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Kreis E, König K, Misir M, Niemeyer J, Sommer F, Schroda M. TurboID reveals the proxiomes of Chlamydomonas proteins involved in thylakoid biogenesis and stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1772-1796. [PMID: 37310689 PMCID: PMC10602608 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), the VESICLE-INDUCING PROTEIN IN PLASTIDS 1 and 2 (VIPP1 and VIPP2) play roles in the sensing and coping with membrane stress and in thylakoid membrane biogenesis. To gain more insight into these processes, we aimed to identify proteins interacting with VIPP1/2 in the chloroplast and chose proximity labeling (PL) for this purpose. We used the transient interaction between the nucleotide exchange factor CHLOROPLAST GRPE HOMOLOG 1 (CGE1) and the stromal HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70B (HSP70B) as test system. While PL with APEX2 and BioID proved to be inefficient, TurboID resulted in substantial biotinylation in vivo. TurboID-mediated PL with VIPP1/2 as baits under ambient and H2O2 stress conditions confirmed known interactions of VIPP1 with VIPP2, HSP70B, and the CHLOROPLAST DNAJ HOMOLOG 2 (CDJ2). Proteins identified in the VIPP1/2 proxiomes can be grouped into proteins involved in the biogenesis of thylakoid membrane complexes and the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport, including PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5-LIKE 1 (PGRL1). A third group comprises 11 proteins of unknown function whose genes are upregulated under chloroplast stress conditions. We named them VIPP PROXIMITY LABELING (VPL). In reciprocal experiments, we confirmed VIPP1 in the proxiomes of VPL2 and PGRL1. Our results demonstrate the robustness of TurboID-mediated PL for studying protein interaction networks in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas and pave the way for analyzing functions of VIPPs in thylakoid biogenesis and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kreis
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Katharina König
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Melissa Misir
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Justus Niemeyer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie & Systembiologie, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 23, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Yan Y, Wang ML, Guo YT, Ding CH, Niu KX, Li XM, Sun C, Dong Z, Cui D, Rasheed A, Hao C, Zhang X, Guo G, Ni Z, Sun Q, Chen F, Gou 缑金营 JY. HSP90.2 promotes CO 2 assimilation rate, grain weight and yield in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1229-1239. [PMID: 36794449 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat fixes CO2 by photosynthesis into kernels to nourish humankind. Improving the photosynthesis rate is a major driving force in assimilating atmospheric CO2 and guaranteeing food supply for human beings. Strategies for achieving the above goal need to be improved. Here, we report the cloning and mechanism of CO2 ASSIMILATION RATE AND KERNEL-ENHANCED 1 (CAKE1) from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). The cake1 mutant displayed a lower photosynthesis rate with smaller grains. Genetic studies identified CAKE1 as HSP90.2-B, encoding cytosolic molecular chaperone folding nascent preproteins. The disturbance of HSP90.2 decreased leaf photosynthesis rate, kernel weight (KW) and yield. Nevertheless, HSP90.2 over-expression increased KW. HSP90.2 recruited and was essential for the chloroplast localization of nuclear-encoded photosynthesis units, for example PsbO. Actin microfilaments docked on the chloroplast surface interacted with HSP90.2 as a subcellular track towards chloroplasts. A natural variation in the hexaploid wheat HSP90.2-B promoter increased its transcription activity, enhanced photosynthesis rate and improved KW and yield. Our study illustrated an HSP90.2-Actin complex sorting client preproteins towards chloroplasts to promote CO2 assimilation and crop production. The beneficial haplotype of Hsp90.2 is rare in modern varieties and could be an excellent molecular switch promoting photosynthesis rate to increase yield in future elite wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng-Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ci-Hang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Dong
- CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Awais Rasheed
- Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ganggang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization (MARA), The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICS-CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin-Ying Gou 缑金营
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lindquist E, Aronsson H. Chloroplast vesicle transport. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:361-371. [PMID: 30117121 PMCID: PMC6244799 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a well-known process that has been intensively investigated, but less is known about the biogenesis of the thylakoid membrane that harbors the photosynthetic machinery. Thylakoid membranes are constituted by several components, the major ones being proteins and lipids. However, neither of these two are produced in the thylakoid membranes themselves but are targeted there by different mechanisms. The interior of the chloroplast, the stroma, is an aqueous compartment that prevents spontaneous transport of single lipids and/or membrane proteins due to their hydrophobicities. Thylakoid targeted proteins are encoded either in the nucleus or plastid, and thus some cross the envelope membrane before entering one of the identified thylakoid targeting pathways. However, the pathway for all thylakoid proteins is not known. Lipids are produced at the envelope membrane and have been proposed to reach the thylakoid membrane by different means: invaginations of the envelope membrane, direct contact sites between these membranes, or through vesicles. Vesicles have been observed in chloroplasts but not much is yet known about the mechanism or regulation of their formation. The question of whether proteins can also make use of vesicles as one mechanism of transport remains to be answered. Here we discuss the presence of vesicles in chloroplasts and their potential role in transporting lipids and proteins. We additionally discuss what is known about the proteins involved in the vesicle transport and the gaps in knowledge that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindquist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zupanska AK, Schultz ER, Yao J, Sng NJ, Zhou M, Callaham JB, Ferl RJ, Paul AL. ARG1 Functions in the Physiological Adaptation of Undifferentiated Plant Cells to Spaceflight. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:1077-1111. [PMID: 29088549 PMCID: PMC8024390 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Scientific access to spaceflight and especially the International Space Station has revealed that physiological adaptation to spaceflight is accompanied or enabled by changes in gene expression that significantly alter the transcriptome of cells in spaceflight. A wide range of experiments have shown that plant physiological adaptation to spaceflight involves gene expression changes that alter cell wall and other metabolisms. However, while transcriptome profiling aptly illuminates changes in gene expression that accompany spaceflight adaptation, mutation analysis is required to illuminate key elements required for that adaptation. Here we report how transcriptome profiling was used to gain insight into the spaceflight adaptation role of Altered response to gravity 1 (Arg1), a gene known to affect gravity responses in plants on Earth. The study compared expression profiles of cultured lines of Arabidopsis thaliana derived from wild-type (WT) cultivar Col-0 to profiles from a knock-out line deficient in the gene encoding ARG1 (ARG1 KO), both on the ground and in space. The cell lines were launched on SpaceX CRS-2 as part of the Cellular Expression Logic (CEL) experiment of the BRIC-17 spaceflight mission. The cultured cell lines were grown within 60 mm Petri plates in Petri Dish Fixation Units (PDFUs) that were housed within the Biological Research In Canisters (BRIC) hardware. Spaceflight samples were fixed on orbit. Differentially expressed genes were identified between the two environments (spaceflight and comparable ground controls) and the two genotypes (WT and ARG1 KO). Each genotype engaged unique genes during physiological adaptation to the spaceflight environment, with little overlap. Most of the genes altered in expression in spaceflight in WT cells were found to be Arg1-dependent, suggesting a major role for that gene in the physiological adaptation of undifferentiated cells to spaceflight. Key Words: ARG1-Spaceflight-Gene expression-Physiological adaptation-BRIC. Astrobiology 17, 1077-1111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata K. Zupanska
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric R. Schultz
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - JiQiang Yao
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Present address: Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Natasha J. Sng
