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de Araujo FF, Marcon RM, Cristante AF, Filho TEPB. Glutathione effect on functional and histological recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100359. [PMID: 38657346 PMCID: PMC11059465 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the GSH effect on functional and histological recovery after experimental spinal cord injury in rats. METHODS Forty Wistar rats were subjected to spinal cord injury through the Multicenter Animal Spinal Cord Injury Study (MASCIS) Impactor system. The rats were sorted and divided into four groups, as follows: Group 1 ‒ Laminectomy and spinal cord injury; Group 2 ‒ Laminectomy, spinal cord injury and Saline Solution (SS) 0.9%; Group 3 ‒ Laminectomy, spinal cord injury, and GSH; and Group 4 ‒ lLaminectomy without spinal cord injury. GSH and SS were administered intraperitoneally. Groups 1 and 4 received no intervention. RESULTS The rats were evaluated for locomotor function recovery at seven different times by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale on days 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after the spinal cord injury. On day 42, the rats were sacrificed to analyze the histological findings of the injured spinal cord. In the group submitted to GSH, our experimental study revealed better functional scores on the BBB scale, horizontal ladder scale, and cranial and caudal axon count. The differences found were statistically significant in BBB scores and axonal count analysis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that using glutathione in experimental spinal trauma can lead to better functional recovery and improved axonal regeneration rate in Wistar rats submitted to experimental spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Flores de Araujo
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Martus Marcon
- Grupo de Cirurgia de Coluna, Laboratório de Investigações Médicas, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Fogaça Cristante
- Grupo de Cirurgia de Coluna, Laboratório de Investigações Médicas, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Eloy Pessoa Barros Filho
- Grupo de Cirurgia de Coluna, Laboratório de Investigações Médicas, Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Zhang HY, Wu FY, Zhang CX, Wu CY, Cui RJ, Liu XY, Yang L, Zhang Y, Sun F, Cheng F, Yang RM, Song HD, Zhao SX. Contactin 6, A Novel Causative Gene for Congenital Hypothyroidism, Mediates Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis Through Notch Signaling. Thyroid 2024; 34:324-335. [PMID: 38183624 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal metabolic disorder. In patients with CH in China, thyroid dyshormonogenesis is more common than thyroid dysgenesis; however, the genetic causes of CH due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis remain largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed at identifying novel candidate causative genes for CH. Methods: To identify novel CH candidate genes, a total of 599 patients with CH were enrolled and next-generation sequencing was performed. The functions of the identified variants were confirmed using HEK293T and FTC-133 cell lines in vitro and in a mouse model organism in vivo. Results: Three pathogenic contactin 6 (CNTN6) variants were identified in two patients with CH. Pedigree analysis showed that CH caused by CNTN6 variants was inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. The CNTN6 gene was highly expressed in the thyroid in humans and mice. Cntn6 knockout mice presented with thyroid dyshormonogenesis and CH due to the decreased expression of crucial genes for thyroid hormone biosynthesis (Slc5a5, Tpo, and Duox2). All three CNTN6 variants resulted in the blocking of the release of the Notch intracellular domain, which could not translocate into the nucleus, impaired NOTCH1 transcriptional activity, and decreased expression of SLC5A5, TPO, and DUOX2. Further, we found that DTX1 was required for CNTN6 to promote thyroid hormone biosynthesis through Notch signaling. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that CNTN6 is a novel causative gene for CH through the mediation of thyroid hormone biosynthesis via Notch signaling, which provides new insights into the genetic background and mechanisms involved in CH and thyroid dyshormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Yao Wu
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cao-Xu Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yang Wu
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Jie Cui
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Children's Hospital (Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center), College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-Meng Yang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huai-Dong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Xia Zhao
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Torres HM, Fang F, May DG, Bosshardt P, Hinojosa L, Roux KJ, Tao J. Comprehensive analysis of the proximity-dependent nuclear interactome for the oncoprotein NOTCH1 in live cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105522. [PMID: 38043798 PMCID: PMC10788534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a critical role in cell fate decisions in all cell types. Furthermore, gain-of-function mutations in NOTCH1 have been uncovered in many human cancers. Disruption of Notch signaling has recently emerged as an attractive disease treatment strategy. However, the nuclear interaction landscape of the oncoprotein NOTCH1 remains largely unexplored. We therefore employed here a proximity-dependent biotin identification approach to identify in vivo protein associations with the nuclear Notch1 intracellular domain in live cells. We identified a large set of previously reported and unreported proteins that associate with NOTCH1, including general transcription and elongation factors, DNA repair and replication factors, coactivators, corepressors, and components of the NuRD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes. We also found that Notch1 intracellular domain associates with protein modifiers and components of other signaling pathways that may influence Notch signal transduction and protein stability such as USP7. We further validated the interaction of NOTCH1 with histone deacetylase 1 or GATAD2B using protein network analysis, proximity-based ligation, in vivo cross-linking and coimmunoprecipitation assays in several Notch-addicted cancer cell lines. Through data mining, we also revealed potential drug targets for the inhibition of Notch signaling. Collectively, these results provide a valuable resource to uncover the mechanisms that fine-tune Notch signaling in tumorigenesis and inform therapeutic targets for Notch-addicted tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee M Torres
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Danielle G May
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Paige Bosshardt
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Leetoria Hinojosa
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Jianning Tao
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.
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Klinkovskij A, Shepelev M, Isaakyan Y, Aniskin D, Ulasov I. Advances of Genome Editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in Neurodegeneration: The Right Path towards Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3333. [PMID: 38137554 PMCID: PMC10741756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is rising rapidly as the world's population ages. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia are becoming more prevalent and are now the fourth leading cause of death, following heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Although modern diagnostic techniques for detecting NDDs are varied, scientists are continuously seeking new and improved methods to enable early and precise detection. In addition to that, the present treatment options are limited to symptomatic therapy, which is effective in reducing the progression of neurodegeneration but lacks the ability to target the root cause-progressive loss of neuronal functioning. As a result, medical researchers continue to explore new treatments for these conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the key features of NDDs and an overview of the underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunction. Additionally, we dive into the cutting-edge treatment options that gene therapy provides in the quest to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Klinkovskij
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Mikhail Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yuri Isaakyan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Denis Aniskin
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
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Vela-Rodríguez C, Scarpulla I, Ashok Y, Lehtiö L. Discovery of DTX3L inhibitors through a homogeneous FRET-based assay that monitors formation and removal of poly-ubiquitin chains. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:365-375. [PMID: 37579950 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a reversible protein post-translational modification in which consequent enzymatic activity results in the covalent linking of ubiquitin to a target protein. Once ubiquitinated, a protein can undergo multiple rounds of ubiquitination on multiple sites or form poly-ubiquitin chains. Ubiquitination regulates various cellular processes, and dysregulation of ubiquitination has been associated with more than one type of cancer. Therefore, efforts have been carried out to identify modulators of the ubiquitination cascade. Herein, we present the development of a FRET-based assay that allows us to monitor ubiquitination activity of DTX3L, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. Our method shows a good signal window with a robust average Z' factor of 0.76 on 384-well microplates, indicating a good assay for screening inhibitors in a high-throughput setting. From a validatory screening experiment, we have identified the first molecules that inhibit DTX3L with potencies in the low micromolar range. We also demonstrate that the method can be expanded to study deubiquitinases, such as USP28, that reduce FRET due to hydrolysis of fluorescent poly-ubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vela-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilaria Scarpulla
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Yashwanth Ashok
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
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6
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Baldenius M, Kautzmann S, Nanda S, Klämbt C. Signaling Pathways Controlling Axonal Wrapping in Drosophila. Cells 2023; 12:2553. [PMID: 37947631 PMCID: PMC10647682 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of action potentials is an important ability that enables efficient communication within the nervous system. Glial cells influence conduction velocity along axons by regulating the radial axonal diameter, providing electrical insulation as well as affecting the distribution of voltage-gated ion channels. Differentiation of these wrapping glial cells requires a complex set of neuron-glia interactions involving three basic mechanistic features. The glia must recognize the axon, grow around it, and eventually arrest its growth to form single or multiple axon wraps. This likely depends on the integration of numerous evolutionary conserved signaling and adhesion systems. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and underlying signaling pathways that control glial wrapping in Drosophila and compare those to the mechanisms that control glial differentiation in mammals. This analysis shows that Drosophila is a beneficial model to study the development of even complex structures like myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 16, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (M.B.)
