1
|
Emelyanov AV, Barcenilla-Merino D, Loppin B, Fyodorov DV. APOLLO, a testis-specific Drosophila ortholog of importin-4, mediates the loading of protamine-like protein Mst77F into sperm chromatin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105212. [PMID: 37660905 PMCID: PMC10520872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA in sperm is packed with small, charged proteins termed SNBPs (sperm nuclear basic proteins), including mammalian and Drosophila protamines. During spermiogenesis, somatic-type chromatin is taken apart and replaced with sperm chromatin in a multistep process leading to an extraordinary condensation of the genome. During fertilization, the ova face a similarly challenging task of SNBP eviction and reassembly of nucleosome-based chromatin. Despite its importance for the animal life cycle, sperm chromatin metabolism, including the biochemical machinery mediating the mutual replacement of histones and SNBPs, remains poorly studied. In Drosophila, Mst77F is one of the first SNBPs loaded into the spermatid nuclei. It persists in mature spermatozoa and is essential for sperm compaction and male fertility. Here, by using in vitro biochemical assays, we identify chaperones that can mediate the eviction and loading of Mst77F on DNA, thus facilitating the interconversions of chromatin forms in the male gamete. Unlike NAP1 and TAP/p32 chaperones that disassemble Mst77F-DNA complexes, ARTEMIS and APOLLO, orthologs of mammalian importin-4 (IPO4), mediate the deposition of Mst77F on DNA or oligonucleosome templates, accompanied by the dissociation of histone-DNA complexes. In vivo, a mutation of testis-specific Apollo brings about a defect of Mst77F loading, abnormal sperm morphology, and male infertility. We identify IPO4 ortholog APOLLO as a critical component of sperm chromatin assembly apparatus in Drosophila. We discover that in addition to recognized roles in protein traffic, a nuclear transport receptor (IPO4) can function directly in chromatin remodeling as a dual, histone- and SNBP-specific, chaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Emelyanov
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Barcenilla-Merino
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Loppin
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Dmitry V Fyodorov
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Efremov AK, Hovan L, Yan J. Nucleus size and its effect on nucleosome stability in living cells. Biophys J 2022; 121:4189-4204. [PMID: 36146936 PMCID: PMC9675033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA architectural proteins play a major role in organization of chromosomal DNA in living cells by packaging it into chromatin, whose spatial conformation is determined by an intricate interplay between the DNA-binding properties of architectural proteins and physical constraints applied to the DNA by a tight nuclear space. Yet, the exact effects of the nucleus size on DNA-protein interactions and chromatin structure currently remain obscure. Furthermore, there is even no clear understanding of molecular mechanisms responsible for the nucleus size regulation in living cells. To find answers to these questions, we developed a general theoretical framework based on a combination of polymer field theory and transfer-matrix calculations, which showed that the nucleus size is mainly determined by the difference between the surface tensions of the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as well as the osmotic pressure exerted by cytosolic macromolecules on the nucleus. In addition, the model demonstrated that the cell nucleus functions as a piezoelectric element, changing its electrostatic potential in a size-dependent manner. This effect has been found to have a profound impact on stability of nucleosomes, revealing a previously unknown link between the nucleus size and chromatin structure. Overall, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms responsible for regulation of the nucleus size, as well as the potential role of nuclear organization in shaping the cell response to environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem K Efremov
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ladislav Hovan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernardes NE, Fung HYJ, Li Y, Chen Z, Chook YM. Structure of IMPORTIN-4 bound to the H3-H4-ASF1 histone-histone chaperone complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207177119. [PMID: 36103578 PMCID: PMC9499513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207177119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTIN-4, the primary nuclear import receptor of core histones H3 and H4, binds the H3-H4 dimer and histone chaperone ASF1 prior to nuclear import. However, how H3-H3-ASF1 is recognized for transport cannot be explained by available crystal structures of IMPORTIN-4-histone tail peptide complexes. Our 3.5-Å IMPORTIN-4-H3-H4-ASF1 cryoelectron microscopy structure reveals the full nuclear import complex and shows a binding mode different from suggested by previous structures. The N-terminal half of IMPORTIN-4 clamps the globular H3-H4 domain and H3 αN helix, while its C-terminal half binds the H3 N-terminal tail weakly; tail contribution to binding energy is negligible. ASF1 binds H3-H4 without contacting IMPORTIN-4. Together, ASF1 and IMPORTIN-4 shield nucleosomal H3-H4 surfaces to chaperone and import it into the nucleus where RanGTP binds IMPORTIN-4, causing large conformational changes to release H3-H4-ASF1. This work explains how full-length H3-H4 binds IMPORTIN-4 in the cytoplasm and how it is released in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Elisa Bernardes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pardal AJ, Bowman AJ. A specific role for importin-5 and NASP in the import and nuclear hand-off of monomeric H3. eLife 2022; 11:e81755. [PMID: 36066346 PMCID: PMC9560165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Core histones package chromosomal DNA and regulate genomic transactions, with their nuclear import and deposition involving importin-β proteins and a dedicated repertoire of histone chaperones. Previously, a histone H3-H4 dimer has been isolated bound to importin-4 (Imp4) and the chaperone ASF1, suggesting that H3 and H4 fold together in the cytoplasm before nuclear import. However, other studies have shown the existence of monomeric H3 in the nucleus, indicating a post-import folding pathway. Here, we report that the predominant importin associated with cytoplasmic H3 is importin-5 (Imp5), which hands off its monomeric cargo to nuclear sNASP. Imp5, in contrast to Imp4, binds to both H3 and H4 containing constitutively monomeric mutations and binds to newly synthesised, monomeric H3 tethered in the cytoplasm. Constitutively monomeric H3 retains its interaction with NASP, whereas monomeric H4 retains interactions specifically with HAT1 and RBBP7. High-resolution separation of NASP interactors shows the 's' isoform but not the 't' isoform associates with monomeric H3, whilst both isoforms associate with H3-H4 dimers in at least three discrete multi-chaperoning complexes. In vitro binding experiments show mutual exclusivity between sNASP and Imp5 in binding H3, suggesting direct competition for interaction sites, with the GTP-bound form of Ran required for histone transfer. Finally, using pulse-chase analysis, we show that cytoplasm-tethered histones do not interact with endogenous NASP until they reach the nucleus, whereupon they bind rapidly. We propose an Imp5-specific import pathway for monomeric H3 that hands off to sNASP in the nucleus, with a parallel H4 pathway involving Imp5 and the HAT1-RBBP7 complex, followed by nuclear folding and hand-off to deposition factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Javier Pardal
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew James Bowman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Das M, Ithychanda SS, Plow EF. Histone 2B Facilitates Plasminogen-Enhanced Endothelial Migration through Protease-Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1) and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020211. [PMID: 35204713 PMCID: PMC8961594 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen and its multiple receptors have been implicated in the responses of many different cell types. Among these receptors, histone 2B (H2B) has been shown to play a prominent role in macrophage responses. The contribution of H2B to plasminogen-induced endothelial migration, an event relevant to wound healing and angiogenesis, is unknown. Plasminogen enhanced the migration of endothelial cells, which was inhibited by both Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) and 2 (PAR2) antagonists. H2B was detected on viable endothelial cells of venous and arterial origin, and an antibody to H2B that blocks plasminogen binding also inhibited the plasminogen-dependent migration by these cells. The antibody blockade was as effective as PAR1 or PAR2 antagonists in inhibiting endothelial cell migration. In pull-down experiments, H2B formed a complex with both PAR1 and PAR2 but not β3 integrin, another receptor implicated in endothelial migration in the presence of plasminogen. H2B was found to be associated with clathrin adapator protein, AP2µ (clathrin AP2µ) and β-arrestin2, which are central to the internationalization/signaling machinery of the PARs. These associations with PAR1-clathrin adaptor AP2µ- and PAR2-β-arrestin2-dependent internalization/signaling pathways provide a mechanism to link plasminogen to responses such as wound healing and angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular coevolution of nuclear and nucleolar localization signals inside basic domain of HIV-1 Tat. J Virol 2021; 96:e0150521. [PMID: 34613791 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01505-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During evolution, viruses had to adapt to an increasingly complex environment of eukaryotic cells. Viral proteins that need to enter the cell nucleus or associate with nucleoli possess nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nucleolar localization signals (NoLSs) for nuclear and nucleolar accumulation, respectively. As viral proteins are relatively small, acquisition of novel sequences seems to be a more complicated task for viruses than for eukaryotes. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the basic domain (BD) of HIV-1 Tat to show how viral proteins might evolve with NLSs and NoLSs without an increase in protein size. The HIV-1 Tat BD is involved in several functions, the most important being the transactivation of viral transcription. The BD also functions as an NLS, although it is substantially longer than a typical NLS. It seems that different regions in the BD could function as NLSs due to its enrichment with positively charged amino acids. Additionally, the high positive net charge inevitably causes the BD to function as an NoLS through a charge-specific mechanism. The integration of NLSs and NoLSs into functional domains enriched with positively charged amino acids might be a mechanism that allows the condensation of different functional sequences in small protein regions and, as a result, to reduce protein size, influencing the origin and evolution of NLSs and NoLSs in viruses. IMPORTANCE Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of NLS and NoLS integration into the basic domain of HIV-1 Tat (49RKKRRQRRR57), and found that these two supplementary functions (i.e., function of NLS and NoLS) are embedded in the basic domain amino acid sequence. The integration of NLSs and NoLSs into functional domains of viral proteins enriched with positively charged amino acids is a mechanism that allows the concentration of different functions within small protein regions. Integration of NLS and NoLS into functional protein domains might have influenced the viral evolution, as this could prevent an increase in the protein size.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nuclear import of histones. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2753-2767. [PMID: 33300986 PMCID: PMC7752055 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transport of histones from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of the cell, through the nuclear membrane, is a cellular process that regulates the supply of new histones in the nucleus and is key for DNA replication and transcription. Nuclear import of histones is mediated by proteins of the karyopherin family of nuclear transport receptors. Karyopherins recognize their cargos through linear motifs known as nuclear localization/export sequences or through folded domains in the cargos. Karyopherins interact with nucleoporins, proteins that form the nuclear pore complex, to promote the translocation of their cargos into the nucleus. When binding to histones, karyopherins not only function as nuclear import receptors but also as chaperones, protecting histones from non-specific interactions in the cytoplasm, in the nuclear pore and possibly in the nucleus. Studies have also suggested that karyopherins might participate in histones deposition into nucleosomes. In this review we describe structural and biochemical studies from the last two decades on how karyopherins recognize and transport the core histone proteins H3, H4, H2A and H2B and the linker histone H1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, which karyopherin is the major nuclear import receptor for each of these histones, the oligomeric state of histones during nuclear import and the roles of post-translational modifications, histone-chaperones and RanGTP in regulating these nuclear import pathways.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hammond-Martel I, Verreault A, Wurtele H. Chromatin dynamics and DNA replication roadblocks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103140. [PMID: 34087728 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A broad spectrum of spontaneous and genotoxin-induced DNA lesions impede replication fork progression. The DNA damage response that acts to promote completion of DNA replication is associated with dynamic changes in chromatin structure that include two distinct processes which operate genome-wide during S-phase. The first, often referred to as histone recycling or parental histone segregation, is characterized by the transfer of parental histones located ahead of replication forks onto nascent DNA. The second, known as de novo chromatin assembly, consists of the deposition of new histone molecules onto nascent DNA. Because these two processes occur at all replication forks, their potential to influence a multitude of DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance mechanisms is considerable. The purpose of this review is to provide a description of parental histone segregation and de novo chromatin assembly, and to illustrate how these processes influence cellular responses to DNA replication roadblocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hammond-Martel
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alain Verreault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, H3C 3J7, Canada; Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, H1T 2M4, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mboukou A, Rajendra V, Kleinova R, Tisné C, Jantsch MF, Barraud P. Transportin-1: A Nuclear Import Receptor with Moonlighting Functions. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:638149. [PMID: 33681296 PMCID: PMC7930572 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.638149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transportin-1 (Trn1), also known as karyopherin-β2 (Kapβ2), is probably the best-characterized nuclear import receptor of the karyopherin-β family after Importin-β, but certain aspects of its functions in cells are still puzzling or are just recently emerging. Since the initial identification of Trn1 as the nuclear import receptor of hnRNP A1 ∼25 years ago, several molecular and structural studies have unveiled and refined our understanding of Trn1-mediated nuclear import. In particular, the understanding at a molecular level of the NLS recognition by Trn1 made a decisive step forward with the identification of a new class of NLSs called PY-NLSs, which constitute the best-characterized substrates of Trn1. Besides PY-NLSs, many Trn1 cargoes harbour NLSs that do not resemble the archetypical PY-NLS, which complicates the global understanding of cargo recognition by Trn1. Although PY-NLS recognition is well established and supported by several structures, the recognition of non-PY-NLSs by Trn1 is far less understood, but recent reports have started to shed light on the recognition of this type of NLSs. Aside from its principal and long-established activity as a nuclear import receptor, Trn1 was shown more recently to moonlight outside nuclear import. Trn1 has for instance been caught in participating in virus uncoating, ciliary transport and in modulating the phase separation properties of aggregation-prone proteins. Here, we focus on the structural and functional aspects of Trn1-mediated nuclear import, as well as on the moonlighting activities of Trn1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Mboukou
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vinod Rajendra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renata Kleinova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carine Tisné
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michael F. Jantsch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Barraud
- Expression Génétique Microbienne, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (IBPC), UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poziello A, Nebbioso A, Stunnenberg HG, Martens JHA, Carafa V, Altucci L. Recent insights into Histone Acetyltransferase-1: biological function and involvement in pathogenesis. Epigenetics 2020; 16:838-850. [PMID: 33016232 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1827723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins is a post-translational modification mostly associated with activation of gene transcription. The first histone acetyltransferase (HAT) identified as modifying newly synthesized histone H4 in yeast was a type B HAT named HAT1. Although it was the first HAT to be discovered, HAT1 remains one of the most poorly studied enzymes in its class. In addition to its well-established role in the cytoplasm, recent findings have revealed new and intriguing aspects of the function of HAT1 in the nucleus. Several studies have described its involvement in regulating different pathways associated with a wide range of diseases, including cancer. This review focuses on our current understanding of HAT1, highlighting its importance in regulating chromatin replication and gene expression. This previously unknown role for HAT1 opens up novel scenarios in which further studies will be required to better understand its function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelita Poziello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands.,Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, CS, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Magdy Beshbishy A. Avermectin Derivatives, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic and Toxic Dosages, Mechanism of Action, and Their Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E196. [PMID: 32824399 PMCID: PMC7464486 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omotayo B. Ilesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 561, Nigeria;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Padavannil A, Brautigam C, Chook Y. Molecular Size Analysis of Recombinant Importin-histone Complexes Using Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3625. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
|
13
|
Abstract
The integration of drugs into nanocarriers favorably altered their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics compared to free drugs, and increased their therapeutic index. However, selective cellular internalization in diseased tissues rather than normal tissues still presents a formidable challenge. In this chapter I will cover solutions involving environment-responsive cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). I will discuss properties of CPPs as universal cellular uptake enhancers, and the modifications imparted to CPP-modified nanocarriers to confine CPP activation to diseased tissues.