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mingqi Zhou
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jordan B. Callaham
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert J. Ferl
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Anna-Lisa Paul
- Horticultural Science Department, Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Zhang L, Kondo H, Kamikubo H, Kataoka M, Sakamoto W. VIPP1 Has a Disordered C-Terminal Tail Necessary for Protecting Photosynthetic Membranes against Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1983-95. [PMID: 27208228 PMCID: PMC4936581 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Integrity of biomembranes is vital to living organisms. In bacteria, PspA is considered to act as repairing damaged membrane by forming large supercomplexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Vulnerable to oxidative stress, photosynthetic organisms also contain a PspA ortholog called VIPP1, which has an additional C-terminal tail (Vc). In this study, Vc was shown to coincide with an intrinsically disordered region, and the role of VIPP1 in membrane protection against stress was investigated. We visualized VIPP1 by fusing it to GFP (VIPP1-GFP that fully complemented lethal vipp1 mutations), and investigated its behavior in vivo with live imaging. The intrinsically disordered nature of Vc enabled VIPP1 to form what appeared to be functional particles along envelopes, whereas the deletion of Vc caused excessive association of the VIPP1 particles, preventing their active movement for membrane protection. Expression of VIPP1 lacking Vc complemented vipp1 mutation, but exhibited sensitivity to heat shock stress. Conversely, transgenic plants over-expressing VIPP1 showed enhanced tolerance against heat shock, suggesting that Vc negatively regulates VIPP1 particle association and acts in maintaining membrane integrity. Our data thus indicate that VIPP1 is involved in the maintenance of photosynthetic membranes. During evolution, chloroplasts have acquired enhanced tolerance against membrane stress by incorporating a disordered C-terminal tail into VIPP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (L.Z., H.Ko., W.S.); School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China (L.Z.); and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan (H.Ka., M.K.)
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (L.Z., H.Ko., W.S.); School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China (L.Z.); and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan (H.Ka., M.K.)
| | - Hironari Kamikubo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (L.Z., H.Ko., W.S.); School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China (L.Z.); and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan (H.Ka., M.K.)
| | - Mikio Kataoka
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (L.Z., H.Ko., W.S.); School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China (L.Z.); and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan (H.Ka., M.K.)
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (L.Z., H.Ko., W.S.); School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China (L.Z.); and Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan (H.Ka., M.K.)
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Broad W, Ling Q, Jarvis P. New Insights Into Roles of Ubiquitin Modification in Regulating Plastids and Other Endosymbiotic Organelles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:1-33. [PMID: 27241217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings have revealed important and diverse roles for the ubiquitin modification of proteins in the regulation of endosymbiotic organelles, which include the primary plastids of plants as well as complex plastids: the secondary endosymbiotic organelles of cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes. Ubiquitin modifications have a variety of potential consequences, both to the modified protein itself and to cellular regulation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) can target individual proteins for selective degradation by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Ubiquitin modifications can also signal the removal of whole endosymbiotic organelles, for example, via autophagy as has been well characterized in mitochondria. As plastids must import over 90% of their proteins from the cytosol, the observation that the UPS selectively targets the plastid protein import machinery is particularly significant. In this way, the UPS may influence the development and interconversions of different plastid types, as well as plastid responses to stress, by reconfiguring the organellar proteome. In complex plastids, the Symbiont-derived ERAD-Like Machinery (SELMA) has coopted the protein transport capabilities of the ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) system, whereby misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated from ER for proteasomal degradation, uncoupling them from proteolysis: SELMA components have been retargeted to the second outermost plastid membrane to mediate protein import. In spite of this wealth of new information, there still remain a large number of unanswered questions and a need to define the roles of ubiquitin modification further in the regulation of plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Broad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Q Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Bionda T, Gross LE, Becker T, Papasotiriou DG, Leisegang MS, Karas M, Schleiff E. Eukaryotic Hsp70 chaperones in the intermembrane space of chloroplasts. PLANTA 2016; 243:733-47. [PMID: 26669598 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Multiple eukaryotic Hsp70 typically localized in the cytoplasm are also distributed to the intermembrane space of chloroplasts and might thereby represent the missing link in energizing protein translocation. Protein translocation into organelles is a central cellular process that is tightly regulated. It depends on signals within the preprotein and on molecular machines catalyzing the process. Molecular chaperones participate in transport and translocation of preproteins into organelles to control folding and to provide energy for the individual steps. While most of the processes are explored and the components are identified, the transfer of preproteins into and across the intermembrane space of chloroplasts is not yet understood. The existence of an energy source in this compartment is discussed, because the required transit peptide length for successful translocation into chloroplasts is shorter than that found for mitochondria where energy is provided exclusively by matrix chaperones. Furthermore, a cytosolic-type Hsp70 homologue was proposed as component of the chloroplast translocon in the intermembrane space energizing the initial translocation. The molecular identity of such intermembrane space localized Hsp70 remained unknown, which led to a controversy concerning its existence. We identified multiple cytosolic Hsp70s by mass spectrometry on isolated, thermolysin-treated Medicago sativa chloroplasts. The localization of these Hsp70s of M. sativa or Arabidopsis thaliana in the intermembrane space was confirmed by a self-assembly GFP-based in vivo system. The localization of cytosolic Hsp70s in the stroma of chloroplasts or different mitochondrial compartments could not be observed. Similarly, we could not identify any cytosolic Hsp90 in the intermembrane space of chloroplast. With respect to our results we discuss the possible targeting and function of the Hsp70 found in the intermembrane space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Bionda
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lucia E Gross
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios G Papasotiriou
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Matthias S Leisegang
