1
|
Dalm S, Duan H, Iagaru A. Gastrin Releasing Peptide Receptors-targeted PET Diagnostics and Radionuclide Therapy for Prostate Cancer Management: Preclinical and Clinical Developments of the Past 5 Years. PET Clin 2024; 19:401-415. [PMID: 38644111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Each tumor has its own distinctive molecular identity. Treatment, therefore, should be tailored to this unique cancer phenotype. Theragnostics uses the same compound for targeted imaging and treatment, radiolabeled to an appropriate radionuclide, respectively. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) are overexpressed in prostate cancer, and radiolabeled GRPR antagonists have shown high diagnostic performance at staging and biochemical recurrence. Several GRPR-targeting theragnostic compounds have been developed preclinically. Their translation into clinics is underway with 4 clinical trials recruiting participants with GRPR-expressing tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Heying Duan
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H2200, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrei Iagaru
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H2200, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma Y, Gao F. Advances of radiolabeled GRPR ligands for PET/CT imaging of cancers. Cancer Imaging 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38279185 PMCID: PMC10811881 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-024-00658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
GRPR is a type of seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that belongs to the bombesin protein receptor family. It is highly expressed in various cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and so on. As a result, molecular imaging studies have been conducted using radiolabeled GRPR ligands for tumor diagnosis, as well as monitoring of recurrence and metastasis. In this paper, we provided a comprehensive overview of relevant literature from the past two decades, with a specific focus on the advancements made in radiolabeled GRPR ligands for imaging prostate cancer and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Ma
- Research Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Research Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Ma QY, Liu XQ, Li HD, Yu MJ, Xie SS, Ma WX, Chen Y, Wang JN, He RB, Bian HG, He Y, Gao L, Deng SS, Zang HM, Gong Q, Wen JG, Liu MM, Yang C, Chen HY, Li J, Lan HY, Jin J, Yao RS, Meng XM. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of GRPR protects against acute kidney injury via attenuating renal inflammation and necroptosis. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2734-2754. [PMID: 37415332 PMCID: PMC10492025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) binds to its receptor (GRP receptor [GRPR]) to regulate multiple biological processes, but the function of GRP/GRPR axis in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. In the present study, GRPR is highly expressed by tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in patients or mice with AKI, while histone deacetylase 8 may lead to the transcriptional activation of GRPR. Functionally, we uncovered that GRPR was pathogenic in AKI, as genetic deletion of GRPR was able to protect mice from cisplatin- and ischemia-induced AKI. This was further confirmed by specifically deleting the GRPR gene from TECs in GRPRFlox/Flox//KspCre mice. Mechanistically, we uncovered that GRPR was able to interact with Toll-like receptor 4 to activate STAT1 that bound the promoter of MLKL and CCL2 to induce TEC necroptosis, necroinflammation, and macrophages recruitment. This was further confirmed by overexpressing STAT1 to restore renal injury in GRPRFlox/Flox/KspCre mice. Concurrently, STAT1 induced GRP synthesis to enforce the GRP/GRPR/STAT1 positive feedback loop. Importantly, targeting GRPR by lentivirus-packaged small hairpin RNA or by treatment with a novel GRPR antagonist RH-1402 was able to inhibit cisplatin-induced AKI. In conclusion, GRPR is pathogenic in AKI and mediates AKI via the STAT1-dependent mechanism. Thus, targeting GRPR may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, No. 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xue-Qi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Hai-di Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Jun Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Xie
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wen-Xian Ma
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ruo-Bing He
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuan He
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Sheng-Song Deng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 57 Renmin Road, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Hai-Yong Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518009, China
| | - Jun Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Liu Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ri-Sheng Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nanostrategies for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Targeting of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043455. [PMID: 36834867 PMCID: PMC9958678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nanomedicine bring the attention of researchers to the molecular targets that can play a major role in the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for cancer management. The choice of a proper molecular target can decide the efficacy of the treatment and endorse the personalized medicine approach. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is a G-protein-coupled membrane receptor, well known to be overexpressed in numerous malignancies including pancreatic, prostate, breast, lung, colon, cervical, and gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, many research groups express a deep interest in targeting GRPR with their nanoformulations. A broad spectrum of the GRPR ligands has been described in the literature, which allows tuning of the properties of the final formulation, particularly in the field of the ligand affinity to the receptor and internalization possibilities. Hereby, the recent advances in the field of applications of various nanoplatforms that are able to reach the GRPR-expressing cells are reviewed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramos-Alvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. The Nonpeptide Agonist MK-5046 Functions As an Allosteric Agonist for the Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:66-78. [PMID: 35644465 PMCID: PMC9341266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric ligands of various G-protein-coupled receptors are being increasingly described and are providing important advances in the development of ligands with novel selectivity and efficacy. These unusual properties allow expanded opportunities for pharmacologic studies and treatment. Unfortunately, no allosteric ligands are yet described for the bombesin receptor family (BnRs), which are proposed to be involved in numerous physiologic/pathophysiological processes in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. In this study, we investigate the possibility that the bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) specific nonpeptide receptor agonist MK-5046 [(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-[4-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]-3-(4-[[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methyl]-1H-imidazol-2-yl)propan-2-ol] functions as a BRS-3 allosteric receptor ligand. We find that in BRS-3 cells, MK-5046 only partially inhibits iodine-125 radionuclide (125I)-Bantag-1 [Boc-Phe-His-4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-2,4,5-trideoxypentonyl-Leu-(3-dimethylamino) benzylamide