1
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Alafate W, Lv G, Zheng J, Cai H, Wu W, Yang Y, Du S, Zhou D, Wang P. Targeting ARNT attenuates chemoresistance through destabilizing p38α-MAPK signaling in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:366. [PMID: 38806469 PMCID: PMC11133443 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal brain tumor in adults. This study aimed to investigate the functional significance of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) in the pathogenesis of GBM. Analysis of public datasets revealed ARNT is upregulated in GBM tissues compared to lower grade gliomas or normal brain tissues. Higher ARNT expression correlated with the mesenchymal subtype and poorer survival in GBM patients. Silencing ARNT using lentiviral shRNAs attenuated the proliferative, invasive, and stem-like capabilities of GBM cell lines, while ARNT overexpression enhanced these malignant phenotypes. Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovered that ARNT is highly expressed in a stem-like subpopulation and is involved in regulating glycolysis, hypoxia response, and stress pathways. Mechanistic studies found ARNT activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling to promote chemoresistance in GBM cells. Disrupting the ARNT/p38α protein interaction via the ARNT PAS-A domain restored temozolomide sensitivity. Overall, this study demonstrates ARNT functions as an oncogenic driver in GBM pathogenesis and represents a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahafu Alafate
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gen Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiantao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shichao Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heyuan People's Hospital, Heyuan, China.
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2
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Gong J, Ding G, Hao Z, Li Y, Deng A, Zhang C. Elucidating the mechanism of corneal epithelial cell repair: unraveling the impact of growth factors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1384500. [PMID: 38638937 PMCID: PMC11024251 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1384500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The repair mechanism for corneal epithelial cell injuries encompasses migration, proliferation, and differentiation of corneal epithelial cells, and extracellular matrix remodeling of the stromal structural integrity. Furthermore, it involves the consequential impact of corneal limbal stem cells (LSCs). In recent years, as our comprehension of the mediating mechanisms underlying corneal epithelial injury repair has advanced, it has become increasingly apparent that growth factors play a pivotal role in this intricate process. These growth factors actively contribute to the restoration of corneal epithelial injuries by orchestrating responses and facilitating specific interactions at targeted sites. This article systematically summarizes the role of growth factors in corneal epithelial cell injury repair by searching relevant literature in recent years, and explores the limitations of current literature search, providing a certain scientific basis for subsequent basic research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongkai Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Wuxi No. 2 Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Aijun Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chenming Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People’s Hospital, Jinan, China
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3
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Kim YJ, Lee DB, Jeong E, Jeon JY, Kim HD, Kang H, Kim YK. Magnetically Stimulated Integrin Binding Alters Cell Polarity and Affects Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Metastatic Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8365-8377. [PMID: 38319067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely recognized for their stability and biocompatibility, leading to their widespread use in biomedical applications. Our study introduces a novel approach that harnesses inorganic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to stimulate apical-basal polarity and induce epithelial traits in cancer cells, targeting the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state often linked to metastasis. We employed mesocrystalline iron oxide MNPs to apply an external magnetic field, disrupting normal cell polarity and simulating an artificial cellular environment. These led to noticeable changes in the cell shape and function, signaling a shift toward the hybrid E/M state. Our research suggests that apical-basal stimulation in cells through MNPs can effectively modulate key cellular markers associated with both epithelial and mesenchymal states without compromising the structural properties typical of mesenchymal cells. These insights advance our understanding of how cells respond to physical cues and pave the way for novel cancer treatment strategies. We anticipate that further research and validation will be instrumental in exploring the full potential of these findings in clinical applications, ensuring their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dae Beom Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eunjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Yeong Jeon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine─Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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4
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Rahman SMT, Zhou W, Deiters A, Haugh JM. Dissection of MKK6 and p38 Signaling Using Light-Activated Protein Kinases. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300551. [PMID: 37856284 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress-activated signaling pathways orchestrate cellular behaviors and fates. Studying the precise role(s) of stress-activated protein kinases is challenging, because stress conditions induce adaptation and impose selection pressure. To meet this challenge, we have applied an optogenetic system with a single plasmid to express light-activated p38α or its upstream activator, MKK6, in conjunction with live-cell fluorescence microscopy. In starved cells, decaging of constitutively active p38α or MKK6 by brief exposure to UV light elicits rapid p38-mediated signaling, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and apoptosis with different kinetics. In parallel, light activation of p38α also suppresses autophagosome formation, similarly to stimulation with growth factors that activate PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling. Active MKK6 negatively regulates serum-induced ERK activity, which is p38-independent as previously reported. Here, we reproduce that result with the one plasmid system and show that although decaging active p38α does not reduce basal ERK activity in our cells, it can block growth factor-stimulated ERK signaling in serum-starved cells. These results clarify the roles of MKK6 and p38α in dynamic signaling programs, which act in concert to actuate apoptotic death while suppressing cell survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wenyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7905, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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5
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Phan T, Zhang XH, Rosen S, Melstrom LG. P38 kinase in gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1181-1189. [PMID: 37248432 PMCID: PMC10501902 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide with 4.2 million new cases and 3.2 million deaths estimated in 2020. Despite the advances in primary and adjuvant therapies, patients still develop distant metastases and require novel therapies. Mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are crucial signaling pathways that regulate many cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, stress responses and cancer development. p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (p38 MAPKs) includes four isoforms: p38α (MAPK14), p38β (MAPK11), p38γ (MAPK12), and p38δ (MAPK13). p38 MAPK was first identified as a stress response protein kinase that phosphorylates different transcriptional factors. Dysregulation of p38 pathways, in particular p38γ, are associated with cancer development, metastasis, autophagy and tumor microenvironment. In this article, we provide an overview of p38 and p38γ with respect to gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, targeting p38γ is also discussed as a potential therapy for gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Phan
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xu Hannah Zhang
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Steven Rosen
- Department of Hematology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Laleh G Melstrom
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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6
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Hassan MDS, Razali N, Abu Bakar AS, Abu Hanipah NF, Agarwal R. Connective tissue growth factor: Role in trabecular meshwork remodeling and intraocular pressure lowering. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1425-1436. [PMID: 37873757 PMCID: PMC10657592 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a distinct signaling molecule modulating many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This protein is upregulated in numerous fibrotic diseases that involve extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. It mediates the downstream effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and is regulated via TGF-β SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling routes. Targeting CTGF instead of its upstream regulator TGF-β avoids the consequences of interfering with the pleotropic effects of TGF-β. Both CTGF and its upstream mediator, TGF-β, have been linked with the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic neuropathy due to their involvement in the regulation of ECM homeostasis. The excessive expression of these growth factors is associated with glaucoma pathogenesis via elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP), the most important risk factor for glaucoma. The raised in the IOP is due to dysregulation of ECM turnover resulting in excessive ECM deposition at the site of aqueous humor outflow. It is therefore believed that CTGF could be a potential therapeutic target in glaucoma therapy. This review highlights the CTGF biology and structure, its regulation and signaling, its association with the pathophysiology of glaucoma, and its potential role as a therapeutic target in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhafiza Razali
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Amy Suzana Abu Bakar
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fahitah Abu Hanipah
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 47000 Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University (IMU), 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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7