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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Suma A, Carnevale V. The DTX Protein Family: An Emerging Set of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:1680. [PMID: 37443713 PMCID: PMC10340142 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, Deltex (DTX) proteins have been considered putative E3 ligases, based on the presence of an E3 RING domain in their protein coding sequence. The human DTX family includes DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L and DTX4. Despite the fact that our knowledge of this class of E3-ubiquitin ligases is still at an early stage, our understanding of their role in oncogenesis is beginning to unfold. In fact, recently published studies allow us to define specific biological scenarios and further consolidate evidence-based working hypotheses. According to the current evidence, all DTX family members are involved in the regulation of Notch signaling, suggesting a phylogenetically conserved role in the regulation of this pathway. Indeed, additional evidence reveals a wider involvement of these proteins in other signaling complexes and cancer-promoting mechanisms beyond NOTCH signaling. DTX3, in particular, had been known to express two isoform variants (DTX3a and DTX3b). The recent identification and cloning of a third isoform variant in cancer (DTX3c), and its specific involvement in EphB4 degradation in cancer cells, sheds further light on this group of proteins and their specific role in cancer. Herein, we review the cumulative knowledge of this family of E3 Ubiquitin ligases with a specific focus on the potential oncogenic role of DTX isoforms in light of the rapidly expanding findings regarding this protein family's cellular targets and regulated signaling pathways. Furthermore, using a comparative and bioinformatic approach, we here disclose a new putative motif of a member of this family which may help in understanding the biological and contextual differences between the members of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen J. Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Antonio Suma
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Regulators of Notch Receptor Endocytosis: From Flies to Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020224. [PMID: 35204725 PMCID: PMC8961608 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch is a developmental receptor, conserved in the evolution of the metazoa, which regulates cell fate proliferation and survival in numerous developmental contexts, and also regulates tissue renewal and repair in adult organisms. Notch is activated by proteolytic removal of its extracellular domain and the subsequent release of its intracellular domain, which then acts in the nucleus as part of a transcription factor complex. Numerous regulatory mechanisms exist to tune the amplitude, duration and spatial patterning of this core signalling mechanism. In Drosophila, Deltex (Dx) and Suppressor of dx (Su(dx)) are E3 ubiquitin ligases which interact with the Notch intracellular domain to regulate its endocytic trafficking, with impacts on both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent signal activation. Homologues of Dx and Su(dx) have been shown to also interact with one or more of the four mammalian Notch proteins and other target substrates. Studies have shown similarities, specialisations and diversifications of the roles of these Notch regulators. This review collates together current research on vertebrate Dx and Su(dx)-related proteins, provides an overview of their various roles, and discusses their contributions to cell fate regulation and disease.
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Hounjet J, Vooijs M. The Role of Intracellular Trafficking of Notch Receptors in Ligand-Independent Notch Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091369. [PMID: 34572582 PMCID: PMC8466058 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Notch signaling has been found in a broad range of human malignancies. Consequently, small molecule inhibitors and antibodies targeting Notch signaling in human cancers have been developed and tested; however, these have failed due to limited anti-tumor efficacy because of dose-limiting toxicities in normal tissues. Therefore, there is an unmet need to discover novel regulators of malignant Notch signaling, which do not affect Notch signaling in healthy tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of intracellular trafficking in ligand-independent Notch receptor activation, the possible mechanisms involved, and possible therapeutic opportunities for inhibitors of intracellular trafficking in Notch targeting.
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Wang L, Sun X, He J, Liu Z. Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Deltex Family Ubiquitin E3 Ligases in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706997. [PMID: 34513839 PMCID: PMC8424196 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification of proteins that significantly affects protein stability and function. The specificity of substrate recognition is determined by ubiquitin E3 ligase during ubiquitination. Human Deltex (DTX) protein family, which functions as ubiquitin E3 ligases, comprises five members, namely, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L, and DTX4. The characteristics and functional diversity of the DTX family proteins have attracted significant attention over the last decade. DTX proteins have several physiological and pathological roles and are closely associated with cell signal transduction, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the occurrence and development of various tumors. Although they have been extensively studied in various species, data on structural features, biological functions, and potential mechanisms of action of the DTX family proteins remain limited. In this review, recent research progress on each member of the DTX family is summarized, providing insights into future research directions and potential strategies in disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Jingni He
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Azzarà A, Rendeli C, Crivello AM, Brugnoletti F, Rumore R, Ausili E, Sangiorgi E, Gurrieri F. Identification of new candidate genes for spina bifida through exome sequencing. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2589-2596. [PMID: 33855610 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neural tube defects are a group of birth defects caused by failure of neural tube closure during development. The etiology of NTD, requiring a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors, is not well understood. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) in six trios, with a single affected proband with spina bifida, to identify rare/novel variants as potential causes of the NTD. RESULTS Our analysis identified four de novo and ten X-linked recessive variants in four of the six probands, all of them in genes previously never implicated in NTD. Among the 14 variants, we ruled out six of them, based on different criteria and pursued the evaluation of eight potential candidates in the following genes: RXRγ, DTX1, COL15A1, ARHGAP36, TKTL1, AMOT, GPR50, and NKRF. The de novo variants where located in the RXRγ, DTX1, and COL15A1 genes while ARHGAP36, TKTL1, AMOT, GPR50, and NKRF carry X-linked recessive variants. This analysis also revealed that four patients presented multiple variants, while we were unable to identify any significant variant in two patients. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary conclusion support a major role for the de novo variants with respect to the X-linked recessive variants where the X-linked could represent a contribution to the phenotype in an oligogenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Azzarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia. .,Unità di Genetica Medica, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italia.
