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Das KK, Brown JW. 3'-sulfated Lewis A/C: An oncofetal epitope associated with metaplastic and oncogenic plasticity of the gastrointestinal foregut. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1089028. [PMID: 36866273 PMCID: PMC9971977 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1089028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer arise from normal epithelia via a plastic cellular transformation, typically in the setting of chronic inflammation. Such transformations are the focus of numerous studies that strive to identify the changes in RNA/Protein expression that drive such plasticity along with the contributions from the mesenchyme and immune cells. However, despite being widely utilized clinically as biomarkers for such transitions, the role of glycosylation epitopes is understudied in this context. Here, we explore 3'-Sulfo-Lewis A/C, a clinically validated biomarker for high-risk metaplasia and cancer throughout the gastrointestinal foregut: esophagus, stomach, and pancreas. We discuss the clinical correlation of sulfomucin expression with metaplastic and oncogenic transformation, as well as its synthesis, intracellular and extracellular receptors and suggest potential roles for 3'-Sulfo-Lewis A/C in contributing to and maintaining these malignant cellular transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik K Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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McKitrick TR, Bernard SM, Noll AJ, Collins BC, Goth CK, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Herrin BR, Wilson IA, Cooper MD, Cummings RD. Novel lamprey antibody recognizes terminal sulfated galactose epitopes on mammalian glycoproteins. Commun Biol 2021; 4:674. [PMID: 34083726 PMCID: PMC8175384 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The terminal galactose residues of N- and O-glycans in animal glycoproteins are often sialylated and/or fucosylated, but sulfation, such as 3-O-sulfated galactose (3-O-SGal), represents an additional, but poorly understood modification. To this end, we have developed a novel sea lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) termed O6 to explore 3-O-SGal expression. O6 was engineered as a recombinant murine IgG chimera and its specificity and affinity to the 3-O-SGal epitope was defined using a variety of approaches, including glycan and glycoprotein microarray analyses, isothermal calorimetry, ligand-bound crystal structure, FACS, and immunohistochemistry of human tissue macroarrays. 3-O-SGal is expressed on N-glycans of many plasma and tissue glycoproteins, but recognition by O6 is often masked by sialic acid and thus exposed by treatment with neuraminidase. O6 recognizes many human tissues, consistent with expression of the cognate sulfotransferases (GAL3ST-2 and GAL3ST-3). The availability of O6 for exploring 3-O-SGal expression could lead to new biomarkers for disease and aid in understanding the functional roles of terminal modifications of glycans and relationships between terminal sulfation, sialylation and fucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffen M Bernard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Noll
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Enteric Disease Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bernard C Collins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Acceleron Pharma, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nakamura H, Hosono T, Kumasawa K, Jones CJP, Aplin JD, Kimura T. Vaginal bioelectrical impedance determines uterine receptivity in mice. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:2241-2248. [PMID: 30329050 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can vaginal bioelectrical impedance (VZ) electrophysiologically determine alterations of the endometrium in preparation for implantation? SUMMARY ANSWER VZ can electrophysiologically detect the sulfation and sialylation changes in the uterine glycocalyx in preparation for implantation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Uterine receptivity is associated with various glycosylation changes that affect negative charge density at the luminal epithelial cell surface. VZ has been used to monitor the oestrous cycle. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Pathogen-free Jcl:ICR mice, aged 8-10 weeks, were used in this study. We conducted the following three steps to test our hypothesis that VZ may be used to determine uterine receptivity. First, to investigate whether VZ could determine alteration of sulfation and sialylation in the uterine glycocalyx, VZ was measured in mice with induced artificial sulfation and sialylation changes in the uterine glycocalyx (galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 2 (GP3ST) + α(1,3/1,4) fucosyltransferase gene (FucT-III)-transferred group (n = 15) and in LacZ (encoding for β-galactosidase)-transferred mice as a control group (n = 12)). Second, to investigate whether VZ could determine alterations of the endometrium in preparation for implantation, we measured VZ during the early stage of pregnancy (n = 12 each). Third, to investigate whether VZ could be used to evaluate uterine receptivity prospectively, VZ was measured in an implantation failure model mice. In 21 mice, local and transient suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) in the uterus were evaluated 1 day before implantation began, and 23 scramble decoy-transferred mice were used as a control group. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The VZ was measured at a frequency of 1 kHz in Jcl:ICR mice. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons, or the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The values of VZ were analysed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to identify the optimal cut-off point to determine if this parameter predicted non-pregnancy. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Sulfation and sialylation changes induced in the luminal epithelial glycocalyx decreased the value of VZ. VZ showed a significant daily decrease during the early stage of pregnancy (Day 1.5 versus 2.5 p.c.: P < 0.005; Student's t-test, Day 2.5 versus 3.5 p.c.: P < 0.001; Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, Day 3.5 versus 4.5 p.c.: P < 0.005; Student's t-test, Day 4.5 versus 5.5 p.c.: P < 0.05; Student's t-test). One day before implantation began, VZ in the implantation failure model mice was significantly higher than in the control mice (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). The ROC curve analysis of VZ as a predictor of non-conception showed areas under the ROC curve of 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83-0.99). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although it is influenced by surface charge in the uterine epithelium, the mechanism whereby VZ changes during early pregnancy is still unexplained. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Local bioelectrical impedance may help to prospectively evaluate uterine receptivity in women. Including the measurement of local bioelectrical impedance as part of a frozen-thawed embryo transfer strategy may improve the efficiency of ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JSPS KAKENHI Grant (Nos. 19390429, 21390453, 16K11086 and 16K11087) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (Tokyo, Japan) and Suzuken Memorial Foundation (Nagoya, Japan). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Hosono
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 1130-70 Kiyotaki, Shijyo-nawate, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kumasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carolyn J P Jones
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - John D Aplin
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Tanaka-Okamoto M, Mukai M, Takahashi H, Fujiwara Y, Ohue M, Miyamoto Y. Various sulfated carbohydrate tumor marker candidates identified by focused glycomic analyses. Glycobiology 2017; 27:400-415. [PMID: 28025252 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycomic analysis focused on sulfated O-glycans was performed to identify novel serum carbohydrate tumor markers. Sulfated glycans were enriched by α-neuraminidase digestion of pyridylaminated glycans prepared from sera, followed by anion exchange chromatography. Sulfated O-glycan profiles were constructed by two types of high performance liquid chromatography separation. Comparison of the profiles from 20 healthy controls with those of 11 gastric and 9 pancreatic cancer patients identified 14 marker candidates. The structures of these candidates were precisely analyzed using various methods including enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry. The candidates comprised 9 core1 and 5 core2 glycans. All these candidates were monosulfated, and 11 were also mono- or difucosylated, and included various determinants such as 6-sulfo type2 lactosamine, 6-sulfo Lewis X, 6-sulfo Lewis Y, 3'-sulfo type1 lactosamine and 3'-sulfo Lewis A. Furthermore, among the core1 glycans, five candidates displayed a type1 and type2 lactosamine hybrid backbone. The levels of these candidate glycans in the sera from all 40 subjects were quantified using a selected reaction monitoring assay. These analyses revealed: (i) the levels of all candidates were elevated in sera of at least one or more patients; (ii) core1 candidates having type1-type2 hybrid backbones with 6-sulfo Lewis X, 6-sulfo type2 lactosamine or 3'-sulfo Lewis A were elevated in sera of variety of patients; and (iii) levels of the candidates varied widely among patients, suggesting analysis of multiple candidates will be an effective means of screening various cancers. To fully evaluate the clinical utility of these candidates, a further verification study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tanaka-Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Mikio Mukai
- Department of Multiphase Health Screening, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Hiono T, Okamatsu M, Nishihara S, Takase-Yoden S, Sakoda Y, Kida H. A chicken influenza virus recognizes fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan receptors on the epithelial cells lining upper respiratory tracts of chickens. Virology 2014; 456-457:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yabu M, Korekane H, Miyamoto Y. Precise structural analysis of O-linked oligosaccharides in human serum. Glycobiology 2014; 24:542-53. [PMID: 24663386 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