N-methylammonium trifluoroacetate] binding and that both peptide-1 (a universal BnR-agonist) and MK-5046 activate phospholipase C; however, the specific BRS-3 peptide antagonist Bantag-1 inhibits the action of peptide-1 competitively, whereas for MK-5046 the inhibition is noncompetitive and yields a curvilinear Schild plot. Furthermore, MK-5046 shows other allosteric behaviors, including slowing dissociation of the BRS-3 receptor ligand 125I-Bantag-1, dose-inhibition curves being markedly affected by increasing ligand concentration, and MK-5046 leftward shifting the peptide-1 agonist dose-response curve. Lastly, receptor chimeric studies and site-directed mutagenesis provide evidence that MK-5046 and Bantag-1 have different binding sites determining their receptor high affinity/selectivity. These results provide evidence that MK-5046 is functioning as an allosteric agonist at the BRS-3 receptor, which is the first allosteric ligand described for this family of receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G-protein-coupled receptor allosteric ligands providing higher selectivity, selective efficacy, and safety that cannot be obtained using usual orthosteric receptor-based strategies are being increasingly described, resulting in enhanced usefulness in exploring receptor function and in treatment. No allosteric ligands exist for any of the mammalian bombesin receptor (BnR) family. Here we provide evidence for the first such example of a BnR allosteric ligand by showing that MK-5046, a nonpeptide agonist for bombesin receptor subtype-3, is functioning as an allosteric agonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moody TW, Lee L, Ramos-Alvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Bombesin Receptor Family Activation and CNS/Neural Tumors: Review of Evidence Supporting Possible Role for Novel Targeted Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:728088. [PMID: 34539578 PMCID: PMC8441013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.728088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are increasingly being considered as possible therapeutic targets in cancers. Activation of GPCR on tumors can have prominent growth effects, and GPCRs are frequently over-/ectopically expressed on tumors and thus can be used for targeted therapy. CNS/neural tumors are receiving increasing attention using this approach. Gliomas are the most frequent primary malignant brain/CNS tumor with glioblastoma having a 10-year survival <1%; neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumor in children with long-term survival<40%, and medulloblastomas are less common, but one subgroup has a 5-year survival <60%. Thus, there is an increased need for more effective treatments of these tumors. The Bombesin-receptor family (BnRs) is one of the GPCRs that are most frequently over/ectopically expressed by common tumors and is receiving particular attention as a possible therapeutic target in several tumors, particularly in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. We review in this paper evidence suggesting why a similar approach in some CNS/neural tumors (gliomas, neuroblastomas, medulloblastomas) should also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Training, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samuel A. Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert T. Jensen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Structural modifications of amino acid sequences of radiolabeled peptides for targeted tumor imaging. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Martinez J. Joseph Rudinger memorial lecture: Unexpected functions of angiotensin converting enzyme, beyond its enzymatic activity. J Pept Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron; UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maina T, Nock BA, Kulkarni H, Singh A, Baum RP. Theranostic Prospects of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor–Radioantagonists in Oncology. PET Clin 2017; 12:297-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Sun Z, Zhao Y, Li Z, Cui H, Zhou Y, Li W, Tao W, Zhang H, Wang H, Chu PK, Yu XF. TiL 4 -Coordinated Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots as an Efficient Contrast Agent for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging of Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602896. [PMID: 28060458 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus quantum dots coordinated with a sulfonic ester of the titanium ligand are prepared and exhibit enhanced stability. In vitro and in vivo photoacoustic imaging applications demonstrate that the quantum dots can efficiently accumulate inside the tumor producing tumor profiles with high spatial resolution, demonstrating their potential as an efficient agent for photoacoustic imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbo Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials and Devices (SKTMD), SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuetao Zhao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99077, China
| | - Haodong Cui
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yayan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical Collage of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Li
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Shenzhen People's Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical Collage of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials and Devices (SKTMD), SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials and Devices (SKTMD), SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Huaiyu Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 99077, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nakamura T, Ramos-Álvarez I, Iordanskaia T, Moreno P, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Molecular basis for high affinity and selectivity of peptide antagonist, Bantag-1, for the orphan BB3 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 115:64-76. [PMID: 27346274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin-receptor-subtype-3 (BB3 receptor) is a G-protein-coupled-orphan-receptor classified in the mammalian Bombesin-family because of high homology to gastrin-releasing peptide (BB2 receptor)/neuromedin-B receptors (BB1 receptor). There is increased interest in BB3 receptor because studies primarily from knockout-mice suggest it plays roles in energy/glucose metabolism, insulin-secretion, as well as motility and tumor-growth. Investigations into its roles in physiological/pathophysiological processes are limited because of lack of selective ligands. Recently, a selective, peptide-antagonist, Bantag-1, was described. However, because BB3 receptor has low-affinity for all natural, Bn-related peptides, little is known of the molecular basis of its high-affinity/selectivity. This was systematically investigated in this study for Bantag-1 using a chimeric-approach making both Bantag-1 loss-/gain-of-affinity-chimeras, by exchanging extracellular (EC) domains of BB3/BB2 receptor, and using site-directed-mutagenesis. Receptors were transiently expressed and affinities determined by binding studies. Bantag-1 had >5000-fold selectivity for BB3 receptor over BB2/BB1 receptors and substitution of the first EC-domain (EC1) in loss-/gain-of affinity-chimeras greatly affected affinity. Mutagenesis of each amino acid difference in EC1 between BB3 receptor/BB2 receptor showed replacement of His(107) in BB3 receptor by Lys(107) (H107K-BB3 receptor-mutant) from BB2 receptor, decreased affinity 60-fold, and three replacements [H107K, E11D, G112R] decreased affinity 500-fold. Mutagenesis in EC1's surrounding transmembrane-regions (TMs) demonstrated TM2 differences were not important, but R127Q in TM3 alone decreased affinity 400-fold. Additional mutants in EC1/TM3 explored the molecular basis for these changes demonstrated in EC1, particularly important is the presence of aromatic-interactions by His(107), rather than hydrogen-bonding or charge-charge interactions, for determining Bantag-1 high affinity/selectivity. In regard to Arg(127) in TM3, both hydrogen-bonding and charge-charge interactions contribute to the high-affinity/selectivity for Bantag-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Tatiana Iordanskaia
