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Liu S, Lu Q, Wang M, Guo H, Wang Y, Nong J, Wang S, Xia H, Xia T, Sun H. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent p65 denitrosation promotes osteoclastogenesis by facilitating recruitment of p65 to NFATc1 promoter. Bone 2024; 181:117036. [PMID: 38311303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the exclusive bone resorptive cells, are indispensable for bone remodeling. Hence, understanding novel signaling modulators regulating osteoclastogenesis is clinically important. Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) is a master transcription factor in osteoclastogenesis, and binding of NF-κB p65 subunit to NFATc1 promoter is required for its expression. It is well-established that DNA binding activity of p65 can be regulated by various post-translational modifications, including S-nitrosation. Recent studies have demonstrated that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR)-mediated protein denitrosation participated in cell fate commitment by regulating gene transcription. However, the role of GSNOR in osteoclastogenesis remains unexplored and enigmatic. Here, we investigated the effect of GSNOR-mediated denitrosation of p65 on osteoclastogenesis. Our results revealed that GSNOR was up-regulated during osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Moreover, GSNOR inhibition with a chemical inhibitor impaired osteoclast differentiation, podosome belt formation, and bone resorption activity. Furthermore, GSNOR inhibition enhanced the S-nitrosation level of p65, precluded the binding of p65 to NFATc1 promoter, and suppressed NFATc1 expression. In addition, mouse model of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced calvarial osteolysis was employed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of GSNOR inhibitor in vivo. Our results indicated that GSNOR inhibitor treatment alleviated the inflammatory bone loss by impairing osteoclast formation in mice. Taken together, these data have shown that GSNOR activity is required for osteoclastogenesis by facilitating binding of p65 to NFATc1 promoter via promoting p65 denitrosation, suggesting that GSNOR may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of osteolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jingwen Nong
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haibin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Center for Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry, Optics Valley Branch, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Pharmacological Inhibition of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Reduces Cardiac Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040555. [PMID: 33918310 PMCID: PMC8065739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of nitric oxide (NO) have been described through S-nitrosylation of several important proteins in the mitochondria of the cardiomyocyte. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of S-nitrosothiols by producing denitrosylation, thus limiting the cardioprotective effect of NO. The effect of GSNOR inhibition on the damage by cardiac ischemia–reperfusion is still unclear. We tested the hypothesis that pharmacological inhibition of GSNOR promotes cardioprotection by increasing the levels of protein S-nitrosylation. In a model of ischemia–reperfusion in isolated rat heart, the effect of a GSNOR inhibitor, 5-chloro-3-(2-[4-ethoxyphenyl) (ethyl) amino]-2-oxoethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (C2), was investigated. Ventricular function and hemodynamics were determined, in addition to tissue damage and S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins. Hearts treated with C2 showed a lower release of myocardial damage marker creatine kinase and a reduction in the infarcted area. It also improved post-ischemia ventricular function compared to controls. These results were associated with increasing protein S-nitrosylation, specifically of the mitochondrial complexes III and V. The pharmacological inhibition of GSNOR showed a concentration-dependent cardioprotective effect, being observed in functional parameters and myocardial damage, which was maximal at 1 µmol/L, associated with increased S-nitrosylation of mitochondrial proteins. These data suggest that GSNOR is an interesting pharmacological target for cardiac reperfusion injury.
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Hu Q, Shi J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z. Progress and Prospects of Regulatory Functions Mediated by Nitric Oxide on Immunity and Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Jingyu Shi
- Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430077 China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Yi Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430077 China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Centre for Nanomedicine, Hubei Engineering Research Centre for Novel Drug Delivery System Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
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Abstract
Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death worldwide. Although the methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation have been improved, mortality is still unacceptably high, and many survivors suffer from lasting neurological deficits due to the post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). Pathophysiologically, generalized vascular endothelial dysfunction accompanied by platelet activation and systemic inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PCAS. Because endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) plays a central role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, the role of NO-dependent signaling has been a focus of the intense investigation. Recent preclinical studies showed that therapeutic interventions that increase vascular NO bioavailability may improve outcomes after cardiac arrest complicated with PCAS. In particular, NO inhalation therapy has been shown to improve neurological outcomes and survival in multiple species. Clinical studies examining the safety and efficacy of inhaled NO in patients sustaining PCAS are warranted.