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Buchmann Institut for Molecular Life Sciences, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Bastien O, Botella C, Chevalier F, Block MA, Jouhet J, Breton C, Girard-Egrot A, Maréchal E. New Insights on Thylakoid Biogenesis in Plant Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:1-30. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Block MA, Jouhet J. Lipid trafficking at endoplasmic reticulum-chloroplast membrane contact sites. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:21-9. [PMID: 25868077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis in plant cells is characterized by an intense trafficking of lipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts. Initially, fatty acids are synthesized within chloroplasts and are exported to the ER where they are used to build up phospholipids and triacylglycerol. Ultimately, derivatives of these phospholipids return to chloroplasts to form galactolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, the main and essential lipids of photosynthetic membranes. Lipid trafficking was proposed to transit through membrane contact sites (MCSs) connecting both organelles. Here, we review recent insights into ER-chloroplast MCSs and lipid trafficking between chloroplasts and the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse A Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte Recherche 5168, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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Sato EM, Hijazi H, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Swarup R. New insights into root gravitropic signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2155-65. [PMID: 25547917 PMCID: PMC4986716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An important feature of plants is the ability to adapt their growth towards or away from external stimuli such as light, water, temperature, and gravity. These responsive plant growth movements are called tropisms and they contribute to the plant's survival and reproduction. Roots modulate their growth towards gravity to exploit the soil for water and nutrient uptake, and to provide anchorage. The physiological process of root gravitropism comprises gravity perception, signal transmission, growth response, and the re-establishment of normal growth. Gravity perception is best explained by the starch-statolith hypothesis that states that dense starch-filled amyloplasts or statoliths within columella cells sediment in the direction of gravity, resulting in the generation of a signal that causes asymmetric growth. Though little is known about the gravity receptor(s), the role of auxin linking gravity sensing to the response is well established. Auxin influx and efflux carriers facilitate creation of a differential auxin gradient between the upper and lower side of gravistimulated roots. This asymmetric auxin gradient causes differential growth responses in the graviresponding tissue of the elongation zone, leading to root curvature. Cell biological and mathematical modelling approaches suggest that the root gravitropic response begins within minutes of a gravity stimulus, triggering genomic and non-genomic responses. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana and identifies current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel Mendocilla Sato
- University of Antwerp, Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Hussein Hijazi
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- University of Antwerp, Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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Ling Q, Jarvis P. Functions of plastid protein import and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in plastid development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:939-48. [PMID: 25762164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastids, such as chloroplasts, are widely distributed endosymbiotic organelles in plants and algae. Apart from their well-known functions in photosynthesis, they have roles in processes as diverse as signal sensing, fruit ripening, and seed development. As most plastid proteins are produced in the cytosol, plastids have developed dedicated translocon machineries for protein import, comprising the TOC (translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts) and TIC (translocon at the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts) complexes. Multiple lines of evidence reveal that protein import via the TOC complex is actively regulated, based on the specific interplay between distinct receptor isoforms and diverse client proteins. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of protein import regulation, particularly in relation to control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and how such regulation changes plastid development. The diversity of plastid import receptors (and of corresponding preprotein substrates) has a determining role in plastid differentiation and interconversion. The controllable turnover of TOC components by the UPS influences the developmental fate of plastids, which is fundamentally linked to plant development. Understanding the mechanisms by which plastid protein import is controlled is critical to the development of breakthrough approaches to increase the yield, quality and stress tolerance of important crop plants, which are highly dependent on plastid development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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Hardré H, Kuhn L, Albrieux C, Jouhet J, Michaud M, Seigneurin-Berny D, Falconet D, Block MA, Maréchal E. The selective biotin tagging and thermolysin proteolysis of chloroplast outer envelope proteins reveals information on protein topology and association into complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:203. [PMID: 24999344 PMCID: PMC4064156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of chloroplast function requires the precise localization of proteins in each of its sub-compartments. High-sensitivity mass spectrometry has allowed the inventory of proteins in thylakoid, stroma, and envelope fractions. Concerning membrane association, proteins can be either integral or peripheral or even soluble proteins bound transiently to a membrane complex. We sought a method providing information at the surface of the outer envelope membrane (OEM), based on specific tagging with biotin or proteolysis using thermolysin, a non-membrane permeable protease. To evaluate this method, envelope, thylakoid, and stroma proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and analyzed by immunostaining and mass spectrometry. A short selection of proteins associated to the chloroplast envelope fraction was checked after superficial treatments of intact chloroplasts. We showed that this method could allow the characterization of OEM embedded proteins facing the cytosol, as well as peripheral and soluble proteins associated via tight or lose interactions. Some stromal proteins were associated with biotinylated spots and analyzes are still needed to determine whether polypeptides were tagged prior import or if they co-migrated with OEM proteins. This method also suggests that some proteins associated with the inner envelope membrane (IEM) might need the integrity of a trans-envelope (IEM-OEM) protein complex (e.g., division ring-forming components) or at least an intact OEM partner. Following this evaluation, proteomic analyzes should be refined and the putative role of inter-membrane space components stabilizing trans-envelope complexes demonstrated. For future comprehensive studies, perspectives include the dynamic analyses of OEM proteins and IEM-OEM complexes in various physiological contexts and using virtually any other purified membrane organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hardré
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Laboratoire de Biologie à Grande Echelle, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Albrieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Morgane Michaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Daphné Seigneurin-Berny
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Maryse A. Block
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 CNRS-CEA-INRA-Université Grenoble Alpes, iRTSVCEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Richardson LGL, Paila YD, Siman SR, Chen Y, Smith MD, Schnell DJ. Targeting and assembly of components of the TOC protein import complex at the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:269. [PMID: 24966864 PMCID: PMC4052903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC) initiates the import of thousands of nuclear encoded preproteins required for chloroplast biogenesis and function. The multimeric TOC complex contains two GTP-regulated receptors, Toc34 and Toc159, which recognize the transit peptides of preproteins and initiate protein import through a β-barrel membrane channel, Toc75. Different isoforms of Toc34 and Toc159 assemble with Toc75 to form structurally and functionally diverse translocons, and the composition and levels of TOC translocons is required for the import of specific subsets of coordinately expressed proteins during plant growth and development. Consequently, the proper assembly of the TOC complexes is key to ensuring organelle homeostasis. This review will focus on our current knowledge of the targeting and assembly of TOC components to form functional translocons at the outer membrane. Our analyses reveal that the targeting of TOC components involves elements common to the targeting of other outer membrane proteins, but also include unique features that appear to have evolved to specifically facilitate assembly of the import apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G. L. Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, AmherstMA, USA
| | - Yamuna D. Paila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, AmherstMA, USA
| | - Steven R. Siman
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, WaterlooON, Canada
| | - Danny J. Schnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, AmherstMA, USA
- *Correspondence: Danny J. Schnell, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Life Sciences Laboratories, Room N431, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA e-mail:
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14
