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Isolation and Characterization of the Lytic Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensi Phage PW916. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081709. [PMID: 36016331 PMCID: PMC9414467 DOI: 10.3390/v14081709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a serious global health threat. While patient infections by the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudoxanthomonas spp. have been increasingly reported worldwide, no phage associated with this bacterial genus has yet been isolated and reported. In this study, we isolated and characterized the novel phage PW916 to subsequently be used to lyse the multidrug-resistant Pseudoxanthomonas kaohsiungensi which was isolated from soil samples obtained from Chongqing, China. We studied the morphological features, thermal stability, pH stability, optimal multiplicity of infection, and genomic sequence of phage PW916. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the morphology of PW916 and indicated it to belong to the Siphoviridae family, with the morphological characteristics of a rounded head and a long noncontractile tail. The optimal multiplicity of infection of PW916 was 0.1. Moreover, PW916 was found to be stable under a wide range of temperatures (4–60 °C), pH (4–11) as well as treatment with 1% (v/w) chloroform. The genome of PW916 was determined to be a circular double-stranded structure with a length of 47,760 bp, containing 64 open reading frames that encoded functional and structural proteins, while no antibiotic resistance nor virulence factor genes were detected. The genomic sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PW916 was a novel phage belonging to the Siphoviridae family that was closely related to the Stenotrophomonas phage. This is the first study to identify a novel phage infecting the multidrug-resistant P. kaohsiungensi and the findings provide insight into the potential application of PW916 in future phage therapies.
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Wu D, Banerjee A, Cai S, Li N, Han C, Bai X, Zhang J, Wang QE. Determination of DNA lesion bypass using a ChIP-based assay. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 108:103230. [PMID: 34571449 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA lesion bypass facilitates DNA synthesis across bulky DNA lesions, playing a critical role in DNA damage tolerance and cell survival after DNA damage. Assessing lesion bypass efficiency in the cell is important to better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Here we developed a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-based method to measure lesion bypass activity across cisplatin-induced intrastrand crosslinks in cancer cells. DNA lesion bypass enables the replication to continue in the presence of replication blocks. Thus, the successful lesion bypass should result in the coexistence of DNA lesions and the newly synthesized DNA fragment opposite to this lesion. Using ChIP, we precipitated the cisplatin-induced intrastrand crosslinks, and quantitated the precipitated newly synthesized DNA that was labeled with BrdU. We validated this method on ovarian cancer cells with inhibited TLS activity. We then applied this method to show that ovarian cancer stem cells exhibit high lesion bypass activity relative to bulk cancer cells from the same cell line. In conclusion, this novel ChIP-based lesion bypass assay can detect the extent to which cisplatin-induced DNA lesions are bypassed in live cells. Our study may be applied more broadly to the study of other DNA lesions, as specific antibodies to these specific lesions are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ananya Banerjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shurui Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chunhua Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuetao Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Steczkiewicz K, Prestel E, Bidnenko E, Szczepankowska AK. Expanding Diversity of Firmicutes Single-Strand Annealing Proteins: A Putative Role of Bacteriophage-Host Arms Race. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644622. [PMID: 33959107 PMCID: PMC8093625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded single strand annealing proteins (SSAPs) are recombinases which can substitute the classical, bacterial RecA and manage the DNA metabolism at different steps of phage propagation. SSAPs have been shown to efficiently promote recombination between short and rather divergent DNA sequences and were exploited for in vivo genetic engineering mainly in Gram-negative bacteria. In opposition to the conserved and almost universal bacterial RecA protein, SSAPs display great sequence diversity. The importance for SSAPs in phage biology and phage-bacteria evolution is underlined by their role as key players in events of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). All of the above provoke a constant interest for the identification and study of new phage recombinase proteins in vivo, in vitro as well as in silico. Despite this, a huge body of putative ssap genes escapes conventional classification, as they are not properly annotated. In this work, we performed a wide-scale identification, classification and analysis of SSAPs encoded by the Firmicutes bacteria and their phages. By using sequence similarity network and gene context analyses, we created a new high quality dataset of phage-related SSAPs, substantially increasing the number of annotated SSAPs. We classified the identified SSAPs into seven distinct families, namely RecA, Gp2.5, RecT/Redβ, Erf, Rad52/22, Sak3, and Sak4, organized into three superfamilies. Analysis of the relationships between the revealed protein clusters led us to recognize Sak3-like proteins as a new distinct SSAP family. Our analysis showed an irregular phylogenetic distribution of ssap genes among different bacterial phyla and specific phages, which can be explained by the high rates of ssap HGT. We propose that the evolution of phage recombinases could be tightly linked to the dissemination of bacterial phage-resistance mechanisms (e.g., abortive infection and CRISPR/Cas systems) targeting ssap genes and be a part of the constant phage-bacteria arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Prestel