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ding H, Kothandaraman S, Gong L, Williams MM, Dirksen WP, Rosol TJ, Tweedle MF. A human GRPr-transfected Ace-1 canine prostate cancer model in mice. Prostate 2016; 76:783-95. [PMID: 26940014 PMCID: PMC5867903 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A versatile drug screening system was developed to simplify early targeted drug discovery in mice and then translate readily from mice to a dog prostate cancer model that more fully replicates the features of human prostate cancer. METHODS We stably transfected human cDNA of the GRPr bombesin (BBN) receptor subtype to canine Ace-1 prostate cancer cells (Ace-1(huGRPr) ). Expression was examined by (125) I-Tyr(4) -BBN competition, calcium stimulation assay, and fluorescent microscopy. A dual tumor nude mouse xenograft model was developed from Ace-1(CMV) (vector transfected Ace-1) and Ace-1(huGRPr) cells. The model was used to explore the in vivo behavior of two new IRDye800-labeled GRPr binding optical imaging agents: 800-G-Abz4-t-BBN, from a GRPr agonist peptide, and 800-G-Abz4-STAT, from a GRPr antagonist peptide, by imaging the tumor mice and dissected organs. RESULTS Both agents bound Ace-1(huGRPr) and PC-3, a known GRPr-expressing human prostate cancer cell line, with 4-13 nM IC50 against (125) I-Tyr(4) -BBN, but did not bind Ace-1(CMV) cells (vector transfected). Binding was blocked by bombesin. Ca(2+) activation assays demonstrated that Ace-1(huGPRr) expressed biologically active GRPr. Both Ace-1 cell lines grew in the flanks of 100% of the nude mice and formed tumors of ∼0.5 cm diameter in 1 week. In vivo imaging of the mice at 800 nm emission showed GRPr+: GRPr- tumor signal brighter by a factor of two at 24 h post IV administration of 10 nmol of the imaging agents. Blood retention (4-8% ID at 1 h) was greater by a factor >10 and cumulative urine accumulation (28-30% at 4 h) was less by a factor 2 compared to a radioactive analog of the t-BBN containing agent, (177) LuAMBA, probably due to binding to blood albumin, which we confirmed in a mouse serum assay. CONCLUSIONS The dual tumor Ace-1(CMV) /Ace-1(huGRPr) model system provides a rapid test of specific to nonspecific binding of new GRPr avid agents in a model that will extend logically to the known Ace-1 orthotopic canine prostate cancer model. Prostate 76:783-795, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Ding
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomolecular Imaging, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shankaran Kothandaraman
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomolecular Imaging, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomolecular Imaging, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michelle M. Williams
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomolecular Imaging, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wessel P. Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael F. Tweedle
- Department of Radiology, The Wright Center for Innovation in Biomolecular Imaging, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mitran B, Varasteh Z, Selvaraju RK, Lindeberg G, Sörensen J, Larhed M, Tolmachev V, Rosenström U, Orlova A. Selection of optimal chelator improves the contrast of GRPR imaging using bombesin analogue RM26. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2124-34. [PMID: 26983776 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin (BN) analogs bind with high affinity to gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) that are up-regulated in prostate cancer and can be used for the visualization of prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of radionuclide-chelator complexes on the biodistribution pattern of the 111In-labeled bombesin antagonist PEG2-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 (PEG2-RM26) and to identify an optimal construct for SPECT imaging. A series of RM26 analogs N-terminally conjugated with NOTA, NODAGA, DOTA and DOTAGA via a PEG2 spacer were radiolabeled with 111In and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The conjugates were successfully labeled with 111In with 100% purity and retained binding specificity to GRPR and high stability. The cellular processing of all compounds was characterized by slow internalization. The IC50 values were in the low nanomolar range, with lower IC50 values for positively charged natIn-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 (2.6 ± 0.1 nM) and higher values for negatively charged natIn-DOTAGA-PEG2-RM26 (4.8 ± 0.5 nM). The kinetic binding studies showed KD values in the picomolar range that followed the same pattern as the IC50 data. The biodistribution of all compounds was studied in BALB/c nu/nu mice bearing PC-3 prostate cancer xenografts. Tumor targeting and biodistribution studies displayed rapid clearance of radioactivity from the blood and normal organs via kidney excretion. All conjugates showed similar uptake in tumors at 4 h p.i. The radioactivity accumulation in GRPR-expressing organs was significantly lower for DOTA- and DOTAGA-containing constructs compared to those containing NOTA and NODAGA. 111In-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 with a positively charged complex showed the highest initial uptake and the slowest clearance of radioactivity from the liver. At 4 h p.i., DOTA- and DOTAGA-coupled analogs showed significantly higher tumor-to-organ ratios compared to NOTA- and NODAGA-containing variants. The NODAGA conjugate demonstrated the best retention of radioactivity in tumors, and, at 24 h p.i., had the highest contrast to blood, muscle and bones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Mitran
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zohreh Varasteh
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram Kumar Selvaraju
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Lindeberg
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Sörensen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Accardo A, Galli F, Mansi R, Del Pozzo L, Aurilio M, Morisco A, Ringhieri P, Signore A, Morelli G, Aloj L. Pre-clinical evaluation of eight DOTA coupled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) ligands for in vivo targeting of receptor-expressing tumors. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:17. [PMID: 26897133 PMCID: PMC4761355 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) has been documented in several human neoplasms such as breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. There is growing interest in developing radiolabeled peptide-based ligands toward these receptors for the purpose of in vivo imaging and radionuclide therapy of GRP-R-overexpressing tumors. A number of different peptide sequences, isotopes, and labeling methods have been proposed for this purpose. The aim of this work is to perform a direct side-by-side comparison of different GRP-R binding peptides utilizing a single labeling strategy to identify the most suitable peptide sequence. Methods Solid-phase synthesis of eight derivatives (BN1-8) designed based on literature analysis was carried out. Peptides were coupled to the DOTA chelator through a PEG4 spacer at the N-terminus. Derivatives were characterized for serum stability, binding affinity on PC-3 human prostate cancer cells, biodistribution in tumor-bearing mice, and gamma camera imaging at 1, 6, and 24 h after injection. Results Serum stability was quite variable among the different compounds with half-lives ranging from 16 to 400 min at 37 °C. All compounds tested showed Kd values in the nanomolar range with the exception of BN3 that showed no binding. Biodistribution and imaging studies carried out for compounds BN1, BN4, BN7, and BN8 showed targeting of the GRP-R-positive tumors and the pancreas. The BN8 compound (DOTA-PEG-DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-NMeGly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) showed high affinity, the longest serum stability, and the highest target-to-background ratios in biodistribution and imaging experiments among the compounds tested. Conclusions Our results indicate that the NMeGly for Gly substitution and the Sta-Leu substitution at the C-terminus confer high serum stability while maintaining high receptor affinity, resulting in biodistribution properties that outperform those of the other peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPeB, University of Naples "Federico II" and Invectors srl, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filippo Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Del Pozzo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michela Aurilio
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Anna Morisco
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Paola Ringhieri
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPeB, University of Naples "Federico II" and Invectors srl, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPeB, University of Naples "Federico II" and Invectors srl, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Aloj
- Struttura Complessa Medicina Nucleare, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale"-IRCCS, Via M. Semmola, 52, Napoli, 80131, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramos-Álvarez I, Moreno P, Mantey SA, Nakamura T, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moody TW, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Insights into bombesin receptors and ligands: Highlighting recent advances. Peptides 2015; 72:128-44. [PMID: 25976083 PMCID: PMC4641779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This following article is written for Prof. Abba Kastin's Festschrift, to add to the tribute to his important role in the advancement of the role of peptides in physiological, as well as pathophysiological processes. There have been many advances during the 35 years of his prominent role in the Peptide field, not only as editor of the journal Peptides, but also as a scientific investigator and editor of two volumes of the Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [146,147]. Similar to the advances with many different peptides, during this 35 year period, there have been much progress made in the understanding of the pharmacology, cell biology and the role of (bombesin) Bn receptors and their ligands in various disease states, since the original isolation of bombesin from skin of the European frog Bombina bombina in 1970 [76]. This paper will briefly review some of these advances over the time period of Prof. Kastin 35 years in the peptide field concentrating on the advances since 2007 when many of the results from earlier studies were summarized [128,129]. It is appropriate to do this because there have been 280 articles published in Peptides during this time on bombesin-related peptides and it accounts for almost 5% of all publications. Furthermore, 22 Bn publications we have been involved in have been published in either Peptides [14,39,55,58,81,92,93,119,152,216,225,226,231,280,302,309,355,361,362] or in Prof. Kastin's Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [137,138,331].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mansi R, Abiraj K, Wang X, Tamma ML, Gourni E, Cescato R, Berndt S, Reubi JC, Maecke HR. Evaluation of three different families of bombesin receptor radioantagonists for targeted imaging and therapy of gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) positive tumors. J Med Chem 2014; 58:682-91. [PMID: 25474596 DOI: 10.1021/jm5012066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new classes of radiolabeled GRP receptor antagonists are studied and compared with the well-established statine-based receptor antagonist DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethylpiperidine-d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 (RM2, 1; DOTA:1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid; Sta:(3S,4S)-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid). The bombesin-based pseudopeptide DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethylpiperidine-d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leuψ(CHOH-CH2)-(CH2)2-CH3 (RM7, 2), and the methyl ester DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethylpiperidine-d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-OCH3 (ARBA05, 3) analogues are labeled with (111)In and evaluated in vitro in PC-3 cell line and in vivo in PC-3 tumor-bearing nude mice. Antagonist potency was assessed by immunofluorescence-based receptor internalization and Ca(2+) mobilization assays. The conjugates showed good binding affinity, the IC50 value of 2 (3.2 ± 1.8 nM) being 2 and 10 times lower than 1 and 3. Compared to (111)In-1, (111)In-2 showed higher uptake in target tissues such as pancreas (1.5 ± 0.5%IA/g and 39.8 ± 9.3%IA/g at 4 h, respectively), whereas the compounds had similar tumor uptake (11.5 ± 2.4%IA/g and 11.8 ± 3.9%IA/g at 4h, respectively). The displacement of the radioligand in vivo was different in different receptor positive organs and depended on the displacing peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Mansi
- Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital Basel , Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marsouvanidis PJ, Melis M, de Blois E, Breeman WAP, Krenning EP, Maina T, Nock BA, de Jong M. In vivo enzyme inhibition improves the targeting of [177Lu]DOTA-GRP(13-27) in GRPR-positive tumors in mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:359-67. [PMID: 25286347 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR) and GRP-derived analogs have attracted attention due to high receptor expression in frequently occurring human neoplasia. The authors recently synthesized a series of GRPR-affine peptide analogs based on the 27-mer GRP and derivatized with the DOTA chelator at the N-terminus for (111)In-labeling. In this study, the authors evaluated the most promising from these series, DOTA-GRP(13-27), after radiolabeling with (177)Lu for future therapeutic applications. In addition, to improve in vivo stability of the peptide against in vivo degradation by the protease neutral endopeptidase (NEP), the authors coinjected [(177)Lu]DOTA-GRP(13-27) with the potent NEP inhibitor phosphoramidon (PA). The authors also aimed at reducing renal uptake by coadministration of lysine. METHODS In vivo stability studies were performed in Swiss albino mice. Biodistribution studies were conducted in NMRI nu/nu mice bearing prostate cancer (PC)-3 xenografts. Ex vivo autoradiography was performed using frozen sections from PC-3 xenografts and kidneys. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Coadministration of PA significantly increased the percentage of intact radiopeptide in the mouse circulation. From biodistribution and ex vivo autoradiography studies, coadministration of both lysine and PA with [(177)Lu]DOTA-GRP(13-27) appeared to induce a clear improvement of tumor uptake as well as lower levels of renal radioactivity, causing a promising ninefold increase in tumor/kidney ratios.