O-glycans are suitable targets as novel and useful tumor markers. The structures of O-glycans in human sera from four healthy controls were precisely analyzed to obtain the reference O-glycan database. O-glycans were prepared from sera by hydrazine treatment followed by fluorescent labeling with aminopyridine and identified using two-dimensional mapping, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry (MS) together with methanolysis and the use of newly synthesized sulfated oligosaccharides as standards. O-glycans, present at more than 0.01% of the total O-glycans, were analyzed, and 18 kinds of acidic and 2 kinds of neutral glycans were identified. NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) (61-64%), NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3(NeuAcα2-6)GalNAc (15-26%) and Galβ1-3GalNAc (6-14%) were major components while other sialylated glycans, Galβ1-3(NeuAcα2-6)GalNAc, Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3)GalNAc and NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3)GalNAc were relatively minor components, accounting for ∼1-2%. Very minor glycans accounting for ∼0.01-0.1% of the total include (i) the neutral glycan, Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAc, (ii) sialylated glycans, having sialyl Tn antigen, agalacto and trisialylated structures, (iii) fucosylated glycans forming blood type H antigen, blood type A antigen, blood type B antigen, Lewis X antigen and sialyl Lewis X antigen and (iv) sulfated glycans, having 6-sulfo and 3'-sulfo structures. Two kinds of clinically applied tumor markers namely sialyl Tn antigen and sialyl Lewis X antigen in healthy controls sera were revealed to be present at ∼0.1-0.2% of the total. However, other markers such as CA19-9 and DU-PAN-2 were not found, suggesting the relative amounts of these glycans to be <0.01%. These detailed O-glycan profiles will help to find novel carbohydrate tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yabu
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Hussain MRM, Hassan M, Afzal I, Afzal A. Role of Gal and GalNAc containing glycans in various physiological processes. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Shida K, Misonou Y, Korekane H, Seki Y, Noura S, Ohue M, Honke K, Miyamoto Y. Unusual accumulation of sulfated glycosphingolipids in colon cancer cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1018-33. [PMID: 19541771 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of glycosphingolipids from highly purified colorectal cancer cells and normal colorectal epithelial cells of 16 patients have been analyzed in fine detail (Misonou Y, Shida K, Korekane H, Seki Y, Noura S, Ohue M, Miyamoto Y. 2009. Comprehensive Clinico-Glycomic Study of 16 Colorectal Cancer Specimens: Elucidation of aberrant glycosylation and ts mechanistic causes in colorectal cancer cells. J Proteome Res. 8:2990-3005). Further structural analyses demonstrated that colon cancer cells from two patients accumulated unusual glycosphingolipids which were not observed in either colorectal cancer cells or normal colorectal epithelial cells from the other patients. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the unusual structures include sulfated oligosaccharides. The structures of the glycosphingolipids of the cancer cells from these two cases were analyzed by methods which include enzymatic release of carbohydrate moieties, fluorescent labeling with aminopyridine and identification using two-dimensional mapping, enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry together with methanolysis, and the use of newly synthesized sulfo-fucosylated oligosaccharides as standards. The colon cancer cells from one of the patients demonstrate a variety of oligosaccharides as major components which are sulfated at the C6 position of subterminal GlcNAc and at C3 positions of terminal galactose with or without sialylation or fucosylation. These include 6-sulfo Le(x), 6'-sialyl 6-sulfo lactosamine, and 3'-sialyl 6-sulfo Le(x), in addition to sialylated or fucosylated derivatives of type-1 and type-2 hybrid oligosaccharides. The colon cancer cells from the other patient have two kinds of sulfated oligosaccharides, a 6-sulfo Le(x) structure and a 3'-sulfo Le(x) structure, as minor components. Taking into consideration the clinical features of the two patients, the biological significance of sulfated glycosphingolipids on cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Shida
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Zheng J, Bao WQ, Sheng WQ, Guo L, Zhang HL, Wu LH, Wu XZ. Serum 3'-sulfo-Lea indication of gastric cancer metastasis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 405:119-26. [PMID: 19394320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3'-Sulfo-Le(a) is known to be the potent ligand of E-selectin which is important in cell adhesion and migration. Yet the significance of serum 3'-sulfo-Le(a) has not been explored and reported. METHODS Serum 3'-sulfo-Le(a) was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SPSS software was used for statistics analysis. Cell adhesion to HUVEC and sL-selectin, and cell migration were performed in gastric cancer cells SCG7901 with 3'-sulfo-Le(a) silence by Gal3ST-2 RNAi. RESULTS Through analysis, the mean levels of serum 3'-sulfo-Le(a) antigen were found significantly higher in 108 patients with gastric cancer than that in 74 healthy