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Grewal R, Ortega GA, Geng F, Srinivasan S, Rajabzadeh AR. Label-free electrochemical detection of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict the maturation of coronary heart disease due to diabetes. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 159:108743. [PMID: 38788312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiological link between diabetes and heightened propensity for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) is well-established. Prevailing evidence confirms that small increases in low concentrations of high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the human body can determine the tendency of developing CHD. Additionally, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a well-recognized biomarker to evaluate diabetes progression. Given the positive correlation between diabetes and CHD, this research presents a notably unprecedented label-free electrochemical approach for the dual detection of %HbA1c regarding Total Hb and hs-CRP, facilitating early CHD prediction and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostics. Furthermore, a novel redox probe O-(4-Nitrophenylphosphoryl)choline (C11H17N2O6P) was used for the electrochemical detection of CRP, a method not documented in scientific literature before. The calibration curves demonstrate a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 mg/mL in PBS (pH 8) and 6 mg/mL in simulated blood (SB) for a linear range of 0-30 mg/mL of HbA1c. Conjointly, a LOD of 0.007 mg/mL and 0.008 mg/mL for measurement in PBS (pH 7.4) and SB are reported for a linear range of 0-0.05 mg/mL of CRP. The electrochemical systems presented could accurately quantify HbA1c and CRP in mixed samples, demonstrating reasonable specificity and practical applicability for complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehmat Grewal
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Greter A Ortega
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Fei Geng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada; School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada; School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Amin Reza Rajabzadeh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada; School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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2
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Zhou HH, Tang YL, Xu TH, Cheng B. C-reactive protein: structure, function, regulation, and role in clinical diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425168. [PMID: 38947332 PMCID: PMC11211361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma protein that is evolutionarily conserved, found in both vertebrates and many invertebrates. It is a member of the pentraxin superfamily, characterized by its pentameric structure and calcium-dependent binding to ligands like phosphocholine (PC). In humans and various other species, the plasma concentration of this protein is markedly elevated during inflammatory conditions, establishing it as a prototypical acute phase protein that plays a role in innate immune responses. This feature can also be used clinically to evaluate the severity of inflammation in the organism. Human CRP (huCRP) can exhibit contrasting biological functions due to conformational transitions, while CRP in various species retains conserved protective functions in vivo. The focus of this review will be on the structural traits of CRP, the regulation of its expression, activate complement, and its function in related diseases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hong Zhou
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, China
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Gansu Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Long Tang
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE), Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Shakour N, Ruscica M, Hadizadeh F, Cirtori C, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Statins and C-reactive protein: in silico evidence on direct interaction. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1432-1439. [PMID: 33224343 PMCID: PMC7667423 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are known to lower CRP, and this reduction has been suggested to contribute to the established efficacy of these drugs in reducing cardiovascular events and outcomes. However, the exact mechanism underlying the CRP-lowering effect of statins remains elusive. METHODS In order to test the possibility of direct interaction, we performed an in silico study by testing the orientation of the respective ligands (statins) and phosphorylcholine (the standard ligand of CRP) in the CRP active site using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. RESULTS Docking experiments showed that all statins could directly interact with CRP. Among statins, rosuvastatin had the strongest interaction with CRP (pKi = 16.14), followed by fluvastatin (pKi = 15.58), pitavastatin (pKi = 15.26), atorvastatin (pKi = 14.68), pravastatin (pKi = 13.95), simvastatin (pKi = 7.98) and lovastatin (pKi = 7.10). According to the above-mentioned results, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin and atorvastatin were found to have stronger binding to CRP compared with the standard ligand phosphocholine (pKi = 14.55). CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests a new mechanism of interaction between statins and CRP that could be independent of the putative cholesterol-lowering activity of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Cesare Cirtori