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Hayashida K, Bagchi A, Miyazaki Y, Hirai S, Seth D, Silverman MG, Rezoagli E, Marutani E, Mori N, Magliocca A, Liu X, Berra L, Hindle AG, Donnino MW, Malhotra R, Bradley MO, Stamler JS, Ichinose F. Improvement in Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation by Inhibition of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase. Circulation 2019; 139:815-827. [PMID: 30586713 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological effects of nitric oxide are mediated via protein S-nitrosylation. Levels of S-nitrosylated protein are controlled in part by the denitrosylase, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). The objective of this study was to examine whether GSNOR inhibition improves outcomes after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). METHODS Adult wild-type C57BL/6 and GSNOR-deleted (GSNOR-/-) mice were subjected to potassium chloride-induced CA and subsequently resuscitated. Fifteen minutes after a return of spontaneous circulation, wild-type mice were randomized to receive the GSNOR inhibitor, SPL-334.1, or normal saline as placebo. Mortality, neurological outcome, GSNOR activity, and levels of S-nitrosylated proteins were evaluated. Plasma GSNOR activity was measured in plasma samples obtained from post-CA patients, preoperative cardiac surgery patients, and healthy volunteers. RESULTS GSNOR activity was increased in plasma and multiple organs of mice, including brain in particular. Levels of protein S-nitrosylation were decreased in the brain 6 hours after CA/CPR. Administration of SPL-334.1 attenuated the increase in GSNOR activity in brain, heart, liver, spleen, and plasma, and restored S-nitrosylated protein levels in the brain. Inhibition of GSNOR attenuated ischemic brain injury and improved survival in wild-type mice after CA/CPR (81.8% in SPL-334.1 versus 36.4% in placebo; log rank P=0.031). Similarly, GSNOR deletion prevented the reduction in the number of S-nitrosylated proteins in the brain, mitigated brain injury, and improved neurological recovery and survival after CA/CPR. Both GSNOR inhibition and deletion attenuated CA/CPR-induced disruption of blood brain barrier. Post-CA patients had higher plasma GSNOR activity than did preoperative cardiac surgery patients or healthy volunteers ( P<0.0001). Plasma GSNOR activity was positively correlated with initial lactate levels in postarrest patients (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.48; P=0.045). CONCLUSIONS CA and CPR activated GSNOR and reduced the number of S-nitrosylated proteins in the brain. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of GSNOR prevented ischemic brain injury and improved survival rates by restoring S-nitrosylated protein levels in the brain after CA/CPR in mice. Our observations suggest that GSNOR is a novel biomarker of postarrest brain injury as well as a molecular target to improve outcomes after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashida
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Divya Seth
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (D.S.), Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael G Silverman
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (M.G.S., R.M.), Boston, MA
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Eizo Marutani
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Naohiro Mori
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (X.L., M.W.D.)
| | - Lorenzo Berra
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
| | - Michael W Donnino
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (X.L., M.W.D.)
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (M.G.S., R.M.), Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Fumito Ichinose
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School (K.H., A.B., Y.M., S.H., E.R., E.M., N.M., A.M., L.B., A.G.H., F.I.), Boston, MA
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6
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Yang Z, Bochkov YA, Voelker DR, Foster MW, Que LG. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Human Rhinovirus Replication and Inflammation in Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:58-67. [PMID: 30156431 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0058oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV), the major cause of the common cold, triggers the majority of acute airway exacerbations in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nitric oxide, and the related metabolite S-nitrosoglutathione, are produced in the airway epithelium via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 and have been shown to function in host defense against RV infection. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), might potentiate the antiviral properties of airway-derived NOS2. Using in vitro models of RV-A serotype 16 (RV-A16) and mNeonGreen-H1N1pr8 infection of human airway epithelial cells, we found that treatment with a previously characterized GSNOR inhibitor (4-[[2-[[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]thio]-4-oxothieno-[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl]-benzoic acid; referred to as C3m) decreased RV-A16 replication and expression of downstream proinflammatory and antiviral mediators (e.g., RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted], CXCL10, and Mx1), and increased Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-dependent genes (e.g., SQSTM1 and TrxR1). In contrast, C3m had no effect on influenza virus H1N1pr8 replication. Moreover, a structurally dissimilar GSNOR inhibitor (N6022) did not alter RV replication, suggesting that the properties of C3m may be specific to rhinovirus owing to an off-target effect. Consistent with this, C3m antiviral effects were not blocked by either NOS inhibition or GSNOR knockdown but appeared to be mediated by reduced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transcription and increased shedding of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protein. Collectively these data show that C3m has novel antirhinoviral properties that may synergize with, but are unrelated to, its GSNOR inhibitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Yang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Matthew W Foster
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Loretta G Que
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
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Oliveira-Paula GH, Tanus-Santos JE. Nitrite-stimulated Gastric Formation of S-nitrosothiols As An Antihypertensive Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:431-443. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180816120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is usually associated with deficient nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and therefore stimulating NO activity is an important antihypertensive strategy. Recently, many studies have shown that both nitrite and nitrate anions are not simple products of NO metabolism and indeed may be reduced back to NO. While enzymes with nitrite-reductase activity capable of generating NO from nitrite may contribute to antihypertensive effects of nitrite, another mechanism involving the generation of NO-related species in the stomach from nitrite has been validated. Under the acidic conditions of the stomach, nitrite generates NO-related species that form S-nitrosothiols. Conversely, drugs that increase gastric pH may impair the gastric formation of S-nitrosothiols, which may mediate antihypertensive effects of oral nitrite or nitrate. Therefore, it is now becoming clear that promoting gastric formation of S-nitrosothiols may result in effective antihypertensive responses, and this mechanism opens a window of opportunity in the therapy of hypertension. In this review, we discuss the recent studies supporting the gastric generation of S-nitrosothiols as a potential antihypertensive mechanism of oral nitrite. We also highlight some drugs that increase S-nitrosothiols bioavailability, which may also improve the responses to nitrite/nitrate therapy. This new approach may result in increased nitrosation of critical pharmacological receptors and enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, which tend to respond less to their activators resulting in lower blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H. Oliveira-Paula
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose E. Tanus-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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8
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Muthukaman N, Deshmukh S, Tondlekar S, Tambe M, Pisal D, Sarode N, Mhatre S, Chakraborti S, Shah D, Bhosale VM, Kulkarni A, Mahat MYA, Jadhav SB, Gudi GS, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Gharat LA. Discovery of 5-(2-chloro-4'-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-tetrazole as potent and orally efficacious S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) inhibitors for the potential treatment of COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3766-3773. [PMID: 30340896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous nitrosothiols (SNOs) including S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) serve as reservoir for bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) and mediate NO-based signaling, inflammatory status and smooth muscle function in the lung. GSNOR inhibition increases pulmonary GSNO and induces bronchodilation while reducing inflammation in lung diseases. In this letter, design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel imidazole-biaryl-tetrazole based GSNOR inhibitors are described. Many potent inhibitors (30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45 and 58) were identified with low nanomolar activity (IC50s: <15 nM) along with adequate metabolic stability. Lead compounds 30 and 58 exhibited good exposure and oral bioavailability in mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) study. Compound 30 was selected for further profiling and revealed comparable mouse and rat GSNOR potency, high selectivity against alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and carbonyl reductase (CBR1) family of enzymes, low efflux ratio and permeability in PAMPA, a high permeability in CALU-3 assay, significantly low hERG activity and minimal off-target activity. Further, an in vivo efficacy of compound 30 is disclosed in cigarette smoke (CS) induced mouse model for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Muthukaman
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Sanjay Deshmukh
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Shital Tondlekar
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Macchindra Tambe
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Dnyandeo Pisal
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelam Sarode
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Siddharth Mhatre
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Samitabh Chakraborti
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Daisy Shah
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Vikram M Bhosale
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Mahamad Yunnus A Mahat
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Satyawan B Jadhav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Girish S Gudi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Biological Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India
| | - Laxmikant A Gharat
- Chemical Research, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Limited, Glenmark Research Center, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 400709, India.