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Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, Khan AA, Rahmani AH. Potential Therapeutic Targets of Formononetin, a Type of Methoxylated Isoflavone, and Its Role in Cancer Therapy through the Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119719. [PMID: 37298670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death in all developed and developing countries. Various factors are involved in cancer development and progression, including inflammation and alterations in cellular processes and signaling transduction pathways. Natural compounds have shown health-promoting effects through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, having an important role in the inhibition of cancer growth. In this regard, formononetin, a type of isoflavone, plays a significant role in disease management through the modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, its role in cancer management has been proven through the regulation of different signal transduction pathways, such as the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT 3), Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The anticancer potential of formononetin has been reported against various cancer types, such as breast, cervical, head and neck, colon, and ovarian cancers. This review focuses on the role of formononetin in different cancer types through the modulation of various cell signaling pathways. Moreover, synergistic effect with anticancer drugs and methods to improve bioavailability are explained. Thus, detailed studies based on clinical trials are required to explore the potential role of formononetin in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51542, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ang HL, Mohan CD, Shanmugam MK, Leong HC, Makvandi P, Rangappa KS, Bishayee A, Kumar AP, Sethi G. Mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer and its regulation by natural compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36929669 DOI: 10.1002/med.21948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal phenotype. This transformation plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and self-renewal, and exacerbates resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. EMT can be initiated and promoted by deregulated oncogenic signaling pathways, hypoxia, and cells in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a loss-of-epithelial cell polarity, cell-cell adhesion, and enhanced invasive/migratory properties. Numerous transcriptional regulators, such as Snail, Slug, Twist, and ZEB1/ZEB2 induce EMT through the downregulation of epithelial markers and gain-of-expression of the mesenchymal markers. Additionally, signaling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Sonic hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B, receptor tyrosine kinases, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Hippo, and transforming growth factor-β pathways regulate EMT whereas they are often deregulated in cancers leading to aberrant EMT. Furthermore, noncoding RNAs, tumor-derived exosomes, and epigenetic alterations are also involved in the modulation of EMT. Therefore, the regulation of EMT is a vital strategy to control the aggressive metastatic characteristics of tumor cells. Despite the vast amount of preclinical data on EMT in cancer progression, there is a lack of clinical translation at the therapeutic level. In this review, we have discussed thoroughly the role of the aforementioned transcription factors, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNA, circular RNA), signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and tumor-derived exosomes in the regulation of EMT in cancers. We have also emphasized the contribution of EMT to drug resistance and possible therapeutic interventions using plant-derived natural products, their semi-synthetic derivatives, and nano-formulations that are described as promising EMT blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li Ang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Centre for Materials Interface, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Kim KW, Shin YJ, Lee SCS. Novel ROCK Inhibitors, Sovesudil and PHP-0961, Enhance Proliferation, Adhesion and Migration of Corneal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314690. [PMID: 36499014 PMCID: PMC9740482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss or dysfunction of human corneal endothelial cells (hCEnCs) is a leading cause of blindness due to corneal failure. Corneal transplantation with a healthy donor cornea has been the only available treatment for corneal endothelial disease. However, the need for way to regenerate the CEnCs has been increased due to the global shortage of donor corneas. The aim of the study is to investigate whether novel Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors can induce the cultivation and regeneration of hCEnCs. Cultured hCEnCs were treated with Y-27632, sovesudil, or PHP-0961 for 24 h. Cellular responses, including cell viability, cytotoxicity, proliferation, and Ki67 expression with ROCK inhibitors were evaluated. We also evaluated wound healing and cell adhesion assays. Porcine corneas were used ex vivo to evaluate the effects of Y-27632, sovesudil, and PHP-0961 on wound healing and regeneration. We performed live/dead cell assays and immunofluorescence staining for SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), β-catenin, and ZO-1 on porcine corneas after ROCK inhibitor treatments. Cell viability, cell proliferation rate, and the number of Ki67-positive cells were higher in Y-27632, sovesudil and PHP-0961 treated cells compared to the control. There was no difference in LDH cytotoxicity test between any groups. Cells treated with Y-27632, sovesudil and PHP-0961 showed faster migration, wound healing, and cell adhesion. In the porcine ex vivo experiments, wound healing, the number of live cells, and SOX2-positive cells were higher in Y-27632, sovesudil and PHP-0961 treated corneas. In all experiments, sovesudil and PHP-0961, the novel ROCK inhibitors, were equal or superior to the results of the ROCK inhibitor positive control, Y-27632. In conclusion, sovesudil and PHP-0961, novel ROCK inhibitors have the capacity to regenerate hCEnCs by enhancing cell proliferation and adhesion between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Wook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6960-1240
| | - Sammy Chi Sam Lee
- pH Pharma Co., Ltd., B-1009, U-Space, 670 Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13494, Republic of Korea
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10
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Priya R, Jain V, Akhtar J, Saklani N, Sakhuja P, Agarwal AK, Polisetty RV, Sirdeshmukh R, Kar S, Gautam P. Proteomic profiling of cell line-derived extracellular vesicles to identify candidate circulatory markers for detection of gallbladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1027914. [PMID: 36505879 PMCID: PMC9727277 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1027914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the sixth most common gastrointestinal tract cancer with a very low overall survival and poor prognosis. Profiling of cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is an emerging strategy for identification of candidate biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of the disease. The aim of the study was to analyse the protein content from GBC cell line- derived EVs with emphasis on proteins which could be used as candidate biomarkers for the detection of GBC. NOZ and OCUG-1 cell lines were cultured and EVs were isolated from conditioned media. LC-MS/MS analysis of total EV proteins led to the identification of a total of 268 proteins in both the cell lines. Of these, 110 proteins were identified with ≥2 unique peptides with ≥2 PSMs in at least two experimental and technical replicate runs. STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) database was used to perform bioinformatics analysis of 110 proteins which showed 'cell adhesion molecule binding', 'integrin binding', 'cadherin binding' among the top molecular functions and 'focal adhesion' to be among the top pathways associated with the EV proteins. A total of 42 proteins including haptoglobin (HP), pyruvate kinase (PKM), annexin A2 (ANXA2), thrombospondin 1 (THBS1), were reported to be differentially abundant in GBC tissue. Of these, 16 proteins were reported to be differentially abundant in plasma and plasma-derived EVs. We infer these proteins to be highly important to be considered as potential circulatory biomarkers for the detection of GBC. To check the validity of this hypothesis, one of the proteins, haptoglobin (HP) as a representative case, was analysed in plasma by quantitative Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and we observed its increased levels in GBC in comparison to controls (p value= 0.0063). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for GBC vs controls showed an Area under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.8264 for HP with 22% sensitivity against 100% specificity. We propose that HP along with other candidate proteins may be further explored for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Priya
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India,Jamia Hamdard- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaishali Jain
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India,Department (NIL), Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Javed Akhtar
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India,Jamia Hamdard- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Saklani
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Agarwal
- Department of GI Surgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Department (NIL), Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudeshna Kar
- Jamia Hamdard- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Poonam Gautam, , ; Sudeshna Kar,
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)- National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Poonam Gautam, , ; Sudeshna Kar,
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11
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Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Mesenchymal Subtypes of Small Cell Lung Cancer with Activation of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Worse Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225600. [PMID: 36428693 PMCID: PMC9688413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While molecular subtypes of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) based on neuroendocrine (NE) and non-NE transcriptional regulators have been established, the association between these molecular subtypes and recently recognized SCLC-inflamed (SCLC-I) tumors is less understood. In this study, we used gene expression profiles of SCLC primary tumors and cell lines to discover and characterize SCLC-M (mesenchymal) tumors distinct from SCLC-I tumors for molecular features, clinical outcomes, and cross-species developmental trajectories. SCLC-M tumors show elevated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and YAP1 activity but a low level of anticancer immune activity and worse clinical outcomes than SCLC-I tumors. The prevalence of SCLC-M tumors was 3.2-7.4% in primary SCLC cohorts, which was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry in an independent cohort. Deconvoluted gene expression of tumor epithelial cells showed that EMT and increased immune function are tumor-intrinsic characteristics of SCLC-M and SCLC-I subtypes, respectively. Cross-species analysis revealed that human primary SCLC tumors recapitulate the NE-to-non-NE progression murine model providing insight into the developmental relationships among SCLC subtypes, e.g., early NE (SCLC-A and -N)- vs. late non-NE tumors (SCLC-M and -P). Newly identified SCLC-M tumors are biologically and clinically distinct from SCLC-I tumors which should be taken into account for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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12
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Yang D, Qiao Y, Wang B, Yan J, Li Z, Huang Z, Zhou Y, Hu K, Zhang Y. Chitosan degradation products promote healing of burn wounds of rat skin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1002437. [PMID: 36304900 PMCID: PMC9592717 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burns can impair the barrier function of the skin, and small burns can also cause high mortality. The WHO has described that over 180,000 people die of burns worldwide each year. Thus, the treatment of burn wounds is a major clinical challenge. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are alkaline amino oligosaccharides with small molecular weights obtained by enzyme or chemical degradation of chitosan. With the characteristics of biocompatibility, water solubility and degradability, it has attracted increasing attention in the fields of biomedicine. In the present study, we used COS to treat deep second-degree burn wounds of rat skin and found that COS was able to promote wound healing. We also revealed that COS could promote fibroblast proliferation. Transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed on COS-treated fibroblasts to identify the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that COS was able to promote wound healing through regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and growth factor Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). Our results provide a potential drug for burn wound therapy and the related molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwei Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Outpatient Treatment Center, Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yating Qiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bolin Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhanghao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Kesu Hu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Youlang Zhou, ; Kesu Hu, ; Yi Zhang,
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13