Collapse
|
14
|
Singer‐Krüger B, Fröhlich T, Franz‐Wachtel M, Nalpas N, Macek B, Jansen R. APEX2‐mediated proximity labeling resolves protein networks in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells. FEBS J 2019; 287:325-344. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Fröhlich
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry University of Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen University of Tübingen Germany
| | - Ralf‐Peter Jansen
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry University of Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Padavannil A, Sarkar P, Kim SJ, Cagatay T, Jiou J, Brautigam CA, Tomchick DR, Sali A, D'Arcy S, Chook YM. Importin-9 wraps around the H2A-H2B core to act as nuclear importer and histone chaperone. eLife 2019; 8:e43630. [PMID: 30855230 PMCID: PMC6453568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the crystal structure of nuclear import receptor Importin-9 bound to its cargo, the histones H2A-H2B. Importin-9 wraps around the core, globular region of H2A-H2B to form an extensive interface. The nature of this interface coupled with quantitative analysis of deletion mutants of H2A-H2B suggests that the NLS-like sequences in the H2A-H2B tails play a minor role in import. Importin-9•H2A-H2B is reminiscent of interactions between histones and histone chaperones in that it precludes H2A-H2B interactions with DNA and H3-H4 as seen in the nucleosome. Like many histone chaperones, which prevent inappropriate non-nucleosomal interactions, Importin-9 also sequesters H2A-H2B from DNA. Importin-9 appears to act as a storage chaperone for H2A-H2B while escorting it to the nucleus. Surprisingly, RanGTP does not dissociate Importin-9•H2A-H2B but assembles into a RanGTP•Importin-9•H2A-H2B complex. The presence of Ran in the complex, however, modulates Imp9-H2A-H2B interactions to facilitate its dissociation by DNA and assembly into a nucleosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Padavannil
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Prithwijit Sarkar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonUnited States
| | - Seung Joong Kim
- Department of PhysicsKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Tolga Cagatay
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jenny Jiou
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Diana R Tomchick
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited states
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Texas at DallasRichardsonUnited States
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ivic N, Potocnjak M, Solis-Mezarino V, Herzog F, Bilokapic S, Halic M. Fuzzy Interactions Form and Shape the Histone Transport Complex. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1191-1203.e6. [PMID: 30824373 PMCID: PMC6436938 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein transport into the nucleus is mediated by transport receptors. Import of highly charged proteins, such as histone H1 and ribosomal proteins, requires a dimer of two transport receptors. In this study, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the Imp7:Impβ:H1.0 complex, showing that the two importins form a cradle that accommodates the linker histone. The H1.0 globular domain is bound to Impβ, whereas the acidic loops of Impβ and Imp7 chaperone the positively charged C-terminal tail. Although it remains disordered, the H1 tail serves as a zipper that closes and stabilizes the structure through transient non-specific interactions with importins. Moreover, we found that the GGxxF and FxFG motifs in the Imp7 C-terminal tail are essential for Imp7:Impβ dimerization and H1 import, resembling importin interaction with nucleoporins, which, in turn, promote complex disassembly. The architecture of many other complexes might be similarly defined by rapidly exchanging electrostatic interactions mediated by disordered regions. Importin 7 and Importin β form a cradle to chaperone and transport histone H1 Transient and non-specific electrostatic interactions form and shape the complex The H1 tail serves as a zipper that closes and stabilizes Imp7:Impβ:H1 FxFG motifs in nucleoporins facilitate RanGTP-dependent disassembly of the complex
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nives Ivic
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mia Potocnjak
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Victor Solis-Mezarino
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvija Bilokapic
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Mario Halic
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perez AM, Thorner J. Septin-associated proteins Aim44 and Nis1 traffic between the bud neck and the nucleus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:15-32. [PMID: 30341817 PMCID: PMC6474838 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeast, a collar of septin filaments at the neck between a mother cell and its bud marks the incipient site for cell division and serves as a scaffold that recruits proteins required for proper spatial and temporal execution of cytokinesis. A set of interacting proteins that localize at or near the bud neck, including Aim44/Gps1, Nba1 and Nis1, also has been implicated in preventing Cdc42-dependent bud site re-establishment at the division site. We found that, at their endogenous level, Aim44 and Nis1 robustly localize sequentially at the septin collar. Strikingly, however, when overproduced, both proteins shift their subcellular distribution predominantly to the nucleus. Aim44 localizes with the inner nuclear envelope, as well as at the plasma membrane, whereas Nis1 accumulates within the nucleus, indicating that these proteins normally undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Of the 14 yeast karyopherins, Kap123/Yrb4 is the primary importin for Aim44, whereas several importins mediate Nis1 nuclear entry. Conversely, Kap124/Xpo1/Crm1 is the primary exportin for Nis1, whereas both Xpo1 and Cse1/Kap109 likely contribute to Aim44 nuclear export. Even when endogenously expressed, Nis1 accumulates in the nucleus when Nba1 is absent. When either Aim44 or Nis1 are overexpressed, Nba1 is displaced from the bud neck, further consistent with the mutual interactions of these proteins. Collectively, our results indicate that a previously unappreciated level at which localization of septin-associated proteins is controlled is via regulation of their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, which places constraints on their availability for complex formation with other partners at the bud neck.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Perez
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Douillet DC, Pinson B, Ceschin J, Hürlimann HC, Saint-Marc C, Laporte D, Claverol S, Konrad M, Bonneu M, Daignan-Fornier B. Metabolomics and proteomics identify the toxic form and the associated cellular binding targets of the anti-proliferative drug AICAR. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:805-815. [PMID: 30478173 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR, or acadesine) is a precursor of the monophosphate derivative 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate (ZMP), an intermediate in de novo purine biosynthesis. AICAR proved to have promising anti-proliferative properties, although the molecular basis of its toxicity is poorly understood. To exert cytotoxicity, AICAR needs to be metabolized, but the AICAR-derived toxic metabolite was not identified. Here, we show that ZMP is the major toxic derivative of AICAR in yeast and establish that its metabolization to succinyl-ZMP, ZDP, or ZTP (di- and triphosphate derivatives of AICAR) strongly reduced its toxicity. Affinity chromatography identified 74 ZMP-binding proteins, including 41 that were found neither as AMP nor as AICAR or succinyl-ZMP binders. Overexpression of karyopherin-β Kap123, one of the ZMP-specific binders, partially rescued AICAR toxicity. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed 57 proteins significantly less abundant on nuclei-enriched fractions from AICAR-fed cells, this effect being compensated by overexpression of KAP123 for 15 of them. These results reveal nuclear protein trafficking as a function affected by AICAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Douillet
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Pinson
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Johanna Ceschin
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hans C Hürlimann
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Saint-Marc
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Damien Laporte
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- the University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Plateforme Proteome, F-33076 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - Manfred Konrad
- the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marc Bonneu
- the University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, Plateforme Proteome, F-33076 Bordeaux, France, and
| | - Bertrand Daignan-Fornier