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Choi MS. Pathophysiological Role of S-Nitrosylation and Transnitrosylation Depending on S-Nitrosoglutathione Levels Regulated by S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:533-538. [PMID: 30464072 PMCID: PMC6254642 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) mediates various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Protein S-nitrosylation (SNO), a NO-mediated reversible protein modification, leads to changes in the activity and function of target proteins. Recent findings on protein-protein transnitrosylation reactions (transfer of an NO group from one protein to another) have unveiled the mechanism of NO modulation of specific signaling pathways. The intracellular level of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a major reactive NO species, is controlled by GSNO reductase (GSNOR), a major regulator of NO/SNO signaling. Increasing number of GSNOR-related studies have shown the important role that denitrosylation plays in cellular NO/SNO homeostasis and human pathophysiology. This review introduces recent evidence of GSNO-mediated NO/SNO signaling depending on GSNOR expression or activity. In addition, the applicability of GSNOR as a target for drug therapy will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Choi
- Lab of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ahmad S, Alam O, Naim MJ, Shaquiquzzaman M, Alam MM, Iqbal M. Pyrrole: An insight into recent pharmacological advances with structure activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:527-561. [PMID: 30119011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole is a heterocyclic ring template with multiple pharmacophores that provides a way for the generation of library of enormous lead molecules. Owing to its vast pharmacological profile, pyrrole and its analogues have drawn much attention of the researchers/chemists round the globe to be explored exhaustively for the benefit of mankind. This review focusses on recent advancements; pertaining to pyrrole scaffold, discussing various aspects of structure activity relationship and its bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujauddin Ahmad
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India.
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - M Mumtaz Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 62, India
| | - Muzaffar Iqbal
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Increased GSNOR Expression during Aging Impairs Cognitive Function and Decreases S-Nitrosation of CaMKIIα. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9741-9758. [PMID: 28883020 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0681-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, an increasing number of people suffer from age-related cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we found that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), the key enzyme that metabolizes intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and regulates S-nitrosation, was significantly increased in the hippocampus of both aging humans and mice. Transgenic mice overexpressing GSNOR exclusively in neurons showed cognitive impairment in behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, and the Y-maze test. We also found that GSNOR transgenic mice have LTP defects and lower dendrite spine density, whereas GSNOR knock-out mice rescued the age-related cognitive impairment. Analysis of S-nitrosation showed significantly decreased hippocampal CaMKIIα S-nitrosation in naturally aged mice and GSNOR transgenic mice. Consistent with the change in CaMKIIα S-nitrosation, the accumulation of CaMKIIα in the hippocampal synaptosomal fraction, as well as its downstream signaling targets p(S831)-GLUR1, was also significantly decreased. All these effects could be rescued in the GSNOR knock-out mice. We further verified that the S-nitrosation of CaMKIIα was responsible for the CaMKIIα synaptosomal accumulation by mutating CaMKIIα S-nitrosated sites (C280/C289). Upregulation of the NO signaling pathway rescued the cognitive impairment in GSNOR transgenic mice. In summary, our research demonstrates that GSNOR impairs cognitive function in aging and it could serve as a new potential target for the treatment of age-related cognitive impairment. In contrast to the free radical theory of aging, NO signaling deficiency may be the main mediator of age-related cognitive impairment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study indicated that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key protein S-nitrosation metabolic enzyme, is a new potential target in age-related cognitive impairment; and in contrast to the free radical theory of aging, NO signaling deficiency may be the main cause of this process. In addition, increased GSNOR expression during aging decreases S-nitrosation of CaMKIIα and reduces CaMKIIα synaptosomal accumulation. To our knowledge, it is for the first time to show the cellular function regulation of CaMKIIα by GSNOR-dependent S-nitrosation as a new post-translational modification after its phosphorylation was explored. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism of age-related cognitive impairment and may provide a new potential target and strategy for slowing down this process.