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Hossain MA, Alam MJ, Kim B, Kang CW, Kim JH. Ginsenoside-Rb1 prevents bone cartilage destruction through down-regulation of p-Akt, p-P38, and p-P65 signaling in rabbit. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154039. [PMID: 35344713 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint complaint resulting in pain, disability, and loss of quality of life. On the other hand, ginsenoside-Rb1 is a plant product derived from ginseng that possesses immune-regulation and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it has been reported that different rout of administration but hydrogel-based Ginsenoside-Rb1 in an OA rabbit model has not been investigated. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of ginsenoside-Rb1 such as anti-arthritic activity in a rabbit knee OA model via NF- κB, PI3K/Akt, and P38/(MAPK) pathways. STUDY DESIGN In the current study, rabbit osteoarthritis was induced by hollow trephine on the femur trochlea and the hydrogel-based Ginsenoside-Rb1 sheets were inserted on the rabbit knee to assess the anti-arthritis activity of ginsenoside-Rb1 which is sustained release. METHODS After the hydrogel-based Rb1 sheet insert on the rabbit knee, macroscopic and micro CT was performed for investigation of chondroprotective effect. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and apoptotic expression were assessed through Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR assay. In addition, the flow cytometry technique was used for the investigation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and histological changes were examined by HE, safranin O, and Masson trichrome staining method. Furthermore, the NF- κB, PI3K/Akt, and P38/(MAPK) pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis. RESULTS Macroscopic and micro CT investigation of hydrogel-Rb1 treatment showed a dose-dependent chondroprotective effect. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR revealed that expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and apoptotic markers TNF-α, caspase-3, and bax are down-regulated in a dose-dependent fashion following implantation of hydrogel-Rb. Higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in the OA group. In histopathological investigation of hydrogel-Rb1 exhibited larger amounts of chondro cells, glycosaminoglycan's, and collagen compared to the defect group. Furthermore, the NF- κB, PI3K/Akt, and P38/(MAPK) pathways were downregulated by hydrogel-Rb1 while the disease model showed upstream. In the meantime, MMP expression level was considerably down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the protective effect of ginsenoside-Rb1 against OA pathogenesis through prevention of apoptosis with suppression of ROS production and activation of NF-κB signaling through downregulation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 54596 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Park SY, Lee SK, Lim M, Kim B, Hwang BO, Cho ES, Zhang X, Chun KS, Chung WY, Song NY. Direct Contact with Platelets Induces Podoplanin Expression and Invasion in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:284-290. [PMID: 35110423 PMCID: PMC9047494 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is mostly diagnosed at an advanced stage, with local and/or distal metastasis. Thus, locoregional and/or local control of the primary tumor is crucial for a better prognosis in patients with OSCC. Platelets have long been considered major players in cancer metastasis. Traditional antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, are thought to be potential chemotherapeutics, but they need to be used with caution because of the increased bleeding risk. Podoplanin (PDPN)-expressing cancer cells can activate platelets and promote OSCC metastasis. However, the reciprocal effect of platelets on PDPN expression in OSCC has not been investigated. In this study, we found that direct contact with platelets upregulated PDPN and integrin β1 at the protein level and promoted invasiveness of human OSCC Ca9.22 cells that express low levels of PDPN. In another human OSCC HSC3 cell line that express PDPN at an abundant level, silencing of the PDPN gene reduced cell invasiveness. Analysis of the public database further supported the co-expression of PDPN and integrin β1 and their increased expression in metastatic tissues compared to normal and tumor tissues of the oral cavity. Taken together, these data suggest that PDPN is a potential target to regulate platelet-tumor interaction and metastasis for OSCC treatment, which can overcome the limitations of traditional antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihwa Lim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunae Sandra Cho
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133000, China
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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15
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Pua LJW, Mai CW, Chung FFL, Khoo ASB, Leong CO, Lim WM, Hii LW. Functional Roles of JNK and p38 MAPK Signaling in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031108. [PMID: 35163030 PMCID: PMC8834850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members integrate signals that affect proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration in a cell context- and cell type-specific way. JNK and p38 MAPK activities are found upregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Studies have shown that activation of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling can promote NPC oncogenesis by mechanisms within the cancer cells and interactions with the tumor microenvironment. They regulate multiple transcription activities and contribute to tumor-promoting processes, ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis, inflammation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Current literature suggests that JNK and p38 MAPK activation may exert pro-tumorigenic functions in NPC, though the underlying mechanisms are not well documented and have yet to be fully explored. Here, we aim to provide a narrative review of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in human cancers with a primary focus on NPC. We also discuss the potential therapeutic agents that could be used to target JNK and p38 MAPK signaling in NPC, along with perspectives for future works. We aim to inspire future studies further delineating JNK and p38 MAPK signaling in NPC oncogenesis which might offer important insights for better strategies in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision-making in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Jia Wei Pua
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.J.W.P.); (C.-O.L.)
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
| | - Felicia Fei-Lei Chung
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (L.J.W.P.); (C.-O.L.)
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
- AGTC Genomics, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Meng Lim
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (W.-M.L.); (L.-W.H.)
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), Institute for Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-W.M.); (A.S.-B.K.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (W.-M.L.); (L.-W.H.)
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16
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Nam MW, Kim CW, Choi KC. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Inducing Factors Involved in the Progression of Lung Cancers. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:213-220. [PMID: 35039464 PMCID: PMC9047489 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been advances in cancer therapy and surgical improvement, lung cancer has the lowest survival rate (19%) at all stages. This is because most patients are diagnosed with concurrent metastasis, which occurs due to numerous related reasons. Especially, lung cancer is one of the most common and malignant cancers in the world. Although there are advanced therapeutic strategies, lung cancer remains one of the main causes of cancer death. Recent work has proposed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the main cause of metastasis in most cases of human cancers including lung cancer. EMT involves the conversion of epithelial cells, wherein the cells lose their epithelial abilities and become mesenchymal cells involved in embryonic development, such as gastrulation and neural crest formation. In addition, recent research has indicated that EMT contributes to altering the cancer cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs). Although EMT is important in the developmental stages, this process also activates lung cancer progression, including complicated and diverse signaling pathways. Despite the numerous investigations on signaling pathways involved in the progression of lung cancer, this malignancy is considered critical for treatment. EMT in lung cancer involves many transcription factors and inducers, for example, Snail, TWIST, and ZEB are the master regulators of EMT. EMT-related factors and signaling pathways are involved in the progression of lung cancer, proposing new approaches to lung cancer therapy. In the current review, we highlight the signaling pathways implicated in lung cancer and elucidate the correlation of these pathways, indicating new insights to treat lung cancer and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Woo Nam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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17
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Rogers MP, Mi Z, Li NY, Wai PY, Kuo PC. Tumor: Stroma Interaction and Cancer. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:59-87. [PMID: 35165860 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of how normal cells transform into tumor cells and progress to invasive cancer and metastases continues to evolve. The tumor mass is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that include recruited host immune cells, stromal cells, matrix components, and endothelial cells. This tumor microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the acquisition of hallmark traits, and has been the intense focus of current research. A key regulatory mechanism triggered by these tumor-stroma interactions includes processes that resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a physiologic program that allows a polarized epithelial cell to undergo biochemical and cellular changes and adopt mesenchymal cell characteristics. These cellular adaptations facilitate enhanced migratory capacity, invasiveness, elevated resistance to apoptosis, and greatly increased production of ECM components. Indeed, it has been postulated that cancer cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition to invade and metastasize.In the following discussion, the physiology of chronic inflammation, wound healing, fibrosis, and tumor invasion will be explored. The key regulatory cytokines, transforming growth factor β and osteopontin, and their roles in cancer metastasis will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Rogers
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhiyong Mi
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Neill Y Li
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philip Y Wai
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul C Kuo
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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18
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Anticancer Effects of Midazolam on Lung and Breast Cancers by Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121396. [PMID: 34947927 PMCID: PMC8703822 DOI: 10.3390/life11121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in cancer treatments resulting in higher survival rates, the proliferation and metastasis of tumors still raise new questions in cancer therapy. Therefore, new drugs and strategies are still needed. Midazolam (MDZ) is a common sedative drug acting through the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor in the central nervous system and also binds to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in peripheral tissues. Previous studies have shown that MDZ inhibits cancer cell proliferation but increases cancer cell apoptosis through different mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the possible anticancer mechanisms of MDZ on different cancer cell types. MDZ inhibited transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced cancer cell proliferation of both A549 and MCF-7 cells. MDZ also inhibited TGF-β-induced cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, and Smad phosphorylation in both cancer cell lines. Inhibition of PBR by PK11195 rescued the MDZ-inhibited cell proliferation, suggesting that MDZ worked through PBR to inhibit TGF-β pathway. Furthermore, MDZ inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and levels of mesenchymal proteins in MDA-MD-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Together, MDZ inhibits cancer cell proliferation both in epithelial and mesenchymal types and EMT, indicating an important role for MDZ as a candidate to treat lung and breast cancers.