- Centro Dislipidemie, A.S.S.T. Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Mattecka S, Brunner P, Hähnel B, Kunze R, Vogt B, Sheriff A. PentraSorb C-Reactive Protein: Characterization of the Selective C-Reactive Protein Adsorber Resin. Ther Apher Dial 2019; 23:474-481. [PMID: 30697961 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is well known as a general marker of inflammation. It furthermore represents a reliable risk factor for cardiac events and mediates tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It has been demonstrated that selective CRP depletion by extracorporeal apheresis in a porcine AMI model had beneficial effects on the infarcted area and the cardiac output. We therefore developed a novel adsorber for CRP apheresis from human plasma (PentraSorb CRP). It is intended for use in the clinic as therapy for patients suffering from AMI or other acute inflammatory diseases with elevated CRP plasma levels. The PentraSorb resin specifically bound CRP from human blood plasma and almost no other proteins as determined via Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis (SDS-PAGE). The resin further efficiently and selectively depleted CRP from plasma with low as well as high CRP concentrations (10-100 mg/L) at different flow rates, ranging from 17 to 40 mL/min. The resin was regenerable for up to 200 times without losing its CRP binding capacity or affecting biocompatibility. The depletion of CRP from plasma was comparable between the utilized small-scale column (0.5 mL resin) and the PentraSorb CRP adsorber (20 mL resin volume). The established features can therefore be applied to the clinical setting. In summary, PentraSorb CRP provides a novel, specific, and efficient CRP-binding resin that could be used in apheresis therapy for patients suffering from inflammatory diseases such as AMI, stroke, acute pancreatitis, and Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Sheriff
- Pentracor GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Sinibaldi A, Montaño-Machado V, Danz N, Munzert P, Chiavaioli F, Michelotti F, Mantovani D. Real-Time Study of the Adsorption and Grafting Process of Biomolecules by Means of Bloch Surface Wave Biosensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33611-33618. [PMID: 30152997 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A combined label-free and fluorescence surface optical technique was used to quantify the mass deposited in binary biomolecular coatings. These coatings were constituted by fibronectin (FN), to stimulate endothelialization, and phosphorylcholine (PRC), for its hemocompatibility, which are two properties of relevance for cardiovascular applications. One-dimensional photonic crystals sustaining a Bloch surface wave were used to characterize different FN/PRC coatings deposited by a combination of adsorption and grafting processes. In particular, the label-free results permitted to quantitatively assess the mass deposited in FN adsorbed (185 ng/cm2) and grafted (160 ng/cm2). PRC binding to grafted FN coatings was also quantified, showing a coverage as low as 10 and 12 ng/cm2 for adsorbed and grafted PRC, respectively. Moreover, desorption of FN deposited by adsorption was detected and quantified upon the addition of PRC. The data obtained by the surface optical technique were complemented by water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The results were in accordance with those obtained previously by qualitative and semiquantitative techniques (XPS, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) on several substrates (PTFE and stainless steel), confirming that grafted FN coatings show higher stability than those obtained by FN adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sinibaldi
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering , SAPIENZA University of Rome , 00161 Rome , Italy
| | - V Montaño-Machado
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Center , Laval University , Quebec City G1V0A6 , Canada
| | - N Danz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - P Munzert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - F Chiavaioli
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara" (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze , Italy
| | - F Michelotti
- Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering , SAPIENZA University of Rome , 00161 Rome , Italy