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12
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Sun BL, Palmer L, Alam SR, Adekoya I, Brown-Steinke K, Periasamy A, Mutus B. O-Aminobenzoyl-S-nitrosoglutathione: A fluorogenic, cell permeable, pseudo-substrate for S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:445-451. [PMID: 28419866 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a multifunctional enzyme. It can catalyze NADH-dependent reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO); as well as NAD+-dependent oxidation of hydroxymethylglutathione (HMGSH; an adduct formed by the spontaneous reaction between formaldehyde and glutathione). While initially recognized as the enzyme that is involved in formaldehyde detoxification, increasing amount of evidence has shown that GSNOR also plays a significant role in nitric oxide mediated signaling through its modulation of protein S-nitrosothiol signaling. In humans, GSNOR/S-nitrosothiols have been implicated in the etiology of several diseases including lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, and neuronal dysfunction. Currently, it is not possible to monitor the activity of GSNOR in live cells. In this article, we present a new compound, O-aminobenzoyl-S-nitrosoglutathione (OAbz-GSNO), which acts as a fluorogenic pseudo-substrate for GSNOR with an estimated Km value of 320µM. The weak OAbz-GSNO fluorescence increases by approximately 14 fold upon reduction of its S-NO moiety. In live cell imaging studies, OAbz-GSNO is readily taken up by primary pulmonary endothelial cells and localizes to the same perinuclear region as GSNOR. The perinuclear OAbz-GSNO fluorescence increases in a time dependent manner and this increase in fluorescence is abolished by siRNA knockdown of GSNOR or by treatment with GSNOR-specific inhibitors N6022 and C3. Taken together, these data demonstrate that OAbz-GSNO can be used as a tool to monitor the activity of GSNOR in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Palmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Itunuoluwa Adekoya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ammasi Periasamy
- W. M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bulent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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13
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Barnett SD, Buxton ILO. The role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in human disease and therapy. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:340-354. [PMID: 28393572 PMCID: PMC5597050 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1304353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), or ADH5, is an enzyme in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family. It is unique when compared to other ADH enzymes in that primary short-chain alcohols are not its principle substrate. GSNOR metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-hydroxymethylglutathione (the spontaneous adduct of formaldehyde and glutathione), and some alcohols. GSNOR modulates reactive nitric oxide (•NO) availability in the cell by catalyzing the breakdown of GSNO, and indirectly regulates S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) through GSNO-mediated protein S-nitrosation. The dysregulation of GSNOR can significantly alter cellular homeostasis, leading to disease. GSNOR plays an important regulatory role in smooth muscle relaxation, immune function, inflammation, neuronal development and cancer progression, among many other processes. In recent years, the therapeutic inhibition of GSNOR has been investigated to treat asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The direct action of •NO on cellular pathways, as well as the important regulatory role of protein S-nitrosation, is closely tied to GSNOR regulation and defines this enzyme as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Barnett
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
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14
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Yamashita AMS, Ancillotti MTC, Rangel LP, Fontenele M, Figueiredo-Freitas C, Possidonio AC, Soares CP, Sorenson MM, Mermelstein C, Nogueira L. Balance between S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation modulates myoblast proliferation independently of soluble guanylyl cyclase activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C11-C26. [PMID: 28381519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00140.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to myogenesis by regulating the transition between myoblast proliferation and fusion through cGMP signaling. NO can form S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), which control signaling pathways in many different cell types. However, neither the role of RSNO content nor its regulation by the denitrosylase activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) during myogenesis is understood. Here, we used primary cultures of chick embryonic skeletal muscle cells to investigate whether changes in intracellular RSNO alter proliferation and fusion of myoblasts in the presence and absence of cGMP. Cultures were grown to fuse most of the myoblasts into myotubes, with and without S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO), 8-Br-cGMP, DETA-NO, or inhibitors for NO synthase (NOS), GSNOR, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), or a combination of these, followed by analysis of GSNOR activity, protein expression, RSNO, cGMP, and cell morphology. Although the activity of GSNOR increased progressively over 72 h, inhibiting GSNOR (by GSNOR inhibitor - GSNORi - or by knocking down GSNOR with siRNA) produced an increase in RSNO and in the number of myoblasts and fibroblasts, accompanied by a decrease in myoblast fusion index. This was also detected with CysNO supplementation. Enhanced myoblast number was proportional to GSNOR inhibition. Effects of the GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown were blunted by NOS inhibition, suggesting their dependence on NO synthesis. Interestingly, GSNORi and GSNOR knockdown reversed the attenuated proliferation obtained with sGC inhibition in myoblasts, but not in fibroblasts. Hence myoblast proliferation is enhanced by increasing RSNO, and regulated by GSNOR activity, independently of cGMP production and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M S Yamashita
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maryana T C Ancillotti
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Rangel
- Departamento de Análise Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Marcio Fontenele
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cicero Figueiredo-Freitas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana C Possidonio
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha M Sorenson
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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15
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Dulce RA, Kulandavelu S, Schulman IH, Fritsch J, Hare JM. Nitric Oxide Regulation of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Nitric Oxide 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804273-1.00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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16
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Metformin improves defective hematopoiesis and delays tumor formation in Fanconi anemia mice. Blood 2016; 128:2774-2784. [PMID: 27756748 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure disorder associated with a high incidence of leukemia and solid tumors. Bone marrow transplantation is currently the only curative therapy for the hematopoietic complications of this disorder. However, long-term morbidity and mortality remain very high, and new therapeutics are badly needed. Here we show that the widely used diabetes drug metformin improves hematopoiesis and delays tumor formation in Fancd2-/- mice. Metformin is the first compound reported to improve both of these FA phenotypes. Importantly, the beneficial effects are specific to FA mice and are not seen in the wild-type controls. In this preclinical model of FA, metformin outperformed the current standard of care, oxymetholone, by improving peripheral blood counts in Fancd2-/- mice significantly faster. Metformin increased the size of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and enhanced quiescence in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In tumor-prone Fancd2-/-Trp53+/- mice, metformin delayed the onset of tumors and significantly extended the tumor-free survival time. In addition, we found that metformin and the structurally related compound aminoguanidine reduced DNA damage and ameliorated spontaneous chromosome breakage and radials in human FA patient-derived cells. Our results also indicate that aldehyde detoxification might be one of the mechanisms by which metformin reduces DNA damage in FA cells.
