms have been shown to enhance the ability of ovarian cancer cells to migrate and adhere to secondary sites allowing for efficient metastasis. Furthermore, angiogenesis for tumor growth and development of metastatic implants is influenced by upregulation of certain proteases, including MMPs. While proteases are produced normally in vivo, they can be upregulated by cancer-associated mutations, tumor-microenvironment interaction, stress-induced catecholamine production, and age-related pathologies. This review outlines the important role of proteases throughout ovarian cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston Carey
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (P.C.); (E.L.); (E.H.)
- Department of Preprofessional Studies, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ethan Low
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (P.C.); (E.L.); (E.H.)
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Elizabeth Harper
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (P.C.); (E.L.); (E.H.)
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA; (P.C.); (E.L.); (E.H.)
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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13
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Niland S, Eble JA. Hold on or Cut? Integrin- and MMP-Mediated Cell-Matrix Interactions in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010238. [PMID: 33379400 PMCID: PMC7794804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has become the focus of interest in cancer research and treatment. It includes the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-modifying enzymes that are secreted by cancer and neighboring cells. The ECM serves both to anchor the tumor cells embedded in it and as a means of communication between the various cellular and non-cellular components of the TME. The cells of the TME modify their surrounding cancer-characteristic ECM. This in turn provides feedback to them via cellular receptors, thereby regulating, together with cytokines and exosomes, differentiation processes as well as tumor progression and spread. Matrix remodeling is accomplished by altering the repertoire of ECM components and by biophysical changes in stiffness and tension caused by ECM-crosslinking and ECM-degrading enzymes, in particular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These can degrade ECM barriers or, by partial proteolysis, release soluble ECM fragments called matrikines, which influence cells inside and outside the TME. This review examines the changes in the ECM of the TME and the interaction between cells and the ECM, with a particular focus on MMPs.
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14
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Escalona RM, Bilandzic M, Western P, Kadife E, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. TIMP-2 regulates proliferation, invasion and STAT3-mediated cancer stem cell-dependent chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:960. [PMID: 33023532 PMCID: PMC7542139 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metzincin family of metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are essential proteins required for biological processes during cancer progression. This study aimed to determine the role of TIMP-2 in ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance by reducing TIMP-2 expression in vitro in Fallopian tube secretory epithelial (FT282) and ovarian cancer (JHOS2 and OVCAR4) cell lines. METHODS FT282, JHOS2 and OVCAR4 cells were transiently transfected with either single or pooled TIMP-2 siRNAs. The expression of different genes after TIMP-2 knock down (T2-KD) or in response to chemotherapy was determined at the mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunofluorescence. Sensitivity of the cell lines in response to chemotherapy after TIMP-2 knock down was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Cell invasion in response to TIMP-2 knockdown was determined by xCELLigence. RESULTS Sixty to 90 % knock down of TIMP-2 expression was confirmed in FT282, OVCAR4 and JHOS2 cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels. TIMP-2 knock down did not change the mRNA expression of TIMP-1 or TIMP-3. However, a significant downregulation of MMP-2 in T2-KD cells occurred at both the protein and activation levels, compared to Control (Cont; scrambled siRNA) and Parental cells (P, transfection reagent only). In contrast, membrane bound MT1-MMP protein levels were significantly upregulated in T2-KD compared to Cont and P cells. T2-KD cells exhibited enhanced proliferation and increased sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel treatments. Enhanced invasion was observed in the T2-KD-JOSH2 and OVCAR4 cells but not in T2-KD-FT282 cells. Treatment with cisplatin or paclitaxel significantly elevated the expression of TIMP-2 in Cont cells but not in T2-KD cells, consistent with significantly elevated expression of chemoresistance and CSC markers and activation of STAT3. Furthermore, a potent inhibitor of STAT3 activation, Momelotinib, suppressed chemotherapy-induced activation of P-STAT3 in OVCAR4 cells with concomitant reductions in the expression of chemoresistance genes and CSC markers. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that TIMP-2 may have a novel role in ovarian cancer proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Escalona
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia
| | - Maree Bilandzic
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick Western
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Elif Kadife
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Vic, Ballarat, 3010, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia. .,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and the Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, 3353, Australia. .,Federation University Australia, Vic, Ballarat, 3010, Australia.
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15
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Azimi T, Loizidou M, Dwek MV. Cancer cells grown in 3D under fluid flow exhibit an aggressive phenotype and reduced responsiveness to the anti-cancer treatment doxorubicin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12020. [PMID: 32694700 PMCID: PMC7374750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D laboratory models of cancer are designed to recapitulate the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of the tumour microenvironment and aim to enable studies of cancer, and new therapeutic modalities, in a physiologically-relevant manner. We have developed an in vitro 3D model comprising a central high-density mass of breast cancer cells surrounded by collagen type-1 and we incorporated fluid flow and pressure. We noted significant changes in cancer cell behaviour using this system. MDA-MB231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells grown in 3D downregulated the proliferative marker Ki67 (P < 0.05) and exhibited decreased response to the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX) (P < 0.01). Mesenchymal markers snail and MMP14 were upregulated in cancer cells maintained in 3D (P < 0.001), cadherin-11 was downregulated (P < 0.001) and HER2 increased (P < 0.05). Cells maintained in 3D under fluid flow exhibited a further reduction in response to DOX (P < 0.05); HER2 and Ki67 levels were also attenuated. Fluid flow and pressure was associated with reduced cell viability and decreased expression levels of vimentin. In summary, aggressive cancer cell behaviour and reduced drug responsiveness was observed when breast cancer cells were maintained in 3D under fluid flow and pressure. These observations are relevant for future developments of 3D in vitro cancer models and organ-on-a-chip initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Azimi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Miriam V Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
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16
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Ovarian Cancer, Cancer Stem Cells and Current Treatment Strategies: A Potential Role of Magmas in the Current Treatment Methods. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030719. [PMID: 32183385 PMCID: PMC7140629 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) constitutes 90% of ovarian cancers (OC) and is the eighth most common cause of cancer-related death in women. The cancer histologically and genetically is very complex having a high degree of tumour heterogeneity. The pathogenic variability in OC causes significant impediments in effectively treating patients, resulting in a dismal prognosis. Disease progression is predominantly influenced by the peritoneal tumour microenvironment rather than properties of the tumor and is the major contributor to prognosis. Standard treatment of OC patients consists of debulking surgery, followed by chemotherapy, which in most cases end in recurrent chemoresistant disease. This review discusses the different origins of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the major sub-type of EOC. Tumour heterogeneity, genetic/epigenetic changes, and cancer stem cells (CSC) in facilitating HGSOC progression and their contribution in the circumvention of therapy treatments are included. Several new treatment strategies are discussed including our preliminary proof of concept study describing the role of mitochondria-associated granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling protein (Magmas) in HGSOC and its unique potential role in chemotherapy-resistant disease.