| | - D Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & CHU de Quebec Research Center , Laval University , Quebec City G1V0A6 , Canada
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Ng PM, Zhenxiao Jin, Tan SS, Ho B, Ding JL. C-reactive protein: a predominant LPS-binding acute phase protein responsive to Pseudomonas infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exhibits strong immunostimulatory properties, rendering it a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septicaemia. Our attempt to identify LPS-binding proteins from the hemolymph of the horseshoe crab led to the isolation and identification of C-reactive protein (CRP) as the predominant LPS-recognition protein during Pseudomonas infection. CRP is an evolutionarily ancient member of a superfamily of `pentraxins'. It is a major protein in acute phase of infection in humans. Our investigation of CRP response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa unveiled a robust innate immune system in the horseshoe crab, which displays rapid suppression of a dosage of 106 CFU of bacteria in the first hour of infection and effected complete clearance of the pathogen by 3 days. Such a high dose would have been lethal to mice. Full-length CRP cDNA was cloned. Analysis of the untranslated regions suggests their crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation of CRP transcript levels. Northern blot analysis demonstrated an acute up-regulation of CRP by about 60-fold in 6—48 h of Pseudomonas infection. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the importance of CRP as a conserved molecule for pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M.L. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandra S.H. Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak L. Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
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Roy N, Ohtani K, Matsuda Y, Mori K, Hwang I, Suzuki Y, Inoue N, Wakamiya N. Collectin CL-P1 utilizes C-reactive protein for complement activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1118-28. [PMID: 26922829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma pentraxin family protein that is massively induced as part of the innate immune response to infection and tissue injury. CRP and other pentraxin proteins can activate a complement pathway through C1q, collectins, or on microbe surfaces. It has been found that a lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), which is an endothelial scavenger receptor (SR) having a C-type lectin-like domain, interacts with CRP to activate the complement pathway using C1q. However it remains elusive whether other lectins or SRs are involved in CRP-mediated complement activation and the downstream effect of the complement activation is also unknown. METHODS We prepared CHO/ldlA7 cells expressing collectin placenta-1 (CL-P1) and studied the interaction of CRP with cells. We further used ELISA for testing binding between proteins. We tested for C3 fragment deposition and terminal complement complex (TCC) formation on HEK293 cells expressing CL-P1. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that CL-P1 bound CRP in a charge dependent manner and the interaction of CRP with CL-P1 mediated a classical complement activation pathway through C1q and additionally drove an amplification pathway using properdin. However, CRP also recruits complement factor H (CFH) on CL-P1 expressing cell surfaces, to inhibit the formation of a terminal complement complex in normal complement serum conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The interaction of collectin CL-P1 with CFH might be key for preventing attack on "self" as a result of complement activation induced by the CL-P1 and CRP interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuki Ohtani
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Mori
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Insu Hwang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Wakamiya
- Department of Microbiology & Immunochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
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8
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Du Clos TW. Pentraxins: structure, function, and role in inflammation. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:379040. [PMID: 24167754 PMCID: PMC3791837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pentraxins are an ancient family of proteins with a unique architecture found as far back in evolution as the Horseshoe crab. In humans the two members of this family are C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P. Pentraxins are defined by their sequence homology, their pentameric structure and their calcium-dependent binding to their ligands. Pentraxins function as soluble pattern recognition molecules and one of the earliest and most important roles for these proteins is host defense primarily against pathogenic bacteria. They function as opsonins for pathogens through activation of the complement pathway and through binding to Fc gamma receptors. Pentraxins also recognize membrane phospholipids and nuclear components exposed on or released by damaged cells. CRP has a specific interaction with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins whereas SAP is a major recognition molecule for DNA, two nuclear autoantigens. Studies in autoimmune and inflammatory disease models suggest that pentraxins interact with macrophage Fc receptors to regulate the inflammatory response. Because CRP is a strong acute phase reactant it is widely used as a marker of inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Du Clos