- From the Université de Bordeaux, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France, .,the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBGC UMR 5095, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han H, Yang J, Chen W, Li Q, Yang Y, Li Q. A comprehensive review on histone-mediated transfection for gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:132-144. [PMID: 30472306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histone has been considered to be an effective carrier in non-viral gene delivery due to its unique properties such as efficient DNA binding ability, direct translocation to cytoplasm and favorable nuclear localization ability. Meanwhile, the rapid development of genetic engineering techniques could facilitate the construction of multifunctional fusion proteins based on histone molecules to further improve the transfection efficiency. Remarkably, histone has been demonstrated to achieve gene transfection in a synergistic manner with cationic polymers, affording to a significant improvement of transfection efficiency. In the review, we highlighted the recent developments and future trends in gene delivery mediated by histones or histone-based fusion proteins/peptides. This review also discussed the mechanism of histone-mediated gene transfection and provided an outlook for future therapeutic opportunities in the viewpoint of transfection efficacy and biosafety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiebing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tripathi I, Misra SK, Ostadhossein F, Srivastava I, Pan D. Synthesis of Chiral Carbo-Nanotweezers for Enantiospecific Recognition and DNA Duplex Winding in Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37886-37897. [PMID: 30300544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the DNA of tumor cells with small molecules may offer effective clinical strategies for transcriptional inhibition. We unveil synthesis and characterization of ∼20 nm chiral carbon nanoparticles for enantiospecific recognition of DNA. Our approach inculcates chirality in carbon nanoparticles by controlled tethering of minor groove binders, i.e., Tröger's base (TB). The chiral particles positively enriched the cellular nucleus in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, irrespective of the TB asymmetry tethered on the particle surface, but negatively induced chiral carbon nanoparticles exhibited improved efficiency at inhibiting cell growth. Further studies indicated that these chiral particles act as nanotweezers to perturb the genomic DNA and induce apoptosis cascade in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Tripathi
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute , Carle Foundation Hospital , 502 North Busey , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Santosh K Misra
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute , Carle Foundation Hospital , 502 North Busey , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Fatemeh Ostadhossein
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute , Carle Foundation Hospital , 502 North Busey , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Indrajit Srivastava
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute , Carle Foundation Hospital , 502 North Busey , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Mills Breast Cancer Institute , Carle Foundation Hospital , 502 North Busey , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Nucleosomes compact and organize genetic material on a structural level. However, they also alter local chromatin accessibility through changes in their position, through the incorporation of histone variants, and through a vast array of histone posttranslational modifications. The dynamic nature of chromatin requires histone chaperones to process, deposit, and evict histones in different tissues and at different times in the cell cycle. This review focuses on the molecular details of canonical and variant H3-H4 histone chaperone pathways that lead to histone deposition on DNA as they are currently understood. Emphasis is placed on the most established pathways beginning with the folding, posttranslational modification, and nuclear import of newly synthesized H3-H4 histones. Next, we review the deposition of replication-coupled H3.1-H4 in S-phase and replication-independent H3.3-H4 via alternative histone chaperone pathways. Highly specialized histone chaperones overseeing the deposition of histone variants are also briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Grover
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada;
| | - Jonathon S Asa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Eric I Campos
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; .,Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Apta-Smith MJ, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Bowman AJ. Evidence for the nuclear import of histones H3.1 and H4 as monomers. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798714. [PMID: 30177573 PMCID: PMC6166134 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesised histones are thought to dimerise in the cytosol and undergo nuclear import in complex with histone chaperones. Here, we provide evidence that human H3.1 and H4 are imported into the nucleus as monomers. Using a tether-and-release system to study the import dynamics of newly synthesised histones, we find that cytosolic H3.1 and H4 can be maintained as stable monomeric units. Cytosolically tethered histones are bound to importin-alpha proteins (predominantly IPO4), but not to histone-specific chaperones NASP, ASF1a, RbAp46 (RBBP7) or HAT1, which reside in the nucleus in interphase cells. Release of monomeric histones from their cytosolic tether results in rapid nuclear translocation, IPO4 dissociation and incorporation into chromatin at sites of replication. Quantitative analysis of histones bound to individual chaperones reveals an excess of H3 specifically associated with sNASP, suggesting that NASP maintains a soluble, monomeric pool of H3 within the nucleus and may act as a nuclear receptor for newly imported histone. In summary, we propose that histones H3 and H4 are rapidly imported as monomeric units, forming heterodimers in the nucleus rather than the cytosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew James Bowman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Munsell EV, Kurpad DS, Freeman TA, Sullivan MO. Histone-targeted gene transfer of bone morphogenetic protein-2 enhances mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:156-167. [PMID: 29481871 PMCID: PMC5899933 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal tissue regeneration following traumatic injury involves a complex cascade of growth factor signals that direct the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within the fracture. The necessity for controlled and localized expression of these factors has highlighted the role gene therapy may play as a promising treatment option for bone repair. However, the design of nanocarrier systems that negotiate efficient intracellular trafficking and nuclear delivery represents a significant challenge. Recent investigations have highlighted the roles histone tail sequences play in directing nuclear delivery and activating DNA transcription. We previously established the ability to recapitulate these natural histone tail activities within non-viral nanocarriers, improving gene transfer and expression by enabling effective navigation to the nucleus via retrograde vesicular trafficking. Herein, we demonstrate that histone-targeting leads to ∼4-fold enhancements in osteogenic bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression by MSCs over 6 days, as compared with standard polymeric transfection reagents. This improved expression augmented chondrogenesis, an essential first step in fracture healing. Importantly, significant enhancements of cartilage-specific protein expression were triggered by histone-targeted gene transfer, as compared with the response to treatment with equivalent amounts of recombinant BMP-2 protein. In fact, an ∼100-fold increase in recombinant BMP-2 was required to achieve similar levels of chondrogenic gene and protein expression. The enhancements in differentiation achieved using histone-targeting were in part enabled by an increase in transcription factor expression, which functioned to drive MSC chondrogenesis. These novel findings demonstrate the utility of histone-targeted gene transfer strategies to enable substantial reductions in BMP-2 dosing for bone regenerative applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This contribution addresses significant limitations in non-viral gene transfer for bone regenerative applications by exploiting a novel histone-targeting approach for cell-triggered delivery that induces osteogenic BMP-2 expression coincident with the initiation of bone repair. During repair, proliferating MSCs respond to a complex series of growth factor signals that direct their differentiation along cellular lineages essential to mature bone formation. Although these MSCs are ideal targets for enhanced transfection during cellular mitosis, few non-viral delivery approaches exist to enable maximization of this effect. Accordingly, this contribution seeks to utilize our histone-targeted nanocarrier design strategy to stimulate BMP-2 gene transfer in dividing MSCs. This gene-based approach leads to significantly augmented MSC chondrogenesis, an essential first step in bone tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik V Munsell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Deepa S Kurpad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Theresa A Freeman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yoon J, Kim SJ, An S, Cho S, Leitner A, Jung T, Aebersold R, Hebert H, Cho US, Song JJ. Integrative Structural Investigation on the Architecture of Human Importin4_Histone H3/H4_Asf1a Complex and Its Histone H3 Tail Binding. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:822-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Agudelo Garcia PA, Hoover ME, Zhang P, Nagarajan P, Freitas MA, Parthun MR. Identification of multiple roles for histone acetyltransferase 1 in replication-coupled chromatin assembly. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9319-9335. [PMID: 28666361 PMCID: PMC5766187 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferase 1 (Hat1) catalyzes the acetylation of newly synthesized histone H4 at lysines 5 and 12 that accompanies replication-coupled chromatin assembly. The acetylation of newly synthesized H4 occurs in the cytoplasm and the function of this acetylation is typically ascribed to roles in either histone nuclear import or deposition. Using cell lines from Hat1+/+ and Hat1−/− mouse embryos, we demonstrate that Hat1 is not required for either histone nuclear import or deposition. We employed quantitative proteomics to characterize Hat1-dependent changes in the composition of nascent chromatin structure. Among the proteins depleted from nascent chromatin isolated from Hat1−/− cells are several bromodomain-containing proteins, including Brg1, Baz1A and Brd3. Analysis of the binding specificity of their bromodomains suggests that Hat1-dependent acetylation of H4 is directly involved in their recruitment. Hat1−/− nascent chromatin is enriched for topoisomerase 2α and 2β. The enrichment of topoisomerase 2 is functionally relevant as Hat1−/− cells are hyper-sensitive to topoisomerase 2 inhibition suggesting that Hat1 is required for proper chromatin topology. In addition, our results indicate that Hat1 is transiently recruited to sites of chromatin assembly, dissociating prior to the maturation of chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Agudelo Garcia