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elena Bidnenko
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Abstract
DNA exonucleases, enzymes that hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds in DNA from a free end, play important cellular roles in DNA repair, genetic recombination and mutation avoidance in all organisms. This article reviews the structure, biochemistry, and biological functions of the 17 exonucleases currently identified in the bacterium Escherichia coli. These include the exonucleases associated with DNA polymerases I (polA), II (polB), and III (dnaQ/mutD); Exonucleases I (xonA/sbcB), III (xthA), IV, VII (xseAB), IX (xni/xgdG), and X (exoX); the RecBCD, RecJ, and RecE exonucleases; SbcCD endo/exonucleases; the DNA exonuclease activities of RNase T (rnt) and Endonuclease IV (nfo); and TatD. These enzymes are diverse in terms of substrate specificity and biochemical properties and have specialized biological roles. Most of these enzymes fall into structural families with characteristic sequence motifs, and members of many of these families can be found in all domains of life.
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Csefalvay E, Lapkouski M, Guzanova A, Csefalvay L, Baikova T, Shevelev I, Bialevich V, Shamayeva K, Janscak P, Kuta Smatanova I, Panjikar S, Carey J, Weiserova M, Ettrich R. Functional coupling of duplex translocation to DNA cleavage in a type I restriction enzyme. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128700. [PMID: 26039067 PMCID: PMC4454674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I restriction-modification enzymes are multifunctional heteromeric complexes with DNA cleavage and ATP-dependent DNA translocation activities located on motor subunit HsdR. Functional coupling of DNA cleavage and translocation is a hallmark of the Type I restriction systems that is consistent with their proposed role in horizontal gene transfer. DNA cleavage occurs at nonspecific sites distant from the cognate recognition sequence, apparently triggered by stalled translocation. The X-ray crystal structure of the complete HsdR subunit from E. coli plasmid R124 suggested that the triggering mechanism involves interdomain contacts mediated by ATP. In the present work, in vivo and in vitro activity assays and crystal structures of three mutants of EcoR124I HsdR designed to probe this mechanism are reported. The results indicate that interdomain engagement via ATP is indeed responsible for signal transmission between the endonuclease and helicase domains of the motor subunit. A previously identified sequence motif that is shared by the RecB nucleases and some Type I endonucleases is implicated in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Csefalvay
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Mikalai Lapkouski
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Guzanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Csefalvay
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsiana Baikova
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Shevelev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vitali Bialevich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Katsiaryna Shamayeva
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janscak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Kuta Smatanova
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jannette Carey
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544–1009, United States of America
| | - Marie Weiserova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Ettrich
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Global Change Research Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zamek 136, CZ-373 33 Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
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Jeong J, Cho N, Jung D, Bang D. Genome-scale genetic engineering in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:804-10. [PMID: 23624241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome engineering has been developed to create useful strains for biological studies and industrial uses. However, a continuous challenge remained in the field: technical limitations in high-throughput screening and precise manipulation of strains. Today, technical improvements have made genome engineering more rapid and efficient. This review introduces recent advances in genome engineering technologies applied to Escherichia coli as well as multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE), a recent technique proposed as a powerful toolkit due to its straightforward process, rapid experimental procedures, and highly efficient properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Chen WY, Ho JW, Huang JD, Watt RM. Functional characterization of an alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing protein from the SXT genetic element of Vibrio cholerae. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:16. [PMID: 21501469 PMCID: PMC3118119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SXT is an integrating conjugative element (ICE) originally isolated from Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes cholera. It houses multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes on its ca. 100 kb circular double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, and functions as an effective vehicle for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes within susceptible bacterial populations. Here, we characterize the activities of an alkaline exonuclease (S066, SXT-Exo) and single strand annealing protein (S065, SXT-Bet) encoded on the SXT genetic element, which share significant sequence homology with Exo and Bet from bacteriophage lambda, respectively. RESULTS SXT-Exo has the ability to degrade both linear dsDNA and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules, but has no detectable endonuclease or nicking activities. Adopting a stable trimeric arrangement in solution, the exonuclease activities of SXT-Exo are optimal at pH 8.2 and essentially require Mn2+ or Mg2+ ions. Similar to lambda-Exo, SXT-Exo hydrolyzes dsDNA with 5'- to 3'-polarity in a highly processive manner, and digests DNA substrates with 5'-phosphorylated termini significantly more effectively than those lacking 5'-phosphate groups. Notably, the dsDNA exonuclease activities of both SXT-Exo and lambda-Exo are stimulated by the addition of lambda-Bet, SXT-Bet or a single strand DNA binding protein encoded on the SXT genetic element (S064, SXT-Ssb). When co-expressed in E. coli cells, SXT-Bet and SXT-Exo mediate homologous recombination between a PCR-generated dsDNA fragment and the chromosome, analogous to RecET and lambda-Bet/Exo. CONCLUSIONS The activities of the SXT-Exo protein are consistent with it having the ability to resect the ends of linearized dsDNA molecules, forming partially ssDNA substrates for the partnering SXT-Bet single strand annealing protein. As such, SXT-Exo and SXT-Bet may function together to repair or process SXT genetic elements within infected V. cholerae cells, through facilitating homologous DNA recombination events. The results presented here significantly extend our general understanding of the properties and activities of alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing proteins of viral/bacteriophage origin, and will assist the rational development of bacterial recombineering systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yang Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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8
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Zhang J, Xing X, Herr AB, Bell CE. Crystal structure of E. coli RecE protein reveals a toroidal tetramer for processing double-stranded DNA breaks. Structure 2009; 17:690-702. [PMID: 19446525 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli RecE protein is part of the classical RecET recombination system that has recently been used in powerful new methods for genetic engineering. RecE binds to free double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) ends and processively digests the 5'-ended strand to form 5'-mononucleotides and a 3'-overhang that is a substrate for single strand annealing promoted by RecT. Here, we report the crystal structure of the C-terminal nuclease domain of RecE at 2.8 A resolution. RecE forms a toroidal tetramer with a central tapered channel that is wide enough to bind dsDNA at one end, but is partially plugged at the other end by the C-terminal segment of the protein. Four narrow tunnels, one within each subunit of the tetramer, lead from the central channel to the four active sites, which lie about 15 A from the channel. The structure, combined with mutational studies, suggests a mechanism in which dsDNA enters through the open end of the central channel, the 5'-ended strand passes through a tunnel to access one of the four active sites, and the 3'-ended strand passes through the plugged end of the channel at the back of the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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van Kessel JC, Marinelli LJ, Hatfull GF. Recombineering mycobacteria and their phages. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:851-7. [PMID: 18923412 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages are central components in the development of molecular tools for microbial genetics. Mycobacteriophages have proven to be a rich resource for tuberculosis genetics, and the recent development of a mycobacterial recombineering system based on mycobacteriophage Che9c-encoded proteins offers new approaches to mycobacterial mutagenesis. Expression of the phage exonuclease and recombinase substantially enhances recombination frequencies in both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, thereby facilitating construction of both gene knockout and point mutants; it also provides a simple and efficient method for constructing mycobacteriophage mutants. Exploitation of host-specific phages thus provides a general strategy for recombineering and mutagenesis in genetically naive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C van Kessel
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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10