Collapse
|
19
|
Levi J, Sathirachinda A, Gambhir SS. A high-affinity, high-stability photoacoustic agent for imaging gastrin-releasing peptide receptor in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3721-9. [PMID: 24850845 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the utility of targeted photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in providing molecular information to complement intrinsic functional and anatomical details of the vasculature within prostate lesion. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a PAI agent, AA3G-740, that targets gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), found to be highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. The binding specificity of the agent was evaluated in human prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and LNCaP, and antagonist properties determined by cell internalization and intracellular calcium mobilization studies. The imaging sensitivity was assessed for the agent itself and for the PC3 cells labeled with agent. The in vivo stability of the agent was determined in human plasma and in the blood of living mice. The in vivo binding of the agent was evaluated in PC3 prostate tumor models in mice, and was validated ex vivo by optical imaging. RESULTS AA3G-740 demonstrated strong and specific binding to GRPR. The sensitivity of detection in vitro indicated suitability of the agent to image very small lesions. In mice, the agent was able to bind to GRPR even in poorly vascularized tumors leading to nearly 2-fold difference in photoacoustic signal relative to the control agent. CONCLUSIONS The ability to image both vasculature and molecular profile outside the blood vessels gives molecular PAI a unique advantage over currently used imaging techniques. The imaging method presented here can find application both in diagnosis and in image-guided biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Levi
- Authors' Affiliations: Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection; and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Ataya Sathirachinda
- Authors' Affiliations: Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection; and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Authors' Affiliations: Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection; and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kroll C, Mansi R, Braun F, Dobitz S, Maecke HR, Wennemers H. Hybrid Bombesin Analogues: Combining an Agonist and an Antagonist in Defined Distances for Optimized Tumor Targeting. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16793-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4087648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Kroll
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Friederike Braun
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dobitz
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helmut R. Maecke
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oliveira PG, Grespan R, Pinto LG, Meurer L, Brenol JCT, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G, Cunha FQ, Xavier RM. Protective effect of RC-3095, an antagonist of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, in experimental arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:2956-65. [PMID: 21953084 DOI: 10.1002/art.30486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antiinflammatory effects of RC-3095 in 2 experimental models of arthritis, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), and to determine the mechanisms of action involved. METHODS RC-3095 was administered daily to mice with CIA and mice with AIA, after induction of disease with methylated bovine serum albumin. Disease incidence and severity were assessed using a clinical index and evaluation of histologic features, respectively. In mice with CIA, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis, while in mice with AIA, migration of neutrophils, presence of glycosaminoglycans, and lymphocyte proliferation, determined using the MTT assay, were assessed. Expression of cytokines interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was evaluated in all mouse knees using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treg cell production was assessed by flow cytometry in the joints of mice with AIA. RESULTS In mice with AIA, administration of RC-3095 reduced neutrophil migration, mechanical hypernociception, and proteoglycan loss. These findings were associated with inhibition of the levels of all 3 proinflammatory cytokines, decreased lymphocyte proliferation, and increased Treg cell numbers. In the CIA model, treatment with RC-3095 led to a significant reduction in arthritis clinical scores and the severity of disease determined histologically. Synovial inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, and extensive erosive changes were all dramatically reduced in the arthritic mice treated with RC-3095. Furthermore, arthritic mice treated with RC-3095 showed a significant reduction in the concentrations of IL-17, IL-1β, and TNFα, and showed a diminished expression of GRPR. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the GRP pathway has a significant role in chronic arthritis, and its inhibition can be explored as a possible therapeutic strategy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Oliveira
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Reumatologia, and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mahadevi AS, Sastry GN. Cation-π interaction: its role and relevance in chemistry, biology, and material science. Chem Rev 2012; 113:2100-38. [PMID: 23145968 DOI: 10.1021/cr300222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Subha Mahadevi
- Molecular Modeling Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Uehara H, Hocart SJ, González N, Mantey SA, Nakagawa T, Katsuno T, Coy DH, Jensen RT. The molecular basis for high affinity of a universal ligand for human bombesin receptor (BnR) family members. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:936-48. [PMID: 22828605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is increased interest in the Bn-receptor family because they are frequently over/ectopically expressed by tumors and thus useful as targets for imaging or receptor-targeted-cytotoxicity. The synthetic Bn-analog, [D-Tyr(6), β-Ala(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)]Bn(6-14) [Univ.Lig] has the unique property of having high affinity for all three human BNRs (GRPR, NMBR, BRS-3), and thus could be especially useful for this approach. However, the molecular basis of this property is unclear and is the subject of this study. To accomplish this, site-directed mutagenesis was used after identifying potentially important amino acids using sequence homology analysis of all BnRs with high affinity for Univ.Lig compared to the Cholecystokinin-receptor (CCK(A)R), which has low affinity. Using various criteria 74 amino acids were identified and 101 mutations made in GRPR by changing each to those of CCK(A)R or to alanine. 22 GRPR mutations showed a significant decrease in affinity for Univ.Lig (>2-fold) with 2 in EC2[D97N, G112V], 1 in UTM6[Y284A], 2 in EC4[R287N, H300S] showing >10-fold decrease in Univ.Lig affinity. Additional mutations were made to explore the molecular basis for these changes. Our results show that high affinity for Univ.Lig by human Bn-receptors requires positively charged amino acids in extracellular (EC)-domain 4 and to a lesser extent EC2 and EC3 suggesting charge-charge interactions may be particularly important for determining the general high affinity of this ligand. Furthermore, transmembrane amino acids particularly in UTM6 are important contributing both charge-charge interactions as well as interaction with a tyrosine residue in close proximity suggesting possible receptor-peptide cation-π or H-bonding interactions are also important for determining its high affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Uehara