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19
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Obeng G, Park EJ, Appiah MG, Kawamoto E, Gaowa A, Shimaoka M. miRNA-200c-3p targets talin-1 to regulate integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21597. [PMID: 34732818 PMCID: PMC8566560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of integrins on the cell surface to mediate cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix ligands is regulated by intracellular signaling cascades. During this signaling process, the talin (TLN) recruited to integrin cytoplasmic tails plays the critical role of the major adaptor protein to trigger integrin activation. Thus, intracellular levels of TLN are thought to determine integrin-mediated cellular functions. However, the epigenetic regulation of TLN expression and consequent modulation of integrin activation remain to be elucidated. Bioinformatics analysis led us to consider miR-200c-3p as a TLN1-targeting miRNA. To test this, we have generated miR-200c-3p-overexpressing and miR-200c-3p-underexpressing cell lines, including HEK293T, HCT116, and LNCaP cells. Overexpression of miR-200c-3p resulted in a remarkable decrease in the expression of TLN1, which was associated with the suppression of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to fibronectin. In contrast, the reduction in endogenous miR-200c-3p levels led to increased expression of TLN1 and enhanced cell adhesion to fibronectin and focal adhesion plaques formation. Moreover, miR-200c-3p was found to target TLN1 by binding to its 3′-untranslated region (UTR). Taken together, our data indicate that miR-200c-3p contributes to the regulation of integrin activation and cell adhesion via the targeting of TLN1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Obeng
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Michael G Appiah
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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20
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Stuelten CH, Zhang YE. Transforming Growth Factor-β: An Agent of Change in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764727. [PMID: 34712672 PMCID: PMC8545984 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is a key regulator of embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and lesion repair. In tumors, TGF-β is a potent inhibitor of early stage tumorigenesis and promotes late stage tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we review the roles of TGF-β as well as components of its signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. We will discuss how a core property of TGF-β, namely its ability to change cell differentiation, leads to the transition of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts to a myofibroblastoid phenotype, changes differentiation and polarization of immune cells, and induces metabolic reprogramming of cells, all of which contribute to the progression of epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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21
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Mia MS, Jarajapu Y, Rao R, Mathew S. Integrin β1 Promotes Pancreatic Tumor Growth by Upregulating Kindlin-2 and TGF-β Receptor-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910599. [PMID: 34638957 PMCID: PMC8508632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in defining the growth and malignancy of solid tumors. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and fibronectin are major components of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor growth-promoting reciprocal interaction between ECM and cytoplasmic proteins is regulated by the cell surface receptors called integrins. This study investigated the mechanism by which integrin β1 promotes pancreatic tumor growth. In MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell line, the loss of integrin β1 protein reduced the ability of cells to proliferate in a 3D matrix and compromised the ability to form a focal adhesion complex. Decreased expression of integrin α5 was observed in KO cells, which resulted in impaired cell spreading and adhesion on vitronectin and fibronectin. Reduced expression of the integrin-associated protein, kindlin-2 was also recorded. The downregulation of kindlin-2 decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 by reducing the expression of TGF-β receptor 2. These results unravel a new mechanism of integrin β1 in tumor growth by modifying the expression of kindlin-2 and TGF-β receptor 2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saimon Mia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA; (M.S.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yagna Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA; (M.S.M.); (Y.J.)
| | - Reena Rao
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Sijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA; (M.S.M.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-701-231-8214
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22
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The Underappreciated Role of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Its Strong Link to Lung Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091394. [PMID: 34572606 PMCID: PMC8472619 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation reported COPD to be the third leading cause of death globally in 2019, and in 2020, the most common cause of cancer death was lung cancer; when these linked conditions are added together they come near the top of the leading causes of mortality. The cell-biological program termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in organ development, fibrosis and cancer progression. Over the past decade there has emerged a substantial literature that also links EMT specifically to the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as primarily an airway fibrosis disease; COPD is a recognised strong independent risk factor for the development of lung cancer, over and above the risks associated with smoking. In this review, our primary focus is to highlight these linkages and alert both the COPD and lung cancer fields to these complex interactions. We emphasise the need for inter-disciplinary attention and research focused on the likely crucial roles of EMT (and potential for its inhibition) with recognition of its strategic place mechanistically in both COPD and lung cancer. As part of this we discuss the future potential directions for novel therapeutic opportunities, including evidence-based strategic repurposing of currently used familiar/approved medications.
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Hossain MA, Adithan A, Alam MJ, Kopalli SR, Kim B, Kang CW, Hwang KC, Kim JH. IGF-1 Facilitates Cartilage Reconstruction by Regulating PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and NF-kB Signaling in Rabbit Osteoarthritis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3555-3568. [PMID: 34335042 PMCID: PMC8318731 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s316756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by joint degeneration. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of OA by stimulation of specific signaling pathways like NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs pathways. The catabolic role of growth factors in the OA may be inhibited cytokine-activated pathogen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on IL-1β-induced apoptosis in rabbit chondrocytes in vitro and in an in vivo rabbit knee OA model. Methods In the present study, the OA developed in chondrocyte with the treatment of IL-1β and articular cartilage ruptures by removal of cartilage from the rabbit knee femoral condyle. After IGF-1 treatment, immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR were identified OA expression with changes in MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases). The production of ROS (intracellular reactive oxygen species) in the OA was detected by flow cytometry. Further, the disease progression was microscopically investigated and pathophysiological changes were analyzed using histology. The NF-κB, PI3K/Akt and P38 (MAPK) specific pathways that are associated with disease progression were also checked using the Western blot technique. Results The expression of MMPs and various apoptotic markers are down-regulated following administration of IGF-1 in a dose-dependent fashion while significantly up-regulation of TIMP-1. The results showed that higher levels of ROS were observed upon treatment of chondrocytes and chondral OA with IL-1β. Collectively, our results indicated that IGF-1 protected NF-κB pathway by suppression of PI3K/Akt and MAPKs specific pathways. Furthermore, the macroscopic and pathological investigation showed that it has a chondroprotective effect by the formation of hyaline cartilage. Conclusion Our results indicate a protective effect of IGF-1 against OA pathogenesis by inhibition of NF-κB signaling via regulation of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and prevention of apoptosis by suppression of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aravinthan Adithan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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24
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Aashaq S, Batool A, Mir SA, Beigh MA, Andrabi KI, Shah ZA. TGF-β signaling: A recap of SMAD-independent and SMAD-dependent pathways. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:59-85. [PMID: 34286853 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and tumorigenesis. TGF-β-mediated physiological effects are heterogeneous and vary among different types of cells and environmental conditions. TGF-β serves as an antiproliferative agent and inhibits tumor development during primary stages of tumor progression; however, during the later stages, it encourages tumor development and mediates metastatic progression and chemoresistance. The fundamental elements of TGF-β signaling have been divulged more than a decade ago; however, the process by which the signals are relayed from cell surface to nucleus is very complex with additional layers added in tumor cell niches. Although the intricate understanding of TGF-β-mediated signaling pathways and their regulation are still evolving, we tried to make an attempt to summarize the TGF-β-mediated SMAD-dependent andSMAD-independent pathways. This manuscript emphasizes the functions of TGF-β as a metastatic promoter and tumor suppressor during the later and initial phases of tumor progression respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, JK, India
| | - Asiya Batool
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, JK, India
| | | | | | | | - Zaffar Amin Shah
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, JK, India
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25