volunteers. Depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, and differentiation were noted to be significantly correlated with the expression of this antigen in gastric carcinoma. After treatment with 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) and ATRP (N-all-trans-retinoyl-L-proline), the expression of 3'-sulfo-Le(a) antigen was markedly down regulated in SCG7901 gastric cancer cells. After transfection of Gal3ST-2 RNAi, the expression of 3'-sulfo-Le(a) was silenced and the cell adhesion to HUVEC or sL-selectin, and cell migration were suppressed. CONCLUSION Serum 3'-sulfo-Le(a) antigen can provide important information in patients with primary gastric cancer, which might be useful as a predictive marker especially for the detection of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Human fucosyltransferase IX: Specificity towards N-linked glycoproteins and relevance of the cytoplasmic domain in intra-Golgi localization. Biochimie 2008; 90:1279-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kannagi R, Yin J, Miyazaki K, Izawa M. Current relevance of incomplete synthesis and neo-synthesis for cancer-associated alteration of carbohydrate determinants--Hakomori's concepts revisited. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1780:525-31. [PMID: 17980710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete synthesis and neo-synthesis are two major concepts for cancer-associated alterations of cell surface carbohydrate determinants, formulated by Hakomori and collaborators almost 25 years ago. These concepts are still as relevant and useful as ever for cancer-associated alteration of carbohydrate determinants. Incomplete synthesis of carbohydrate determinants occurs through the epigenetic silencing of glycogenes through DNA methylation and/or histone modification in the early stage cancers. The natural selection of more malignant cancer cells occurs through acquisition of hypoxia resistance by constitutively activated hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) in the advanced stages of cancers. HIFs induce transcription of several important glycogenes, and lead to neo-synthesis of carbohydrate determinants. For instance, expression of sialyl Lewis A/X is induced by epigenetic silencing of glycogenes in the early stages, and is further accelerated in the advanced stages by hypoxia-induced transcription of several glycogenes. Expression of GM2 ganglioside is induced in cancers by altered glycosyltransferase activities, and its N-glycolyl sialic acid content increases by hypoxia-induced transcription of a sialic acid transporter gene. N-glycolyl GM2 thus reflects two cancer-associated genetic abnormalities in a single determinant, and has high cancer specificity. Every carbohydrate determinant is synthesized through multiple steps, each of which is affected by cancer-associated genetic abnormality. Superiority of carbohydrate determinants as cancer-specific molecules over protein determinants is demonstrated in that a single carbohydrate determinant can reflect multiple cancer-associated genetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute, Aichi Cancer Center, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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12
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Gout S, Tremblay PL, Huot J. Selectins and selectin ligands in extravasation of cancer cells and organ selectivity of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 25:335-44. [PMID: 17891461 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic spreading is a dreadful complication of neoplastic diseases that is responsible for most deaths due to cancer. It consists in the formation of secondary neoplasms from cancer cells that have detached from the primary site. The formation of these secondary sites is not random and several clinical observations indicate that the metastatic colonization exhibits organ selectivity. This organ tropism relies mostly on the complementary adhesive interactions between the cancer cells and their microenvironment. In particular, several lines of evidence suggest that the organ selectivity of colon cancer cells for the liver involves the binding of the circulating cancer cells to endothelial E-selectin. The aim of this review is to make an integrative up-date of the mechanisms that govern the organ selectivity of the metastatic process focusing more especially on the role of selectins and selectin ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Gout
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Carbohydrate modification is a common phenomenon in nature. Many carbohydrate modifications such as some epimerization, O-acetylation, O-sulfation, O-methylation, N-deacetylation, and N-sulfation, take place after the formation of oligosaccharide or polysaccharide backbones. These modifications can be categorized as carbohydrate post-glycosylational modifications (PGMs). Carbohydrate PGMs further extend the complexity of the structures and the synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. They also increase the capacity of the biological regulation that is achieved by finely tuning the structures of carbohydrates. Developing efficient methods to obtain structurally defined naturally occurring oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates with carbohydrate PGMs is essential for understanding the biological significance of carbohydrate PGMs. Combined with high-throughput screening methods, synthetic carbohydrates with PGMs are invaluable probes in structure-activity relationship studies. We illustrate here several classes of carbohydrates with PGMs and their applications. Recent progress in chemical, enzymatic, and chemoenzymatic syntheses of these carbohydrates and their derivatives are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Fax: 01 530 752 8995; Tel: 01 530 754 6037; E-mail:
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14
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Vasiliu D, Razi N, Zhang Y, Jacobsen N, Allin K, Liu X, Hoffmann J, Bohorov O, Blixt O. Large-scale chemoenzymatic synthesis of blood group and tumor-associated poly-N-acetyllactosamine antigens. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1447-57. [PMID: 16650392 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly-N-acetyllactosamines (pLNs) are common terminal sugars of many N- and O-linked glycan structures present in glycoproteins and glycolipids. Utilizing various glycosyltransferases, we developed new and efficient chemoenzymatic methods for the synthesis of pLNs in gram-scale. Specifically, the use of sialyltransferases and fucosyltransferases enabled us to synthesize and purify 24 blood group and tumor-associated pLN derivatives with alpha-(2-->3)- and alpha-(2-->6)-linked sialic acid, as well as with alpha-(1-->2)- and alpha-(1-->3)-linked fucose. All synthesized derivatives were linked to a short 2-azidoethyl spacer for further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vasiliu
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics. The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, CB 248A 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Malleron A, Hersant Y, Le Narvor C. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the 3-sulfated Lewisa pentasaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:29-34. [PMID: 16274756 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sulfated pentasaccharide benzyl O-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-O-[(alpha-L-fucopyranosyl)-(1-->4)]-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside sodium salt was synthesized using a chemo-enzymatic approach. Lacto-N-tetraose, obtained from two disaccharides [4-methoxybenzyl O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->3)-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-phtalimido-beta-D-glucopyranoside and benzyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside], was regioselectively sulfated at the 3 OH position of the terminal galactose using the stannylene procedure. The fucosylation of the sulfated tetrasaccharide was performed using soluble or immobilized fucosyltransferase FucT-III to give the title compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Malleron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Multifonctionnelle, UMR 8614, GDR 2590, Bât. 420, Université de Paris Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Pocheć E, Lityńska A, Bubka M, Amoresano A, Casbarra A. Characterization of the oligosaccharide component of α3β1 integrin from human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 and its role in adhesion and migration. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85:47-57. [PMID: 16373174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is highly associated with altered expression of cell surface N-linked oligosaccharides. These changes concern integrins, a family of cell surface glycoproteins involved in the attachment and migration of cells on various extracellular matrix proteins. The integrin alpha3beta1 is particularly interesting because of its role in migration and invasion of several types of metastatic tumours. In this study, alpha3beta1 from human bladder T24 carcinoma cells was purified and treated with peptide N-glycosidase F. Then the N-glycans of the alpha3 and beta1 subunits were characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). In alpha3beta1 integrin the presence of high-mannose, hybrid and predominantly complex type N-oligosaccharides was shown. Unlike to normal epithelium cells, in both subunits of alpha3beta1 integrin from cancer cells, the sialylated tetraantennary complex type glycan Hex7HexNAc6FucSia4 was present. In a direct ligand binding assay, desialylated alpha3beta1 integrin exhibited significantly higher fibronectin-binding capability than untreated integrin, providing evidence that sialic acids play a direct role in ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, alpha3beta1 integrin was shown to take part in T24 cell migration on fibronectin: anti-alpha3 antibodies induced ca 30% inhibition of wound closure. Treatment of T24 cells with swainsonine reduced the rate of bladder carcinoma cell migration by 16%, indicating the role of beta1,6 branched complex type glycans in this process. Our data show that alpha3beta1 integrin function may be altered by glycosylation, that both subunits contribute to these changes, and that glycosylation may be considered a newly found mechanism in the regulation of integrin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pocheć
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, R. Ingardena 6, PL-30060 Kraków, Poland.