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Ling Q, Jarvis P. Dynamic regulation of endosymbiotic organelles by ubiquitination. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Hopkins JF, Spencer DF, Laboissiere S, Neilson JAD, Eveleigh RJM, Durnford DG, Gray MW, Archibald JM. Proteomics reveals plastid- and periplastid-targeted proteins in the chlorarachniophyte alga Bigelowiella natans. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 4:1391-406. [PMID: 23221610 PMCID: PMC3542566 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorarachniophytes are unicellular marine algae with plastids (chloroplasts) of secondary endosymbiotic origin. Chlorarachniophyte cells retain the remnant nucleus (nucleomorph) and cytoplasm (periplastidial compartment, PPC) of the green algal endosymbiont from which their plastid was derived. To characterize the diversity of nucleus-encoded proteins targeted to the chlorarachniophyte plastid, nucleomorph, and PPC, we isolated plastid–nucleomorph complexes from the model chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans and subjected them to high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our proteomic analysis, the first of its kind for a nucleomorph-bearing alga, resulted in the identification of 324 proteins with 95% confidence. Approximately 50% of these proteins have predicted bipartite leader sequences at their amino termini. Nucleus-encoded proteins make up >90% of the proteins identified. With respect to biological function, plastid-localized light-harvesting proteins were well represented, as were proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that many, but by no means all, of the proteins identified in our proteomic screen are of apparent green algal ancestry, consistent with the inferred evolutionary origin of the plastid and nucleomorph in chlorarachniophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Hopkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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New putative chloroplast vesicle transport components and cargo proteins revealed using a bioinformatics approach: an Arabidopsis model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59898. [PMID: 23573218 PMCID: PMC3613420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and lipids are known to be transported to targeted cytosolic compartments in vesicles. A similar system in chloroplasts is suggested to transfer lipids from the inner envelope to the thylakoids. However, little is known about both possible cargo proteins and the proteins required to build a functional vesicle transport system in chloroplasts. A few components have been suggested, but only one (CPSAR1) has a verified location in chloroplast vesicles. This protein is localized in the donor membrane (envelope) and vesicles, but not in the target membrane (thylakoids) suggesting it plays a similar role to a cytosolic homologue, Sar1, in the secretory pathway. Thus, we hypothesized that there may be more similarities, in addition to lipid transport, between the vesicle transport systems in the cytosol and chloroplast, i.e. similar vesicle transport components, possible cargo proteins and receptors. Therefore, using a bioinformatics approach we searched for putative chloroplast components in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, corresponding mainly to components of the cytosolic vesicle transport system that may act in coordination with previously proposed COPII chloroplast homologues. We found several additional possible components, supporting the notion of a fully functional vesicle transport system in chloroplasts. Moreover, we found motifs in thylakoid-located proteins similar to those of COPII vesicle cargo proteins, supporting the hypothesis that chloroplast vesicles may transport thylakoid proteins from the envelope to the thylakoid membrane. Several putative cargo proteins are involved in photosynthesis, thus we propose the existence of a novel thylakoid protein pathway that is important for construction and maintenance of the photosynthetic machinery.
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17
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18
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Blancaflor EB. Regulation of plant gravity sensing and signaling by the actin cytoskeleton. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:143-52. [PMID: 23002165 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a process by which plant organs readjust their growth toward or away from the gravity vector when the plant is reoriented. The actin cytoskeleton has often been a significant component of models explaining gravitropism, but its role in this process has become somewhat controversial in light of reports showing that actin inhibitors enhance the gravitropic response. The work with inhibitors implies that actin might function as a negative regulator of gravitropism. In this article, possibilities for how such a role might be accomplished are presented. First, the organization of actin in statocytes is revisited in an attempt to rationalize how compressive forces exerted by statoliths on membranes can lead to enhanced gravity sensing. Second, recent genetic work in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is discussed, focusing on the potential involvement of the protein degradation machinery in actin-mediated control of statolith dynamics and on the intriguing possibility that an actin-regulated, ligand-receptor mechanism for gravity signal transduction might operate in higher plants. Third, modifications in the trafficking of auxin efflux transporters are considered as possible mechanisms for the enhanced gravity responses observed in plant organs when the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted by chemical inhibitors. The various possibilities presented in this review emphasize the large amount of research that remains to be done before we can fully understand how the actin cytoskeleton modulates tropisms in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
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19
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Hashiguchi Y, Tasaka M, Morita MT. Mechanism of higher plant gravity sensing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:91-100. [PMID: 23115136 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have developed statocytes, specialized tissues or cells for gravity sensing, and subsequent signal formation. Root and shoot statocytes commonly harbor a number of amyloplasts, and amyloplast sedimentation in the direction of gravity is a critical process in gravity sensing. However, the molecular mechanism underlying amyloplast-dependent gravity sensing is largely unknown. In this review, we mainly describe the molecular basis for the gravity sensing mechanism, i.e., the molecules and their functions involved in amyloplast sedimentation. Several analyses of statocyte images in living plant organs have implied differences in the regulation of amyloplast movements between root and shoot statocytes. Amyloplasts in shoot statocytes display not only sedimentable but upward, saltatory movements, but the latter are rarely observed in root statocytes. A series of genetic studies on shoot gravitropism mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana has revealed that two intracellular components, the vacuolar membrane (VM) and actin microfilaments (AFs), within the shoot statocyte play important roles in amyloplast dynamics. Flexible VM structures surrounding the amyloplasts seem to allow them to freely sediment toward the bottom of cells. In contrast, long actin cables mediate the saltatory movements of amyloplasts. Thus, amyloplasts in shoot statocytes undergo a dynamic equilibrium of movement, and a proper intracellular environment for statocytes is essential for normal shoot gravitropism. Further analyses to identify the molecular regulators of amyloplast dynamics, including sedimentation, may contribute to an understanding of the gravity sensing mechanism in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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20
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Morita MT, Nakamura M. Dynamic behavior of plastids related to environmental response. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:722-8. [PMID: 22939249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the sessile life style of plants, organelles within plant cells exhibit dynamic behavior. Plastid movements largely depend on actin cytoskeleton and are thought to be closely linked to adaptive responses to environmental changes. Advances in live-cell imaging technology combined with molecular genetics have demonstrated the underlying mechanism and the causal relationship between plastid motility and physiological significance in environmental response. Here, recent studies on the regulatory mechanisms of two types of chloroplast movement are reviewed. Studies on regulatory mechanisms of plastid behaviors related to environmental adaptation both in short-term (acute responses) and in long-term (developmental) processes would provide new insight into diversity in role(s) of plastids in a particular cell that do not only involve photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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21