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Gu C, Zhang Y, Chen D, Liu H, Mi K. Tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits chemoresistance of FaDu hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells in 3D collagen I cultures and in vivo. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112725. [PMID: 34224701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis in patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is widely affected by the resistance to chemotherapy. As a culture scaffold, collagen I was showed to promote CSC (cancer stem cell) properties of cancer cells which could be used as in vitro models to study the chemoresistance in HNSCC. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a cellular stress condition which could affect tumor progression and promote the anti-tumor effects of certain drugs. However, the impact of ER stress on collagen I induced CSC properties and chemoresistance of HNSCC cells has not been addressed. In this study we investigated the effects of tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress on the stemness and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs of FaDu hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells in 3D (three-dimensional) collagen I cultures and mouse xenograft models. Our study revealed that Collagen I scaffold promoted CSC properties and increased G1 population of FaDu cells in 3D cultures, accompanied by maturation of integrin β1 and enhanced activated TGF-β1 concentration. Compared to 2D (two-dimensional) cultured cells, cells in 3D Collagen I scaffold exhibited significantly increased resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs of cisplatin and paclitaxel. Further analysis revealed that TM induced ER stress preferentially attenuated chemoresistance of FaDu cells in 3D collagen I, downregulated their CSC properties and TGF-β1 concentration and resulted in deglycosylation of integrin β1. TM was further evaluated in the mouse xenograft models and showed significant tumor growth inhibition in combination with paclitaxel than either TM or paclitaxel alone. Taken together, Our findings suggest that TM-induced ER stress potentiates anticancer efficacy of FaDu cells in 3D cultures and in vivo, and highlight implications for targeting chemotherapy-resistant cancer stem cells under ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Gu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Mi
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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26
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Walters EH, Shukla SD, Mahmood MQ, Ward C. Fully integrating pathophysiological insights in COPD: an updated working disease model to broaden therapeutic vision. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:200364. [PMID: 34039673 PMCID: PMC9488955 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0364-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our starting point is that relatively new findings into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of airway disease in smokers that lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) need to be reassessed as a whole and integrated into "mainstream" thinking along with traditional concepts which have stood the test of time. Such a refining of the accepted disease paradigm is urgently needed as thinking on therapeutic targets is currently under active reconsideration. We feel that generalised airway wall "inflammation" is unduly over-emphasised, and highlight the patchy and variable nature of the pathology (with the core being airway remodelling). In addition, we present evidence for airway wall disease in smokers/COPD as including a hypocellular, hypovascular, destructive, fibrotic pathology, with a likely spectrum of epithelial-mesenchymal transition states as significant drivers of this remodelling. Furthermore, we present data from a number of research modalities and integrate this with the aetiology of lung cancer, the role of chronic airway luminal colonisation/infection by a specific group of "respiratory" bacteria in smokers (which results in luminal inflammation) and the central role for oxidative stress on the epithelium. We suggest translation of these insights into more focus on asymptomatic smokers and early COPD, with the potential for fresh preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine and Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, UK
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27
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Rabie EM, Zhang SX, Dunn CE, Nelson CM. Substratum stiffness signals through integrin-linked kinase and β1-integrin to regulate midbody proteins and abscission during EMT. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1664-1676. [PMID: 34038147 PMCID: PMC8684726 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-02-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final stage of cytokinesis during which the parent cell physically separates to yield two identical daughters. Failure of abscission results in multinucleation (MNC), a sign of genomic instability and a precursor to aneuploidy, enabling characteristics of neoplastic progression. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes MNC in mammary epithelial cells cultured on stiff microenvironments that have mechanical properties similar to those found in breast tumors, but not on soft microenvironments reminiscent of the normal mammary gland. Here we report that on stiff microenvironments, EMT signaling through Snail up-regulates the midbody-associated proteins septin-6, Mklp1, and anillin, leading to abscission failure and MNC. To uncover the mechanism by which stiff microenvironments promote MNC in cells undergoing EMT, we investigated the role of cell-matrix adhesion through β1-integrin and integrin-linked kinase (ILK). We found that ILK expression, but not kinase activity, is required for EMT-associated MNC in cells on stiff microenvironments. Conversely, increasing focal adhesions by expressing an autoclustering mutant of β1-integrin promotes MNC in cells on soft microenvironments. Our data suggest that signaling through focal adhesions causes failure of cytokinesis in cells actively undergoing EMT. These results highlight the importance of tissue mechanics and adhesion in regulating the cellular response to EMT inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emann M Rabie
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854.,Departments of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Sherry X Zhang
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Connor E Dunn
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Departments of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.,Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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28
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Wen Z, Lin Y. Activation of autophagy contributes to the protective effects of lycopene against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in rat chondrocytes. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4032-4045. [PMID: 33860572 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is commonly associated with osteoarthritis (OA). Lycopene (LYC), a natural carotenoid compound, is an effective antioxidant with potential cartilage-protecting actions. However, how it affects hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced damage to the cartilage is unclear. In this study, an in vitro oxidative stress model was developed via treating primary chondrocytes with H2 O2 . Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to assess the levels of related factors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis levels were analyzed by the use of appropriate probes and flow cytometry. The expression and activity of stress-specific enzymes (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) were also assessed. The role of autophagy was explored by using the inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), as well as monodansylcadaverine staining, western blotting, and red fluorescent protein-green fluorescent protein-light chain 3 lentivirus infection. The result showed LYC exerted significant chondrocyte-protective effects, including reduced inflammation and chondrocyte degradation, increased chondrocyte proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, and reduced ROS production. LYC could effectively induce autophagy in the H2 O2 treatment group, and this effect could be attenuated by 3-MA. In terms of mechanism, LYC played a role in inhibiting MAPK and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB axis, which down-regulates levels of mTOR and had a potential therapeutic significance for cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Wu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengtian Li
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenpei Wen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yicai Lin
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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29
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Targeting RGD-binding integrins as an integrative therapy for diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100966. [PMID: 33775825 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a class of transmembrane receptors that are involved in a wide range of biological functions. Dysregulation of integrins has been implicated in many pathological processes and consequently, they are attractive therapeutic targets. In the ophthalmology arena, there is extensive evidence suggesting that integrins play an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, dry eye disease and retinal vein occlusion. For example, there is extensive evidence that arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp; RGD)-binding integrins are involved in key disease hallmarks of DR and neovascular AMD (nvAMD), specifically inflammation, vascular leakage, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Based on such evidence, drugs that engage integrin-linked pathways have received attention for their potential to block all these vision-threatening pathways. This review focuses on the pathophysiological role that RGD-binding integrins can have in complex multifactorial retinal disorders like DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and nvAMD, which are leading causes of blindness in developed countries. Special emphasis will be given on how RGD-binding integrins can modulate the intricate molecular pathways and regulate the underlying pathological mechanisms. For instance, the interplay between integrins and key molecular players such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes will be summarized. In addition, recent clinical advances linked to targeting RGD-binding integrins in the context of DME and nvAMD will be discussed alongside future potential for limiting progression of these diseases.