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Šišáková E, Stanley LK, Weiserová M, Szczelkun MD. A RecB-family nuclease motif in the Type I restriction endonuclease EcoR124I. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:3939-49. [PMID: 18511464 PMCID: PMC2475608 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type I restriction-modification enzyme EcoR124I is an ATP-dependent endonuclease that uses dsDNA translocation to locate and cleave distant non-specific DNA sites. Bioinformatic analysis of the HsdR subunits of EcoR124I and related Type I enzymes showed that in addition to the principal PD-(E/D)xK Motifs, I, II and III, a QxxxY motif is also present that is characteristic of RecB-family nucleases. The QxxxY motif resides immediately C-terminal to Motif III within a region of predicted alpha-helix. Using mutagenesis, we examined the role of the Q and Y residues in DNA binding, translocation and cleavage. Roles for the QxxxY motif in coordinating the catalytic residues or in stabilizing the nuclease domain on the DNA are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šišáková
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Louise K. Stanley
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marie Weiserová
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Mark D. Szczelkun
- Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic and DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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11
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van Kessel JC, Hatfull GF. Recombineering in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Methods 2006; 4:147-52. [PMID: 17179933 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic dissection of M. tuberculosis is complicated by its slow growth and its high rate of illegitimate recombination relative to homologous DNA exchange. We report here the development of a facile allelic exchange system by identification and expression of mycobacteriophage-encoded recombination proteins, adapting a strategy developed previously for recombineering in Escherichia coli. Identifiable recombination proteins are rare in mycobacteriophages, and only 1 of 30 genomically characterized mycobacteriophages (Che9c) encodes homologs of both RecE and RecT. Expression and biochemical characterization show that Che9c gp60 and gp61 encode exonuclease and DNA-binding activities, respectively, and expression of these proteins substantially elevates recombination facilitating allelic exchange in both M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis. Mycobacterial recombineering thus provides a simple approach for the construction of gene replacement mutants in both slow- and fast-growing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C van Kessel
- Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, 376 Crawford Hall, 4249 Fifth Ave., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Makharashvili N, Koroleva O, Bera S, Grandgenett DP, Korolev S. A novel structure of DNA repair protein RecO from Deinococcus radiodurans. Structure 2005; 12:1881-9. [PMID: 15458636 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of arrested replication requires coordinated action of DNA repair, replication, and recombination machineries. Bacterial RecO protein is a member of RecF recombination repair pathway important for replication recovery. RecO possesses two distinct activities in vitro, closely resembling those of eukaryotic protein Rad52: DNA annealing and RecA-mediated DNA recombination. Here we present the crystal structure of the RecO protein from the extremely radiation resistant bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans (DrRecO) and characterize its DNA binding and strand annealing properties. The RecO structure is totally different from the Rad52 structure. DrRecO is comprised of three structural domains: an N-terminal domain which adopts an OB-fold, a novel alpha-helical domain, and an unusual zinc-binding domain. Sequence alignments suggest that the multidomain architecture is conserved between RecO proteins from other bacterial species and is suitable to elucidate sites of protein-protein and DNA-protein interactions necessary for RecO functions during the replication recovery and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodar Makharashvili
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Davison AJ, Trus BL, Cheng N, Steven AC, Watson MS, Cunningham C, Deuff RML, Renault T. A novel class of herpesvirus with bivalve hosts. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:41-53. [PMID: 15604430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is the only member of the Herpesviridae that has an invertebrate host and is associated with sporadic mortality in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and other bivalve species. Cryo-electron microscopy of purified capsids revealed the distinctive T=16 icosahedral structure characteristic of herpesviruses, although the preparations examined lacked pentons. The gross genome organization of OsHV-1 was similar to that of certain mammalian herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus), consisting of two invertible unique regions (U(L), 167.8 kbp; U(S), 3.4 kbp) each flanked by inverted repeats (TR(L)/IR(L), 7.6 kbp; TR(S)/IR(S), 9.8 kbp), with an additional unique sequence (X, 1.5 kbp) between IR(L) and IR(S). Of the 124 unique genes predicted from the 207 439 bp genome sequence, 38 were members of 12 families of related genes and encoded products related to helicases, inhibitors of apoptosis, deoxyuridine triphosphatase and RING-finger proteins, in addition to membrane-associated proteins. Eight genes in three of the families appeared to be fragmented. Other genes that did not belong to the families were predicted to encode DNA polymerase, the two subunits of ribonucleotide reductase, a helicase, a primase, the ATPase subunit of terminase, a RecB-like protein, additional RING-like proteins, an ion channel and several other membrane-associated proteins. Sequence comparisons showed that OsHV-1 is at best tenuously related to the two classes of vertebrate herpesviruses (those associated with mammals, birds and reptiles, and those associated with bony fish and amphibians). OsHV-1 thus represents a third major class of the herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davison