| | - Claudia Rendeli
- Spina Bifida Center, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Anna Maria Crivello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Fulvia Brugnoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Roberto Rumore
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia
| | - Emanuele Ausili
- Spina Bifida Center, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Eugenio Sangiorgi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italia.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Fiorella Gurrieri
- Unità di Genetica Medica, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italia
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Sharma V, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Deltex positively regulates Toll signaling in a JNK independent manner in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2021; 26:254-263. [PMID: 33555648 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Toll pathway is the center for the function of immune system in both Drosophila and mammals. Toll pathway in Drosophila gets activated upon binding of the ligand Spätzle to the receptor, Toll, triggering a series of proteolytic cascade culminating into the activation of the NF-κB factors Dorsal and/or Dif (Dorsal-related immunity factor). Inappropriate activation of the Toll pathway is often associated with systemic inflammation phenotype in the absence of infection, and thus, it is important to understand the regulation of Toll signaling. Deltex (Dx) is a context-dependent regulator of Notch signaling and has been linked with cell-mediated immunity in the mammalian system lately. However, the unambiguous role of Dx in humoral and cell-mediated immunity is yet to be explored. Our study unravels the novel role of Dx in Toll pathway activation. Gain of function of dx in Drosophila larvae results in increased melanotic mass formation and increased lamellocyte production. Our results also reveal the nuclear accumulation of transcription factors Dorsal and Dif and expression of Toll-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in Dx over-expression background. Further, we also tried to elucidate the role of Dx in JNK-independent Toll activation. Here we present Dx as a novel candidate in the regulation of Toll pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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13
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Lee J, Cho Y. Potential roles of stem cell marker genes in axon regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1-7. [PMID: 33446881 PMCID: PMC8080715 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is orchestrated by many genes that are differentially expressed in response to injury. Through a comparative analysis of gene expression profiling, injury-responsive genes that are potential targets for understanding the mechanisms underlying regeneration have been revealed. As the efficiency of axon regeneration in both the peripheral and central nervous systems can be manipulated, we suggest that identifying regeneration-associated genes is a promising approach for developing therapeutic applications in vivo. Here, we review the possible roles of stem cell marker- or stemness-related genes in axon regeneration to gain a better understanding of the regeneration mechanism and to identify targets that can enhance regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Laboratory of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Wang S, Hao Q, Li J, Chen Y, Lu H, Wu X, Zhou X. Ubiquitin ligase DTX3 empowers mutant p53 to promote ovarian cancer development. Genes Dis 2020; 9:705-716. [PMID: 35782979 PMCID: PMC9243342 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The deltex family protein DTX3 is believed to possess E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, as it contains a classic RING finger domain. However, its biological role and the underlying mechanism in cancer remain largely elusive. Here, we identified DTX3 as a novel mutant p53-interacting protein in ovarian carcinoma. Mechanistically, DTX3 mediated mutant p53 ubiquitination and stabilization by perturbing the MDM2-mutant p53 interaction, consequently leading to activation of diverse mutant p53 target genes. Importantly, a positive correlation between the expression of DTX3 and mutant p53 target genes was further validated in ovarian carcinomas. Ectopic DTX3 promoted, while depletion of DTX3 suppressed, ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Remarkably, the pro-tumorigenic effect of DTX3 is dependent on mutant p53, because ablation of mutant p53 significantly impaired DTX3-induced gene expression and ovarian cancer cell growth and propagation. Furthermore, DTX3 elevated the expression of mutant p53 target genes and boosted ovarian tumor growth in vivo. Finally, DTX3 was amplified and overexpressed in ovarian carcinomas, which is significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis. Altogether, our findings unveil the oncogenic role of DTX3 in ovarian cancer development by bolstering mutant p53 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Qian Hao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Corresponding author. Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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15
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Notch Pathway: A Journey from Notching Phenotypes to Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1287:201-222. [PMID: 33034034 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55031-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Notch is a key evolutionary conserved pathway, which has fascinated and engaged the work of investigators in an uncountable number of biological fields, from development of metazoans to immunotherapy for cancer. The study of Notch has greatly contributed to the understanding of cancer biology and a substantial effort has been spent in designing Notch-targeting therapies. Due to its broad involvement in cancer, targeting Notch would allow to virtually modulate any aspect of the disease. However, this means that Notch-based therapies must be highly specific to avoid off-target effects. This review will present the newest mechanistic and therapeutic advances in the Notch field and discuss the promises and challenges of this constantly evolving field.
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16
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Integrin Beta 1 Promotes Glioma Cell Proliferation by Negatively Regulating the Notch Pathway. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:8297017. [PMID: 33014056 PMCID: PMC7512099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8297017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, genes associated with the Notch signaling pathway in gliomas were analyzed using bioinformatics and in vitro experiments. The dataset GSE22772 was downloaded from the Gene-Cloud of Biotechnology Information database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between short hairpin RNA (shRNA) intervening glioma cells and control cells were screened using the unpaired t test. Functional enrichment analysis was performed, and coexpression network was analyzed to identify the most important genes associated with the Notch signaling pathway. Integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) mRNA and protein levels in clinical glioma tumor samples and tumor adjacent normal tissue samples were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The relationship between ITGB1 expression and the prognosis of patients with gliomas was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier curve. ITGB1 interference expression cell line U87 and ITGB1 overexpressing cell line were established using sh-ITGB1 and oe-ITGB1 plasmids, respectively. MTT and colony formation assays were used to detect changes in the proliferation of glioma cells. Moreover, western blotting was used to detect the expression of Notch and Hey1. A total of 7,962 DEGs were screened between shRNA intervening glioma cells and control cells, which were mainly associated with spliceosome, proteoglycans in cancer, focal adhesion, and the Notch signaling pathway. ITGB1 showed the highest expression in the coexpression network. The mRNA and protein expression of ITGB1 in glioma tumor samples was significantly higher than that in tumor adjacent normal tissue samples (p < 0.05). Overall survival time of patients in the ITGB1 low-expression group was significantly longer than that in the ITGB1 high-expression group, indicating that ITGB1 expression negatively correlated with the prognosis. Fluorescence microscopy, qRT-PCR, and western blotting confirmed the transfection efficiency of ITGB1 overexpression and interference expression in U251 and U87 cells. The MTT and colony formation assays indicated that U87 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited after intervention with ITGB1 (p < 0.05), and overexpression of ITGB1 significantly promoted U251 cell proliferation (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of Notch and Hey1 proteins was significantly decreased after ITGB1 intervention (p < 0.05), and their expression was significantly upregulated after ITGB1 overexpression (p < 0.05). ITGB1 expression in glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues and was negatively correlated with the survival time of patients. Therefore, ITGB1 can significantly promote proliferation of glioma cells via feedback regulation of the Notch signaling pathway.
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17
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Ding XY, Hu HY, Huang KN, Wei RQ, Min J, Qi C, Tang H, Qin X. Ubiquitination of NOTCH2 by DTX3 suppresses the proliferation and migration of human esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:489-501. [PMID: 31854042 PMCID: PMC7004520 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The NOTCH2 gene plays a role in the development of many tumors. Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3 (DTX3) was identified as a novel E3 ligase for NOTCH2 and as a potential therapeutic target for esophageal cancer. However, whether DTX3 could regulate NOTCH2 to suppress the progression of esophageal carcinoma remains unknown. In our study, NOTCH2 had higher expression in human esophageal carcinoma cell lines compared to normal human esophageal epithelial cell line, and ablation of NOTCH2 suppressed the proliferation and migration of esophageal carcinoma cells. A novel E3 ligase for NOTCH2 was identified by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and DTX3 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of NOTCH2. Further study showed that DTX3 overexpression suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of human oesophageal carcinoma cells. The analysis of tissue samples from patients revealed that the expression of NOTCH2 was high while the expression of DTX3 was low in esophageal cancer. Furthermore, the expression of DTX3 and NOTCH2 showed a significant negative correlation in human oesophageal cancer samples. Our study suggested that the DTX3-NOTCH2 axis plays an important role in the progression of esophageal cancer, and DTX3 acts as an anti-oncogene in esophageal carcinoma, potentially offering a therapeutic target for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Nan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Qiang Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Qi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Shen W, Sun J. Different modes of Notch activation and strength regulation in the spermathecal secretory lineage. Development 2020; 147:dev184390. [PMID: 31988187 PMCID: PMC7033723 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The strength of Notch signaling contributes to pleiotropic actions of Notch; however, we do not yet have a full understanding of the molecular regulation of Notch-signaling strength. We have investigated the mode of Notch activation in binary fate specification in the Drosophila spermathecal linage, where Notch is asymmetrically activated across three divisions to specify different cell fates. Using clonal analysis, we show that Delta (Dl) serves as the ligand for Notch in the first and second divisions. Dl and Serrate (Ser) function redundantly in the third division. Compared with the third division, cell-fate decision in the second division requires a lower level of Suppressor of Hairless protein, and, consequently, a lower level of Notch signaling. Several Notch endosomal trafficking regulators differentially regulate Notch signaling between the second and third divisions. Here, we demonstrate that cell differentiation in spermathecae involves different Notch-activation modes, Notch-signaling strengths and Notch-trafficking regulations. Thus, the Drosophila spermathecal lineage is an exciting model for probing the molecular mechanisms that modulate the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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19