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30
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Dergilev KV, Vasilets YD, Tsokolaeva ZI, Parfenova EV. Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) Regulates Assembly of Cardiac Spheroids. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:550-554. [PMID: 33725254 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells of all tissues in human body interact with their neighboring cells and components of the extracellular matrix thereby creating a unique 3D microenvironment. These interactions are realized through a complex network of biochemical and mechanical signals that are important in maintaining normal cellular homeostasis. Numerous attempts have been undertaken during the last two decades to develop 3D models for studying their properties and understanding the mechanisms of regulation of cell microenvironment in vivo. Cardiac spheroids (cardiospheres) are one these models of cardiac microenvironment. In this study we demonstrate that unique microenvironment formed in cardiospheres consists of stem/progenitor and mesenchymal cells surrounded by extracellular matrix proteins synthesized by these cells. TGF-β1 participates in the regulation of contraction of cells forming cardiospheres, promotes activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-organization of cells, which leads to the formation of larger spheroids. Thereby, the effect of TGF-β1 on the cells of cardiospheres can serve as a model for studying the mechanisms of regulation of cardiac microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Dergilev
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Yu D Vasilets
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z I Tsokolaeva
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Parfenova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Postgenomic Technologies in Medicine, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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31
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O'Connell CE, Vassilev A. Combined Inhibition of p38MAPK and PIKfyve Synergistically Disrupts Autophagy to Selectively Target Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2903-2917. [PMID: 33685990 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In nutrient-poor conditions, autophagy buffers metabolic stress and counteracts the effects of chemotherapy and radiation on cancer cells, which depend on autophagy for survival. However, clinical trials targeting autophagy have failed to produce successful anticancer treatments using currently available inhibitors. Recent studies have shown that PIKfyve kinase inhibitors disrupt lysosome function in autophagy and can selectively kill certain cancer cells. Analysis of biochemical changes caused by PIKfyve inhibition revealed that resistant cells contain significantly higher levels of cellular p38MAPK protein and phosphorylation. Expression of the lysosomal protein, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2, carrying phosphomimetic mutations of the p38MAPK phosphorylation sites prevented all effects caused by PIKfyve inhibition-induced lysosome dysfunction. Thus, the activation of p38MAPK in response to PIKfyve inhibition revealed a novel compensatory role in maintaining lysosome function in autophagy. The functional cooperation between the cellular PIKfyve and p38MAPK pathways in regulating lysosome homeostasis was especially important in cancer cells. Combined inhibition of PIKfyve and p38MAPK activities synergistically blocked autophagy-mediated protein degradation, prevented cathepsin maturation, and markedly reduced the viability of multiple cancer cell types without affecting the viability of normal cells. Furthermore, combined PIKfyve and p38MAPK inhibitors synergistically reduced tumor growth in mice bearing xenografts of human colorectal adenocarcinoma, suggesting a novel way to target cancer cells by prolonged inhibition of autophagy using lower drug concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that PIKfyve and p38MAPK cooperate to regulate lysosome homeostasis and their combined inhibition synergistically blocks autophagy to reduce cancer cell viability in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Vassilev
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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32
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Nisar S, Hashem S, Macha MA, Yadav SK, Muralitharan S, Therachiyil L, Sageena G, Al-Naemi H, Haris M, Bhat AA. Exploring Dysregulated Signaling Pathways in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:429-445. [PMID: 31939726 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200115095937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell biology takes advantage of identifying diverse cellular signaling pathways that are disrupted in cancer. Signaling pathways are an important means of communication from the exterior of cell to intracellular mediators, as well as intracellular interactions that govern diverse cellular processes. Oncogenic mutations or abnormal expression of signaling components disrupt the regulatory networks that govern cell function, thus enabling tumor cells to undergo dysregulated mitogenesis, to resist apoptosis, and to promote invasion to neighboring tissues. Unraveling of dysregulated signaling pathways may advance the understanding of tumor pathophysiology and lead to the improvement of targeted tumor therapy. In this review article, different signaling pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of tumors have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Santosh K Yadav
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Lubna Therachiyil
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hamda Al-Naemi
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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33
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Puri S, Coulson-Thomas YM, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Distribution and Function of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans in the Development, Homeostasis and Pathology of the Ocular Surface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:731. [PMID: 32903857 PMCID: PMC7438910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface, which forms the interface between the eye and the external environment, includes the cornea, corneoscleral limbus, the conjunctiva and the accessory glands that produce the tear film. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) have been shown to play important roles in the development, hemostasis and pathology of the ocular surface. Herein we review the current literature related to the distribution and function of GAGs and PGs within the ocular surface, with focus on the cornea. The unique organization of ECM components within the cornea is essential for the maintenance of corneal transparency and function. Many studies have described the importance of GAGs within the epithelial and stromal compartment, while very few studies have analyzed the ECM of the endothelial layer. Importantly, GAGs have been shown to be essential for maintaining corneal homeostasis, epithelial cell differentiation and wound healing, and, more recently, a role has been suggested for the ECM in regulating limbal stem cells, corneal innervation, corneal inflammation, corneal angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Reports have also associated genetic defects of the ECM to corneal pathologies. Thus, we also highlight the role of different GAGs and PGs in ocular surface homeostasis, as well as in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yvette M Coulson-Thomas
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Optimvia, LLC, Batavia, OH, United States
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34
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Huaman J, Ogunwobi OO. Circulating Tumor Cell Migration Requires Fibronectin Acting through Integrin B1 or SLUG. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071594. [PMID: 32630254 PMCID: PMC7408126 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN1) is an extracellular matrix protein gaining increasing attention for its multifaceted roles in cancer progression. Using our recently established circulating tumor cell (CTC) lines, we had demonstrated increased FN1 expression and enhanced migration in CTC lines, in comparison to primary tumor cell lines. Whether increased FN1 expression is directly required for CTC migration, and the specific role of FN1’s regulation of integrin B1 (ITGB1) and SLUG (SNAI2) in CTC migration remains unclear. Here, for the first time, we report that the knockdown of FN1, ITGB1, or SLUG expression in CTCs leads to a significant decrease in CTC migration. Knocking down two or all three of these proteins simultaneously did not further inhibit migration. We observed a corresponding increase in CTC migration when recombinant FN1 was added to CTCs. This effect was significantly impeded by prior knockdown of ITGB1 or SLUG. Using knock down experiments and western blotting analysis, we confirmed FN1’s regulation of ITGB1 and SLUG to occur via two separate, independent pathways. Consequently, we can conclude that FN1-dependent enhanced migration of CTCs requires downstream signaling through either ITGB1 or SLUG and that FN1 regulation of ITGB1 and SLUG may have important implications for cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Huaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Biology, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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Shi Y, Chen X, Huang C, Pollock C. RIPK3: A New Player in Renal Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:502. [PMID: 32613000 PMCID: PMC7308494 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the end result of a plethora of renal insults, including repeated episodes of acute or toxic kidney injury, glomerular, or diabetic kidney disease. It affects a large number of the population worldwide, resulting in significant personal morbidity and mortality and economic cost to the community. Hence it is appropriate to focus on treatment strategies that interrupt the development of kidney fibrosis, the end result of all forms of CKD, in addition to upstream factors that may be specific to certain diseases. However, the current clinical approach to prevent or manage renal fibrosis remains unsatisfactory. The rising importance of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK) 3 in the inflammatory response and TGF-β1 signaling is increasingly recognized. We discuss here the biological functions of RIPK3 and its role in the development of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Nephrology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Xinming Chen
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunling Huang
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Krambs JR, Abou Ezzi G, Yao JC, Link DC. Canonical signaling by TGF family members in mesenchymal stromal cells is dispensable for hematopoietic niche maintenance under basal and stress conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233751. [PMID: 32470079 PMCID: PMC7259882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells are an important component of the bone marrow hematopoietic niche. Prior studies showed that signaling from members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily in mesenchymal stromal cells is required for normal niche development. Here, we assessed the impact of TGF family signaling on niche maintenance and stress responses by deleting Smad4 in mesenchymal stromal cells at birth, thereby abrogating canonical TGF signaling. No alteration in the number or spatial organization of CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, osteoblasts, or adipocytes was observed in Osx-Cre, Smad4fl/fl mice, and expression of key niche factors was normal. Basal hematopoiesis and stress erythropoiesis responses to acute hemolytic anemia were normal. TGF-β potently inhibits stromal CXCL12 expression in vitro; however, G-CSF induced decreases in bone marrow CXCL12 expression and subsequent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization were normal in Osx-Cre, Tgfbr2fl/fl mice, in which all TGF-β signaling in mesenchymal stromal is lost. Finally, although a prior study showed that TGF-β enhances recovery from myeloablative therapy, hematopoietic recovery following single or multiple doses of 5-flurauracil were normal in Osx-Cre, Tgfbr2fl/fl mice. Collectively, these data suggest that TGF family member signaling in mesenchymal stromal cells is dispensable for hematopoietic niche maintenance under basal and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ryan Krambs
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Grazia Abou Ezzi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Juo-Chin Yao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Link
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Crosstalk between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR) and integrins in resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in solid tumors. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151083. [PMID: 32381360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in a variety of physiological and pathologic processes, including development, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Integrin-mediated attachment to ECM proteins has emerged to cue events primitively important for the transformed phenotype of human cancer cells. Cross-talk between integrins and growth factor receptors takes an increasingly prominent role in defining adhesion, motility, and cell growth. This functional interaction has expanded beyond to link integrins with resistance to Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (EGFRs). In this regard, integrin-mediated adhesion has two separate functions one as a clear collaborator with growth factor receptor signaling and the second as a basic mechanism contributing in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) which affects response to chemotherapy. This review provides an overview of these mechanisms and describes treatment options for selectively targeting and disrupting integrin interaction to EGFR for cancer therapy.