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Lung SC, Yanagisawa M, Chuong SDX. Recent progress in the single-cell C4 photosynthesis in terrestrial plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-9248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zhang L, Kato Y, Otters S, Vothknecht UC, Sakamoto W. Essential role of VIPP1 in chloroplast envelope maintenance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3695-707. [PMID: 23001039 PMCID: PMC3480296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
VESICLE-INDUCING PROTEIN IN PLASTIDS1 (VIPP1), proposed to play a role in thylakoid biogenesis, is conserved in photosynthetic organisms and is closely related to Phage Shock Protein A (PspA), which is involved in plasma membrane integrity in Escherichia coli. This study showed that chloroplasts/plastids in Arabidopsis thaliana vipp1 knockdown and knockout mutants exhibit a unique morphology, forming balloon-like structures. This altered morphology, as well as lethality of vipp1, was complemented by expression of VIPP1 fused to green fluorescent protein (VIPP1-GFP). Several lines of evidence show that the balloon chloroplasts result from chloroplast swelling related to osmotic stress, implicating VIPP1 in the maintenance of plastid envelopes. In support of this, Arabidopsis VIPP1 rescued defective proton leakage in an E. coli pspA mutant. Microscopy observation of VIPP1-GFP in transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that VIPP1 forms large macrostructures that are integrated into various morphologies along the envelopes. Furthermore, live imaging revealed that VIPP1-GFP is highly mobile when chloroplasts are subjected to osmotic stress. VIPP1-GFP showed dynamic movement in the transparent area of spherical chloroplasts, as the fluorescent molecules formed filament-like structures likely derived from disassembly of the large VIPP1 complex. Collectively, our data demonstrate that VIPP1 is a multifunctional protein in chloroplasts that is critically important for envelope maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, The Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Stephanie Otters
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (München) of Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (München) of Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, The Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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23
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Lo SM, Theg SM. Role of vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 in cpTat transport at the thylakoid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:656-68. [PMID: 22487220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
VIPP1 has been shown to be required for the proper formation of thylakoid membranes. However, studies on VIPP1 itself, as well as on PspA, its bacterial homolog, suggests that this protein may be involved in a number of additional functions, including protein translocation. The role of VIPP1 in protein translocation in the chloroplast has not been investigated. To this end, we conducted in vitro thylakoid protein transport assays to look at the effect of VIPP1 on the cpTat pathway, which is one of three translocation pathways found in both the chloroplast and its bacterial progenitor. We found that VIPP1 does indeed enhance protein transport through the cpTat pathway by up to 100%. The VIPP1 effect on cpTat activity occurs without interacting with the substrates or components of the translocon, and does not alter the energy potentials driving this translocation pathway. Instead, VIPP1 greatly enhances the amount of substrate bound productively to the thylakoids. Moreover, the presence of increasing VIPP1 concentrations in the reactions resulted in greater interactions between thylakoid membranes. Taken together, these results demonstrate a stimulatory role for VIPP1 in cpTat transport by enhancement of substrate binding, probably to the membrane lipid regions of the thylakoid. We propose a model in which VIPP1 facilitates reorganization of the thylakoid structure to increase substrate access to productive binding regions of the membrane as an early step in the cpTat pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari M Lo
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Tanz SK, Kilian J, Johnsson C, Apel K, Small I, Harter K, Wanke D, Pogson B, Albrecht V. The SCO2 protein disulphide isomerase is required for thylakoid biogenesis and interacts with LHCB1 chlorophyll a/b binding proteins which affects chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:743-54. [PMID: 22040291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The process of chloroplast biogenesis requires a multitude of pathways and processes to establish chloroplast function. In cotyledons of seedlings, chloroplasts develop either directly from proplastids (also named eoplasts) or, if germinated in the dark, via etioplasts, whereas in leaves chloroplasts derive from proplastids in the apical meristem and are then multiplied by division. The snowy cotyledon 2, sco2, mutations specifically disrupt chloroplast biogenesis in cotyledons. SCO2 encodes a chloroplast-localized protein disulphide isomerase, hypothesized to be involved in protein folding. Analysis of co-expressed genes with SCO2 revealed that genes with similar expression patterns encode chloroplast proteins involved in protein translation and in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Indeed, sco2-1 accumulates increased levels of the chlorophyll precursor, protochlorophyllide, in both dark grown cotyledons and leaves. Yeast two-hybrid analyses demonstrated that SCO2 directly interacts with the chlorophyll-binding LHCB1 proteins, being confirmed in planta using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC). Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of sco2-1 chloroplasts revealed that formation and movement of transport vesicles from the inner envelope to the thylakoids is perturbed. SCO2 does not interact with the signal recognition particle proteins SRP54 and FtsY, which were shown to be involved in targeting of LHCB1 to the thylakoids. We hypothesize that SCO2 provides an alternative targeting pathway for light-harvesting chlorophyll binding (LHCB) proteins to the thylakoids via transport vesicles predominantly in cotyledons, with the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway predominant in rosette leaves. Therefore, we propose that SCO2 is involved in the integration of LHCB1 proteins into the thylakoids that feeds back on the regulation of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway and nuclear gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Tanz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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25
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Vothknecht UC, Otters S, Hennig R, Schneider D. Vipp1: a very important protein in plastids?! JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1699-712. [PMID: 22131161 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a key feature in oxygenic photosynthesis, thylakoid membranes play an essential role in the physiology of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Despite their importance in the process of oxygenic photosynthesis, their biogenesis has remained a mystery to the present day. A decade ago, vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1) was described to be involved in thylakoid membrane formation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. Most follow-up studies clearly linked Vipp1 to membranes and Vipp1 interactions as well as the defects observed after Vipp1 depletion in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria indicate that Vipp1 directly binds to membranes, locally stabilizes bilayer structures, and thereby retains membrane integrity. Here current knowledge about the structure and function of Vipp1 is summarized with a special focus on its relationship to the bacterial phage shock protein A (PspA), as both proteins share a common origin and appear to have retained many similarities in structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute C Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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26