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17
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Nguyen AV, Trompetto B, Tan XHM, Scott MB, Hu KHH, Deeds E, Butte MJ, Chiou PY, Rowat AC. Differential Contributions of Actin and Myosin to the Physical Phenotypes and Invasion of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:27-44. [PMID: 32030106 PMCID: PMC6981337 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis is a fundamentally physical process in which cells deform through narrow gaps and generate forces to invade surrounding tissues. While it is commonly thought that increased cell deformability is an advantage for invading cells, we previously found that more invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells are stiffer than less invasive PDAC cells. Here we investigate potential mechanisms of the simultaneous increase in PDAC cell stiffness and invasion, focusing on the contributions of myosin II, Arp2/3, and formins. METHOD We measure cell invasion using a 3D scratch wound invasion assay and cell stiffness using atomic force microscopy (AFM). To determine the effects of actin- and myosin-mediated force generation on cell stiffness and invasion, we treat cells with pharmacologic inhibitors of myosin II (blebbistatin), Arp2/3 (CK-666), and formins (SMIFH2). RESULTS We find that the activity of myosin II, Arp2/3, and formins all contribute to the stiffness of PDAC cells. Interestingly, we find that the invasion of PDAC cell lines is differentially affected when the activity of myosin II, Arp2/3, or formins is inhibited, suggesting that despite having similar tissue origins, different PDAC cell lines may rely on different mechanisms for invasion. CONCLUSIONS These findings deepen our knowledge of the factors that regulate cancer cell mechanotype and invasion, and incite further studies to develop therapeutics that target multiple mechanisms of invasion for improved clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelyn V. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Brittany Trompetto
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | - Michael B. Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Present Address: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern McCormick School of Engineering, Evanston, USA
| | | | - Eric Deeds
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Manish J. Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pei Yu Chiou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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18
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Turner KR, Adams C, Staelens S, Deckmyn H, San Antonio J. Crucial Role for Endothelial Cell α2β1 Integrin Receptor Clustering in Collagen-Induced Angiogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1604-1618. [PMID: 31581346 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a crucial mechanism of vascular growth and regeneration that requires biosynthesis and cross-linking of collagens in vivo and is induced by collagen in vitro. Here, we use an in vitro model in which apical Type I collagen gels rapidly induce angiogenesis in endothelial monolayers. We extend previous studies demonstrating the importance of the endothelial α2β1 integrin, a key collagen receptor, in angiogenesis by investigating the roles of receptor clustering and conformational activation. Immunocytochemical localization of α2β1 integrins in endothelial monolayers showed a concentration of integrins along cell-cell borders. After inducing angiogenesis with collagen, the receptors redistributed to apical cell surfaces, aligning with collagen fibers, which were also redistributed during angiogenesis. Levels of conformationally activated α2β1 integrins were unchanged during angiogenesis and undetected on endothelial cells binding collagen in suspension. We mimicked the polyvalency of collagen fibrils using antibody-coated polystyrene beads to cluster endothelial cell surface α2β1 integrins, which induced rapid angiogenesis in the absence of collagen gels. Clustering of αvβ3 integrins and PECAM-1 but not of α1 integrins also induced angiogenesis. Soluble antibodies alone had no effect. Thus, the angiogenic property of collagen may reside in its ability to ligate and cluster cell surface receptors such as α2β1 integrins. Furthermore, synthetic substrates that promote the clustering of select endothelial cell surface receptors mimic the angiogenic properties of Type I collagen and may have applications in promoting vascularization of engineered tissues. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Turner
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher Adams
- Department of Anatomy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Staelens
- Agrosavfe NV, Ghent, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Deckmyn
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - James San Antonio
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Chopra S, Overall CM, Dufour A. Matrix metalloproteinases in the CNS: interferons get nervous. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3083-3095. [PMID: 31165203 PMCID: PMC11105576 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been investigated in context of chronic inflammatory diseases and demonstrated to degrade multiple components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, following several disappointing MMP clinical trials, recent studies have demonstrated unexpected novel functions of MMPs in viral infections and autoimmune inflammatory diseases in unanticipated locations. Thus, MMPs play additional functions in inflammation than just ECM degradation. They can regulate the activity of chemokines and cytokines of the immune response by precise proteolytic processing resulting in activation or inactivation of signaling pathways. MMPs have been demonstrated to cleave multiple substrates of the central nervous systems (CNS) and contribute to promoting and dampening diseases of the CNS. Initially, believed to be solely promoting pathologies, more than 10 MMPs to date have been shown to have protective functions. Here, we present some of the beneficial and destructive roles of MMPs in CNS pathologies and discuss strategies for the use of MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeksha Chopra
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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20
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Yoneten KK, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Kanli A, Karaoz E. Comparative Proteomics Analysis of Four Commonly Used Methods for Identification of Novel Plasma Membrane Proteins. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:587-608. [PMID: 31346646 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane proteins perform a variety of important tasks in the cells. These tasks can be diverse as carrying nutrients across the plasma membrane, receiving chemical signals from outside the cell, translating them into intracellular action, and anchoring the cell in a particular location. When these crucial roles of plasma membrane proteins are considered, the need for their characterization becomes inevitable. Certain characteristics of plasma membrane proteins such as hydrophobicity, low solubility, and low abundance limit their detection by proteomic analyses. Here, we presented a comparative proteomics study in which the most commonly used plasma membrane protein enrichment methods were evaluated. The methods that were utilized include biotinylation, selective CyDye labeling, temperature-dependent phase partition, and density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Western blot analysis was performed to assess the level of plasma membrane protein enrichment using plasma membrane and cytoplasmic protein markers. Quantitative evaluation of the level of enrichment was performed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammonium chloride/sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (16-BAC/SDS-PAGE) from which the protein spots were cut and identified. Results from this study demonstrated that density-gradient ultracentrifugation method was superior when coupled with 16-BAC/SDS-PAGE. This work presents a valuable contribution and provides a future direction to the membrane sub-proteome research by evaluating commonly used methods for plasma membrane protein enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aylin Kanli
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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The Expanding Role of MT1-MMP in Cancer Progression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020077. [PMID: 31137480 PMCID: PMC6630478 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 20 years, membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has been recognized as a key component in cancer progression. Initially, the primary roles assigned to MT1-MMP were the activation of proMMP-2 and degradation of fibrillar collagen. Proteomics has revealed a great array of MT1-MMP substrates, and MT1-MMP selective inhibitors have allowed for a more complete mapping of MT1-MMP biological functions. MT1-MMP has extensive sheddase activities, is both a positive and negative regulator of angiogenesis, can act intracellularly and as a transcription factor, and modulates immune responses. We presently examine the multi-faceted role of MT1-MMP in cancer, with a consideration of how the diversity of MT1-MMP behaviors impacts the application of MT1-MMP inhibitors.