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de las Heras-Saldana S, Clark SA, Duijvesteijn N, Gondro C, van der Werf JHJ, Chen Y. Combining information from genome-wide association and multi-tissue gene expression studies to elucidate factors underlying genetic variation for residual feed intake in Australian Angus cattle. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:939. [PMID: 31810463 PMCID: PMC6898931 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are extensively used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) underlying the genetic variation of complex traits. However, much uncertainly often still exists about the causal variants and genes at quantitative trait loci (QTL). The aim of this study was to identify QTL associated with residual feed intake (RFI) and genes in these regions whose expression is also associated with this trait. Angus cattle (2190 steers) with RFI records were genotyped and imputed to high density arrays (770 K) and used for a GWAS approach to identify QTL associated with RFI. RNA sequences from 126 Angus divergently selected for RFI were analyzed to identify the genes whose expression was significantly associated this trait with special attention to those genes residing in the QTL regions. RESULTS The heritability for RFI estimated for this Angus population was 0.3. In a GWAS, we identified 78 SNPs associated with RFI on six QTL (on BTA1, BTA6, BTA14, BTA17, BTA20 and BTA26). The most significant SNP was found on chromosome BTA20 (rs42662073) and explained 4% of the genetic variance. The minor allele frequencies of significant SNPs ranged from 0.05 to 0.49. All regions, except on BTA17, showed a significant dominance effect. In 1 Mb windows surrounding the six significant QTL, we found 149 genes from which OAS2, STC2, SHOX, XKR4, and SGMS1 were the closest to the most significant QTL on BTA17, BTA20, BTA1, BTA14, and BTA26, respectively. In a 2 Mb windows around the six significant QTL, we identified 15 genes whose expression was significantly associated with RFI: BTA20) NEURL1B and CPEB4; BTA17) RITA1, CCDC42B, OAS2, RPL6, and ERP29; BTA26) A1CF, SGMS1, PAPSS2, and PTEN; BTA1) MFSD1 and RARRES1; BTA14) ATP6V1H and MRPL15. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed six QTL regions associated with RFI in a beef Angus population where five of these QTL contained genes that have expression associated with this trait. Therefore, here we show that integrating information from gene expression and GWAS studies can help to better understand the genetic mechanisms that determine variation in complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel A. Clark
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia
| | - Naomi Duijvesteijn
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia
| | - Cedric Gondro
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | | | - Yizhou Chen
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW Australia
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20
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Delacher M, Schmidl C, Herzig Y, Breloer M, Hartmann W, Brunk F, Kägebein D, Träger U, Hofer AC, Bittner S, Weichenhan D, Imbusch CD, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Hielscher T, Breiling A, Federico G, Gröne HJ, Schmid RM, Rehli M, Abramson J, Feuerer M. Rbpj expression in regulatory T cells is critical for restraining T H2 responses. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1621. [PMID: 30962454 PMCID: PMC6453958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator Rbpj is involved in T-helper (TH) subset polarization, but its function in Treg cells remains unclear. Here we show that Treg-specific Rbpj deletion leads to splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy despite increased numbers of Treg cells with a polyclonal TCR repertoire. A specific defect of Rbpj-deficient Treg cells in controlling TH2 polarization and B cell responses is observed, leading to the spontaneous formation of germinal centers and a TH2-associated immunoglobulin class switch. The observed phenotype is environment-dependent and can be induced by infection with parasitic nematodes. Rbpj-deficient Treg cells adopt open chromatin landscapes and gene expression profiles reminiscent of tissue-derived TH2-polarized Treg cells, with a prevailing signature of the transcription factor Gata-3. Taken together, our study suggests that Treg cells require Rbpj to specifically restrain TH2 responses, including their own excessive TH2-like differentiation potential. Transcriptional regulator Rbpj is involved in T-helper subset differentiation. Here the authors show that expression of Rbpj in regulatory T cells is required to both regulate TH2 responses and regulate Treg TH2 differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Immune Tolerance Group, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidl
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yonatan Herzig
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Brunk
- Division of Developmental Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Danny Kägebein
- Immune Tolerance Group, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Träger
- Immune Tolerance Group, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Hofer
- Immune Tolerance Group, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bittner
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles D Imbusch
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Breiling
- Division of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany. .,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany. .,Immune Tolerance Group, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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21
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Ali H, Mano M, Braga L, Naseem A, Marini B, Vu DM, Collesi C, Meroni G, Lusic M, Giacca M. Cellular TRIM33 restrains HIV-1 infection by targeting viral integrase for proteasomal degradation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:926. [PMID: 30804369 PMCID: PMC6389893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive HIV-1 replication requires viral integrase (IN), which catalyzes integration of the viral genome into the host cell DNA. IN, however, is short lived and is rapidly degraded by the host ubiquitin-proteasome system. To identify the cellular factors responsible for HIV-1 IN degradation, we performed a targeted RNAi screen using a library of siRNAs against all components of the ubiquitin-conjugation machinery using high-content microscopy. Here we report that the E3 RING ligase TRIM33 is a major determinant of HIV-1 IN stability. CD4-positive cells with TRIM33 knock down show increased HIV-1 replication and proviral DNA formation, while those overexpressing the factor display opposite effects. Knock down of TRIM33 reverts the phenotype of an HIV-1 molecular clone carrying substitution of IN serine 57 to alanine, a mutation known to impair viral DNA integration. Thus, TRIM33 acts as a cellular factor restricting HIV-1 infection by preventing provirus formation. HIV-1 integration into host DNA is mediated by the viral integrase (IN). Here, using siRNA screen and high-content microscopy, the authors identify the host E3 RING ligase TRIM33 to affect IN stability and show that TRIM33 prevents viral integration by triggering IN proteasome-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9N, UK
| | - Miguel Mano
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Luca Braga
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9N, UK
| | - Asma Naseem
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruna Marini
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Ulisse BioMed S.r.l., AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Diem My Vu
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Collesi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Germana Meroni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marina Lusic
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,University Hospital Heidelberg and German Center for Infection Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy. .,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9N, UK. .,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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22
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Baron M. Combining genetic and biophysical approaches to probe the structure and function relationships of the notch receptor. Mol Membr Biol 2018; 34:33-49. [PMID: 30246579 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1503742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Notch is a conserved cell signalling receptor regulating many aspects of development and tissue homeostasis. Notch is activated by ligand-induced proteolytic cleavages that release the Notch intracellular domain, which relocates to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription. Proteolytic activation first requires mechanical force to be applied to the Notch extracellular domain through an endocytic pulling mechanism transmitted through the ligand/receptor interface. This exposes the proteolytic cleavage site allowing the signal to be initiated following removal of the Notch extracellular domain. Ligands can also act, when expressed in the same cell, through non-productive cis-interactions to inhibit Notch activity. Furthermore, ligand selectivity and Notch activation are regulated by numerous post-translational modifications of the extracellular domain. Additional non-canonical trans and cis interactions with other regulatory proteins may modulate alternative mechanisms of Notch activation that depend on endocytic trafficking of the full-length receptor and proteolytic release of the intracellular domain from endo-lysosomal surface. Mutations of Notch, located in different regions of the protein, are associated with a spectrum of different loss and gain of function phenotypes and offer the possibility to dissect distinct regulatory interactions and mechanisms, particularly when combined with detailed structural analysis of Notch in complex with various regulatory partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Baron
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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Kitada M, Wakao S, Dezawa M. Intracellular signaling similarity reveals neural stem cell-like properties of ependymal cells in the adult rat spinal cord. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:326-340. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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Alfred V, Vaccari T. Mechanisms of Non-canonical Signaling in Health and Disease: Diversity to Take Therapy up a Notch? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1066:187-204. [PMID: 30030827 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89512-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-canonical Notch signaling encompasses a wide range of cellular processes, diverging considerably from the established paradigm. It can dispense of ligand, proteolytic or nuclear activity. Non-canonical Notch signaling events have been studied mostly in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the organism in which Notch was identified first and a powerful model for understanding signaling outcomes. However, non-canonical events are ill-defined and their involvement in human physiology is not clear, hampering our understanding of diseases arising from Notch signaling alterations. At a time in which therapies based on specific targeting of Notch signaling are still an unfulfilled promise, detailed understanding of non-canonical Notch events might be key to devising more specific and less toxic pharmacologic options. Based on the blueprint of non-canonical signaling in Drosophila, here, we review and rationalize current evidence about non-canonical Notch signaling. Our effort might inform Notch biologists developing new research avenues and clinicians seeking future treatment of Notch-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alfred
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare at IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare at IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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The interference of Notch1 target Hes1 affects cell growth, differentiation and invasiveness of glioblastoma stem cells through modulation of multiple oncogenic targets. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17873-17886. [PMID: 28157712 PMCID: PMC5392293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive and lethal nature of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) necessitates the continuous identification of molecular targets and search of efficacious therapies to inhibit GBM growth. The GBM resistance to chemotherapy and radiation it is attributed to the existence of a rare fraction of cancer stem cells (CSC) that we have identified within the tumor core and in peritumor tissue of GBM. Since Notch1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target in brain cancer, earlier we highlighted that pharmacological inhibition of Notch1 signalling by γ-secretase inhibitor-X (GSI-X), reduced cell growth of some c-CSC than to their respective p-CSC, but produced negligible effects on cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and cell invasion. In the current study, we assessed the effects of Hes1-targeted shRNA, a Notch1 gene target, specifically on GBM CSC refractory to GSI-X. Depletion of Hes1 protein induces major changes in cell morphology, cell growth rate and in the invasive ability of shHes1-CSC in response to growth factor EGF. shHes1-CSC show a decrease of the stemness marker Nestin concurrently to a marked increase of neuronal marker MAP2 compared to pLKO.1-CSC. Those effects correlated with repression of EGFR protein and modulation of Stat3 phosphorylation at Y705 and S727 residues. In the last decade Stat3 has gained attention as therapeutic target in cancer but there is not yet any approved Stat3-based glioma therapy. Herein, we report that exposure to a Stat3/5 inhibitor, induced apoptosis either in shHes1-CSC or control cells. Taken together, Hes1 seems to be a favorable target but not sufficient itself to target GBM efficaciously, therefore a possible pharmacological intervention should provide for the use of anti-Stat3/5 drugs either alone or in combination regimen.