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cai H, Yang H, Xiang B, Li S, Liu S, Wan L, Zhang J, Li Y, Cheng J, Lu X. Selective Apoptotic Killing of Solid and Hematologic Tumor Cells by Bombesin-Targeted Delivery of Mitochondria-Disrupting Peptides. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:586-96. [PMID: 20141196 DOI: 10.1021/mp900280s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Bin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Shengfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Lin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Youping Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, and Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
González N, Nakagawa T, Mantey SA, Sancho V, Uehara H, Katsuno T, Jensen RT. Molecular basis for the selectivity of the mammalian bombesin peptide, neuromedin B, for its receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:265-76. [PMID: 19628633 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.154245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin (Bn) peptides, neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), have widespread actions in many tissues, and their effects are mediated by two closely related G-protein-coupled receptors, the NMBR and GRPR. Little is known about the structural determinants of NMBR selectivity for NMB, in contrast to GRP selectivity for the GRPR, which has been extensively studied. To provide insight, chimeric NMBR-GRPR loss-of-affinity and gain-of-affinity mutants were made, as well as NH(2)-terminally truncated NMBR and point mutants using site-directed mutagenesis. Receptors were expressed in Balb-3T3-cells or CHOP cells, and affinities were determined. NMB had 115-fold greater affinity for NMBR than GRPR. Receptor-chimeric studies showed that NMBR selectivity for NMB was primarily determined by differences in the third extracellular (EC3) regions of GRPR-NMBR and adjacent upper-transmembrane-5 (TM5) region. In this region, 24 NMB gain-of-affinity GRPR mutants or NMBR loss-of-affinity point/combination mutants were made. Three gain-of-affinity mutant GRPRs [[A198I] (EC3), [H202Q] (EC3), [S215I] (upper TM5)] had increased NMB affinity (2.4-21-fold), and these results were confirmed with NMBR loss-of-affinity mutants [I199A,Q203H,I215S-NMBR]. The combination mutant [A198I,S215]GRPR had the greatest effect causing a complete NMB gain-of-affinity. The importance of differences at position 199NMBR or 203NMBR was studied by substituting amino acids with various properties. Our results show that NMBR selectivity for NMB is due to differences in the EC3 of NMBR-GRPR and the adjacent upper-TM5 region. Within these regions, isoleucines in NMBR [position 199 (EC3)] (instead of A198GRPR) and in 215NMBR (TM5) (instead of S214GRPR), as well as Q203NMBR (instead of H202GRPR) are responsible for high NMB-affinity/selectivity of NMBR. The effect at position 199 is primarily due to differences in hydrophobicity of the substitution, whereas steric factors and charge of the substitution at position 203 were important determinants of NMB selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves González
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Seidita G, Mirisola M, D'Anna RP, Gallo A, Jensen RT, Mantey SA, Gonzalez N, Falco M, Zingale M, Elia M, Cucina L, Chiavetta V, Romano V, Cali F. Analysis of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene in Italian patients with autism spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:807-13. [PMID: 18393381 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) was implicated for the first time in the pathogenesis of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by Ishikawa-Brush et al. [Ishikawa-Brush et al. (1997): Hum Mol Genet 6: 1241-1250]. Since this original observation, only one association study [Marui et al. (2004): Brain Dev 26: 5-7] has further investigated, though unsuccessfully, the involvement of the GRPR gene in ASD. With the aim of contributing further information to this topic we have sequenced the entire coding region and the intron/exon junctions of the GRPR gene in 149 Italian autistic patients. The results of this study led to the identification of four novel point mutations, two of which, that is, C6S and L181F, involve amino acid changes identified in two patients with ASD and Rett syndrome, respectively. Both the leucine at position 181 and the cysteine at position 6 are strongly conserved in vertebrates. C6S and L181F mutant proteins were expressed in COS-7 and BALB/3T3 cells, but they did not affect either GRP's binding affinity or its potency for stimulating phospholipase C-mediated production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. In summary, our results do not provide support for a major role of the GRPR gene in ASD in the population of patients we have studied. However, there is a potential role of C6S and L181F mutations on GRPR function, and possibly in the pathogenesis of the autistic disorders in the two patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Seidita
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gonzalez N, Hocart SJ, Portal-Nuñez S, Mantey SA, Nakagawa T, Zudaire E, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Molecular basis for agonist selectivity and activation of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype 3 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:463-74. [PMID: 18006692 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.132332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype (BRS)-3, a G-protein-coupled orphan receptor, shares 51% identity with the mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptor for gastrin-releasing peptide. There is increasing interest in BRS-3 because it is important in energy metabolism, glucose control, motility, and tumor growth. BRS-3 has low affinity for all Bn-related peptides; however, recently synthetic high-affinity agonists, [d-Tyr(6)/d-Phe(6),betaAla(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn-(6-14), were described, but they are nonselective for BRS-3 over other Bn receptors. Based on these peptides, three BRS-3-selective ligands were developed: peptide 2, [d-Tyr(6)(R)-3-amino-propionic acid(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn(6-14); peptide 3, [d-Tyr(6),(R)-Apa(11),4Cl-Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn(6-14); and peptide 4, acetyl-Phe-Trp-Ala-His-(tBzl)-piperidine-3 carboxylic acid-Gly-Arg-NH(2). Their molecular determinants of selectivity/high affinity for BRS-3 are unknown. To address this, we used a chimeric/site mutagenesis approach. Substitution of extracellular domain 2 (EC2) of BRS-3 by the comparable gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) domain decreased 26-, 4-, and 0-fold affinity for peptides 4, 