- The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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9
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Chang MK, Hartvigsen K, Ryu J, Kim Y, Han KH. The pro-atherogenic effects of macrophages are reduced upon formation of a complex between C-reactive protein and lysophosphatidylcholine. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:42. [PMID: 23114023 PMCID: PMC3506444 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rationale C-reactive protein (CRP) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) are phosphorylcholine-(PC)-containing oxidized phospholipids (oxPLs) found in oxidized LDL (oxLDL), which trigger pro-atherogenic activities of macrophages during the process of atherosclerosis. It has been previously reported that CRP binds to the PC head group of oxLDL in a calcium-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of binding between CRP and LPC to the pro-atherogenic activities of macrophages. Objectives and findings A chemiluminescent immunoassay and HPLC showed that human recombinant CRP formed a stable complex with LPC in the presence of calcium. The Kd value of the binding of the CRP-LPC complex to the receptors FcγRIA or FcγRIIA was 3–5 fold lower than that of CRP alone. The CRP-LPC complex triggered less potent generation of reactive oxygen species and less activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kB by human monocyte-derived macrophages in comparison to CRP or LPC alone. However, CRP did not affect activities driven by components of oxLDL lacking PC, such as upregulation of PPRE, ABCA1, CD36 and PPARγ and the enhancement of cholesterol efflux by human macrophages. The presence of CRP inhibited the association of Dil-labelled oxLDL to human macrophages. Conclusions The formation of complexes between CRP and PC-containing oxPLs, such as LPC, suppresses the pro-atherogenic effects of CRP and LPC on macrophages. This effect may in part retard the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Present address: Bayer Korea, 7th fl. Samsung-Boramae Omni Tower, 395-62, Sindaebang dong Dongzak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Karsten Hartvigsen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jewon Ryu
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-2 dong Songpa-gu 138-736, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-2 dong Songpa-gu 138-736, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Han
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap-2 dong Songpa-gu 138-736, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Pible O, Vidaud C, Plantevin S, Pellequer JL, Quéméneur E. Predicting the disruption by UO2(2+) of a protein-ligand interaction. Protein Sci 2010; 19:2219-30. [PMID: 20842713 PMCID: PMC3005792 DOI: 10.1002/pro.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The uranyl cation (UO(2) (2+)) can be suspected to interfere with the binding of essential metal cations to proteins, underlying some mechanisms of toxicity. A dedicated computational screen was used to identify UO(2) (2+) binding sites within a set of nonredundant protein structures. The list of potential targets was compared to data from a small molecules interaction database to pinpoint specific examples where UO(2) (2+) should be able to bind in the vicinity of an essential cation, and would be likely to affect the function of the corresponding protein. The C-reactive protein appeared as an interesting hit since its structure involves critical calcium ions in the binding of phosphorylcholine. Biochemical experiments confirmed the predicted binding site for UO(2) (2+) and it was demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance assays that UO(2) (2+) binding to CRP prevents the calcium-mediated binding of phosphorylcholine. Strikingly, the apparent affinity of UO(2) (2+) for native CRP was almost 100-fold higher than that of Ca(2+). This result exemplifies in the case of CRP the capability of our computational tool to predict effective binding sites for UO(2) (2+) in proteins and is a first evidence of calcium substitution by the uranyl cation in a native protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pible
- CEA Life Sciences Division, DSV, IBEB, SBTN, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, F-30207, France.