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22
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Shao D, Yao C, Kim MH, Fry J, Cohen RA, Costello CE, Matsui R, Seta F, McComb ME, Bachschmid MM. Improved mass spectrometry-based activity assay reveals oxidative and metabolic stress as sirtuin-1 regulators. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101150. [PMID: 30877853 PMCID: PMC6423473 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (SirT1) catalyzes NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacetylation and is a critical regulator of energy and lipid metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptosis, and senescence. Activation of SirT1 mitigates metabolic perturbations associated with diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologic molecules, cellular redox, and nutritional states can regulate SirT1 activity. Technical barriers against measuring endogenous SirT1 activity have limited characterization of SirT1 in disease and its activation by small molecules. Herein, we developed a relative quantitative mass spectrometry-based technique for measuring endogenous SirT1 activity (RAMSSAY/RelAtive Mass Spectrometry Sirt1 Activity assaY) in cell and tissue homogenates using a biotin-labeled, acetylated p53-derived peptide as a substrate. We demonstrate that oxidative and metabolic stress diminish SirT1 activity in the hepatic cell line HepG2. Moreover, pharmacologic molecules including nicotinamide and EX-527 attenuate SirT1 activity; purported activators of SirT1, the polyphenol S17834, the polyphenol resveratrol, or the non-polyphenolic Sirtris compound SRT1720, failed to activate endogenous SirT1 significantly. Furthermore, we provide evidence that feeding a high fat high sucrose diet (HFHS) to mice inhibits endogenous SirT1 activity in mouse liver. In summary, we introduce a robust, specific and sensitive mass spectrometry-based assay for detecting and quantifying endogenous SirT1 activity using a biotin-labeled peptide in cell and tissue lysates. With this assay, we determine how pharmacologic molecules and metabolic and oxidative stress regulate endogenous SirT1 activity. The assay may also be adapted for other sirtuin isoforms. Fast, sensitive, and specific MALDI-TOF based sirtuin-1 activity assay applicable to cell and tissue lysates. Oxidative and metabolic stress inhibit Sirtuin-1 deacetylase activity. Purported activators of SirT1failed to significantly activate endogenous SirT1. The activity assay is adaptable to other sirtuin isoforms using specific synthetic peptides and assay conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shao
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunxiang Yao
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya H Kim
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Fry
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Cohen
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Seta
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark E McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Rajendran A, Shigi N, Sumaoka J, Komiyama M. Affinity Isolation of Defined Genomic Fragments Cleaved by Nuclease S1-based Artificial Restriction DNA Cutter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 76:e76. [PMID: 30753751 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is highly susceptible to various modifications, lesions, and damage. To analyze lesions and proteins bound to a defined region of the human genome, the genome should be fragmented at desired sites and the region of interest should be isolated. The few available methods for isolating a desired region of the human genome have serious drawbacks and can only be applied to specific sequences or require tedious experimental procedures. We have recently developed a novel method to isolate a desired fragment of the genome released by site-specific scission of DNA using a pair of pseudo-complementary peptide nucleic acids (pcPNAs) and S1 nuclease. When conjugated to biotin, one of the pcPNAs can be used to affinity purify the cleavage product. Here we report a detailed protocol to isolate defined kilobase-length DNA fragments that can be applied to plasmid or genomic DNA and is not limited by sequence. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivazhagan Rajendran
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Narumi Shigi
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sumaoka
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Komiyama
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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24
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Barbolina MV. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Organ-Specific Metastases in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110444. [PMID: 30445726 PMCID: PMC6266311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most predominant type of ovarian carcinoma, the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. It is typically diagnosed late when the cancer has already metastasized. Transcoelomic metastasis is the most predominant mechanism of dissemination from epithelial ovarian carcinoma, although both hematogenously and lymphogenously spread metastases also occur. In this review, we describe molecular mechanisms known to regulate organ-specific metastasis from epithelial ovarian carcinoma. We begin by discussing the sites colonized by metastatic ovarian carcinoma and rank them in the order of prevalence. Next, we review the mechanisms regulating the transcoelomic metastasis. Within this chapter, we specifically focus on the mechanisms that were demonstrated to regulate peritoneal adhesion—one of the first steps in the transcoelomic metastatic cascade. Furthermore, we describe mechanisms of the transcoelomic metastasis known to regulate colonization of specific sites within the peritoneal cavity, including the omentum. Mechanisms underlying hematogenous and lymphogenous metastatic spread are less comprehensively studied in ovarian cancer, and we summarize mechanisms that were identified to date. Lastly, we discuss the outcomes of the clinical trials that attempted to target some of the mechanisms described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Barbolina
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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25
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Spatial localisation of Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) signalling is dependent on its collagen binding and kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:124-130. [PMID: 29709482 PMCID: PMC5964065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Discoidin Domain Receptor 2 (DDR2) is a collagen-binding receptor tyrosine kinase that initiates delayed and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation signalling. To understand the molecular basis of this unique phosphorylation profile, here we utilise fluorescence microscopy to map the spatiotemporal localisation of DDR2 and tyrosine phosphorylated proteins upon stimulation with collagen. We show that cellular phosphorylated proteins are localised to the interface where DDR2 is in contact with collagen and not in the early endosomes or lysosomes. We find that DDR2 localisation is independent of integrin activation and the key DDR2 signalling effector SHC1. Structure-function analysis reveals that DDR2 mutants defective for collagen binding or kinase activity are unable to localise to the cell surface, demonstrating for the first time that both collagen binding and kinase functions are required for spatial localisation of DDR2. This study provides new insights into the underlying structural features that control DDR2 activation in space and time.