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17
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Jiang H, Polhemus DJ, Islam KN, Torregrossa AC, Li Z, Potts A, Lefer DJ, Bryan NS. Nebivolol Acts as a S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:478-85. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248415626300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Published data on nebivolol reveal selective β1 adrenergic selectively along with novel nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilatory properties. However, the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. Protein S-nitrosylation constitutes a large part of the ubiquitous influence of NO on cellular signal transduction and is involved in a number of human diseases. More recently, protein denitrosylation has been shown to play a major role in controlling cellular S-nitrosylation (SNO). Several enzymes have been reported to catalyze the reduction of SNOs and are viewed as candidate denitrosylases. One of the first described is known as S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). Importantly, GSNOR has been shown to play a role in regulating SNO signaling downstream of the β-adrenergic receptor and is therefore operative in cellular signal transduction. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of GSNOR leads to enhanced vasodilation and characteristic of known effects of nebivolol. Structurally, nebivolol is similar to known inhibitors of GSNOR. Therefore, we hypothesize that some of the known effects of nebivolol may occur through this mechanism. Experimental Approach: Using cell culture systems, tissue organ bath, and intact animal models, we report that nebivolol treatment leads to a dose-dependent accumulation of nitrosothiols in cells, and this is associated with an enhanced vasodilation by S-nitrosoglutathione. Key Results: These data suggest a new mechanism of action of nebivolol that may explain in part the reported NO activity. Conclusions and Implications: Because exogenous mediators of protein SNO or denitrosylation can substantially affect the development or progression of disease, this may call for new utility of nebivolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute at Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David J. Polhemus
- LSU Health Science Center, Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kazi N. Islam
- LSU Health Science Center, Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ashley C. Torregrossa
- Texas Therapeutics Institute at Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- LSU Health Science Center, Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Amy Potts
- Texas Therapeutics Institute at Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David J. Lefer
- LSU Health Science Center, Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nathan S. Bryan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute at Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Guerra D, Ballard K, Truebridge I, Vierling E. S-Nitrosation of Conserved Cysteines Modulates Activity and Stability of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR). Biochemistry 2016; 55:2452-64. [PMID: 27064847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO(•)) regulates diverse physiological processes from vasodilation in humans to gas exchange in plants. S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is considered a principal nitroso reservoir due to its chemical stability. GSNO accumulation is attenuated by GSNO reductase (GSNOR), a cysteine-rich cytosolic enzyme. Regulation of protein nitrosation is not well understood since NO(•)-dependent events proceed without discernible changes in GSNOR expression. Because GSNORs contain evolutionarily conserved cysteines that could serve as nitrosation sites, we examined the effects of treating plant (Arabidopsis thaliana), mammalian (human), and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) GSNORs with nitrosating agents in vitro. Enzyme activity was sensitive to nitroso donors, whereas the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) restored activity, suggesting that catalytic impairment was due to S-nitrosation. Protein nitrosation was confirmed by mass spectrometry, by which mono-, di-, and trinitrosation were observed, and these signals were sensitive to DTT. GSNOR mutants in specific non-zinc-coordinating cysteines were less sensitive to catalytic inhibition by nitroso donors and exhibited reduced nitrosation signals by mass spectrometry. Nitrosation also coincided with decreased tryptophan fluorescence, increased thermal aggregation propensity, and increased polydispersity-properties reflected by differential solvent accessibility of amino acids important for dimerization and the shape of the substrate and coenzyme binding pockets as assessed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Collectively, these data suggest a mechanism for NO(•) signal transduction in which GSNOR nitrosation and inhibition transiently permit GSNO accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Guerra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts , 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Keith Ballard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts , 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ian Truebridge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts , 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vierling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts , 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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19
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Zaman K, Sawczak V, Zaidi A, Butler M, Bennett D, Getsy P, Zeinomar M, Greenberg Z, Forbes M, Rehman S, Jyothikumar V, DeRonde K, Sattar A, Smith L, Corey D, Straub A, Sun F, Palmer L, Periasamy A, Randell S, Kelley TJ, Lewis SJ, Gaston B. Augmentation of CFTR maturation by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L263-70. [PMID: 26637637 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00269.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase regulates novel endogenous S-nitrosothiol signaling pathways, and mice deficient in GSNO reductase are protected from airways hyperreactivity. S-nitrosothiols are present in the airway, and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) tend to have low S-nitrosothiol levels that may be attributed to upregulation of GSNO reductase activity. The present study demonstrates that 1) GSNO reductase activity is increased in the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE41o(-)) cells expressing mutant F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) compared with the wild-type CFBE41o(-) cells, 2) GSNO reductase expression level is increased in the primary human bronchial epithelial cells expressing mutant F508del-CFTR compared with the wild-type cells, 3) GSNO reductase colocalizes with cochaperone Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop; Stip1) in human airway epithelial cells, 4) GSNO reductase knockdown with siRNA increases the expression and maturation of CFTR and decreases Stip1 expression in human airway epithelial cells, 5) increased levels of GSNO reductase cause a decrease in maturation of CFTR, and 6) a GSNO reductase inhibitor effectively reverses the effects of GSNO reductase on CFTR maturation. These studies provide a novel approach to define the subcellular location of the interactions between Stip1 and GSNO reductase and the role of S-nitrosothiols in these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalequz Zaman
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Victoria Sawczak
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Atiya Zaidi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maya Butler
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Deric Bennett
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Paulina Getsy
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maryam Zeinomar
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zivi Greenberg
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael Forbes
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shagufta Rehman
- W. M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginiga
| | - Vinod Jyothikumar
- W. M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginiga
| | - Kim DeRonde
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Abdus Sattar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Laura Smith
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Deborah Corey
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adam Straub