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael E Hoover
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Prabakaran Nagarajan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Freitas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark R Parthun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
An S, Yoon J, Kim H, Song JJ, Cho US. Structure-based nuclear import mechanism of histones H3 and H4 mediated by Kap123. eLife 2017; 6:30244. [PMID: 29035199 PMCID: PMC5677370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kap123, a major karyopherin protein of budding yeast, recognizes the nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of cytoplasmic histones H3 and H4 and translocates them into the nucleus during DNA replication. Mechanistic questions include H3- and H4-NLS redundancy toward Kap123 and the role of the conserved diacetylation of cytoplasmic H4 (K5ac and K12ac) in Kap123-mediated histone nuclear translocation. Here, we report crystal structures of full-length Kluyveromyces lactis Kap123 alone and in complex with H3- and H4-NLSs. Structures reveal the unique feature of Kap123 that possesses two discrete lysine-binding pockets for NLS recognition. Structural comparison illustrates that H3- and H4-NLSs share at least one of two lysine-binding pockets, suggesting that H3- and H4-NLSs are mutually exclusive. Additionally, acetylation of key lysine residues at NLS, particularly H4-NLS diacetylation, weakens the interaction with Kap123. These data support that cytoplasmic histone H4 diacetylation weakens the Kap123-H4-NLS interaction thereby facilitating histone Kap123-H3-dependent H3:H4/Asf1 complex nuclear translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sojin An
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Michigan, United States
| | - Jungmin Yoon
- Structural Biology Laboratory of Epigenetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of Nanoscience and Technology (World Class University), KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hanseong Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Michigan, United States
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Structural Biology Laboratory of Epigenetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate school of Nanoscience and Technology (World Class University), KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Michigan, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jing R, Xi J, Leng Y, Chen W, Wang G, Jia W, Kang J, Zhu S. Motifs in the amino-terminus of CENP-A are required for its accumulation within the nucleus and at the centromere. Oncotarget 2017; 8:40654-40667. [PMID: 28489565 PMCID: PMC5522188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere protein A (CENP-A) is a variant of core histone H3 that marks the centromere's location on the chromosome. The mechanisms that target the protein to the nucleus and the centromere have not been defined. In this study, we found that deletion of the first 53 but not the first 29 residues of CENP-A from the amino-terminus, resulted in its cytoplasmic localization. Two motifs, R42R43R44 and K49R52K53K56, which are reported to be required for DNA contact in the centromere nucleosome, were found to be critical for CENP-A nuclear accumulation. These two motifs potentially mediated its interaction with Importin-β but were not involved in CENP-A centromeric localization. A third novel motif, L60L61I62R63K64, was found to be essential for the centromeric accumulation of CENP-A. The nonpolar hydrophobic residues L60L61I62, but not the basic residues R63K64, were found to be the most important residues. A protein interaction assay suggested that this motif is not involved in the interaction of CENP-A with its deposition factors but potentially mediates its interaction with core histone H4 and CENP-B. Our study uncovered the role of the amino-terminus of CENP-A in localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Jing
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ye Leng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Histones H3 and H4 require their relevant amino-tails for efficient nuclear import and replication-coupled chromatin assembly in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3050. [PMID: 28596587 PMCID: PMC5465201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant chromatin assembly and DNA duplication is essential for cell survival and genome integrity, and requires newly synthesized histones. Although the N-terminal domains of newly synthesized H3 and H4 present critical functions, their requirement for replication-coupled chromatin assembly is controversial. Using the unique capability of the spontaneous internalization of exogenous proteins in Physarum, we showed that H3 and H4 N-tails present critical functions in nuclear import during the S-phase, but are dispensable for assembly into nucleosomes. However, our data revealed that chromatin assembly in the S-phase of complexes presenting ectopic N-terminal domains occurs by a replication-independent mechanism. We found that replication-dependent chromatin assembly requires an H3/H4 complex with the relevant N-tail domains, suggesting a concomitant recognition of the two histone domains by histone chaperones.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fang Y, Jang HS, Watson GW, Wellappili DP, Tyler BM. Distinctive Nuclear Localization Signals in the Oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:10. [PMID: 28210240 PMCID: PMC5288373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that target proteins to nuclei in oomycetes have not been defined, but have been assumed to be the same as in higher eukaryotes. Here, we use the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae as a model to investigate these sequences in oomycetes. By establishing a reliable in vivo NLS assay based on confocal microscopy, we found that many canonical monopartite and bipartite classical NLSs (cNLSs) mediated nuclear import poorly in P. sojae. We found that efficient localization of P. sojae nuclear proteins by cNLSs requires additional basic amino acids at distal sites or collaboration with other NLSs. We found that several representatives of another well-characterized NLS, proline-tyrosine NLS (PY-NLS) also functioned poorly in P. sojae. To characterize PY-NLSs in P. sojae, we experimentally defined the residues required by functional PY-NLSs in three P. sojae nuclear-localized proteins. These results showed that functional P. sojae PY-NLSs include an additional cluster of basic residues for efficient nuclear import. Finally, analysis of several highly conserved P. sojae nuclear proteins including ribosomal proteins and core histones revealed that these proteins exhibit a similar but stronger set of sequence requirements for nuclear targeting compared with their orthologs in mammals or yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Fang
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Hyo Sang Jang
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gregory W Watson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA; Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dulani P Wellappili
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Genetics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soniat M, Chook YM. Karyopherin-β2 Recognition of a PY-NLS Variant that Lacks the Proline-Tyrosine Motif. Structure 2016; 24:1802-1809. [PMID: 27618664 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Karyopherin-β2 or Transportin-1 binds proline-tyrosine nuclear localization signals (PY-NLSs) in its cargos. PY-NLSs are described by structural disorder, overall positive charge, and binding epitopes composed of an N-terminal hydrophobic or basic motif and a C-terminal R-X2-5P-Y motif. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 binds Kapβ2 with high affinity but does not contain a recognizable PY-NLS. The crystal structure of the Kapβ2-H3 tail shows residues 11-27 of H3 binding to the PY-NLS site of Kapβ2. H3 residues 11TGGKAPRK18 bind the site for PY-NLS Epitope 1 (N-terminal hydrophobic/basic motif), which is most important for Kapβ2-binding. H3 residue Arg26 occupies the PY-NLS Epitope 2 position (usually arginine of R-X2-5P-Y) but PY-NLS Epitope 3 (proline-tyrosine motif) is missing in the H3 tail. Histone H3 thus provides an example of a PY-NLS variant with no proline-tyrosine or homologous proline-hydrophobic motif. The H3 tail uses a very strong Epitope 1 to compensate for loss of the often-conserved proline-tyrosine epitope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soniat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Soniat M, Cağatay T, Chook YM. Recognition Elements in the Histone H3 and H4 Tails for Seven Different Importins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21171-21183. [PMID: 27528606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal tails of histones H3 and H4 are known to bind several different Importins to import the histones into the cell nucleus. However, it is not known what binding elements in the histone tails are recognized by the individual Importins. Biochemical studies of H3 and H4 tails binding to seven Importins, Impβ, Kapβ2, Imp4, Imp5, Imp7, Imp9, and Impα, show the H3 tail binding more tightly than the H4 tail. The H3 tail binds Kapβ2 and Imp5 with KD values of 77 and 57 nm, respectively, and binds the other five Importins more weakly. Mutagenic analysis shows H3 tail residues 11-27 to be the sole binding segment for Impβ, Kapβ2, and Imp4. However, Imp5, Imp7, Imp9, and Impα bind two separate elements in the H3 tail: the segment at residues 11-27 and an isoleucine-lysine nuclear localization signal (IK-NLS) motif at residues 35-40. The H4 tail also uses either one or two basic segments to bind the same set of Importins with a similar trend of relative affinities as the H3 tail, albeit at least 10-fold weaker. Of the many lysine residues in the H3 and H4 tails, only acetylation of the H3 Lys14 substantially decreased binding to several Importins. Lastly, we show that, in addition to the N-terminal tails, the histone fold domains of H3 and H4 and/or the histone chaperone Asf1b are important for Importin-histone recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soniat