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26
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Bruney L, Liu Y, Grisoli A, Ravosa MJ, Stack MS. Integrin-linked kinase activity modulates the pro-metastatic behavior of ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:21968-81. [PMID: 26959113 PMCID: PMC5008337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynecologic cancer in the U.S., resulting in >14,000 deaths/year. Most women are diagnosed at late stage with widely disseminated intra-peritoneal metastatic disease, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of <30%. EOCs spread via direct extension and exfoliation into the peritoneal cavity, adhesion to peritoneal mesothelial cells, mesothelial cell retraction to expose sub-mseothelial matrix and anchoring in the type I collagen-rich matrix to generate secondary lesions. As a molecular-level understanding of EOC metastasis may identify novel therapeutic targets, the current study evaluated the expression and activity of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), a Ser/Thr protein kinase activated upon integrin-mediated adhesion. Results show that ILK is co-expressed in EOC with the pro-metastatic enzyme membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and catalyzed phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of the proteinase. Downregulation of ILK expression or activity reduced adhesion to and invasion of collagen gels and organotypic meso-mimetic cultures. As an initial early event in EOC metastasis is integrin-mediated adhesion, these results suggest that further evaluation of ILK inhibitors as anti-metastatic agents in EOC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Bruney
- Department of Medical Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Yueying Liu
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Anne Grisoli
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - M Sharon Stack
- Department of Medical Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA.,Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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27
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Gurski LA, Petrelli NJ, Jia X, Farach-Carson MC. 3D Matrices for Anti-Cancer Drug Testing and Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10463356.2010.11883480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Cadherin composition and multicellular aggregate invasion in organotypic models of epithelial ovarian cancer intraperitoneal metastasis. Oncogene 2017. [PMID: 28628116 PMCID: PMC5648607 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) progression, intraperitoneally disseminating tumor cells and multi-cellular aggregates (MCAs) present in ascites fluid adhere to the peritoneum and induce retraction of the peritoneal mesothelial monolayer prior to invasion of the collagen-rich sub-mesothelial matrix and proliferation into macro-metastases. Clinical studies have shown heterogeneity among EOC metastatic units with respect to cadherin expression profiles and invasive behavior, however the impact of distinct cadherin profiles on peritoneal anchoring of metastatic lesions remains poorly understood. In the current study, we demonstrate that metastasis-associated behaviors of ovarian cancer cells and MCAs are influenced by cellular cadherin composition. Our results show that mesenchymal N-cadherin expressing (Ncad+) cells and MCAs invade much more efficiently than E-cadherin expressing (Ecad+) cells. Ncad+ MCAs exhibit rapid lateral dispersal prior to penetration of three-dimensional collagen matrices. When seeded as individual cells, lateral migration and cell-cell junction formation precede matrix invasion. Neutralizing the Ncad extracellular domain with the monoclonal antibody GC-4 suppresses lateral dispersal and cell penetration of collagen gels. In contrast, use of a broad spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (GM6001) to block endogenous membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) activity does not fully inhibit cell invasion. Using intact tissue explants, Ncad+ MCAs were also shown to efficiently rupture peritoneal mesothelial cells, exposing the sub-mesothelial collagen matrix. Acquisition of Ncad by E-cadherin expressing cells (Ecad+) increased mesothelial clearance activity, but was not sufficient to induce matrix invasion. Furthermore, co-culture of Ncad+ with Ecad+ cells did not promote a “leader-follower” mode of collective cell invasion, demonstrating that matrix remodeling and creation of invasive micro-tracks are not sufficient for cell penetration of collagen matrices in the absence of Ncad. Collectively, our data emphasize the role of Ncad in intraperitoneal seeding of EOC and provide the rationale for future studies targeting Ncad+ in pre-clinical models of EOC metastasis.
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and play a role in tissue remodeling. Changes in MMPs have been observed in cancer, connective tissue disorders, and vascular disease, and both endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and synthetic MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been evaluated as modulators of MMP activity in various biological systems. Zymography is a simple technique that is commonly used to assess MMP activity and the efficacy of MMPIs. Also, reverse zymography is a modified technique to study the activity of endogenous TIMPs. However, problems are often encountered during the zymography procedure, which could interfere with accurate assessment of MMP activity in control specimens, and thus make it difficult to determine the pathological changes in MMPs and their responsiveness to MMPIs. Simplified protocols for preparation of experimental solutions, tissue preparation, regular and reverse zymography procedures, and zymogram analysis are presented. Additional helpful tips to troubleshoot problems in the zymography technique and to enhance the quality of the zymograms should make it more feasible to determine the changes in MMPs and assess the efficacy of MMPIs in modulating MMP activity in various biological systems and pathological conditions.
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30
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Tsuruga E, Irie K, Yajima T. Fibrillin-2 Degradation by Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Periodontium. J Dent Res 2016; 86:352-6. [PMID: 17384031 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic system fibers, comprised of microfibrils and tropoelastin, are extracellular components of periodontal tissue. During development, the microfibrils act as a template on which tropoelastin is deposited. However, the process of elastic system fiber remodeling is not fully understood. Therefore, we examined whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the remodeling of fibrillins (major components of microfibrils) by human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. Gingival and PDL fibroblasts were cultured for 6 weeks. In some cultures, MMP inhibitor or tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinsase-2 (TIMP-2) was added to the medium for an additional 2 weeks. Active MMP-2 (62 kDa) appeared as cell-membrane-associated or in extracellular matrix only in PDL fibroblast cell layers. The addition of MMP inhibitor or TIMP-2 significantly increased fibrillin-2 accumulation in PDL fibroblast cell layers, and decreased the amount of fibrillin-2 fragments, suggesting that active MMP-2 may degrade fibrillin-2, and that MMPs may play a role in the remodeling of elastic system fibers in PDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsuruga
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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31
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Proteolysis in the Interstitium. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Yamamoto K, Murphy G, Troeberg L. Extracellular regulation of metalloproteinases. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:255-63. [PMID: 25701651 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and adamalysin-like metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) belong to the metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases and they play key roles in extracellular matrix catabolism, activation and inactivation of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other proteinases at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. Their activities are tightly regulated in a number of ways, such as transcriptional regulation, proteolytic activation and interaction with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Here, we highlight recent studies that have illustrated novel mechanisms regulating the extracellular activity of these enzymes. These include allosteric activation of metalloproteinases by molecules that bind outside the active site, modulation of location and activity by interaction with cell surface and extracellular matrix molecules, and endocytic clearance from the extracellular milieu by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK.