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lisa Palmer
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ammasi Periasamy
- W. M. Keck Center for Cellular Imaging, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginiga
| | - Scott Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thomas J Kelley
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Pediatric Pulmonology Division, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Figueiredo-Freitas C, Dulce RA, Foster MW, Liang J, Yamashita AMS, Lima-Rosa FL, Thompson JW, Moseley MA, Hare JM, Nogueira L, Sorenson MM, Pinto JR. S-Nitrosylation of Sarcomeric Proteins Depresses Myofilament Ca2+)Sensitivity in Intact Cardiomyocytes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1017-34. [PMID: 26421519 PMCID: PMC4649751 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The heart responds to physiological and pathophysiological stress factors by increasing its production of nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with intracellular glutathione to form S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a protein S-nitrosylating agent. Although S-nitrosylation protects some cardiac proteins against oxidative stress, direct effects on myofilament performance are unknown. We hypothesize that S-nitrosylation of sarcomeric proteins will modulate the performance of cardiac myofilaments. RESULTS Incubation of intact mouse cardiomyocytes with S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO, a cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol) significantly decreased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. In demembranated (skinned) fibers, S-nitrosylation with 1 μM GSNO also decreased Ca(2+) sensitivity of contraction and 10 μM reduced maximal isometric force, while inhibition of relaxation and myofibrillar ATPase required higher concentrations (≥ 100 μM). Reducing S-nitrosylation with ascorbate partially reversed the effects on Ca(2+) sensitivity and ATPase activity. In live cardiomyocytes treated with CysNO, resin-assisted capture of S-nitrosylated protein thiols was combined with label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to quantify S-nitrosylation and determine the susceptible cysteine sites on myosin, actin, myosin-binding protein C, troponin C and I, tropomyosin, and titin. The ability of sarcomere proteins to form S-NO from 10-500 μM CysNO in intact cardiomyocytes was further determined by immunoblot, with actin, myosin, myosin-binding protein C, and troponin C being the more susceptible sarcomeric proteins. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS Thus, specific physiological effects are associated with S-nitrosylation of a limited number of cysteine residues in sarcomeric proteins, which also offer potential targets for interventions in pathophysiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cícero Figueiredo-Freitas
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida.,2 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .,3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Raul A Dulce
- 4 Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Matthew W Foster
- 5 Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina.,6 Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jingsheng Liang
- 3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Aline M S Yamashita
- 2 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Frederico L Lima-Rosa
- 2 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J Will Thompson
- 6 Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- 6 Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joshua M Hare
- 4 Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- 2 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha M Sorenson
- 2 Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Renato Pinto
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida.,3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
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21
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Kopach P, Pentikis HS, Atamas SP. Pharmacological In Vivo Inhibition of S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Inflammation and Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015. [PMID: 26209236 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation poses a substantial biomedical challenge due to often negative disease outcomes combined with the need to develop better, more effective therapies. We assessed the in vivo effect of administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, SPL-334 (4-{[2-[(2-cyanobenzyl)thio]-4-oxothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl}benzoic acid), in a mouse model of ILD induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). Daily i.p. administration of SPL-334 alone at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg had no effect on animal body weight, appearance, behavior, total and differential bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, or collagen accumulation in the lungs, showing no toxicity of our investigational compound. Similar administration of SPL-334 for 7 days before and for an additional 14 days after BLM instillation resulted in a preventive protective effect on the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight and changes in total and differential BAL cellularity. In the therapeutic treatment regimen, SPL-334 was administered at days 7-21 after BLM challenge. Such treatment attenuated the BLM challenge-induced decline in total body weight, changes in total and differential BAL cellularity, and magnitudes of histologic changes and collagen accumulation in the lungs. These changes were accompanied by an attenuation of BLM-induced elevations in pulmonary levels of profibrotic cytokines interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Experiments in cell cultures of primary normal human lung fibroblast have demonstrated attenuation of TGF-β-induced upregulation in collagen by SPL-334. It was concluded that SPL-334 is a potential therapeutic agent for ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Virginia Lockatell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Pavel Kopach
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Helen S Pentikis
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
| | - Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (I.G.L., V.L., N.W.T., P.K., S.P.A); and SAJE Pharma, Baltimore, Maryland (H.S.P.)
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Cao Y, Gomes SA, Rangel EB, Paulino EC, Fonseca TL, Li J, Teixeira MB, Gouveia CH, Bianco AC, Kapiloff MS, Balkan W, Hare JM. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent PPARγ denitrosylation participates in MSC-derived adipogenesis and osteogenesis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1679-91. [PMID: 25798618 DOI: 10.1172/jci73780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a common precursor of both adipocytes and osteoblasts. While it is appreciated that PPARγ regulates the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis, the roles of additional regulators of this process remain controversial. Here, we show that MSCs isolated from mice lacking S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, a denitrosylase that regulates protein S-nitrosylation, exhibited decreased adipogenesis and increased osteoblastogenesis compared with WT MSCs. Consistent with this cellular phenotype, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient mice were smaller, with reduced fat mass and increased bone formation that was accompanied by elevated bone resorption. WT and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs exhibited equivalent PPARγ expression; however, S-nitrosylation of PPARγ was elevated in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-deficient MSCs, diminishing binding to its downstream target fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). We further identified Cys 139 of PPARγ as an S-nitrosylation site and demonstrated that S-nitrosylation of PPARγ inhibits its transcriptional activity, suggesting a feedback regulation of PPARγ transcriptional activity by NO-mediated S-nitrosylation. Together, these results reveal that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-dependent modification of PPARγ alters the balance between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation and provides checkpoint regulation of the lineage bifurcation of these 2 lineages. Moreover, these findings provide pathophysiological and therapeutic insights regarding MSC participation in adipogenesis and osteogenesis.