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Cheng Z, Yuan X, Qu Y, Li X, Wu G, Li C, Zu X, Yang N, Ke X, Zhou J, Xie N, Xu X, Liu S, Shen Y, Li H, Zhang W. Bruceine D inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth by targeting β-catenin/jagged1 pathways. Cancer Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Integrative computational analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic alterations implicates DTX1 as a putative tumor suppressor gene in HNSCC. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15349-15363. [PMID: 28146432 PMCID: PMC5362490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a half million new cases of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) are diagnosed annually worldwide, however, 5 year overall survival is only 50% for HNSCC patients. Recently, high throughput technologies have accelerated the genome-wide characterization of HNSCC. However, comprehensive pipelines with statistical algorithms that account for HNSCC biology and perform independent confirmatory and functional validation of candidates are needed to identify the most biologically relevant genes. We applied outlier statistics to high throughput gene expression data, and identified 76 top-scoring candidates with significant differential expression in tumors compared to normal tissues. We identified 15 epigenetically regulated candidates by focusing on a subset of the genes with a negative correlation between gene expression and promoter methylation. Differential expression and methylation of 3 selected candidates (BANK1, BIN2, and DTX1) were confirmed in an independent HNSCC cohorts from Johns Hopkins and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). We further performed functional evaluation of NOTCH regulator, DTX1, which was downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in tumors, and demonstrated that decreased expression of DTX1 in HNSCC tumors maybe associated with NOTCH pathway activation and increased migration potential.
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Chastagner P, Rubinstein E, Brou C. Ligand-activated Notch undergoes DTX4-mediated ubiquitylation and bilateral endocytosis before ADAM10 processing. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/483/eaag2989. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aag2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Mori M, Tottone L, Quaglio D, Zhdanovskaya N, Ingallina C, Fusto M, Ghirga F, Peruzzi G, Crestoni ME, Simeoni F, Giulimondi F, Talora C, Botta B, Screpanti I, Palermo R. Identification of a novel chalcone derivative that inhibits Notch signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2213. [PMID: 28526832 PMCID: PMC5438367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is considered a rational target in the therapy of several cancers, particularly those harbouring Notch gain of function mutations, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Although currently available Notch-blocking agents are showing anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies, they are not effective in all the patients and often cause severe side-effects, limiting their widespread therapeutic use. Here, by functional and biological analysis of the most representative molecules of an in house library of natural products, we have designed and synthetized the chalcone-derivative 8 possessing Notch inhibitory activity at low micro molar concentration in T-ALL cell lines. Structure-activity relationships were afforded for the chalcone scaffold. Short term treatments with compound 8 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of Notch signaling activity, halted cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis, thus affecting leukemia cell growth. Taken together, our data indicate that 8 is a novel Notch inhibitor, candidate for further investigation and development as an additional therapeutic option against Notch-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Luca Tottone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Nadezda Zhdanovskaya
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Marisa Fusto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Simeoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Francesca Giulimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Rocco Palermo
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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Deltex2 represses MyoD expression and inhibits myogenic differentiation by acting as a negative regulator of Jmjd1c. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3071-E3080. [PMID: 28351977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613592114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The myogenic regulatory factor MyoD has been implicated as a key regulator of myogenesis, and yet there is little information regarding its upstream regulators. We found that Deltex2 inhibits myogenic differentiation in vitro, and that skeletal muscle stem cells from Deltex2 knockout mice exhibit precocious myogenic differentiation and accelerated regeneration in response to injury. Intriguingly, Deltex2 inhibits myogenesis by suppressing MyoD transcription, and the Deltex2 knockout phenotype can be rescued by a loss-of-function allele for MyoD In addition, we obtained evidence that Deltex2 regulates MyoD expression by promoting the enrichment of histone 3 modified by dimethylation at lysine 9 at a key regulatory region of the MyoD locus. The enrichment is attributed to a Deltex2 interacting protein, Jmjd1c, whose activity is directly inhibited by Deltex2 and whose expression is required for MyoD expression in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we find that Deltex2 causes Jmjd1c monoubiquitination and inhibits its demethylase activity. Mutation of the monoubiquitination site in Jmjd1c abolishes the inhibitory effect of Deltex2 on Jmjd1c demethylase activity. These results reveal a mechanism by which a member of the Deltex family of proteins can inhibit cellular differentiation, and demonstrate a role of Deltex in the epigenetic regulation of myogenesis.
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31
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Choi D, Park E, Jung E, Seong YJ, Yoo J, Lee E, Hong M, Lee S, Ishida H, Burford J, Peti-Peterdi J, Adams RH, Srikanth S, Gwack Y, Chen CS, Vogel HJ, Koh CJ, Wong AK, Hong YK. Laminar flow downregulates Notch activity to promote lymphatic sprouting. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1225-1240. [PMID: 28263185 DOI: 10.1172/jci87442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major function of the lymphatic system is to drain interstitial fluid from tissue. Functional drainage causes increased fluid flow that triggers lymphatic expansion, which is conceptually similar to hypoxia-triggered angiogenesis. Here, we have identified a mechanotransduction pathway that translates laminar flow-induced shear stress to activation of lymphatic sprouting. While low-rate laminar flow commonly induces the classic shear stress responses in blood endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), only LECs display reduced Notch activity and increased sprouting capacity. In response to flow, the plasma membrane calcium channel ORAI1 mediates calcium influx in LECs and activates calmodulin to facilitate a physical interaction between Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), the major regulator of shear responses, and PROX1, the master regulator of lymphatic development. The PROX1/KLF2 complex upregulates the expression of DTX1 and DTX3L. DTX1 and DTX3L, functioning as a heterodimeric Notch E3 ligase, concertedly downregulate NOTCH1 activity and enhance lymphatic sprouting. Notably, overexpression of the calcium reporter GCaMP3 unexpectedly inhibited lymphatic sprouting, presumably by disturbing calcium signaling. Endothelial-specific knockouts of Orai1 and Klf2 also markedly impaired lymphatic sprouting. Moreover, Dtx3l loss of function led to defective lymphatic sprouting, while Dtx3l gain of function rescued impaired sprouting in Orai1 KO embryos. Together, the data reveal a molecular mechanism underlying laminar flow-induced lymphatic sprouting.