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33
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Gaffney J, Solomonov I, Zehorai E, Sagi I. Multilevel regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in tissue homeostasis indicates their molecular specificity in vivo. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:191-9. [PMID: 25622911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in irreversible remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal homeostasis and pathological states. Accumulating data from various studies strongly suggest that MMPs are tightly regulated, starting from the level of gene expression all the way to zymogen activation and endogenous inhibition, with each level controlled by multiple factors. Recent in vivo findings indicate that cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions, as well as ECM bio-active products, contribute an additional layer of regulation at all levels, indicating that individual MMP expression and activity in vivo are highly coordinated and tissue specific processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaffney
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inna Solomonov
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldar Zehorai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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34
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Borrirukwanit K, Pavasant P, Blick T, Lafleur MA, Thompson EW. High threshold of β1 integrin inhibition required to block collagen I-induced membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:99. [PMID: 25317077 PMCID: PMC4195858 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an endopeptidase that facilitates extracellular matrix remodeling and molecular regulation, and is implicated in tumor metastasis. Type I collagen (Col I) regulates the activation of MMP-2 through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional means; however gaps remain in our understanding of the involvement of collagen-binding β1 integrins in collagen-stimulated MMP-2 activation. Methods Three β1 integrin siRNAs were used to elucidate the involvement of β1 integrins in the Col I-induced MMP-2 activation mechanism. β1 integrin knockdown was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot and FACS analysis. Adhesion assay and collagen gel contraction were used to test the biological effects of β1 integrin abrogation. MMP-2 activation levels were monitored by gelatin zymography. Results All three β1 integrin siRNAs were efficient at β1 integrin knockdown and FACS analysis revealed commensurate reductions of integrins α2 and α3, which are heterodimeric partners of β1, but not αV, which is not. All three β1 integrin siRNAs inhibited adhesion and collagen gel contraction, however only the siRNA showing the greatest magnitude of β1 knockdown inhibited Col I-induced MMP-2 activation and reduced the accompanying upregulation of MT1-MMP, suggesting a dose response threshold effect. Re-transfection with codon-swapped β1 integrin overcame the reduction in MMP-2 activation induced by Col-1, confirming the β1 integrin target specificity. MMP-2 activation induced by TPA or Concanavalin A (Con A) was not inhibited by β1 integrin siRNA knockdown. Conclusion Together, the data reveals that strong abrogation of β1 integrin is required to block MMP-2 activation induced by Col I, which may have implications for the therapeutic targeting of β1 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulrut Borrirukwanit
- Department of Nursing, Phetchabun Hospital, Phetchabun, Thailand ; Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Chulalongkorn, Thailand
| | - Tony Blick
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland Australia
| | - Marc A Lafleur
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065 Australia ; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland Australia
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35
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Bruney L, Conley KC, Moss NM, Liu Y, Stack MS. Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase-dependent ectodomain shedding of mucin16/ CA-125 on ovarian cancer cells modulates adhesion and invasion of peritoneal mesothelium. Biol Chem 2014; 395:1221-31. [PMID: 25205731 PMCID: PMC5568695 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucin16 [MUC16/cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)], a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein expressed on the ovarian tumor cell surface, potentiates metastasis via selective binding to mesothelin on peritoneal mesothelial cells. Shed MUC16/CA-125 is detectable in sera from ovarian cancer patients. We investigated the potential role of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), a transmembrane collagenase highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells, in MUC16/CA-125 ectodomain shedding. An inverse correlation between MT1-MMP and MUC16 immunoreactivity was observed in human ovarian tumors and cells. Further, when MUC16-expressing OVCA433 cells were engineered to overexpress MT1-MMP, surface expression of MUC16/CA-125 was lost, whereas cells expressing the inactive E240A mutant retained surface MUC16/CA-125. As a functional consequence, decreased adhesion of cells expressing catalytically active MT1-MMP to three-dimensional meso-mimetic cultures and intact ex vivo peritoneal tissue explants was observed. Nevertheless, meso-mimetic invasion is enhanced in MT1-MMP-expressing cells. Together, these data support a model wherein acquisition of catalytically active MT1-MMP expression in ovarian cancer cells induces MUC16/CA-125 ectodomain shedding, reducing adhesion to meso-mimetic cultures and to intact peritoneal explants. However, proteolytic clearing of MUC16/CA-125, catalyzed by MT1-MMP, may then expose integrins for high-affinity cell binding to peritoneal tissues, thereby anchoring metastatic lesions for subsequent proliferation within the collagen-rich sub-mesothelial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Bruney
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - Kaitlynn C. Conley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | | | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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36
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Jackson MT, Moradi B, Smith MM, Jackson CJ, Little CB. Activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 13 by activated protein C in human osteoarthritic cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1525-36. [PMID: 24574263 DOI: 10.1002/art.38401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levels of activated protein C (APC) are elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and increased APC levels are correlated with the levels of active matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). This study sought to investigate whether APC is a relevant protein for activation of MMPs in the degradation of human OA cartilage, and to elucidate its mechanisms of action. METHODS Human articular cartilage was cultured with or without interleukin-1α (IL-1α), in the presence or absence of APC or protein C, and an MMP or serine proteinase inhibitor. Aggrecan and collagen release and chondrocyte gene expression levels were quantified. Aggrecanase and MMP cleavage of aggrecan was examined with neoepitope-specific antibodies, and MMP activity was measured using gelatin zymography and fluorogenic peptide assay. RESULTS In human OA cartilage, APC induced aggrecan and collagen release, whereas in non-OA cartilage, costimulation with IL-1α was required. Inhibition of MMP activity reduced APC-induced cartilage proteolysis, and MMP-induced aggrecanolysis was confirmed by Western blotting. In cultures with APC alone, the activity of MMPs 2, 9, and 13 was significantly increased in OA cartilage, although APC could not directly activate MMPs 2 or 9. Expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, TIMP1, and TIMP3 was not altered by APC in OA cartilage. Human OA chondrocytes expressed messenger RNA for protein C, endothelial protein C receptor, thrombomodulin, and protease-activated receptor 1, but these were unaltered or down-regulated by APC. The induction of MMP activation and cartilage degradation by APC was dependent on its serine protease activity. CONCLUSION APC is a physiologically relevant activator of MMPs and cartilage breakdown in human OA. The effects of APC are dependent on its proteolytic activity and as-yet-undefined cell and/or cartilage matrix factors, and inhibition of this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target to halt the progression of cartilage damage in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam T Jackson
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, and Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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Comparison of the transmembrane mucins MUC1 and MUC16 in epithelial barrier function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100393. [PMID: 24968021 PMCID: PMC4072602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-anchored mucins are present in the apical surface glycocalyx of mucosal epithelial cells, each mucosal epithelium having at least two of the mucins. The mucins have been ascribed barrier functions, but direct comparisons of their functions within the same epithelium have not been done. In an epithelial cell line that expresses the membrane-anchored mucins, MUC1 and MUC16, the mucins were independently and stably knocked down using shRNA. Barrier functions tested included dye penetrance, bacterial adherence and invasion, transepithelial resistance, tight junction formation, and apical surface size. Knockdown of MUC16 decreased all barrier functions tested, causing increased dye penetrance and bacterial invasion, decreased transepithelial resistance, surprisingly, disruption of tight junctions, and greater apical surface cell area. Knockdown of MUC1 did not decrease barrier function, in fact, barrier to dye penetrance and bacterial invasion increased significantly. These data suggest that barrier functions of membrane-anchored mucins vary in the context of other membrane mucins, and MUC16 provides a major barrier when present.