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Kannagi R. Molecular mechanism for cancer-associated induction of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A expression-The Warburg effect revisited. Glycoconj J 2005; 20:353-64. [PMID: 15229399 DOI: 10.1023/b:glyc.0000033631.35357.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion mediated by selectins and their carbohydrate ligands, sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A, figures heavily in cancer metastasis. Expression of these carbohydrate determinants is markedly enhanced in cancer cells, but the molecular mechanism that leads to cancer-associated expression of sialyl Lewis X/A has not been well understood. Results of recent studies indicated involvement of two principal mechanisms in the accelerated expression of sialyl Lewis X/A in cancers; 'incomplete synthesis' and ' neo synthesis.' As to 'incomplete synthesis,' we have recently found further modified forms of sialyl Lewis X and sialyl Lewis A in non-malignant colonic epithelium, which have additional 6-sulfation or 2 --> 6 sialylation. The impairment of GlcNAc 6-sulfation and 2 --> 6 sialylation upon malignant transformation leads to accumulation of sialyl Lewis X/A in colon cancer cells. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and/or histone deacetylation are suggested to lie behind such incomplete synthesis. As to the mechanism called ' neo synthesis,' recent studies have indicated that cancer-associated alterations in the sugar transportation and intermediate carbohydrate metabolism play important roles. Cancer cells are known to exhibit a metabolic shift from oxidative to elevated anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), which is correlated with the increased gene expression of sugar transporters and glycolytic enzymes induced by common cancer-specific genetic alterations. The increased sialyl Lewis X/A expression in cancer is a link in the chains of these events because our recent results indicated that these events accompany transcriptional induction of a set of genes closely related to its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Chikusaku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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Kannagi R, Izawa M, Koike T, Miyazaki K, Kimura N. Carbohydrate-mediated cell adhesion in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:377-84. [PMID: 15132763 PMCID: PMC11159147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation is associated with abnormal glycosylation, resulting in the synthesis and expression of altered carbohydrate determinants including sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx. The sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx determinants appear in the sera of patients with cancer, and are extensively utilized for serum diagnosis of cancers in Japan. Sialyl Lewisa and sialyl Lewisx are involved in selectin-mediated adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelium, and these determinants are thought to be closely associated with hematogenous metastasis of cancers. Recent progress in this area includes the following: 1. Substantial increases in solid clinical statistics that further confirm the contribution of these determinants in the progression of a wide variety of cancers; 2. Elucidation of the ligand specificity of the three family members of selectins and evaluation of the roles of these molecules in cancer cell adhesion; and 3. Advances in the study of the mechanism that leads to the enhanced expression of the sialyl Lewis(a/x) determinants in malignant cells. These recent results have confirmed that these determinants are not merely markers for cancers, but are functionally implicated in the malignant behavior of cancer cells. The results also suggested that the increase of these determinants in malignant cells is an inevitable consequence of the malignant transformation of cells. Considerable new knowledge has also been accumulated regarding the therapeutic implications for suppression of hematogenous metastasis targeting this cell adhesion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Kannagi
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Honke K, Ikeda N, Taniguchi N. Differences in Recognition of Sulfated and Sialylated Carbohydrate Chains. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:222-9. [PMID: 14579578 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Structural diversity of the sugar chains attached to proteins and lipids that arises from the variety of combinations of different monosaccharides, different types of linkages, branch formation and secondary modifications, such as sulfation, possesses a large amount of biological information. A number of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids contain sulfated carbohydrates. Their sulfate groups provide a negative charge and play a role in a specific molecular recognition process. The sulfation of oligosaccharides is catalyzed by the Golgi-associated sulfotransferases. Recent success in molecular cloning of these sulfotransferases has brought a breakthrough in the understanding of biological function of sulfated oligosaccharides in a variety of contexts. Investigations on the relationship of sulfated oligosaccharides to human diseases including hereditary deficiency, cancer, inflammation, and infection may provide hints for curing disastrous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Honke
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Seko A, Nagata K, Yonezawa S, Yamashita K. Down-regulation of Gal 3-O-sulfotransferase-2 (Gal3ST-2) expression in human colonic non-mucinous adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:507-15. [PMID: 12036446 PMCID: PMC5927024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of sulfomucin in human colonic adenocarcinomas are lower than those in normal colonic mucosa; this should be in part caused by down-regulation of expression of sulfotransferases, but it remains unclear which Gal 3-O-sulfotransferase (Gal3ST) is responsible for the biosynthesis of sulfomucin. In this study, we first examined the substrate specificities of four Gal3STs cloned so far, and found that Galbeta1 3GlcNAcbeta1 3Galbeta1 4Glc (LNT) can be utilized only by Gal3ST-2 as an acceptor substrate. The substrate specificity of Gal3ST-2 is closely similar to those of Gal3ST activities present in human normal mucosa and adenocarcinomas, suggesting that Gal3ST-2 is the dominant Gal3ST in colon and colonic cancer. Secondly, using LNT as a substrate, we comparatively analyzed levels of Gal3ST-2 activities in non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinomas, and the adjacent normal mucosa. We found that levels of Gal3ST-2 activities in non-mucinous adenocarcinoma are significantly lower than those in the adjacent normal mucosa, while those in mucinous adenocarcinomas are not significantly different from those in the adjacent normal mucosa. Moreover, we showed by a competitive RT-PCR method that expression levels of transcript for Gal3ST-2 in non-mucinous adenocarcinoma are lower than those in normal mucosa. These results suggest that Gal3ST-2 is one of the enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of sulfomucin, and that expression levels of Gal3ST-2 are down-regulated in non-mucinous adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Seko
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062
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