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32
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Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL, Lian N, Kesari S. Molecular mechanisms of OLIG2 transcription factor in brain cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53074-53101. [PMID: 27447975 PMCID: PMC5288170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) plays a pivotal role in glioma development. Here we conducted a comprehensive study of the critical gene regulatory networks involving OLIG2. These include the networks responsible for OLIG2 expression, its translocation to nucleus, cell cycle, epigenetic regulation, and Rho-pathway interactions. We described positive feedback loops including OLIG2: loops of epigenetic regulation and loops involving receptor tyrosine kinases. These loops may be responsible for the prolonged oncogenic activity of OLIG2. The proposed schemes for epigenetic regulation of the gene networks involving OLIG2 are confirmed by patient survival (Kaplan-Meier) curves based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) datasets. Finally, we elucidate the Coherent-Gene Modules (CGMs) networks-framework of OLIG2 involvement in cancer. We showed that genes interacting with OLIG2 formed eight CGMs having a set of intermodular connections. We showed also that among the genes involved in these modules the most connected hub is EGFR, then, on lower level, HSP90 and CALM1, followed by three lower levels including epigenetic genes KDM1A and NCOR1. The genes on the six upper levels of the hierarchy are involved in interconnections of all eight CGMs and organize functionally defined gene-signaling subnetworks having specific functions. For example, CGM1 is involved in epigenetic control. CGM2 is significantly related to cell proliferation and differentiation. CGM3 includes a number of interconnected helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH) including OLIG2. Many of these TFs are partially controlled by OLIG2. The CGM4 is involved in PDGF-related: angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. These analyses provide testable hypotheses and approaches to inhibit OLIG2 pathway and relevant feed-forward and feedback loops to be interrogated. This broad approach can be applied to other TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F. Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0752, CA, USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L. Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Lian
- REHS, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0505, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, 90404, CA, USA
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, 90404, CA, USA
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Rao SNR, Pearse DD. Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27375427 PMCID: PMC4896923 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new therapeutics targeting SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMiami, FL, USA
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34
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Riccardi S, Bergling S, Sigoillot F, Beibel M, Werner A, Leighton-Davies J, Knehr J, Bouwmeester T, Parker CN, Roma G, Kinzel B. MiR-210 promotes sensory hair cell formation in the organ of corti. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:309. [PMID: 27121005 PMCID: PMC4848794 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hearing loss is the most common sensory defect afflicting several hundred million people worldwide. In most cases, regardless of the original cause, hearing loss is related to the degeneration and death of hair cells and their associated spiral ganglion neurons. Despite this knowledge, relatively few studies have reported regeneration of the auditory system. Significant gaps remain in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning auditory function, including the factors required for sensory cell regeneration. Recently, the identification of transcriptional activators and repressors of hair cell fate has been augmented by the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with hearing loss. As miRNAs are central players of differentiation and cell fate, identification of miRNAs and their gene targets may reveal new pathways for hair cell regeneration, thereby providing new avenues for the treatment of hearing loss. Results In order to identify new genetic elements enabling regeneration of inner ear sensory hair cells, next-generation miRNA sequencing (miRSeq) was used to identify the most prominent miRNAs expressed in the mouse embryonic inner ear cell line UB/OC-1 during differentiation towards a hair cell like phenotype. Based on these miRSeq results eight most differentially expressed miRNAs were selected for further characterization. In UB/OC-1, miR-210 silencing in vitro resulted in hair cell marker expression, whereas ectopic expression of miR-210 resulted in new hair cell formation in cochlear explants. Using a lineage tracing mouse model, transdifferentiation of supporting epithelial cells was identified as the likely mechanism for this new hair cell formation. Potential miR-210 targets were predicted in silico and validated experimentally using a miR-trap approach. Conclusion MiRSeq followed by ex vivo validation revealed miR-210 as a novel factor driving transdifferentiation of supporting epithelial cells to sensory hair cells suggesting that miR-210 might be a potential new factor for hearing loss therapy. In addition, identification of inner ear pathways regulated by miR-210 identified potential new drug targets for the treatment of hearing loss. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2620-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Riccardi
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Bergling
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Sigoillot
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Martin Beibel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annick Werner
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Leighton-Davies
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judith Knehr
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian N Parker
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guglielmo Roma
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Bender RHF, Haigis KM, Gutmann DH. Activated k-ras, but not h-ras or N-ras, regulates brain neural stem cell proliferation in a raf/rb-dependent manner. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1998-2010. [PMID: 25788415 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to all the major cell types in the brain, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways that govern brain NSC proliferation and differentiation have been incompletely characterized to date. Since some neurodevelopmental brain disorders (Costello syndrome and Noonan syndrome) are caused by germline activating mutations in the RAS genes, Ras small GTPases are likely critical regulators of brain NSC function. In the mammalian brain, Ras exists as three distinct molecules (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras), each with different subcellular localizations, downstream signaling effectors, and biological effects. Leveraging a novel series of conditional-activated Ras molecule-expressing genetically engineered mouse strains, we demonstrate that activated K-Ras, but not H-Ras or N-Ras, expression increases brain NSC growth in a Raf-dependent, but Mek-independent, manner. Moreover, we show that activated K-Ras regulation of brain NSC proliferation requires Raf binding and suppression of retinoblastoma (Rb) function. Collectively, these observations establish tissue-specific differences in activated Ras molecule regulation of brain cell growth that operate through a noncanonical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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36
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Cheng YC, Huang YC, Yeh TH, Shih HY, Lin CY, Lin SJ, Chiu CC, Huang CW, Jiang YJ. Deltex1 is inhibited by the Notch-Hairy/E(Spl) signaling pathway and induces neuronal and glial differentiation. Neural Dev 2015; 10:28. [PMID: 26714454 PMCID: PMC4696291 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Notch signaling has been conserved throughout evolution and plays a fundamental role in various neural developmental processes and the pathogenesis of several human cancers and genetic disorders. However, how Notch signaling regulates various cellular processes remains unclear. Although Deltex proteins have been identified as cytoplasmic downstream elements of the Notch signaling pathway, few studies have been reported on their physiological role. Results We isolated zebrafish deltex1 (dtx1) and showed that this gene is primarily transcribed in the developing nervous system, and its spatiotemporal expression pattern suggests a role in neural differentiation. The transcription of dtx1 was suppressed by the direct binding of the Notch downstream transcription factors Her2 and Her8a. Overexpressing the complete coding sequence of Dtx1 was necessary for inducing neuronal and glial differentiation. By contrast, disrupting Dtx1 expression by using a Dtx1 construct without the RING finger domain reduced neuronal and glial differentiation. This effect was phenocopied by the knockdown of endogenous Dtx1 expression by using morpholinos, demonstrating the essential function of the RING finger domain and confirming the knockdown specificity. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were unaltered in Dtx1-overexpressed and -deficient zebrafish embryos. Examination of the expression of her2 and her8a in embryos with altered Dtx1 expression showed that Dxt1-induced neuronal differentiation did not require a regulatory effect on the Notch–Hairy/E(Spl) pathway. However, both Dtx1 and Notch activation induced glial differentiation, and Dtx1 and Notch activation negatively inhibited each other in a reciprocal manner, which achieves a proper balance for the expression of Dtx1 and Notch to facilitate glial differentiation. We further confirmed that the Dtx1–Notch–Hairy/E(Spl) cascade was sufficient to induce neuronal and glial differentiation by concomitant injection of an active form of Notch with dtx1, which rescued the neuronogenic and gliogenic defects caused by the activation of Notch signaling. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that Dtx1 is regulated by Notch–Hairy/E(Spl) signaling and is a major factor specifically regulating neural differentiation. Thus, our results provide new insights into the mediation of neural development by the Notch signaling pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0055-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 33383, Taiwan. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi branch, Chiayi, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 33383, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 33383, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 33383, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Chiu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, 33383, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Cancer mediates effector T cell dysfunction by targeting microRNAs and EZH2 via glycolysis restriction. Nat Immunol 2015; 17:95-103. [PMID: 26523864 PMCID: PMC4684796 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis regulates T cell function. However, if and how primary cancer alters T cell glycolytic metabolism and affects tumor immunity remains a question in cancer patients. Here we report that ovarian cancers imposed glucose restriction on T cells and dampened their function via maintaining high expression of microRNA101 and microRNA26a, which constrained expression of the methyltransferase EZH2. EZH2 activated the Notch pathway by suppressing Notch repressors, Numb and Fbxw7, via H3K27me3, and consequently stimulated T cell polyfunctional cytokine expression and promoted their survival via Bcl-2 signaling. Moreover, human shRNA-knockdown-EZH2-deficient T cells elicited poor anti-tumor immunity. EZH2+CD8+ T cells were associated with improved cancer patient survival. Together, the data unveil a novel metabolic target and mechanism of cancer immune evasion.