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Rastogi A, Kim H, Twomey JD, Hsieh AH. MMP-2 mediates local degradation and remodeling of collagen by annulus fibrosus cells of the intervertebral disc. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R57. [PMID: 23621950 PMCID: PMC4060574 DOI: 10.1186/ar4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is characterized by marked degradation and restructuring of the annulus fibrosus (AF). Although several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been found to be more prevalent in degenerate discs, their coordination and function within the context of the disease process are still not well understood. In this study, we sought to determine whether MMP-2 is associated with degenerative changes in the AF and to identify the manner by which AF cells use MMP-2. METHODS Two established animal models of disc degeneration, static compression and transannular needle puncture of rodent caudal discs, were examined for MMP-2 immunopositivity. With lentiviral transduction of an shRNA expression cassette, we screened and identified an effective shRNA sequence for generating stable RNA interference to silence MMP-2 expression in primary rat AF cells. Gelatin films were used to compare gelatinase activity and spatial patterns of degradation between transduced cells, and both noninfected and nonsense shRNA controls. The functional significance of MMP-2 was determined by assessing the ability for cells to remodel collagen gels. RESULTS Both static compression and 18-g annular puncture of rodent caudal discs stimulated an increase in MMP-2 activity with concurrent lamellar disorganization in the AF, whereas 22-g and 26-g needle injuries did not. To investigate the functional role of MMP-2, we established lentivirus-mediated RNAi to induce stable knockdown of transcript levels by as much as 88%, and protein levels by as much as 95% over a 10-day period. Culturing transduced cells on gelatin films confirmed that MMP-2 is the primary functional gelatinase in AF cells, and that MMP-2 is used locally in regions immediately around AF cells. In collagen gels, transduced cells demonstrated an inability to remodel collagen matrices. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that increases in MMP-2 observed in human degenerate discs are mirrored in experimentally induced degenerative changes in rodent animal models. AF cells appear to use MMP-2 in a very directed fashion for local matrix degradation and collagen remodeling. This suggests that MMP-2 may have a functionally significant role in the etiology of degenerative disc disease and could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Attia M, Huet E, Gossard C, Menashi S, Tassoni MC, Martelly I. Early events of overused supraspinatus tendons involve matrix metalloproteinases and EMMPRIN/CD147 in the absence of inflammation. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:908-17. [PMID: 23404084 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512473817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal feature of tendon degeneration is structural change of the extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagens. In painful tendons, alterations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been described; however, the initial molecular mechanism at the origin of these alterations is still poorly understood. A rat model of supraspinatus tendon overuse has been developed, which may be predictive of pathological tendon alterations. PURPOSE To determine which MMPs are involved in early ECM remodeling during overuse and their relationship with the inflammatory context. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Analyses were performed on rat supraspinatus tendons at 2 and 4 weeks of overuse on a downhill treadmill. Transcript levels of MMPs and TIMPs were assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting and/or immunolabeling were used for MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-13, and extracellular MMP inducer (EMMPRIN, also called cluster of differentiation [CD] 147) detection. In situ and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gelatin zymography was performed for MMP-2 and MMP-9. TIMP activity was revealed by reverse zymography. Inflammation was assessed by cytokine antibody array and/or immunolabeling. RESULTS Compared with a control, overused supraspinatus tendons showed a significantly higher gelatinolytic activity at 2 weeks, which slightly decreased at 4 weeks. MMP-9 and MMP-13 were undetectable; MMP-3 was downregulated in overused tendons. Only MMP-2, particularly its active form, and the MMP-2 activator MMP-14 were upregulated at 2 weeks of overuse when an increase in TIMP-2 transcripts was observed. MMP-2 upregulation occurred in the absence of inflammation but was associated with an increase of EMMPRIN/CD147. CONCLUSION EMMPRIN/CD147-regulated MMP-2 and MMP-14, associated with low MMP-3, appear as the main characteristics of ECM remodeling in early overused tendons. Whether alterations in the pattern of these MMPs are an adaptive response or a repair response that may degenerate into tendinosis, is still uncertain. Moreover, there seems to be no indication for an inflammatory response to overuse, suggesting that the increased metalloproteinase activity is rather a response to a mechanical stress than an inflammatory one. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Any strategy aimed at preventing full-thickness tears resulting from initial tendon matrix alterations should consider these changes in MMP-3, MMP-2, and MMP-14, or further upstream, EMMPRIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Attia
- Laboratoire CRRET CNRS EAC 7149, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil Cedex, France
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Schröder HM, Hoffmann SC, Hecker M, Korff T, Ludwig T. The tetraspanin network modulates MT1-MMP cell surface trafficking. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1133-44. [PMID: 23500527 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) drives fundamental physiological and pathophysiological processes. Among other substrates, MT1-MMP cleaves components of the extracellular matrix and activates other matrix-cleaving proteases such as MMP-2. Trafficking is a highly effective means to modulate MT1-MMP cell surface expression, and hence regulate its function. Here, we describe the complex interaction of MT1-MMP with tetraspanins, their effects on MT1-MMP intracellular trafficking and proteolytic function. Tetraspanins are credited as membrane organizers that form a network within the membrane to regulate the trafficking of associated proteins. In short, we found MT1-MMP to interact with the tetraspanin-associated EWI-2 protein by a yeast two-hybrid screen. Immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed this interaction and further revealed that MT1-MMP also stably interacts with distinct tetraspanins (CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD81, and CD82) and the tetraspanin-like MAL protein. By using different MT1-MMP truncation constructs and mutants, we observed that all tetraspanins and MAL associated with the hemopexin domain of MT1-MMP. Moreover, this interaction was independent of O-glycosylation of MT1-MMP and exclusively occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, the respective subcellular compartment was identified by fitting the MT1-MMP interaction pattern to a model for post-translational processing of MT1-MMP. In addition, tetraspanins differentially affected the cell surface localization of MT1-MMP, its capacity to activate pro-MMP-2, and the collagen invasion capacity. Interestingly, the degree of tetraspanin-MT1-MMP association did not correlate with its impact on MT1-MMP function. Tetraspanins thus distinctly affect MT1-MMP subcellular localization and function, and may constitute an effective mechanism to control MT1-MMP-dependent proteolysis at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Schröder
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Albrechtsen R, Kveiborg M, Stautz D, Vikeså J, Noer JB, Kotzsh A, Nielsen FC, Wewer U, Fröhlich C. ADAM12 redistributes and activates MMP-14, resulting in gelatin degradation, reduced apoptosis, and increased tumor growth. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4707-20. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), in particular MMP-2, -9, and -14, play a key role in various aspects of cancer pathology. Likewise, ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases), including ADAM12, are upregulated in malignant tumors and contribute to the pathology of cancers. Here we showed a positive correlation between MMP-14 and ADAM12 expression in human breast cancer. We demonstrated that in 293-VnR and human breast cancer cells expressing ADAM12 at the cell surface, endogenous MMP-14 was recruited to the cell surface, resulting in its activation. Subsequent to this activation, gelatin degradation was stimulated and tumor-cell apoptosis was decreased, with reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins BCL2L11 and BIK. The effect on gelatin degradation was abrogated by inhibition of the MMP-14 activity and appeared to be dependent on cell-surface αVβ3 integrin localization, but neither the catalytic activity of ADAM12 nor the cytoplasmic tail of ADAM12 were required. The significance of ADAM12-induced activation of MMP-14 was underscored by a reduction in MMP-14–mediated gelatin degradation and abolition of apoptosis-protective effects by specific monoclonal antibodies against ADAM12. Furthermore, orthotopic implantation of ADAM12-expressing MCF7 cells in nude mice produced tumors with increased levels of activated MMP-14 and confirmed that ADAM12 protects tumor cells against apoptosis, leading to increased tumor progression. In conclusion, our data suggest that a ternary protein complex composed of ADAM12, αVβ3 integrin, and MMP-14 at the tumor cell surface regulates MMP-14 functions. This interaction may point to a novel concept for the development of MMP-14–targeting drugs in treating cancer.