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Rosenzweig BA, Ross NT, Tagore DM, Jayawickramarajah J, Saraogi I, Hamilton AD. Multivalent protein binding and precipitation by self-assembling molecules on a DNA pentaplex scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5020-1. [PMID: 19226172 DOI: 10.1021/ja809219p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular assembly containing an isoguanosine pentaplex with both a "protein-binding" face and a "reporter" face has been generated. When phosphocholine is appended to the protein-binding face this supramolecular assembly binds multivalently to the pentameric human C-reactive protein, a biomolecule implicated in inflammation and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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12
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Lee RT, Lee YC. Carbohydrate ligands of human C-reactive protein: binding of neoglycoproteins containing galactose-6-phosphate and galactose-terminated disaccharide. Glycoconj J 2007; 23:317-27. [PMID: 16897175 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-6173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of carbohydrate ligand by human C-reactive protein (CRP), in both native form and structurally deviated form (neoCRP or mCRP), was investigated using galactose-6-phosphate (Gal6P)- and Galbeta3GalNAc-containing bovine serum albumin (BSA) derivatives. To this end, we synthesized glycosides of Gal6P and Galbeta3GalNAc that can potentially generate a terminal aldehyde group. omega-Aldehydo glycosides were then conjugated to BSA via reductive amination. Using these neoglycoproteins, we showed that: (1) Gal6P-BSA and Galbeta3GalNAc-BSA bound to both forms of CRP, the former with or without calcium and the latter only in the absence of calcium; (2) phosphate-containing ligands can be bound with or without calcium, but the binding is much stronger in the presence of calcium than in the absence, underscoring the importance of direct coordination of phosphate to two calcium ions observed in the X-ray structure of phosphorylcholine (PC)-CRP complex; (3) cross-inhibition studies further corroborated the hypothesis that binding sites of PC and sugar are contiguous; (4) while PC-BSA bound to the native CRP over a wide pH range of 4.5 to 9, all the carbohydrate ligands and protamine-BSA (poly-cation-based ligand) exhibited optimal binding at around pH 6 to 6.5; and (5) ligand-binding conformation of mCRP appears to be more fragile than that of the native CRP in the acidic media (pH < 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko T Lee
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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13
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van der Meer-van Kraaij C, Siezen R, Kramer E, Reinders M, Blokzijl H, van der Meer R, Keijer J. Dietary modulation and structure prediction of rat mucosal pentraxin (Mptx) protein and loss of function in humans. GENES AND NUTRITION 2007; 2:275-85. [PMID: 18850182 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal pentraxin (Mptx), identified in rats, is a short pentraxin of unknown function. Other subfamily members are Serum amyloid P component (SAP), C-reactive protein (CRP) and Jeltraxin. Rat Mptx mRNA is predominantly expressed in colon and in vivo is strongly (30-fold) regulated by dietary heme and calcium, modulators of colon cancer risk. This renders Mptx a potential nutrient sensitive biomarker of gut health. To support a role as biomarker, we examined whether the pentraxin protein structure is conserved, whether Mptx protein is nutrient-sensitively expressed and whether Mptx is expressed in mouse and human. Sequence comparison and 3D modelling showed that rat Mptx is highly homologous to the other pentraxins. The calcium-binding site and subunit interaction sites are highly conserved, while a loop deletion and charged residues contribute to a distinctive "top" face of the pentamer. In accordance with mRNA expression, Mptx protein is strongly down-regulated in rat colon mucosa in response to high dietary heme intake. Mptx mRNA is expressed in rat and mouse colon, but not in human colon. A stop codon at the beginning of human exon two indicates loss of function, which may be related to differences in intestinal cell turnover between man and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy van der Meer-van Kraaij
- TI Food and Nutrition, RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Suresh MV, Singh SK, Agrawal A. Interaction of calcium-bound C-reactive protein with fibronectin is controlled by pH: in vivo implications. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52552-7. [PMID: 15456743 PMCID: PMC3819716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409054200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) binds with high affinity to fibronectin (Fn), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), but at physiological pH the binding is inhibited by calcium ions (Ca2+). Because CRP circulates in the blood in Ca2+ -bound form, the occurrence of CRP-Fn interactions in vivo has been doubtful. To define the basis of inhibition of CRP-Fn interaction by Ca2+ at pH 7.0, we hypothesized that Fn-binding site on CRP consisted of amino acids co-ordinating Ca2+. Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids co-ordinating Ca2+ drastically decreased the binding of CRP to Fn, indicating that the Ca2+ -binding site indeed formed the Fn-binding site. To determine the requirements for possible interaction between Ca2+ -bound CRP and Fn, we investigated inhibition of CRP-Fn interaction by Ca2+ as a function of pH. Ca2+ did not inhibit binding of CRP to Fn at pH 6.5 and lower. The contrasting Fn binding properties of CRP at physiological and mildly acidic pH indicated that the interaction of Ca2+ -bound CRP with Fn was controlled by pH. We conclude that the inhibition of binding of CRP to Fn by Ca2+ at pH 7.0 is a mechanism to prevent CRP-Fn interactions under normal conditions. CRP, in its Ca2+ -bound state, is capable of binding Fn but only at the inflammatory sites and tumors with low pH. CRP, Fn, and the ECM all have been implicated in cancer. Taken together our data raise the possibility that CRP-Fn interactions may change the architecture of ECM to modify the development of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madathilparambil V. Suresh
- Department of Pharmacology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Sanjay K. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
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15
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Black S, Agrawal A, Samols D. The phosphocholine and the polycation-binding sites on rabbit C-reactive protein are structurally and functionally distinct. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:1045-54. [PMID: 12749911 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein in humans and rabbits that has the ability to bind a number of biologically important ligands including phosphocholine (PCh), histones, and polycations. In addition to this recognition function, ligand-complexed or aggregated CRP is capable of activating the classical complement pathway. We have generated two strains of transgenic mice in order to study CRP-binding to PCh and consequent complement activation. Based on crystallographic and mutagenesis studies in human CRP (huCRP), we mutated Phe66 and Glu81 in the rabbit CRP (rbCRP) gene and generated a strain of transgenic mice (F66Y/E81K), which expressed this variant form of rbCRP. We also mutated Tyr175 in rbCRP to generate transgenic mice which expressed a variant form of rbCRP (Y175A). In vitro, F66Y/E81K rbCRP purified from serum had dramatically reduced binding to PCh. Additionally F66Y/E81K rbCRP not only maintained its ability to bind polycations and histones, but also bound more avidly to specific histones and lysine polymers than wild type (wt) rbCRP. Y175A rbCRP was not able to activate complement when bound to pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC), but was, along with F66Y/E81K and wild type rbCRP, able to activate complement when bound to a small lysine polymer or when directly adsorbed to a solid phase. This complement activation presumably occurs through the classical complement pathway as the three rbCRPs, adsorbed to a solid phase, bound C1q. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the PCh-binding and the polycation-binding sites on rbCRP are distinct but possibly overlapping. The conformational changes in the C1q-binding site of CRP to activate complement depend on the nature of the ligand and on the location of the ligand-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Black
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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16
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Agrawal A, Simpson MJ, Black S, Carey MP, Samols D. A C-reactive protein mutant that does not bind to phosphocholine and pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3217-22. [PMID: 12218140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), the major human acute-phase plasma protein, binds to phosphocholine (PCh) residues present in pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and to PCh exposed on damaged and apoptotic cells. CRP also binds, in a PCh-inhibitable manner, to ligands that do not contain PCh, such as fibronectin (Fn). Crystallographic data on CRP-PCh complexes indicate that Phe(66) and Glu(81) contribute to the formation of the PCh binding site of CRP. We used site-directed mutagenesis to analyze the contribution of Phe(66) and Glu(81) to the binding of CRP to PCh, and to generate a CRP mutant that does not bind to PCh-containing ligands. Five CRP mutants, F66A, F66Y, E81A, E81K, and F66A/E81A, were constructed, expressed in COS cells, purified, and characterized for their binding to PnC, PCh-BSA, and Fn. Wild-type and F66Y CRP bound to PnC with similar avidities, while binding of E81A and E81K mutants to PnC was substantially reduced. The F66A and F66A/E81A mutants did not bind to PnC. Identical results were obtained with PCh-BSA. In contrast, all five CRP mutants bound to Fn as well as did wild-type CRP. We conclude that Phe(66) is the major determinant of CRP-PCh interaction and is critical for binding of CRP to PnC. The data also suggest that the binding sites for PCh and Fn on CRP are distinct. A CRP mutant incapable of binding to PCh provides a tool to assess PCh-inhibitable interactions of CRP with its other biologically significant ligands, and to further investigate the functions of CRP in host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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