3, and 2. Substitution of EC3 decreased affinity 4-, 11-, and 0-fold affinity for peptides 2 to 4. Ten-point mutations in the EC2 and adjacent transmembrane regions (TM2) 2 and 3 of BRS-3 were made. His107 (EC2-BRS-3) for lysine (H107K) (EC2-GRPR) decreased affinity (25- and 0-fold) for peptides 4 and 1; however, it could not be activated by either peptide. Its combination with Val101 (TM2), Gly112 (EC2), and Arg127 (TM3) resulted in complete loss-of-affinity of peptide 4. Receptor-modeling showed that each of these residues face inward and are within 4 A of the binding pocket. These results demonstrate that Val101, His107, Gly112, and Arg127 in the EC2/adjacent upper TMs of BRS-3 are critical for the high BRS3 selectivity of peptide 4. His107 in EC2 is essential for BRS-3 activation, suggesting amino-aromatic ligand/receptor interactions with peptide 4 are critical for both binding and activation. Furthermore, these result demonstrate that even though these three BRS-3-selective agonists were developed from the same template peptide, [d-Phe(6),betaAla(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn-(6-14), their molecular determinants of selectivity/high affinity varied considerably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Gonzalez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Heath, Building 10, Room 9C-103, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1804, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baldwin GS, Patel O, Shulkes A. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptors: Biological implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 143:1-14. [PMID: 17395282 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The many biological activities of the hormone gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), including stimulation of acid secretion and of tumour growth, are mediated by the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Here sequence comparisons are utilised to investigate the likely bioactive regions of the 125 amino acid GRP precursor and of GRP-R. Comparison of the sequences of the GRP precursor from 21 species revealed homology not only in the GRP region between amino acids 1 and 30, but also in C-terminal regions from amino acids 43 to 97. This observation is consistent with recent reports that peptides derived from the C-terminal region are biologically active. Comparison of the GRP-R sequence with the related receptors NMB-R and BRS-3 revealed that the family could be distinguished from other G-protein coupled receptors by the presence of the motif GVSVFTLTALS at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix 3. Comparison of the sequences of the GRP-R from 21 species revealed that the most highly conserved regions occurred in transmembrane helices 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7, and in the third intracellular loop. These results will be important in guiding future structure-function studies of the GRP precursor and of GRP receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Baldwin
- University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Studley Rd., Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cornelio DB, Roesler R, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor as a molecular target in experimental anticancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1457-66. [PMID: 17351255 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, several lines of experimental evidence have suggested that the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) may act as a growth factor in many types of cancer. For that reason, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have been developed as anticancer candidate compounds, exhibiting impressive antitumoral activity both in vitro and in vivo in various murine and human tumors. In this article, the GRPR cell surface expression profile in human malignancies is reviewed aiming at the identification of potential tumor types for future clinical trials with GRP analogues and antagonists. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the GRPR status in human malignancies. Source data were obtained by searching all published material available through Medline, PubMed and relevant articles from 1971 to 2006. The data available demonstrated a high expression of GRPRs in a large spectrum of human cancers, demonstrating the potential relevance of this intracellular signaling pathway in various human tumor models. The GRPR may be an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies, as carriers for cytotoxins, immunotoxins or radioactive compounds, being also a potential tool for tumor detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Cornelio
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Academic Hospital Research Center, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Surgand JS, Rodrigo J, Kellenberger E, Rognan D. A chemogenomic analysis of the transmembrane binding cavity of human G-protein-coupled receptors. Proteins 2006; 62:509-38. [PMID: 16294340 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequences of 369 human nonolfactory G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been aligned at the seven transmembrane domain (TM) and used to extract the nature of 30 critical residues supposed--from the X-ray structure of bovine rhodopsin bound to retinal--to line the TM binding cavity of ground-state receptors. Interestingly, the clustering of human GPCRs from these 30 residues mirrors the recently described phylogenetic tree of full-sequence human GPCRs (Fredriksson et al., Mol Pharmacol 2003;63:1256-1272) with few exceptions. A TM cavity could be found for all investigated GPCRs with physicochemical properties matching that of their cognate ligands. The current approach allows a very fast comparison of most human GPCRs from the focused perspective of the predicted TM cavity and permits to easily detect key residues that drive ligand selectivity or promiscuity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakagawa T, Hocart SJ, Schumann M, Tapia JA, Mantey SA, Coy DH, Tokita K, Katsuno T, Jensen RT. Identification of key amino acids in the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) responsible for high affinity binding of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:579-93. [PMID: 15670577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bombesin (Bn) receptor family includes the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRPR) and neuromedin B (NMBR) receptors, Bn receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) and Bn receptor subtype 4 (BB(4)). They share 50% homology, yet their affinities for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) differ. The determinants of GRP high affinity for GRPR and BB(4), and low affinity for BRS-3 are largely unknown. To address this question we made an analysis of structural homologies in Bn receptor members correlated with their affinities for GRP to develop criteria to identify amino acids important for GRP selectivity. Fourteen differences were identified and each was mutated singly in GRPR to that found in hBRS-3. Eleven mutants had a loss of GRP affinity. Furthermore, three of four amino acids in the GRPR selected used a similar approach and previously reported to be important for high affinity Bn binding, were important for GRP affinity. Some GRPR mutants containing combinations of these mutations had greater decreases in GRP affinity than any single mutation. Particularly important for GRP selectivity were K101, Q121, A198, P199, S293, R288, T297 in GRPR. These results were confirmed by making the reverse mutations in BRS-3 to make GRP gain of affinity mutants. Modeling studies demonstrated a number of the important amino acids had side-chains oriented inward and within 6A of the binding pocket. These results demonstrated this approach could identify amino acids needed for GRP affinity and complemented results from chimera/mutagenesis studies by identifying which differences in the extracellular domains of Bn receptors were important for GRP affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Nakagawa