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Xue L, Deng D, Zheng S, Tang M, Yang Z, Pei H, Chen Y, Yang T, Liu K, Ye H, Chen L. Design, synthesis and discovery of 2(1H)-quinolone derivatives for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis through inhibition of TGF-β/smad dependent and independent pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 197:112259. [PMID: 32334267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, life-threatening and interstitial lung disease with the median survival of only 3-5 years. However, due to the unclear etiology and problems in accurate diagnosis, up to now only two drugs were approved by FDA for the treatment of IPF and their outcome responses are limited. Numerous studies have shown that TGF-β is the most important cytokine in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and plays a role through its downstream signaling molecule TGF-binding receptor Smads protein. In this paper, compounds bearing 2(1H)-quinolone scaffold were designed and their anti-fibrosis effects were evaluated. Of these compounds, 20f was identified as the most active one and could inhibit TGF-β-induced collagen deposition of NRK-49F cells and mouse fibroblasts migration with comparable activity and lower cytotoxicity than nintedanib in vitro. Further mechanism studies indicated that 20f reduced the expression of fibrogenic phenotypic protein α-SMA and collagen Ⅰ by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad dependent pathways and ERK1/2 and p38 pathways. Moreover, compared with the nintedanib, 20f (100 mg/kg/day, p.o) more effectively alleviated collagen deposition in lung tissue and delayed the destruction of lung tissue structure both in bleomycin-induced prevention and treatment mice pulmonary fibrosis models. The immunohistochemical experiments further showed that 20f could block the expression level of phosphorylated Smad3 in the lung tissue cells, which resulted in its anti-fibrosis effects in vivo. In addition, 20f demonstrated good bioavailability (F = 41.55% vs 12%, compare with nintedanib) and an appropriate elimination half-life (T1/2 = 3.5 h), suggesting that 20f may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Dexin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shoujun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Kongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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Regulation of cancer cell signaling pathways as key events for therapeutic relevance of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Yu W, Yang L, Li T, Zhang Y. Cadherin Signaling in Cancer: Its Functions and Role as a Therapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:989. [PMID: 31637214 PMCID: PMC6788064 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin family includes lists of transmembrane glycoproteins which mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion. Cadherin-mediated adhesion regulates cell growth and differentiation throughout life. Through the establishment of the cadherin-catenin complex, cadherins provide normal cell-cell adhesion and maintain homeostatic tissue architecture. In the process of cell recognition and adhesion, cadherins act as vital participators. As results, the disruption of cadherin signaling has significant implications on tumor formation and progression. Altered cadherin expression plays a vital role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and tumor immune response. Based on ongoing research into the role of cadherin signaling in malignant tumors, cadherins are now being considered as potential targets for cancer therapies. This review will demonstrate the mechanisms of cadherin involvement in tumor progression, and consider the clinical significance of cadherins as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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41
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Wu Z, Luan Z, Zhang X, Zou K, Ma S, Yang Z, Feng W, He M, Jiang L, Li J, Yao J. Chondro-protective effects of polydatin in osteoarthritis through its effect on restoring dysregulated autophagy via modulating MAPK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13906. [PMID: 31554953 PMCID: PMC6761091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the cartilage that is prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly demography. Polydatin (PD), a natural resveratrol glucoside, has shown significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential in previous studies. This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic properties of PD in vitro and in vivo, and elucidate their underlying mechanisms. The expression levels of all relevant factors were evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) where suitable. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were analyzed using the suitable probes and flow cytometry. The histological evidence of cartilage was assessed in rat models, moreover, the several serum cytokines levels and autophagy levels were evaluated. The result showed PD displayed significant chondro-protective effects, inferred in terms of reduced inflammation and cartilage degradation, apoptosis inhibition, and lower ROS production. The protective effects were attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, indicating a mediating role of autophagy in PD action. Mechanistically, PD exerted its effects by inhibiting the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways which led to the down-regulation of mTOR. In conclusion, PD protects against cartilage degeneration by activating the autophagy flux in the chondrocytes via the MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhiwei Luan
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shiting Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhenyi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wenyu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mingwei He
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Linhua Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jia Li
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Bai J, Kwok WC, Thiery JP. Traditional Chinese Medicine and regulatory roles on epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Chin Med 2019; 14:34. [PMID: 31558913 PMCID: PMC6755703 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical biological process allowing epithelial cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells. Orchestrated signaling pathways cooperatively induce EMT and effect physiological, sometimes pathological outcomes. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been clinically prescribed for thousands of years and recent studies have found that TCM therapies can participate in EMT regulation. In this review, the historical discovery of EMT will be introduced, followed by a brief overview of its major roles in development and diseases. The second section will focus on EMT in organ fibrosis and tissue regeneration. The third section discusses EMT-induced cancer metastasis, and details how EMT contribute to distant dissemination. Finally, new EMT players are described, namely microRNA, epigenetic modifications, and alternative splicing. TCM drugs that affect EMT proven through an evidence-based research approach will be presented in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Wee Chiew Kwok
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health, Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Tomasello L, Coppola A, Pitrone M, Failla V, Cillino S, Pizzolanti G, Giordano C. PFN1 and integrin-β1/mTOR axis involvement in cornea differentiation of fibroblast limbal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7210-7221. [PMID: 31513338 PMCID: PMC6815913 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo limbal stem cell transplantation is the main therapeutic approach to address a complete and functional re-epithelialization in corneal blindness, the second most common eye disorder. Although important key points were defined, the molecular mechanisms involved in the epithelial phenotype determination are unclear. Our previous studies have demonstrated the pluripotency and immune-modulatory of fibroblast limbal stem cells (f-LSCs), isolated from the corneal limbus. We defined a proteomic profile especially enriched in wound healing and cytoskeleton-remodelling proteins, including Profilin-1 (PFN1). In this study we postulate that pfn-1 knock down promotes epithelial lineage by inhibiting the integrin-β1(CD29)/mTOR pathway and subsequent NANOG down-expression. We showed that it is possible modulate pfn1 expression levels by treating f-LSCs with Resveratrol (RSV), a natural compound: pfn1 decline is accompanied with up-regulation of the specific differentiation epithelial genes pax6 (paired-box 6), sox17 (sex determining region Y-box 17) and ΔNp63-α (p63 splice variant), consistent with drop-down of the principle stem gene levels. These results contribute to understand the molecular biology of corneal epithelium development and suggest that pfn1 is a potential molecular target for the treatment of corneal blindness based on epithelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tomasello
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine "Aldo Galluzzo", Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonina Coppola
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine "Aldo Galluzzo", Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Pitrone
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine "Aldo Galluzzo", Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Failla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pizzolanti
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine "Aldo Galluzzo", Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carla Giordano
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine "Aldo Galluzzo", Section of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (ProMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Integrin-Mediated TGFβ Activation Modulates the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091221. [PMID: 31438626 PMCID: PMC6769837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ (transforming growth factor-beta) is a pleotropic cytokine with contrasting effects in cancer. In normal tissue and early tumours, TGFβ acts as a tumour suppressor, limiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, these effects are eventually abrogated by the loss or inactivation of downstream signalling within the TGFβ pathway, and in established tumours, TGFβ then acts as a tumour promotor through multiple mechanisms including inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), promoting formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and increasing angiogenesis. TGFβ is secrereted as a large latent complex and is embedded in the extracellular matrix or held on the surface of cells and must be activated before mediating its multiple functions. Thus, whilst TGFβ is abundant in the tumour microenvironment (TME), its functionality is regulated by local activation. The αv-integrins are major activators of latent-TGFβ. The potential benefits of manipulating the immune TME have been highlighted by the clinical success of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in a number of solid tumour types. TGFβ is a potent suppressor of T-cell-mediated immune surveillance and a key cause of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, as certain integrins locally activate TGFβ, they are likely to have a role in the immunosuppressive TME, although this remains to be confirmed. In this review, we discussed the role of TGFβ in cancer, the role of integrins in activating TGFβ in the TME, and the potential benefits of targeting integrins to augment immunotherapies.