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Nordhues A, Schöttler MA, Unger AK, Geimer S, Schönfelder S, Schmollinger S, Rütgers M, Finazzi G, Soppa B, Sommer F, Mühlhaus T, Roach T, Krieger-Liszkay A, Lokstein H, Crespo JL, Schroda M. Evidence for a role of VIPP1 in the structural organization of the photosynthetic apparatus in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:637-59. [PMID: 22307852 PMCID: PMC3315238 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.092692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle-inducing protein in plastids (VIPP1) was suggested to play a role in thylakoid membrane formation via membrane vesicles. As this functional assignment is under debate, we investigated the function of VIPP1 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using immunofluorescence, we localized VIPP1 to distinct spots within the chloroplast. In VIPP1-RNA interference/artificial microRNA cells, we consistently observed aberrant, prolamellar body-like structures at the origin of multiple thylakoid membrane layers, which appear to coincide with the immunofluorescent VIPP1 spots and suggest a defect in thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Accordingly, using quantitative shotgun proteomics, we found that unstressed vipp1 mutant cells accumulate 14 to 20% less photosystems, cytochrome b(6)f complex, and ATP synthase but 30% more light-harvesting complex II than control cells, while complex assembly, thylakoid membrane ultrastructure, and bulk lipid composition appeared unaltered. Photosystems in vipp1 mutants are sensitive to high light, which coincides with a lowered midpoint potential of the Q(A)/Q(A)(-) redox couple and increased thermosensitivity of photosystem II (PSII), suggesting structural defects in PSII. Moreover, swollen thylakoids, despite reduced membrane energization, in vipp1 mutants grown on ammonium suggest defects in the supermolecular organization of thylakoid membrane complexes. Overall, our data suggest a role of VIPP1 in the biogenesis/assembly of thylakoid membrane core complexes, most likely by supplying structural lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Nordhues
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Aurel Schöttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Unger
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Geimer
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schönfelder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmollinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Rütgers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph Fourier, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Barbara Soppa
- Zellbiologie/Elektronenmikroskopie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Roach
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, iBiTec-S, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 2096, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Saclay, iBiTec-S, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité de Recherche Associée 2096, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Heiko Lokstein
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie/Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - José Luis Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Michael Schroda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fachbereich Biologie, Molekulare Biotechnologie und Systembiologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Inoue K. Emerging roles of the chloroplast outer envelope membrane. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:550-7. [PMID: 21775189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is essential for the viability of plants. It is enclosed by a double-membrane envelope that originated from the outer and plasma membranes of a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Chloroplast biogenesis depends on binary fission and import of nuclear-encoded proteins. Our understanding of the mechanisms and evolutionary origins of these processes has been greatly advanced by recent genetic and biochemical studies on envelope-localized multiprotein machines. Furthermore, the latest studies on outer envelope proteins have provided molecular insights into organelle movement and membrane lipid remodeling, activities that are vital for plant survival under diverse environmental conditions. Ongoing and future research on the chloroplast outer envelope should add to our knowledge of organelle biology and the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Kong SG, Wada M. New insights into dynamic actin-based chloroplast photorelocation movement. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:771-81. [PMID: 21772030 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast movement is essential for plants to survive under various environmental light conditions. Phototropins-plant-specific blue-light-activated receptor kinases-mediate the response by perceiving light intensity and direction. Recently, novel chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments have been identified as playing a pivotal role in the directional chloroplast photorelocation movement. Encouraging progress has recently been made in this field of research through molecular genetics and cell biological analyses. This review describes factors that have been identified as being involved in chloroplast movement and their roles in the regulation of cp-actin filaments, thus providing a basis for reflection on their biochemical activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam-Geun Kong
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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29
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Nakamura M, Toyota M, Tasaka M, Morita MT. An Arabidopsis E3 ligase, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM9, modulates the interaction between statoliths and F-actin in gravity sensing. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1830-48. [PMID: 21602290 PMCID: PMC3123953 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.079442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants use the sedimentation of amyloplasts in statocytes as statolith to sense the direction of gravity during gravitropism. In Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stem statocyte, amyloplasts are in complex movement; some show jumping-like saltatory movement and some tend to sediment toward the gravity direction. Here, we report that a RING-type E3 ligase SHOOT GRAVITROPISM9 (SGR9) localized to amyloplasts modulates amyloplast dynamics. In the sgr9 mutant, which exhibits reduced gravitropism, amyloplasts did not sediment but exhibited increased saltatory movement. Amyloplasts sometimes formed a cluster that is abnormally entangled with actin filaments (AFs) in sgr9. By contrast, in the fiz1 mutant, an ACT8 semidominant mutant that induces fragmentation of AFs, amyloplasts, lost saltatory movement and sedimented with nearly statically. Both treatment with Latrunculin B, an inhibitor of AF polymerization, and the fiz1 mutation rescued the gravitropic defect of sgr9. In addition, fiz1 decreased saltatory movement and induced amyloplast sedimentation even in sgr9. Our results suggest that amyloplasts are in equilibrium between sedimentation and saltatory movement in wild-type endodermal cells. Furthermore, this equilibrium is the result of the interaction between amyloplasts and AFs modulated by the SGR9. SGR9 may promote detachment of amyloplasts from AFs, allowing the amyloplasts to sediment in the AFs-dependent equilibrium of amyloplast dynamics.
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Schattat M, Barton K, Baudisch B, Klösgen RB, Mathur J. Plastid stromule branching coincides with contiguous endoplasmic reticulum dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1667-77. [PMID: 21273446 PMCID: PMC3091094 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stromules are stroma-filled tubules extending from plastids whose rapid extension toward or retraction from other plastids has suggested a role in interplastidic communication and exchange of metabolites. Several studies point to sporadic dilations, kinks, and branches occurring along stromule length but have not elucidated the underlying basis for these occurrences. Similarly, although specific details on interacting partners have been missing, a consensus viewpoint suggests that stromules increase the interactive surface of a plastid with its cytoplasmic surroundings. Here, using live imaging, we show that the behavior of dynamic, pleomorphic stromules strongly coincides with that of cortical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules. Covisualization of fluorescent protein-highlighted stromules and the ER in diverse cell types clearly suggests correlative dynamics of the two membrane-bound compartments. The extension and retraction, as well as directional changes in stromule branches occur in tandem with the behavior of neighboring ER tubules. Three-dimensional and four-dimensional volume rendering reveals that stromules that extend into cortical regions occupy channels between ER tubules possibly through multiple membrane contact sites. Our observations clearly depict coincidental stromule-ER behavior and suggest that either the neighboring ER tubules shape stromules directly or the behavior of both ER and stromules is simultaneously dictated by a shared cytoskeleton-based mechanism. These new observations strongly implicate the ER membrane in interactions with stromules and suggest that their interacting surfaces might serve as major conduits for bidirectional exchange of ions, lipids, and metabolites between the two organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jaideep Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1 (M.S., K.B., J.M.); Institut für Biologie-Pflanzenphysiologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany (B.B., R.B.K.)