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Role of the anti-glioma drug AT13148 in the inhibition of Notch signaling pathway. Gene 2015; 573:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bizzoca A, Picocci S, Corsi P, Arbia S, Croci L, Consalez GG, Gennarini G. The gene encoding the mouse contactin-1 axonal glycoprotein is regulated by the collier/Olf1/EBF family early B-Cell factor 2 transcription factor. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1420-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bizzoca
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Sabrina Picocci
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Patrizia Corsi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Stefania Arbia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - G. Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milano I-20132 Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele; Milano I-20132 Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gennarini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs; Medical School, University of Bari; Policlinico Bari I-70124 Italy
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Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Dysregulates the Localization and Stability of NICD1 and Jag1 in Neural Progenitor Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:6792-804. [PMID: 25903338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00351-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of the developing fetus frequently results in major neural developmental damage. In previous studies, HCMV was shown to downregulate neural progenitor/stem cell (NPC) markers and induce abnormal differentiation. As Notch signaling plays a vital role in the maintenance of stem cell status and is a switch that governs NPC differentiation, the effect of HCMV infection on the Notch signaling pathway in NPCs was investigated. HCMV downregulated mRNA levels of Notch1 and its ligand, Jag1, and reduced protein levels and altered the intracellular localization of Jag1 and the intracellular effector form of Notch1, NICD1. These effects required HCMV gene expression and appeared to be mediated through enhanced proteasomal degradation. Transient expression of the viral tegument proteins of pp71 and UL26 reduced NICD1 and Jag1 protein levels endogenously and exogenously. Given the critical role of Notch signaling in NPC growth and differentiation, these findings reveal important mechanisms by which HCMV disturbs neural cell development in vitro. Similar events in vivo may be associated with HCMV-mediated neuropathogenesis during congenital infection in the fetal brain. IMPORTANCE Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of birth defects that primarily manifest as neurological disabilities. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), key players in fetal brain development, are the most susceptible cell type for HCMV infection in the fetal brain. Studies have shown that NPCs are fully permissive for HCMV infection, which causes neural cell loss and premature differentiation, thereby perturbing NPC fate. Elucidation of virus-host interactions that govern NPC proliferation and differentiation is critical to understanding neuropathogenesis. The Notch signaling pathway is critical for maintaining stem cell status and functions as a switch for differentiation of NPCs. Our investigation into the impact of HCMV infection on this pathway revealed that HCMV dysregulates Notch signaling by altering expression of the Notch ligand Jag1, Notch1, and its active effector in NPCs. These results suggest a mechanism for the neuropathogenesis induced by HCMV infection that includes altered NPC differentiation and proliferation.
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Overexpression of Jagged-1 combined with blockade of CD40 pathway prolongs allograft survival. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:213-7. [PMID: 25287443 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the tolerogenic potential to regulate adaptive immunity and induce allografts acceptance. Here we investigated whether blockade of the CD40 pathway could enhance the immune tolerance induced by DC2.4 cells modified to express Jagged-1 (JAG1-DC) in heart transplantation. Results showed that JAG1-DC treatment combined with anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice, with long-term survival (>110 days) of 50% of the allografts in the recipients. The therapy specifically inhibited the immune response, induced alloantigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness, upregulated transforming growth factor-β synthesis and increased the population of regulatory T cells (Tregs) driven by Jagged-1-Notch activation. These results highlight the potential application of gene therapy to induce alloantigen-specific Tregs effectively by providing the Jagged-1 stimulation.
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Moghbeli M, Moghbeli F, Forghanifard MM, Abbaszadegan MR. Cancer stem cell detection and isolation. Med Oncol 2014; 31:69. [PMID: 25064729 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Only 10 % of cancer-related deaths result from primary tumors; most are caused by metastatic tumors. It is believed that the metastatic power of tumor cells is attributed to features of a stem cell-like subpopulation of tumor cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cancer stem cells are resistant to chemotherapeutic treatments and can induce dormancy in tumor cells for long periods. Detection, isolation, and characterization of CSCs in solid tumors are hallmarks of cancer-targeted therapies in recent years. There are inevitable similarities between normal and cancer stem cells; therefore, finding specific methods or markers to differentiate them is critical to cancer therapies. Considering CSCs involvement in tumor relapse and chemotherapeutic resistance, identification of such cells in tumors is imperative for effective targeted therapy. The present review introduces practical and specific protocols used to isolate CSCs from solid tumors from colon, esophagus, liver, breast, brain, and cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kryczek I, Lin Y, Nagarsheth N, Peng D, Zhao L, Zhao E, Vatan L, Szeliga W, Dou Y, Owens S, Zgodzinski W, Majewski M, Wallner G, Fang J, Huang E, Zou W. IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells promote colorectal cancer stemness via STAT3 transcription factor activation and induction of the methyltransferase DOT1L. Immunity 2014; 40:772-784. [PMID: 24816405 PMCID: PMC4032366 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how the immune system impacts human colorectal cancer invasiveness and stemness. Here we detected interleukin-22 (IL-22) in patient colorectal cancer tissues that was produced predominantly by CD4(+) T cells. In a mouse model, migration of these cells into the colon cancer microenvironment required the chemokine receptor CCR6 and its ligand CCL20. IL-22 acted on cancer cells to promote activation of the transcription factor STAT3 and expression of the histone 3 lysine 79 (H3K79) methytransferase DOT1L. The DOT1L complex induced the core stem cell genes NANOG, SOX2, and Pou5F1, resulting in increased cancer stemness and tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, high DOT1L expression and H3K79me2 in colorectal cancer tissues was a predictor of poor patient survival. Thus, IL-22(+) cells promote colon cancer stemness via regulation of stemness genes that negatively affects patient outcome. Efforts to target this network might be a strategy in treating colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongjun Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ende Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Linda Vatan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wojciech Szeliga
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott Owens
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Witold Zgodzinski
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Marek Majewski
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wallner
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Tumor Biology, Univxexrsity of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hales EC, Taub JW, Matherly LH. New insights into Notch1 regulation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR1 signaling axis: Targeted therapy of γ-secretase inhibitor resistant T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Signal 2014; 26:149-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Arruga F, Gizdic B, Serra S, Vaisitti T, Ciardullo C, Coscia M, Laurenti L, D'Arena G, Jaksic O, Inghirami G, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Deaglio S. Functional impact of NOTCH1 mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2013; 28:1060-70. [PMID: 24170027 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the expression and function of NOTCH1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients harboring a wild-type (WT) or mutated NOTCH1 gene. NOTCH1 mRNA and surface protein expression levels were independent of the NOTCH1 gene mutational status, consistent with the requirement for NOTCH1 signaling in this leukemia. However, compared with NOTCH1-WT CLL, mutated cases displayed biochemical and transcriptional evidence of an intense activation of the NOTCH1 pathway. In vivo, expression and activation of NOTCH1 was highest in CLL cells from the lymph nodes as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, the NOTCH1 pathway was rapidly downregulated, suggesting that signaling relies upon micro-environmental interactions even in NOTCH1-mutated cases. Accordingly, co-culture of Jagged1(+) (the NOTCH1 ligand) nurse-like cells with autologous CLL cells sustained NOTCH1 activity over time and mediated CLL survival and resistance against pro-apoptotic stimuli, both abrogated when NOTCH1 signaling was pharmacologically switched off. Together, these results show that NOTCH1 mutations have stabilizing effects on the NOTCH1 pathway in CLL. Furthermore, micro-environmental interactions appear critical in activating the NOTCH1 pathway both in WT and mutated patients. Finally, NOTCH1 signals may create conditions that favor drug resistance, thus making NOTCH1 a potential molecular target in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - B Gizdic