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tolga Cağatay
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Yuh Min Chook
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas 75390
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miao J, Frazier T, Huang L, Zhang X, Zhao B. Identification and Characterization of Switchgrass Histone H3 and CENH3 Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:979. [PMID: 27462323 PMCID: PMC4940616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass is one of the most promising energy crops and only recently has been employed for biofuel production. The draft genome of switchgrass was recently released; however, relatively few switchgrass genes have been functionally characterized. CENH3, the major histone protein found in centromeres, along with canonical H3 and other histones, plays an important role in maintaining genome stability and integrity. Despite their importance, the histone H3 genes of switchgrass have remained largely uninvestigated. In this study, we identified 17 putative switchgrass histone H3 genes in silico. Of these genes, 15 showed strong homology to histone H3 genes including six H3.1 genes, three H3.3 genes, four H3.3-like genes and two H3.1-like genes. The remaining two genes were found to be homologous to CENH3. RNA-seq data derived from lowland cultivar Alamo and upland cultivar Dacotah allowed us to identify SNPs in the histone H3 genes and compare their differential gene expression. Interestingly, we also found that overexpression of switchgrass histone H3 and CENH3 genes in N. benthamiana could trigger cell death of the transformed plant cells. Localization and deletion analyses of the histone H3 and CENH3 genes revealed that nuclear localization of the N-terminal tail is essential and sufficient for triggering the cell death phenotype. Our results deliver insight into the mechanisms underlying the histone-triggered cell death phenotype and provide a foundation for further studying the variations of the histone H3 and CENH3 genes in switchgrass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Miao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an, China
| | - Taylor Frazier
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Linkai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityYa'an, China
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jung YK, Shin E, Kim BS. Cell Nucleus-Targeting Zwitterionic Carbon Dots. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18807. [PMID: 26689549 PMCID: PMC4686939 DOI: 10.1038/srep18807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative nucleus-targeting zwitterionic carbon dot (CD) vehicle has been developed for anticancer drug delivery and optical monitoring. The zwitterionic functional groups of the CDs introduced by a simple one-step synthesis using β-alanine as a passivating and zwitterionic ligand allow cytoplasmic uptake and subsequent nuclear translocation of the CDs. Moreover, multicolor fluorescence improves the accuracy of the CDs as an optical code. The CD-based drug delivery system constructed by non-covalent grafting of doxorubicin, exhibits superior antitumor efficacy owing to enhanced nuclear delivery in vitro and tumor accumulation in vivo, resulting in highly effective tumor growth inhibition. Since the zwitterionic CDs are highly biocompatible and effectively translocated into the nucleus, it provides a compelling solution to a multifunctional nanoparticle for substantially enhanced nuclear uptake of drugs and optical monitoring of translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Eeseul Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ross NL, Sullivan MO. Importin-4 Regulates Gene Delivery by Enhancing Nuclear Retention and Chromatin Deposition by Polyplexes. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4488-97. [PMID: 26465823 PMCID: PMC4733562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For successful gene delivery, plasmid DNA must be able to access the nucleus in order to be transcribed. Numerous studies have shown that gene delivery occurs more readily in dividing cells, which is attributed to increased nuclear access when the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis; however, nonviral carriers continue to have low transfection efficiencies and require large quantities of DNA per cell to achieve reasonable gene transfer, even in dividing cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that using histone-derived nuclear localization sequences (NLS)s to target polyplexes might enhance nuclear delivery by facilitating interactions with histone effectors that mediate nuclear partitioning and retention during mitosis. We discovered a novel interaction between polyplexes linked to histone 3 (H3) N-terminal tail peptides and the histone nuclear import protein importin-4, as evidenced by strong spatial colocalization as well as significantly decreased transfection when importin-4 expression was reduced. A fraction of the histone-targeted polyplexes was also found to colocalize with the retrotranslocon of the endoplasmic reticulum, Sec61. Super resolution microscopy demonstrated a high level of polyplex binding to chromatin postmitosis, and there also was a significant decrease in the amount of chromatin binding following importin-4 knockdown. These results provide evidence that natural histone effectors mediate both nuclear entry and deposition on chromatin by histone-targeted polyplexes, and a translocation event from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol may occur before mitosis to enable the polyplexes to interact with these essential cytoplasmic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baccarini L, Martínez-Montañés F, Rossi S, Proft M, Portela P. PKA-chromatin association at stress responsive target genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
36
|
Christie M, Chang CW, Róna G, Smith KM, Stewart AG, Takeda AAS, Fontes MRM, Stewart M, Vértessy BG, Forwood JK, Kobe B. Structural Biology and Regulation of Protein Import into the Nucleus. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:2060-90. [PMID: 26523678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are translated in the cytoplasm, but many need to access the nucleus to perform their functions. Understanding how these nuclear proteins are transported through the nuclear envelope and how the import processes are regulated is therefore an important aspect of understanding cell function. Structural biology has played a key role in understanding the molecular events during the transport processes and their regulation, including the recognition of nuclear targeting signals by the corresponding receptors. Here, we review the structural basis of the principal nuclear import pathways and the molecular basis of their regulation. The pathways involve transport factors that are members of the β-karyopherin family, which can bind cargo directly (e.g., importin-β, transportin-1, transportin-3, importin-13) or through adaptor proteins (e.g., importin-α, snurportin-1, symportin-1), as well as unrelated transport factors such as Hikeshi, involved in the transport of heat-shock proteins, and NTF2, involved in the transport of RanGDP. Solenoid proteins feature prominently in these pathways. Nuclear transport factors recognize nuclear targeting signals on the cargo proteins, including the classical nuclear localization signals, recognized by the adaptor importin-α, and the PY nuclear localization signals, recognized by transportin-1. Post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation, constitute key regulatory mechanisms operating in these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Christie
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Chiung-Wen Chang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gergely Róna
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Kate M Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Agnes A S Takeda
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Murray Stewart
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The Karyopherin-β family of proteins mediates nuclear transport of macromolecules. Nuclear versus cytoplasmic localization of proteins is often suggested by the presence of NLSs (nuclear localization signals) or NESs (nuclear export signals). Import-Karyopherin-βs or Importins bind to NLSs in their protein cargos to transport them through nuclear pore complexes into the nucleus. Until recently, only two classes of NLS had been biochemically and structurally characterized: the classical NLS, which is recognized by the Importin-α/β heterodimer and the PY-NLS (proline-tyrosine NLS), which is recognized by Karyopherin-β2 or Transportin-1. Structures of two other Karyopherin-βs, Kap121 and Transportin-SR2, in complex with their respective cargos were reported for the first time recently, revealing two new distinct classes of NLSs. The present paper briefly describes the classical NLS, reviews recent literature on the PY-NLS and provides in-depth reviews of the two newly discovered classes of NLSs that bind Kap121p and Transportin-SR respectively.