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Abstract
The peritoneal metastatic route of cancer dissemination is shared by cancers of the ovary and gastrointestinal tract. Once initiated, peritoneal metastasis typically proceeds rapidly in a feed-forward manner. Several factors contribute to this efficient progression. In peritoneal metastasis, cancer cells exfoliate into the peritoneal fluid and spread locally, transported by peritoneal fluid. Inflammatory cytokines released by tumor and immune cells compromise the protective, anti-adhesive mesothelial cell layer that lines the peritoneal cavity, exposing the underlying extracellular matrix to which cancer cells readily attach. The peritoneum is further rendered receptive to metastatic implantation and growth by myofibroblastic cell behaviors also stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Individual cancer cells suspended in peritoneal fluid can aggregate to form multicellular spheroids. This cellular arrangement imparts resistance to anoikis, apoptosis, and chemotherapeutics. Emerging evidence indicates that compact spheroid formation is preferentially accomplished by cancer cells with high invasive capacity and contractile behaviors. This review focuses on the pathological alterations to the peritoneum and the properties of cancer cells that in combination drive peritoneal metastasis.
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Zhao M, Sachs PC, Wang X, Dumur CI, Idowu MO, Robila V, Francis MP, Ware J, Beckman M, Rizki A, Holt SE, Elmore LW. Mesenchymal stem cells in mammary adipose tissue stimulate progression of breast cancer resembling the basal-type. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:782-92. [PMID: 22669576 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.20561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Data are accumulating to support a role for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in breast cancer progression; however, to date most studies have relied on adipose MSCs from non-breast sources. There is a particular need to investigate the role of adipose MSCs in the pathogenesis of basal-like breast cancer, which develops at a disproportionate rate in pre-menopausal African-American women with a gain in adiposity. The aim of this study was to better understand how breast adipose MSCs (bMSCs) contribute to the progression of basal-like breast cancers by relying on isogenic HMT-3255 S3 (pre-invasive) and T4-2 (invasive) human cells that upon transplantation into nude mice resemble this tumor subtype. In vitro results suggested that bMSCs may contribute to breast cancer progression in multiple ways. bMSCs readily penetrate extracellular matrix components in part through their expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, promote the invasion of T4-2 cells and efficiently chemoattract endothelial cells via a bFGF-independent, VEGF-A-dependent manner. As mixed xenografts, bMSCs stimulated the growth, invasion and desmoplasia of T4-2 tumors, yet these resident stem cells showed no observable effect on the progression of pre-invasive S3 cells. While bMSCs form vessel-like structures within Matrigel both in vitro and in vivo and chemoattract endothelial cells, there appeared to be no difference between T4-2/bMSC mixed xenografts and T4-2 xenografts with regard to intra- or peri-tumoral vascularity. Collectively, our data suggest that bMSCs may contribute to the progression of basal-like breast cancers by stimulating growth and invasion but not vasculogenesis or angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Moin K, Sameni M, Victor BC, Rothberg JM, Mattingly RR, Sloane BF. 3D/4D functional imaging of tumor-associated proteolysis: impact of microenvironment. Methods Enzymol 2012; 506:175-94. [PMID: 22341225 PMCID: PMC3845223 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391856-7.00034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play causal roles in many aspects of the aggressive phenotype of tumors, yet many of the implicated proteases originate from tumor-associated cells or from responses of tumor cells to interactions with other cells. Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive view of tumor proteases, we need to be able to assess proteolysis in tumors that are interacting with their microenvironment. As this is difficult to do in vivo, we have developed functional live-cell optical imaging assays and 3D and 4D (i.e., 3D over time) coculture models. We present here a description of the probes used to measure proteolysis and protease activities, the methods used for imaging and analysis of proteolysis and the 3D and 4D models used in our laboratory. Of course, all assays have limitations; however, we suggest that the techniques discussed here will, with attention to their limitations, be useful as a screen for drugs to target the invasive phenotype of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Moin
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Urso ML, Wang R, Zambraski EJ, Liang BT. Adenosine A3 receptor stimulation reduces muscle injury following physical trauma and is associated with alterations in the MMP/TIMP response. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:658-70. [PMID: 22114177 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that in response to traumatic injury in skeletal muscle, there is a dysregulation of the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), a response hypothesized to interfere with proper skeletal muscle regeneration. Moreover, we have shown that pharmacological activation of the adenosine A(3) receptor by Cl-IBMECA in skeletal muscle can protect against ischemia-reperfusion and eccentric exercise injury. However, the mechanism by which Cl-IBMECA protects muscle tissue is poorly defined. This study evaluated the effects of Cl-IBMECA on MMP/TIMP expression in skeletal muscle and tested the hypothesis that adenosine A(3) receptor-stimulated protection of skeletal muscle following traumatic injury is associated with a blunting of MMPs involved in inflammatory processes and collagen degradation, and an increase in MMPs associated with extracellular matrix remodeling. Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were injected with Cl-IBMECA (n = 30) or a vehicle (n = 30), and Evans blue dye. Injury was induced by applying a cold steel probe (-79°C) to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 s. TA muscles from uninjured and injured legs were collected 3, 10, and 24 h postinjury for analysis of muscle injury and MMP/TIMP mRNA and protein levels. Twenty-four hours postinjury, 56.8% of the fibers were damaged in vehicle-treated mice vs. 35.4% in Cl-IBMECA-treated mice (P = 0.02). Cl-IBMECA treatment reduced membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 mRNA expression 2- to 20-fold compared with vehicle-treated mice (P < 0.05). Cl-IBMECA decreased protein levels of latent/shed MT1-MMP 23-2,000%, respectively, 3-10 h postinjury. In Cl-IBMECA-treated mice, latent MMP-2 was decreased 20% 3 h postinjury, active MMP-3 was decreased 64% 3 h postinjury, and latent/active MMP-9 was decreased 417,631% 3 h postinjury and 20% 10 h postinjury. Protein levels of active MMP-2 and latent MMP-3 were increased 25% and 74% 3 h postinjury, respectively. The present study elucidates a new protective role of adenosine A(3) receptor stimulation in posttraumatic skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Urso
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Abstract
Wnt signalling pathways have been shown to play key roles in both normal development and tumorigenesis. Progression of many human cancers is associated with defined mutations in Wnt pathway components that result in dysregulated β-catenin-mediated gene transcription. Although Wnt pathway mutations are rare in epithelial ovarian cancer (with the exception of the endometrioid histotype), accumulating evidence supports a role for Wnt signalling in ovarian tumorigenesis in the absence of genetic mutations. The present review summarizes evidence in support of activated Wnt signalling in ovarian tumours and discusses alternative mechanisms for Wnt pathway activation in the ovarian tumour microenvironment.