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schumann M, Nakagawa T, Mantey SA, Tokita K, Venzon DJ, Hocart SJ, Benya RV, Jensen RT. Importance of amino acids of the central portion of the second intracellular loop of the gastrin-releasing Peptide receptor for phospholipase C activation, internalization, and chronic down-regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:597-607. [PMID: 12970386 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.055087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the function of the central portion of the second intracellular loop (i2 loop) of peptide receptors in activation of downstream pathways and receptor modulatory processes such as receptor internalization or chronic down-regulation (DR). Recent data suggest a role for i2 loop hydrophobic amino acids in these processes. We used site-directed mutagenesis to address these issues with the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R). Each i2 loop residue from 142 to 148 was mutated and the receptors were expressed in Balb 3T3 cells. Two mutants showed a minimal (<2-fold) decrease in affinity. Five mutants showed decreased efficacy for activating phospholipase C (PLC). Two double mutants (IM143.147AA and VM144.147AA) showed a minimal decrease in affinity but had a decreased ability to fully activate PLC. Only the IM double mutation had decreased maximal internalization, whereas the R145A single mutant showed an increase, suggesting a tonic inhibitory role for Arg-145 in internalization. Three single and both double mutants showed decreases in receptor DR. There was a weak correlation between the extent of GRP-R internalization and the maximal PLC activation, whereas changes in the maximal PLC activation were significantly (p = 0.008) coupled to receptor DR. This study shows that amino acids of the i2 loop of the GRP-R are important in activation of PLC, internalization and down-regulation, but not for affinity. Our results support the proposal that internalization and chronic down-regulation have differing dependence on PLC and are largely independent processes, because some mutants showed no changes in internalization, but significant alterations in down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumann
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Rm. 9C-103, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1804, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This review is an attempt to illustrate the diversity of peptides reported for a potential or an established use in cancer therapy. With 612 references, this work aims at covering the patents and publications up to year 2000 with many inroads in years 2001-2002. The peptides are classed according to four categories of effective (or plausible) biological mechanisms of action: receptor-interacting compounds; inhibitors of protein-protein interaction; enzymes inhibitors; nucleic acid-interacting compounds. The fifth group is made of the peptides for which no mechanism of action has been found yet. Incidentally this work provides an overview of many of the modern targets of anticancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Janin
- UMR 176 CNRS-Intitut Curie, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Filipek S, Teller DC, Palczewski K, Stenkamp R. The crystallographic model of rhodopsin and its use in studies of other G protein-coupled receptors. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 2003; 32:375-97. [PMID: 12574068 PMCID: PMC1351250 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that respond to environmental signals and initiate signal transduction pathways activating cellular processes. Rhodopsin is a GPCR found in rod cells in retina where it functions as a photopigment. Its molecular structure is known from cryo-electron microscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies, and this has reshaped many structure/function questions important in vision science. In addition, this first GPCR structure has provided a structural template for studies of other GPCRs, including many known drug targets. After presenting an overview of the major structural elements of rhodopsin, recent literature covering the use of the rhodopsin structure in analyzing other GPCRs will be summarized. Use of the rhodopsin structural model to understand the structure and function of other GPCRs provides strong evidence validating the structural model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Filipek
- Departments of Biological Structure
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ;;
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology and
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - David C. Teller
- Biochemistry
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ;;
| | | | - Ronald Stenkamp
- Departments of Biological Structure
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ;;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mizejewski GJ. Biological role of alpha-fetoprotein in cancer: prospects for anticancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2002; 2:709-35. [PMID: 12503217 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
alpha-fetoprotein has long been considered the 'gold-standard' in the field of tumor markers. During the several decades since the recognition of mammalian alpha-fetoprotein as a tumor-associated fetal protein, it has been purified, characterized, cloned and sequenced for use in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. However, the biological role of alpha-fetoprotein in the regulation of cancer growth has received comparatively little attention. Only during the last decade has the modulatory role of alpha-fetoprotein in neoplastic growth been realized and implemented in experimental models. This review examines the basis for the current consensus that alpha-fetoprotein does indeed regulate neoplastic growth through the presence of an alpha-fetoprotein cell surface receptor that undergoes internalization to the cell interior. Studies involving uptake of this fetal protein have since culminated in radio imaging reports as well as the use of alpha-fetoprotein as an anticancer drug conjugate. Finally, the therapeutic utilization of alpha-fetoprotein and its peptidic fragments as growth-response modifiers encompasses biological events, such as apoptosis G-coupled signal transduction, gene therapy, vaccination and cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Mizejewski
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Wadsworth Center for Laboratory and Research, NYS Health Dept., Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 02201, USA
| |
Collapse
|