Collapse
|
38
|
Pandit V, Watson A, Ren L, Mixon A, Kotha SP. Multilayered Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery Used to Reprogram Human Foreskin Fibroblasts to Neurospheres. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:786-94. [PMID: 25687130 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycationic nanocomplexes are a robust means for achieving nucleic acid condensation and efficient intracellular gene deliveries. To enhance delivery, a multilayered nanoparticle consisting of a core of electrostatically bound elements was used. These included a histone-mimetic peptides, poly-l-arginine and poly-d-glutamic acid was coated with silicate before surface functionalization with poly-l-arginine. Transfection efficiencies and duration of expression were similar when using green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid DNA (pDNA) or GFP mRNA. These nanoparticles demonstrated significantly higher (>100%) and significantly longer (15 vs. 4 days) transfection efficiencies in comparison to a commercial transfection agent (Lipofectamine 2000). Reprogramming of human foreskin fibroblasts using mRNA to the Sox2 transcription factor resulted in three-fold higher neurosphere formation in comparison to the commercial reagent. These results demonstrate the potential of these nanoparticles as ideal vectors for gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Pandit
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | | | - Liyun Ren
- 3 Department of Material Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Amanda Mixon
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| | - Shiva P Kotha
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ross NL, Munsell EV, Sabanayagam C, Sullivan MO. Histone-targeted Polyplexes Avoid Endosomal Escape and Enter the Nucleus During Postmitotic Redistribution of ER Membranes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 4:e226. [PMID: 25668340 PMCID: PMC4345312 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonviral gene delivery is a promising therapeutic approach because of its safety and controllability, yet limited gene transfer efficacy is a common issue. Most nonviral strategies rely upon endosomal escape designs; however, endosomal escape is often uncorrelated with improved gene transfer and membranolytic structures are typically cytotoxic. Previously, we showed that histone-targeted polyplexes trafficked to the nucleus through an alternative route involving caveolae and the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), using pathways similar to several pathogens. We hypothesized that the efficacy of these polyplexes was due to an increased utilization of native vesicular trafficking as well as regulation by histone effectors. Accordingly, using confocal microscopy and cellular fractionation, we determined that a key effect of histone-targeting was to route polyplexes away from clathrin-mediated recycling pathways by harnessing endomembrane transfer routes regulated by histone methyltransferases. An unprecedented finding was that polyplexes accumulated in Rab6-labeled Golgi/ER vesicles and ultimately shuttled directly into the nucleus during ER-mediated nuclear envelope reassembly. Specifically, super resolution microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy unequivocally indicated that the polyplexes remained associated with ER vesicles/membranes until mitosis, when they were redistributed into the nucleus. These novel findings highlight alternative mechanisms to subvert endolysosomal trafficking and harness the ER to enhance gene transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki L Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Erik V Munsell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jiang JX, Aitken KJ, Sotiropolous C, Kirwan T, Panchal T, Zhang N, Pu S, Wodak S, Tolg C, Bägli DJ. Phenotypic switching induced by damaged matrix is associated with DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) activity and nuclear localization in smooth muscle cells (SMC). PLoS One 2013; 8:e69089. [PMID: 24282625 PMCID: PMC3735580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix changes are often crucial inciting events for fibroproliferative disease. Epigenetic changes, specifically DNA methylation, are critical factors underlying differentiated phenotypes. We examined the dependency of matrix-induced fibroproliferation and SMC phenotype on DNA methyltransferases. The cooperativity of matrix with growth factors, cell density and hypoxia was also examined. Primary rat visceral SMC of early passage (0–2) were plated on native collagen or damaged/heat-denatured collagen. Hypoxia was induced with 3% O2 (balanced 5% CO2 and 95% N2) over 48 hours. Inhibitors were applied 2–3 hours after cells were plated on matrix, or immediately before hypoxia. Cells were fixed and stained for DNMT3A and smooth muscle actin (SMA) or smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. Illumina 450 K array of CpG sites was performed on bisulfite-converted DNA from smooth muscle cells on damaged matrix vs native collagen. Matrix exquisitely regulates DNMT3A localization and expression, and influences differentiation in SMCs exposed to denatured matrix +/− hypoxia. Analysis of DNA methylation signatures showed that Matrix caused significant DNA methylation alterations in a discrete number of CpG sites proximal to genes related to SMC differentiation. Matrix has a profound effect on the regulation of SMC phenotype, which is associated with altered expression, localization of DNMTs and discrete changes DNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Jiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen J. Aitken
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Chris Sotiropolous
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Kirwan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trupti Panchal
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuye Pu
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoshana Wodak
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia Tolg
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius J. Bägli
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kobayashi J, Matsuura Y. Structural basis for cell-cycle-dependent nuclear import mediated by the karyopherin Kap121p. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:1852-1868. [PMID: 23541588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Kap121p (also known as Pse1p) is an essential karyopherin that mediates nuclear import of a plethora of cargoes including cell cycle regulators, transcription factors, and ribosomal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been proposed that the spindle assembly checkpoint signaling triggers molecular rearrangements of nuclear pore complexes and thereby arrests Kap121p-mediated nuclear import at metaphase, while leaving import mediated by other karyopherins unaffected. The Kap121p-specific import inhibition is required for normal progression through mitosis. To understand the structural basis for Kap121p-mediated nuclear import and its unique regulatory mechanism during mitosis, we determined crystal structures of Kap121p in isolation and also in complex with either its import cargoes or nucleoporin Nup53p or RanGTP. Kap121p has a superhelical structure composed of 24 HEAT repeats. The structures of Kap121p-cargo complexes define a non-conventional nuclear localization signal (NLS) that has a consensus sequence of KV/IxKx1-2K/H/R. The structure of Kap121p-Nup53p complex shows that cargo and Nup53p compete for the same high-affinity binding site, explaining how Nup53p binding forces cargo release when the Kap121p-binding site of Nup53p is exposed during mitosis. Comparison of the NLS and RanGTP complexes reveals that RanGTP binding not only occludes the cargo-binding site but also forces Kap121p into a conformation that is incompatible with NLS recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Kobayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan; Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Larsen JD, Ross NL, Sullivan MO. Requirements for the nuclear entry of polyplexes and nanoparticles during mitosis. J Gene Med 2012; 14:580-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki L. Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark; DE; USA
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark; DE; USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tscherner M, Stappler E, Hnisz D, Kuchler K. The histone acetyltransferase Hat1 facilitates DNA damage repair and morphogenesis inCandida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:1197-214. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tscherner
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Denes Hnisz
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Infection Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; Campus Vienna Biocenter; A-1030; Vienna; Austria