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Reinartz S, Failer S, Schuell T, Wagner U. CA125 (MUC16) gene silencing suppresses growth properties of ovarian and breast cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2011; 48:1558-69. [PMID: 21852110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumour-associated antigen CA125 (mucin 16, MUC16) is commonly expressed in ovarian cancer, and can also be detected in other tumour of epithelial origin, but its physiological role is largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of MUC16 gene silencing on the growth properties of ovarian and breast cancer cells. We analysed cellular effects linked to oncogenesis, such as proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis, after transient and stable transfection with MUC16 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in diverse epithelial cancer cell lines with different MUC16 expression. Furthermore, alterations in cell adhesion, migration and invasion were evaluated in stable MUC16 knockdown clones. The growth of all tested MUC16(+) tumour cells was significantly suppressed by induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis after transient transfection with MUC16 shRNA, irrespective of the initial MUC16 expression level and cancer origin. Growth inhibition could be confirmed in stable MUC16 knockdown clones, albeit caspase-dependent death pathways seemed no longer be activated. In MUC16(low+) ovarian cancer cells, stable MUC16 gene silencing resulted in a substantial blockade of colony formation, cell adhesion, migration and invasiveness associated with reduced activation of metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). By contrast, the tested MUC16(high+) cell lines displayed a non-motile and non-invasive phenotype which was not affected by MUC16 knockdown, probably due to the expression of different MUC16 isoforms with divergent functions in individual cell lines. Our results provide evidence for a central role of MUC16 in cancer cell survival pathways. Additionally, MUC16 might also be involved in adhesion, migration and invasion depending on the type of cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Reinartz
- Klinik für Gynäkologie, Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Baldingerstr. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Sakai K, Nakamura T, Suzuki Y, Imizu T, Matsumoto K. 3-D collagen-dependent cell surface expression of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 activation regardless of integrin β1 function and matrix stiffness. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:98-103. [PMID: 21802412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play roles in spatially dynamic processes, including morphogenesis, wound healing, and tumor invasion. Three-dimensional (3-D) type I collagen stimulates cellular activation of MMP-2, however, the mechanisms underlying this are controversial. The present study investigated mechanisms for 3-D collagen-induced MMP-2 activation in highly invasive human malignant mesothelioma cells. MMP-2 was effectively activated by cells cultured in 3-D collagen but not in 2-D collagen, whereas MMP-2 activation was not regulated by the flexibility of collagen. The 3-D collagen did not largely increase the gene expression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. However, MT1-MMP exposed to the cell surface was much increased by 3-D collagen, and loss of MT1-MMP abolished MMP-2 activation in response to 3-D collagen. MT1-MMP and integrin β1 translocated to pericellular regions interacting with collagen-coated microbeads, however their localization was different. Importantly, inhibition of integrin β1 function and expression did not affect 3-D collagen-induced cell surface localization of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 activation. Our results strongly suggest that 3-D collagen scaffolding may provide opportunity for direct and multivalent interaction with MT1-MMP, by which MMP-2 activation occur in abundant cell surface MT1-MMP-dependent manner, rather than a manner regulated by matrix stiffness and integrin β1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Burkhalter RJ, Symowicz J, Hudson LG, Gottardi CJ, Stack MS. Integrin regulation of beta-catenin signaling in ovarian carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23467-75. [PMID: 21518759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.199539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible modulation of integrin-regulated cell-matrix adhesion and epithelial (E)-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion plays a critical role in the establishment of ovarian cancer metastases. In contrast to most epithelial cell-derived tumors that down-regulate E-cadherin expression during progression, acquisition of E-cadherin expression accompanies malignant transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium and is maintained in peritoneal metastases. Metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer cells are disseminated intraperitoneally and preferentially adhere via integrins to interstitial collagens in the peritoneal cavity. This study was undertaken to determine whether integrin engagement influences E-cadherin and β-catenin localization and function. The data demonstrate that multivalent integrin engagement results in increased internalization of E-cadherin, inhibition of GSK-3β, elevated levels of nuclear β-catenin, increased β-catenin-regulated promoter activation, and transcriptional activation of Wnt/β-catenin target genes. Blocking β-catenin transcriptional control with inhibitor of β-catenin and Tcf-4 reduces cellular invasion, suggesting a key role for β-catenin nuclear signaling in EOC invasion and metastasis. These studies support a model wherein cell-matrix engagement regulates the functional integrity of cell-cell contacts, leading to increased β-catenin nuclear signaling and enhanced cellular invasive activity. Furthermore, these results provide a mechanism for activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the absence of activating mutations in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Burkhalter
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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Koontongkaew S, Amornphimoltham P, Monthanpisut P, Saensuk T, Leelakriangsak M. Fibroblasts and extracellular matrix differently modulate MMP activation by primary and metastatic head and neck cancer cells. Med Oncol 2011; 29:690-703. [PMID: 21380786 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A genetically related pair of human head and neck cancer (HNSCC) cell lines derived from the same patient at different stages of disease was used to investigate the role of extracellular matrix, integrin, and CXCL12-CXCR4 receptor interactions and their signal pathways in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation and cell invasion. We found that collagen I enhanced MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion in both primary and metastatic HNSCC cells. Collagen I acted through α(2)β(1) integrin to activate tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, ERK1/2, and p38, which in turn activated MMP-2 and MMP-9 production. The signaling function was also involved in the enhancement of cell invasion. Experiments using cocultures between live and fixed cells demonstrated that direct contact between tumor and fibroblast cells was required to activate MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion in both tumor cells and fibroblasts. The augmentation appears specific for MMP-2. Fibroblasts seem to be responsible for the increased MMP-2 in the coculture. In addition, fibroblast or tumor cell-conditioned media upregulated the secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HNSCC cells. These findings indicate that autocrine and paracrine factors are involved in the augmented secretion of MMPs in coculture. We also found that CXCL12-enhanced HNSCC cell invasion through paracrine-activated CXCR4, which triggered MMP-dependent cell invasion. Together, our results suggest that cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions including autocrine and paracrine factors play important roles in the invasive behavior of HNSCC via upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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