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Benes L Trus
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Imaging Sciences Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naiqian Cheng
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Moira S Watson
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Charles Cunningham
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | | | - Tristan Renault
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, IFREMER, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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Vellani TS, Myers RS. Bacteriophage SPP1 Chu is an alkaline exonuclease in the SynExo family of viral two-component recombinases. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2465-74. [PMID: 12670970 PMCID: PMC152610 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.8.2465-2474.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many DNA viruses concatemerize their genomes as a prerequisite to packaging into capsids. Concatemerization arises from either replication or homologous recombination. Replication is already the target of many antiviral drugs, and viral recombinases are an attractive target for drug design, particularly for combination therapy with replication inhibitors, due to their important supporting role in viral growth. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of viral recombination, we and others previously identified a family of viral nucleases that comprise one component of a conserved, two-component viral recombination system. The nuclease component is related to the exonuclease of phage lambda and is common to viruses with linear double-stranded DNA genomes. To test the idea that these viruses have a common strategy for recombination and genome concatemerization, we isolated the previously uncharacterized 34.1 gene from Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1, expressed it in Escherichia coli, purified the protein, and determined its enzymatic properties. Like lambda exonuclease, Chu (the product of 34.1) forms an oligomer, is a processive alkaline exonuclease that digests linear double-stranded DNA in a Mg(2+)-dependent reaction, and shows a preference for 5'-phosphorylated DNA ends. A model for viral recombination, based on the phage lambda Red recombination system, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina S Vellani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6129, USA
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Iyer LM, Koonin EV, Aravind L. Classification and evolutionary history of the single-strand annealing proteins, RecT, Redbeta, ERF and RAD52. BMC Genomics 2002; 3:8. [PMID: 11914131 PMCID: PMC101383 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 03/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Redbeta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways. Recently, they have been shown to form similar helical quaternary superstructures. However, despite the functional similarities between these diverse SSAPs, their actual evolutionary affinities are poorly understood. RESULTS Using sensitive computational sequence analysis, we show that the RecT and Redbeta proteins, along with several other bacterial proteins, form a distinct superfamily. The ERF and Rad52 families show no direct evolutionary relationship to these proteins and define novel superfamilies of their own. We identify several previously unknown members of each of these superfamilies and also report, for the first time, bacterial and viral homologs of Rad52. Additionally, we predict the presence of aberrant HhH modules in RAD52 that are likely to be involved in DNA-binding. Using the contextual information obtained from the analysis of gene neighborhoods, we provide evidence of the interaction of the bacterial members of each of these SSAP superfamilies with a similar set of DNA repair/recombination protein. These include different nucleases or Holliday junction resolvases, the ABC ATPase SbcC and the single-strand-binding protein. We also present evidence of independent assembly of some of the predicted operons encoding SSAPs and in situ displacement of functionally similar genes. CONCLUSIONS There are three evolutionarily distinct superfamilies of SSAPs, namely the RecT/Redbeta, ERF, and RAD52, that have different sequence conservation patterns and predicted folds. All these SSAPs appear to be primarily of bacteriophage origin and have been acquired by numerous phylogenetically distant cellular genomes. They generally occur in predicted operons encoding one or more of a set of conserved DNA recombination proteins that appear to be the principal functional partners of the SSAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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