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Abstract
TGF-β superfamily signaling is responsible for many critical cellular functions including control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. TGF-β appears to be critical in gastrulation, embryonic development, and morphogenesis, and it retains pleiotropic roles in many adult tissues and cell types in a highly context-dependent manner. While TGF-β signaling within leukocytes is known to have an immunosuppressive role, its immunomodulatory effects within epithelial cells and epithelial cancers is less well understood. Recent data has emerged that suggests TGF-β pathway signaling within epithelial cells may directly modulate pro-inflammatory chemokine/cytokine production and resultant leukocyte recruitment. This immunomodulation by epithelial TGF-β pathway signaling may directly impact tumorigenesis and tumor progression through modulation of the epithelial microenvironment, although causal pathways responsible for such an observation remain incompletely investigated. This review presents the published literature as it relates to the immunomodulatory effects of TGF-β family signaling within intestinal epithelial cells and carcinomas.
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Predicting mucositis risk associated with cytotoxic cancer treatment regimens: rationale, complexity, and challenges. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2019; 12:198-210. [PMID: 29547492 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goals of this review are to describe the complexity of factors influencing the risk of cancer regimen-related mucosal injury (CRRMI), to evaluate the contribution of the innate immune response to CRRMI risk, to compare the concordance of genome analytics in describing mechanism and risk, and to determine if common biological pathways are noted when CRRMI is compared to a disease with a similar phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS The pathogenesis of and risk for CRRMI are complex and influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is incumbent on analyses to recognize the likelihood that the interplay and cross-talk of synergistically expressed factors is critical and that the contributing weights of these factors is not uniform from patient to patient. Genomically derived analyses imply final common pathways are implicit in phenotype expression. SUMMARY The identification of specific factors (both genomic and otherwise) which contribute to CRRMI risk represents an important opportunity to apply principles of precision medicine to the management of regimen-related toxicities.
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Li Y, Liu C, Li B, Hong S, Min J, Hu M, Tang J, Wang T, Yang L, Hong L. Electrical stimulation activates calpain 2 and subsequently upregulates collagens via the integrin β1/TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 59:141-151. [PMID: 30940604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a public health issue attributed to weakened pelvic supporting tissues. Electrical stimulation (ES) is one of the first-line conservative treatments for SUI. However, the underlying mechanism of ES in the treatment of SUI is not clear. Here, we show that ES suppresses cell apoptosis and upregulates collagen expression by functioning as a cell growth inducer to activate the calpain 2/talin 1/integrin β1/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 axis. Specifically, ES promoted Ca2+ to flow into the cytoplasm through the calcium channel, Cav 3.2, thereby activating calpain 2. Then, the activated calpain 2 cleaved talin 1, which induced the activation of integrin β1 and upregulated the TGF-β1-mediated transcription of collagen I and III. Notably, blocking Cav 3.2 suppressed calcium influx and inhibited the activation of downstream proteins. Furthermore, the knockdown of calpain 2 resulted in the reduction of cleaved talin 1, and the shRNA-integrin β1 treatment downregulated the level of activated integrin β1 and the expression of TGF-β1-induced collagen I and III. An association of the ES-modulated collagen I and III upregulation with the therapeutic effect of the ES-Ca2+/calpain 2/talin 1/integrin β1/TGF-β1 axis was demonstrated in mouse fibroblast and mouse SUI models established through vaginal distension (VD). This outcome provides insight into clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Bingshu Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China.
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The potent small molecule integrin antagonist THR-687 is a promising next-generation therapy for retinal vascular disorders. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:43-52. [PMID: 30472075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are associated with various eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and implicated in main pathologic disease hallmarks like neovascularization, inflammation, fibrosis and vascular leakage. Targeting integrins has the potential to attenuate these vision-threatening processes, independent of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) responsiveness. The current investigation characterized THR-687 as a novel pan RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) integrin receptor antagonist able to compete for binding with the natural ligand with nanomolar potency (e.g. αvβ3 (IC50 of 4.4 ± 2.7 nM), αvβ5 (IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.5 nM) and α5β1 (IC50 of 6.8 ± 3.2 nM)). THR-687 prevented the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into a cell-free area (IC50 of 258 ± 113 nM) as well as vessel sprouting in an ex vivo mouse choroidal explant model (IC50 of 236 ± 173 nM), and was able to induce the regression of pre-existing vascular sprouts. Moreover, combined intravitreal and intraperitoneal administration of THR-687 potently inhibited VEGF-induced leakage in the mouse retina. In addition, THR-687 injected intravitreally at 3 different dose levels (0.45 mg, 2.25 mg or 4.5 mg/eye) potently inhibited neovascularization-induced leakage in the cynomolgus laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model. These data suggest that THR-687 is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of vision-threatening retinal vascular eye diseases such as DR and wet AMD.
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Xie X, Liu K, Liu F, Chen H, Wang X, Zu X, Ma X, Wang T, Wu Q, Zheng Y, Bode AM, Dong Z, Kim DJ. Gossypetin is a novel MKK3 and MKK6 inhibitor that suppresses esophageal cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:126-136. [PMID: 30391783 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gossypetin as a hexahydroxylated flavonoid found in many flowers and Hibiscus. It exerts various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities. However, the anticancer capacity of gossypetin has not been fully elucidated. In this study, gossypetin was found to inhibit anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of esophageal cancer cells. To identify the molecular target(s) of gossypetin, various signaling protein kinases were screened and results indicate that gossypetin strongly attenuates the MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathway by directly inhibiting MKK3 and MKK6 protein kinase activity in vitro. Mechanistic investigations showed that arginine-61 in MKK6 is critical for binding with gossypetin. Additionally, the inhibition of cell growth by gossypetin is dependent on the expression of MKK3 and MKK6. Gossypetin caused G2 phase cell cycle arrest and induced intrinsic apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7 and increasing the expression of BAX and cytochrome c. Notably, gossypetin suppressed patient-derived esophageal xenograft tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. Our findings suggest that gossypetin is an MKK3 and MKK6 inhibitor that could be useful for preventing or treating esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xie
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Xueyin Zu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Ting Wang
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Pathophysiology Department, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in SMAD7 and CHI3L1 and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9853192. [PMID: 30498395 PMCID: PMC6222239 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9853192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading cancers throughout the world. It represents the third most common cancer and the fourth in mortality. Most of CRC are sporadic, arise with no known high-penetrant genetic variation and with no previous family history. The etiology of sporadic CRC is considered to be multifactorial and arises from the interaction of genetic variants of low-penetrant genes and environmental risk factors. The most common well-studied genetic variation is single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNP arises as a point mutation. If the frequency of the sequence variation reaches 1% or more in the population, it is referred to as polymorphism, but if it is lower than 1%, the allele is typically considered as a mutation. Lots of SNPs have been associated with CRC development and progression, for example, genes of TGF-β1 and CHI3L1 pathways. TGF-β1 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a dual role in cancer development and progression. TGF-β1 mediates its actions through canonical and noncanonical pathways. The most important negative regulatory protein for TGF-β1 activity is termed SMAD7. The production of TGF-β can be controlled by another protein called YKL-40. YKL-40 is a glycoprotein with an important role in cancer initiation and metastasis. YKL-40 is encoded by the CHI3L1 gene. The aim of the present review is to give a brief introduction of CRC, SNP, and examples of some SNPs that have been documented to be associated with CRC. We also discuss two important signaling pathways TGF-β1 and CHI3L1 that influence the incidence and progression of CRC.
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