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cell-penetrating H4 tail peptides potentiate p53-mediated transactivation via inhibition of G9a and HDAC1. Oncogene 2012; 32:2510-20. [PMID: 22751130 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation has a central role in establishing an active chromatin environment. The functional contribution of histone acetylation to chromatin transcription is accomplished by a dominant action of histone acetyltransferases over repressive histone-modifying activities at gene promoters; misregulation of these dynamic events can lead to various diseases. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of transducible peptides derived from histone H4 N-terminal tail as a molecular tool to establish and maintain the active state of p53 target genes. Cellular experiments demonstrate a distinct increase in p53 transactivation by acetylated H4 tail peptides, but only a modest change by unmodified H4 tail peptides. The molecular basis underlying the observed effects involves the selective interaction of the tail peptides with G9a histone methyltransferase and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and the disruption of their occupancy at p53 target promoters. Furthermore, treatment of xenograft models and cancer cell lines with the tail peptides sharply decline tumor cell growth and enhances apoptosis in response to DNA damage. These results indicate that H4 tail peptide mimics upregulate p53 transcription pathway and may be used as a novel strategy for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ivermectin is a specific inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated nuclear import able to inhibit replication of HIV-1 and dengue virus. Biochem J 2012; 443:851-6. [PMID: 22417684 PMCID: PMC3327999 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The movement of proteins between the cytoplasm and nucleus mediated by the importin superfamily of proteins is essential to many cellular processes, including differentiation and development, and is critical to disease states such as viral disease and oncogenesis. We recently developed a high-throughput screen to identify specific and general inhibitors of protein nuclear import, from which ivermectin was identified as a potential inhibitor of importin α/β-mediated transport. In the present study, we characterized in detail the nuclear transport inhibitory properties of ivermectin, demonstrating that it is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of importin α/β nuclear import, with no effect on a range of other nuclear import pathways, including that mediated by importin β1 alone. Importantly, we establish for the first time that ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards both HIV-1 and dengue virus, both of which are strongly reliant on importin α/β nuclear import, with respect to the HIV-1 integrase and NS5 (non-structural protein 5) polymerase proteins respectively. Ivermectin would appear to be an invaluable tool for the study of protein nuclear import, as well as the basis for future development of antiviral agents.
Collapse
|
46
|
Larsen JD, Reilly MJ, Sullivan MO. Using the Epigenetic Code To Promote the Unpackaging and Transcriptional Activation of DNA Polyplexes for Gene Delivery. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1041-51. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200373p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Larsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meghan J. Reilly
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roy S, Morse D. A full suite of histone and histone modifying genes are transcribed in the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34340. [PMID: 22496791 PMCID: PMC3319573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dinoflagellates typically lack histones and nucleosomes are not observed in DNA spreads. However, recent studies have shown the presence of core histone mRNA sequences scattered among different dinoflagellate species. To date, the presence of all components required for manufacturing and modifying nucleosomes in a single dinoflagellate species has not been confirmed. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS Analysis of a Lingulodinium transcriptome obtained by Illumina sequencing of mRNA shows several different copies of each of the four core histones as well as a suite of histone modifying enzymes and histone chaperone proteins. Phylogenetic analysis shows one of each Lingulodinium histone copies belongs to the dinoflagellate clade while the second is more divergent and does not share a common ancestor. All histone mRNAs are in low abundance (roughly 25 times lower than higher plants) and transcript levels do not vary over the cell cycle. We also tested Lingulodinium extracts for histone proteins using immunoblotting and LC-MS/MS, but were unable to confirm histone expression at the protein level. CONCLUSION We show that all core histone sequences are present in the Lingulodinium transcriptome. The conservation of these sequences, even though histone protein accumulation remains below currently detectable levels, strongly suggests dinoflagellates possess histones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Roy
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Keck KM, Pemberton LF. Histone chaperones link histone nuclear import and chromatin assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1819:277-89. [PMID: 22015777 PMCID: PMC3272145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone chaperones are proteins that shield histones from nonspecific interactions until they are assembled into chromatin. After their synthesis in the cytoplasm, histones are bound by different histone chaperones, subjected to a series of posttranslational modifications and imported into the nucleus. These evolutionarily conserved modifications, including acetylation and methylation, can occur in the cytoplasm, but their role in regulating import is not well understood. As part of histone import complexes, histone chaperones may serve to protect the histones during transport, or they may be using histones to promote their own nuclear localization. In addition, there is evidence that histone chaperones can play an active role in the import of histones. Histone chaperones have also been shown to regulate the localization of important chromatin modifying enzymes. This review is focused on the role histone chaperones play in the early biogenesis of histones, the distinct cytoplasmic subcomplexes in which histone chaperones have been found in both yeast and mammalian cells and the importins/karyopherins and nuclear localization signals that mediate the nuclear import of histones. We also address the role that histone chaperone localization plays in human disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Histone chaperones and chromatin assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Keck
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lucy F. Pemberton
- Center for Cell Signaling, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ejlassi-Lassallette A, Thiriet C. Replication-coupled chromatin assembly of newly synthesized histones: distinct functions for the histone tail domains. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:14-21. [PMID: 22023434 DOI: 10.1139/o11-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of the genome during replication requires the assembly of nucleosomes with newly synthesized histones. Achieving the deposition of newly synthesized histones in chromatin implies their transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at the replication sites. Several lines of evidence have revealed critical functions of the histone tail domains in these conserved cellular processes. In this review, we discuss the role of the amino termini of the nucleosome building blocks, H2A/H2B and H3/H4, in different model systems. The experimental data showed that H2A/H2B tails and H3/H4 tails display distinct functions in nuclear import and chromatin assembly. Furthermore, we describe recent studies exploiting the unique properties of the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum , that have advanced understanding of the function of the highly conserved replication-dependent diacetylation of H4.
Collapse
|
50
|
Verzijlbergen KF, van Welsem T, Sie D, Lenstra TL, Turner DJ, Holstege FCP, Kerkhoven RM, van Leeuwen F. A barcode screen for epigenetic regulators reveals a role for the NuB4/HAT-B histone acetyltransferase complex in histone turnover. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002284. [PMID: 21998594 PMCID: PMC3188528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic modification of histone proteins plays a key role in regulating gene expression. However, histones themselves can also be dynamic, which potentially affects the stability of histone modifications. To determine the molecular mechanisms of histone turnover, we developed a parallel screening method for epigenetic regulators by analyzing chromatin states on DNA barcodes. Histone turnover was quantified by employing a genetic pulse-chase technique called RITE, which was combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. In this screen, the NuB4/HAT-B complex, containing the conserved type B histone acetyltransferase Hat1, was found to promote histone turnover. Unexpectedly, the three members of this complex could be functionally separated from each other as well as from the known interacting factor and histone chaperone Asf1. Thus, systematic and direct interrogation of chromatin structure on DNA barcodes can lead to the discovery of genes and pathways involved in chromatin modification and dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tibor van Welsem
- Department of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daoud Sie
- Genome Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke L. Lenstra
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Turner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Frank C. P. Holstege
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. Kerkhoven
- Genome Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fred van Leeuwen
- Department of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|