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tan H, Wang Y, Li G, Liang W, Yuan Z, Hu J, Ren H, Zhang D. RICE MORPHOLOGY DETERMINANT encodes the type II formin FH5 and regulates rice morphogenesis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:681-700. [PMID: 21307283 PMCID: PMC3077795 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms contain a large number of formins; however, their physiological roles in plants remain poorly understood. Here, we reveal that formin homology 5 (FH5), a type II formin mutated in rice morphology determinant (rmd), plays a crucial role in determining rice (Oryza sativa) morphology. FH5/RMD encodes a formin-like protein consisting of an N-terminal phosphatase tensin (PTEN)-like domain, an FH1 domain, and an FH2 domain. The rmd mutants display a bending growth pattern in seedlings, are stunted as adult plants, and have aberrant inflorescence (panicle) and seed shape. Cytological analysis showed that rmd mutants have severe cell elongation defects and abnormal microtubule and microfilament arrays. FH5/RMD is ubiquitously expressed in rice tissues, and its protein localization to the chloroplast surface is mediated by the PTEN domain. Biochemical assays demonstrated that recombinant FH5 protein can nucleate actin polymerization from monomeric G-actin or actin/profilin complexes, cap the barbed end of actin filaments, and bundle actin filaments in vitro. Moreover, FH5 can directly bind to and bundle microtubules through its FH2 domain in vitro. Our findings suggest that the rice formin protein FH5 plays a critical role in determining plant morphology by regulating actin dynamics and proper spatial organization of microtubules and microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hexin Tan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University–Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Development and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Address correspondence to
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Breuers FKH, Bräutigam A, Weber APM. The Plastid Outer Envelope - A Highly Dynamic Interface between Plastid and Cytoplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:97. [PMID: 22629266 PMCID: PMC3355566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are the defining organelles of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. They are the site of photosynthesis and of a large number of other essential metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid and amino acid biosyntheses, sulfur and nitrogen assimilation, and aromatic and terpenoid compound production, to mention only a few examples. The metabolism of plastids is heavily intertwined and connected with that of the surrounding cytosol, thus causing massive traffic of metabolic precursors, intermediates, and products. Two layers of biological membranes that are called the inner (IE) and the outer (OE) plastid envelope membranes bound the plastids of Archaeplastida. While the IE is generally accepted as the osmo-regulatory barrier between cytosol and stroma, the OE was considered to represent an unspecific molecular sieve, permeable for molecules of up to 10 kDa. However, after the discovery of small substrate specific pores in the OE, this view has come under scrutiny. In addition to controlling metabolic fluxes between plastid and cytosol, the OE is also crucial for protein import into the chloroplast. It contains the receptors and translocation channel of the TOC complex that is required for the canonical post-translational import of nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted proteins. Further, the OE is a metabolically active compartment of the chloroplast, being involved in, e.g., fatty acid metabolism and membrane lipid production. Also, recent findings hint on the OE as a defense platform against several biotic and abiotic stress conditions, such as cold acclimation, freezing tolerance, and phosphate deprivation. Moreover, dynamic non-covalent interactions between the OE and the endomembrane system are thought to play important roles in lipid and non-canonical protein trafficking between plastid and endoplasmic reticulum. While proteomics and bioinformatics has provided us with comprehensive but still incomplete information on proteins localized in the plastid IE, the stroma, and the thylakoids, our knowledge of the protein composition of the plastid OE is far from complete. In this article, we report on the recent progress in discovering novel OE proteins to draw a conclusive picture of the OE. A "parts list" of the plastid OE will be presented, using data generated by proteomics of plastids isolated from various plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas P. M. Weber, Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. e-mail:
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Dynamic Behavior of Double-Membrane-Bounded Organelles in Plant Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:181-222. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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Salinas-Mondragon RE, Kajla JD, Perera IY, Brown CS, Sederoff HW. Role of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate signalling in gravitropic and phototropic gene expression. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:2041-55. [PMID: 20584147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense light and gravity to orient their direction of growth. One common component in the early events of both phototropic and gravitropic signal transduction is activation of phospholipase C (PLC), which leads to an increase in inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP(3)) levels. The InsP(3) signal is terminated by hydrolysis of InsP(3) through inositolpolyphosphate-5-phosphatases (InsP 5-ptases). Arabidopsis plants expressing a heterologous InsP 5-ptase have low basal InsP(3) levels and exhibit reduced gravitropic and phototropic bending. Downstream effects of InsP(3)-mediated signalling are not understood. We used comparative transcript profiling to characterize gene expression changes in gravity- or light-stimulated Arabidopsis root apices that were manipulated in their InsP(3) metabolism either through inhibition of PLC activity or expression of InsP 5-ptase. We identified InsP(3)-dependent and InsP(3)-independent co-regulated gene sets in response to gravity or light stimulation. Inhibition of PLC activity in wild-type plants caused similar changes in transcript abundance in response to gravitropic and phototropic stimulation as in the transgenic lines. Therefore, we conclude that changes in gene expression in response to gravitropic and phototropic stimulation are mediated by two signal transduction pathways that vary in their dependence on changes in InsP(3).
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35
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Albrecht V, Simková K, Carrie C, Delannoy E, Giraud E, Whelan J, Small ID, Apel K, Badger MR, Pogson BJ. The cytoskeleton and the peroxisomal-targeted snowy cotyledon3 protein are required for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3423-38. [PMID: 20978221 PMCID: PMC2990128 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the snowy cotyledon3 (sco3-1) mutation, which impairs chloroplast and etioplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. SCO3 is a member of a largely uncharacterized protein family unique to the plant kingdom. The sco3-1 mutation alters chloroplast morphology and development, reduces chlorophyll accumulation, impairs thylakoid formation and photosynthesis in seedlings, and results in photoinhibition under extreme CO(2) concentrations in mature leaves. There are no readily apparent changes to chloroplast biology, such as transcription or assembly that explain the disruption to chloroplast biogenesis. Indeed, SCO3 is actually targeted to another organelle, specifically to the periphery of peroxisomes. However, impaired chloroplast development cannot be attributed to perturbed peroxisomal metabolic processes involving germination, fatty acid β-oxidation or photorespiration, though there are so far undescribed changes in low and high CO(2) sensitivity in seedlings and young true leaves. Many of the chloroplasts are bilobed, and some have persistent membranous extensions that encircle other cellular components. Significantly, there are changes to the cytoskeleton in sco3-1, and microtubule inhibitors have similar effects on chloroplast biogenesis as sco3-1 does. The localization of SCO3 to the periphery of the peroxisomes was shown to be dependent on a functional microtubule cytoskeleton. Therefore, the microtubule and peroxisome-associated SCO3 protein is required for chloroplast development, and sco3-1, along with microtubule inhibitors, demonstrates an unexpected role for the cytoskeleton and peroxisomes in chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Albrecht
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University Canberra, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Agne B, Andrès C, Montandon C, Christ B, Ertan A, Jung F, Infanger S, Bischof S, Baginsky S, Kessler F. The acidic A-domain of Arabidopsis TOC159 occurs as a hyperphosphorylated protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1016-30. [PMID: 20457805 PMCID: PMC2899928 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The translocon at the outer membrane of the chloroplast assists the import of a large class of preproteins with amino-terminal transit sequences. The preprotein receptors Toc159 and Toc33 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are specific for the accumulation of abundant photosynthetic proteins. The receptors are homologous GTPases known to be regulated by phosphorylation within their GTP-binding domains. In addition to the central GTP-binding domain, Toc159 has an acidic N-terminal domain (A-domain) and a C-terminal membrane-anchoring domain (M-domain). The A-domain of Toc159 is dispensable for its in vivo activity in Arabidopsis and prone to degradation in pea (Pisum sativum). Therefore, it has been suggested to have a regulatory function. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, the A-domain is not simply degraded but that it accumulates as a soluble, phosphorylated protein separated from Toc159. However, the physiological relevance of this process is unclear. The data show that the A-domain of Toc159 as well as those of its homologs Toc132 and Toc120 are targets of a casein kinase 2-like activity.