- 1] Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy [2] Department of Hematology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Serra
- 1] Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy [2] Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - T Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - C Ciardullo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - M Coscia
- Division of Hematology, Laboratory of Hematology Oncology, Center of Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Cittá della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - L Laurenti
- Institute of Hematology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G D'Arena
- Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - O Jaksic
- Department of Hematology, Dubrava University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - G Inghirami
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Center of Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - D Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - G Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - S Deaglio
- 1] Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, School of Medicine, Turin, Italy [2] Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
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Zhou W, Wang G, Guo S. Regulation of angiogenesis via Notch signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:304-20. [PMID: 24183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer angiogenesis is elicited and regulated by a number of factors including the Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are expressed in breast cancer cells as well as in the stromal compartment and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Notch signaling and its crosstalk with many signaling pathways play an important role in breast cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Therefore, significant attention has been paid in recent years toward the development of clinically useful antagonists of Notch signaling. Better understanding of the structure, function and regulation of Notch intracellular signaling pathways, as well as its complex crosstalk with other oncogenic signals in breast cancer cells will be essential to ensure rational design and application of new combinatory therapeutic strategies. Novel opportunities have emerged from the discovery of Notch crosstalk with inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and their links to CSCs. Combinatory treatments with drugs designed to prevent Notch oncogenic signal crosstalk may be advantageous over λ secretase inhibitors (GSIs) alone. In this review, we focus on the more recent advancements in our knowledge of aberrant Notch signaling contributing to breast cancer angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other factors contributing to angiogenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, PR China.
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Hales EC, Orr SM, Larson Gedman A, Taub JW, Matherly LH. Notch1 receptor regulates AKT protein activation loop (Thr308) dephosphorylation through modulation of the PP2A phosphatase in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-null T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22836-48. [PMID: 23788636 PMCID: PMC3829367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch1 activating mutations occur in more than 50% of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cases and increase expression of Notch1 target genes, some of which activate AKT. HES1 transcriptionally silences phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), resulting in AKT activation, which is reversed by Notch1 inhibition with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs). Mutational loss of PTEN is frequent in T-ALL and promotes resistance to GSIs due to AKT activation. GSI treatments increased AKT-Thr(308) phosphorylation and signaling in PTEN-deficient, GSI-resistant T-ALL cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM, and MOLT3), suggesting that Notch1 represses AKT independent of its PTEN transcriptional effects. AKT-Thr(308) phosphorylation and downstream signaling were also increased by knocking down Notch1 in Jurkat (N1KD) cells. This was blocked by treatment with the AKT inhibitor perifosine. The PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and the protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid both impacted AKT-Thr(308) phosphorylation to a greater extent in nontargeted control than N1KD cells, suggesting decreased dephosphorylation of AKT-Thr(308) by PP2A in the latter. Phosphorylations of AMP-activated protein kinaseα (AMPKα)-Thr(172) and p70S6K-Thr(389), both PP2A substrates, were also increased in both N1KD and GSI-treated cells and responded to okadaic acid treatment. A transcriptional regulatory mechanism was implied because ectopic expression of dominant-negative mastermind-like protein 1 increased and wild-type HES1 decreased phosphorylation of these PP2A targets. This was independent of changes in PP2A subunit levels or in vitro PP2A activity, but was accompanied by decreased association of PP2A with AKT in N1KD cells. These results suggest that Notch1 can regulate PP2A dephosphorylation of critical cellular regulators including AKT, AMPKα, and p70S6K.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W. Taub
- Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Larry H. Matherly
- From the Departments of Oncology
- Pharmacology, and
- the Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, and
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Nechanitzky R, Akbas D, Scherer S, Györy I, Hoyler T, Ramamoorthy S, Diefenbach A, Grosschedl R. Transcription factor EBF1 is essential for the maintenance of B cell identity and prevention of alternative fates in committed cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:867-75. [PMID: 23812095 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors EBF1 and Pax5 have been linked to activation of the B cell lineage program and irreversible loss of alternative lineage potential (commitment), respectively. Here we conditionally deleted Ebf1 in committed pro-B cells after transfer into alymphoid mice. We found that those cells converted into innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T cells with variable-diversity-joining (VDJ) rearrangements of loci encoding both B cell and T cell antigen receptors. As intermediates in lineage conversion, Ebf1-deficient CD19(+) cells expressing Pax5 and transcriptional regulators of the ILC and T cell fates were detectable. In particular, genes encoding the transcription factors Id2 and TCF-1 were bound and repressed by EBF1. Thus, both EBF1 and Pax5 are required for B lineage commitment by repressing distinct and common determinants of alternative cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nechanitzky
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Chang JC, Meredith DM, Mayer PR, Borromeo MD, Lai HC, Ou YH, Johnson JE. Prdm13 mediates the balance of inhibitory and excitatory neurons in somatosensory circuits. Dev Cell 2013; 25:182-95. [PMID: 23639443 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Generating a balanced network of inhibitory and excitatory neurons during development requires precise transcriptional control. In the dorsal spinal cord, Ptf1a, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription activator, maintains this delicate balance by inducing homeodomain (HD) transcription factors such as Pax2 to specify the inhibitory lineage while suppressing HD factors such as Tlx1/3 that specify the excitatory lineage. We uncover the mechanism by which Ptf1a represses excitatory cell fate in the inhibitory lineage. We identify Prdm13 as a direct target of Ptf1a and reveal that Prdm13 actively represses excitatory cell fate by binding to regulatory sequences near the Tlx1 and Tlx3 genes to silence their expression. Prdm13 acts through multiple mechanisms, including interactions with the bHLH factor Ascl1, to repress Ascl1 activation of Tlx3. Thus, Prdm13 is a key component of a highly coordinated transcriptional network that determines the balance of inhibitory versus excitatory neurons in the dorsal spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Rossi D, Ciardullo C, Gaidano G. Genetic aberrations of signaling pathways in lymphomagenesis: revelations from next generation sequencing studies. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 23:422-30. [PMID: 23665546 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has led to a burst of disease-relevant molecular information in a variety of lymphoid tumors, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, hairy cell leukemia, and splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Beside disclosing comprehensive catalogs of somatic mutations and new insights into the genes that contribute to cellular transformation, NGS has also provided molecular clues useful for addressing a number of unmet clinical needs in the field of B-cell tumor management, including biomarkers for disease diagnosis and classification improvement (i.e. mutations of BRAF, MYD88 and NOTCH2), and new targets to be translated into therapeutic interventions (i.e. BCR, TLR, NOTCH, NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways). This review summarizes the molecular lesions of signaling pathways that have been discovered in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders by NGS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy
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