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23
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Wang D, Liu Y, Tan X, Liu H, Zeng G, Hu X, Jian H, Gu Y. Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on antioxidative system and S-nitrosylation in leaves of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud under cadmium stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3489-3497. [PMID: 25242592 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd)-induced growth inhibition is one of the primary factors limiting phytoremediation effect of Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud in contaminated soil. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide (NO), has been evidenced to alleviate Cd toxicity in many plants. However, as an important mechanism of NO in orchestrating cellular functions, S-nitrosylation is still poorly understood in its relation with Cd tolerance of plants. In this study, higher exogenous NO levels were found to coincide with higher S-nitrosylation level expressed as content of S-nitrosothiols (SNO). The addition of low concentration (100 μM) SNP increased the SNO content, and it simultaneously induced an alleviating effect against Cd toxicity by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) and reduced the accumulation of H2O2 as compared with Cd alone. Application of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) inhibitors dodecanoic acid (DA) in 100 μM SNP group brought in an extra elevation in S-nitrosylation level and further reinforced the effect of SNP. While the additions of 400 μM SNP and 400 μM SNP + 50 μM DA further elevated the S-nitrosylation level, it markedly weakened the alleviating effect against Cd toxicity as compared with the addition of 100 μM SNP. This phenomenon could be owing to excess consumption of glutathione (GSH) to form SNO under high S-nitrosylation level. Therefore, the present study indicates that S-nitrosylation is involved in the ameliorating effect of SNP against Cd toxicity. This involvement exhibited a concentration-dependent property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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24
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Nitrite reduction by molybdoenzymes: a new class of nitric oxide-forming nitrite reductases. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:403-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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26
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Blonder JP, Mutka SC, Sun X, Qiu J, Green LH, Mehra NK, Boyanapalli R, Suniga M, Look K, Delany C, Richards JP, Looker D, Scoggin C, Rosenthal GJ. Pharmacologic inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase protects against experimental asthma in BALB/c mice through attenuation of both bronchoconstriction and inflammation. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:3. [PMID: 24405692 PMCID: PMC3893392 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) serves as a reservoir for nitric oxide (NO) and thus is a key homeostatic regulator of airway smooth muscle tone and inflammation. Decreased levels of GSNO in the lungs of asthmatics have been attributed to increased GSNO catabolism via GSNO reductase (GSNOR) leading to loss of GSNO- and NO- mediated bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory actions. GSNOR inhibition with the novel small molecule, N6022, was explored as a therapeutic approach in an experimental model of asthma. Methods Female BALB/c mice were sensitized and subsequently challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Efficacy was determined by measuring both airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) upon methacholine (MCh) challenge using whole body plethysmography and pulmonary eosinophilia by quantifying the numbers of these cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Several other potential biomarkers of GSNOR inhibition were measured including levels of nitrite, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). The dose response, onset of action, and duration of action of a single intravenous dose of N6022 given from 30 min to 48 h prior to MCh challenge were determined and compared to effects in mice not sensitized to OVA. The direct effect of N6022 on airway smooth muscle tone also was assessed in isolated rat tracheal rings. Results N6022 attenuated AHR (ED50 of 0.015 ± 0.002 mg/kg; Mean ± SEM) and eosinophilia. Effects were observed from 30 min to 48 h after treatment and were comparable to those achieved with three inhaled doses of ipratropium plus albuterol used as the positive control. N6022 increased BALF nitrite and plasma cGMP, while restoring BALF and plasma inflammatory markers toward baseline values. N6022 treatment also attenuated the OVA-induced increase in NFκB activation. In rat tracheal rings, N6022 decreased contractile responses to MCh. Conclusions The significant bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory actions of N6022 in the airways are consistent with restoration of GSNO levels through GSNOR inhibition. GSNOR inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach for the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases. N6022 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan P Blonder
- N30 Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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27
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S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibition regulates allergen-induced lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70351. [PMID: 23936192 PMCID: PMC3723687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by Th2 type inflammation, leading to airway hyperresponsivenes, mucus hypersecretion and tissue remodeling. S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is an alcohol dehydrogenase involved in the regulation of intracellular levels of S-nitrosothiols. GSNOR activity has been shown to be elevated in human asthmatic lungs, resulting in diminished S-nitrosothiols and thus contributing to increased airway hyperreactivity. Using a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation, we report that intranasal administration of a new selective inhibitor of GSNOR, SPL-334, caused a marked reduction in airway hyperreactivity, allergen-specific T cells and eosinophil accumulation, and mucus production in the lungs in response to allergen inhalation. Moreover, SPL-334 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 and the level of the chemokine CCL11 (eotaxin-1) in the airways. Collectively, these observations reveal that GSNOR inhibitors are effective not only in reducing airway hyperresponsiveness but also in limiting lung inflammatory responses mediated by CD4(+) Th2 cells. These findings suggest that the inhibition of GSNOR may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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28