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Andrès C, Agne B, Kessler F. The TOC complex: preprotein gateway to the chloroplast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1803:715-23. [PMID: 20226817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic eukaryotes strongly depend on chloroplast metabolic pathways. Most if not all involve nuclear encoded proteins. These are synthesized as cytosolic preproteins with N-terminal, cleavable targeting sequences (transit peptide). Preproteins are imported by a major pathway composed of two proteins complexes: TOC and TIC (Translocon of the Outer and Inner membranes of the Chloroplasts, respectively). These selectively recognize the preproteins and facilitate their transport across the chloroplast envelope. The TOC core complex consists of three types of components, each belonging to a small family: Toc34, Toc75 and Toc159. Toc34 and Toc159 isoforms represent a subfamily of the GTPase superfamily. The members of the Toc34 and Toc159 subfamily act as GTP-dependent receptors at the chloroplast surface and distinct members of each occur in defined, substrate-specific TOC complexes. Toc75, a member of the Omp85 family, is conserved from prokaryotes and functions as the unique protein-conducting channel at the outer membrane. In this review we will describe the current state of knowledge regarding the composition and function of the TOC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Andrès
- Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Most proteins in chloroplasts are encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized as precursors with N-terminal targeting signals called transit peptides. Novel machinery has evolved to specifically import these proteins from the cytosol into chloroplasts. This machinery consists of more than a dozen components located in and around the chloroplast envelope, including a pair of GTPase receptors, a beta-barrel-type channel across the outer membrane, and an AAA(+)-type motor in the stroma. How individual components assemble into functional subcomplexes and the sequential steps of the translocation process are being mapped out. An increasing number of noncanonical import pathways, including a pathway with initial transport through the endomembrane system, is being revealed. Multiple levels of control on protein transport into chloroplasts have evolved, including the development of two receptor subfamilies, one for photosynthetic proteins and one for housekeeping proteins. The functions or expression levels of some translocon components are further adjusted according to plastid type, developmental stage, and metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsou-min Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Plants can reorient their growth direction by sensing organ tilt relative to the direction of gravity. With respect to gravity sensing in gravitropism, the classic starch statolith hypothesis, i.e., that starch-accumulating amyloplast movement along the gravity vector within gravity-sensing cells (statocytes) is the probable trigger of subsequent intracellular signaling, is widely accepted. Several lines of experimental evidence have demonstrated that starch is important but not essential for gravity sensing and have suggested that it is reasonable to regard plastids (containers of starch) as statoliths. Although the word statolith means sedimented stone, actual amyloplasts are not static but instead possess dynamic movement. Recent studies combining genetic and cell biological approaches, using Arabidopsis thaliana, have demonstrated that amyloplast movement is an intricate process involving vacuolar membrane structures and the actin cytoskeleton. This review covers current knowledge regarding gravity sensing, particularly gravity susception, and the factors modulating the function of amyloplasts for sensing the directional change of gravity. Specific emphasis is made on the remarkable differences in the cytological properties, developmental origins, tissue locations, and response of statocytes between root and shoot systems. Such an approach reveals a common theme in directional gravity-sensing mechanisms in these two disparate organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan.
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40
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The acidic domains of the Toc159 chloroplast preprotein receptor family are intrinsically disordered protein domains. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 10:35. [PMID: 20042108 PMCID: PMC2805684 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The Toc159 family of proteins serve as receptors for chloroplast-destined preproteins. They directly bind to transit peptides, and exhibit preprotein substrate selectivity conferred by an unknown mechanism. The Toc159 receptors each include three domains: C-terminal membrane, central GTPase, and N-terminal acidic (A-) domains. Although the function(s) of the A-domain remains largely unknown, the amino acid sequences are most variable within these domains, suggesting they may contribute to the functional specificity of the receptors. Results The physicochemical properties of the A-domains are characteristic of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Using CD spectroscopy we show that the A-domains of two Arabidopsis Toc159 family members (atToc132 and atToc159) are disordered at physiological pH and temperature and undergo conformational changes at temperature and pH extremes that are characteristic of IDPs. Conclusions Identification of the A-domains as IDPs will be important for determining their precise function(s), and suggests a role in protein-protein interactions, which may explain how these proteins serve as receptors for such a wide variety of preprotein substrates.
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Sattarzadeh A, Krahmer J, Germain AD, Hanson MR. A myosin XI tail domain homologous to the yeast myosin vacuole-binding domain interacts with plastids and stromules in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:1351-8. [PMID: 19995734 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssp094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a role in mobility of many different organelles in plant cells, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi, and peroxisomes. While progress has been made in identifying the myosin motors involved in trafficking of various plant organelles, not all of the cargoes mobilized by different members of the myosin XI family have yet been identified. The involvement of myosins in chloroplast positioning and mitochondrial movement was demonstrated by expression of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) construct in tobacco. When VIGS with two different conserved sequences from a myosin XI motor was performed in plants with either GFP-labeled plastids or mitochondria, chloroplast positioning in the dark was abnormal, and mitochondrial movement ceased. Because these and prior observations have implicated a role for myosins and the actin cytoskeleton in plastid and stromule movement, we searched for myosin tail domains that could associate with plastids and stromules. While a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion with the entire tail region of myosin XI-F was usually found only in the cytoplasm, we observed that an Arabidopsis or Nicotiana benthamiana YFP::myosin XI-F tail domain homologous to the yeast myo2p vacuole-binding domain associated with plastids and stromules after transient expression in N. benthamiana. Taken together, these observations implicate myosin motor proteins in dynamics of plastids and stromules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sattarzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Jouhet J, Gray JC. Is chloroplast import of photosynthesis proteins facilitated by an actin-TOC-TIC-VIPP1 complex? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:986-8. [PMID: 19826218 PMCID: PMC2801369 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.10.9665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments are major components of the cytoskeleton that interact with chloroplast envelope membranes to allow chloroplast positioning and movement, stromule mobility and gravitropism perception. We recently reported that Toc159, a component of the TOC complex of the chloroplast protein import apparatus, interacts directly with actin. The interaction of Toc159 and actin was identified by co-immunoprecipitation and co-sedimentation experiments with detergent-solubilised pea chloroplast envelope membranes. In addition, many of the components of the TOC-TIC protein import apparatus and VIPP1 (vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1) were identified by mass spectroscopy in the material co-immunoprecipitated with antibodies to actin. Toc159 is the receptor for the import of photosynthesis proteins and VIPP1 is involved in thylakoid membrane formation by inducing vesicle formation from the chloroplast inner envelope membrane, suggesting we may have identified an actin-TOC-TIC-VIPP1 complex that may provide a means of channeling cytosolic preproteins to the thylakoid membrane. The interaction of Toc159 with actin may facilitate exchange between the putative soluble and membrane forms of Toc159 and promote the interaction of cytosolic preproteins with the TOC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jouhet
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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