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Thoonen R, Sips PY, Bloch KD, Buys ES. Pathophysiology of hypertension in the absence of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:47-58. [PMID: 23233080 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling system is a well-characterized modulator of cardiovascular function, in general, and blood pressure, in particular. The availability of mice mutant for key enzymes in the NO-cGMP signaling system facilitated the identification of interactions with other blood pressure modifying pathways (e.g. the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) and of gender-specific effects of impaired NO-cGMP signaling. In addition, recent genome-wide association studies identified blood pressure-modifying genetic variants in genes that modulate NO and cGMP levels. Together, these findings have advanced our understanding of how NO-cGMP signaling regulates blood pressure. In this review, we will summarize the results obtained in mice with disrupted NO-cGMP signaling and highlight the relevance of this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Thoonen
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Molecular Cardiology Research Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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29
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Chen Q, Sievers RE, Varga M, Kharait S, Haddad DJ, Patton AK, Delany CS, Mutka SC, Blonder JP, Dubé GP, Rosenthal GJ, Springer ML. Pharmacological inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase improves endothelial vasodilatory function in rats in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:752-60. [PMID: 23349456 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01302.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) exerts a wide range of cellular effects in the cardiovascular system. NO is short lived, but S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) functions as a stable intracellular bioavailable NO pool. Accordingly, increased levels can facilitate NO-mediated processes, and conversely, catabolism of GSNO by the regulatory enzyme GSNO reductase (GSNOR) can impair these processes. Because dysregulated GSNOR can interfere with processes relevant to cardiovascular health, it follows that inhibition of GSNOR may be beneficial. However, the effect of GSNOR inhibition on vascular activity is unknown. To study the effects of GSNOR inhibition on endothelial function, we treated rats with a small-molecule inhibitor of GSNOR (N6338) that has vasodilatory effects on isolated aortic rings and assessed effects on arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), an NO-dependent process. GSNOR inhibition with a single intravenous dose of N6338 preserved FMD (15.3 ± 5.4 vs. 14.2 ± 6.3%, P = nonsignificant) under partial NO synthase inhibition that normally reduces FMD by roughly 50% (14.1 ± 2.9 vs. 7.6 ± 4.4%, P < 0.05). In hypertensive rats, daily oral administration of N6338 for 14 days reduced blood pressure (170.0 ± 5.3/122.7 ± 6.4 vs. 203.8 ± 1.9/143.7 ± 7.5 mmHg for vehicle, P < 0.001) and vascular resistance index (1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 3.2 ± 1.0 mmHg · min · l(-1) for vehicle, P < 0.001), and restored FMD from an initially impaired state (7.4 ± 1.7%, day 0) to a level (13.0 ± 3.1%, day 14, P < 0.001) similar to that observed in normotensive rats. N6338 also reversed the pathological kidney changes exhibited by the hypertensive rats. GSNOR inhibition preserves FMD under conditions of impaired NO production and protects against both microvascular and conduit artery dysfunction in a model of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0124, USA
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30
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Maron BA, Tang SS, Loscalzo J. S-nitrosothiols and the S-nitrosoproteome of the cardiovascular system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:270-87. [PMID: 22770551 PMCID: PMC3518544 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Since their discovery in the early 1990's, S-nitrosylated proteins have been increasingly recognized as important determinants of many biochemical processes. Specifically, S-nitrosothiols in the cardiovascular system exert many actions, including promoting vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and regulating Ca(2+) channel function that influences myocyte contractility and electrophysiologic stability. RECENT ADVANCES Contemporary developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, the development of biotin- and His-tag switch assays, and the availability of cyanide dye-labeling for S-nitrosothiol detection in vitro have increased significantly the identification of a number of cardiovascular protein targets of S-nitrosylation in vivo. CRITICAL ISSUES Recent analyses using modern S-nitrosothiol detection techniques have revealed the mechanistic significance of S-nitrosylation to the pathophysiology of numerous cardiovascular diseases, including essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure, among others. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite enhanced insight into S-nitrosothiol biochemistry, translating these advances into beneficial pharmacotherapies for patients with cardiovascular diseases remains a primary as-yet unmet goal for investigators within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Maron
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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31
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Kubienová L, Kopečný D, Tylichová M, Briozzo P, Skopalová J, Šebela M, Navrátil M, Tâche R, Luhová L, Barroso JB, Petřivalský M. Structural and functional characterization of a plant S-nitrosoglutathione reductase from Solanum lycopersicum. Biochimie 2012; 95:889-902. [PMID: 23274177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), also known as S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione (HMGSH) dehydrogenase, belongs to the large alcohol dehydrogenase superfamily, namely to the class III ADHs. GSNOR catalyses the oxidation of HMGSH to S-formylglutathione using a catalytic zinc and NAD(+) as a coenzyme. The enzyme also catalyses the NADH-dependent reduction of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). In plants, GSNO has been suggested to serve as a nitric oxide (NO) reservoir locally or possibly as NO donor in distant cells and tissues. NO and NO-related molecules such as S-nitrosothiols (S-NOs) play a central role in the regulation of normal plant physiological processes and host defence. The enzyme thus participates in the cellular homeostasis of S-NOs and in the metabolism of reactive nitrogen species. Although GSNOR has recently been characterized from several organisms, this study represents the first detailed biochemical and structural characterization of a plant GSNOR, that from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlGSNOR gene expression is higher in roots and stems compared to leaves of young plants. It is highly expressed in the pistil and stamens and in fruits during ripening. The enzyme is a dimer and preferentially catalyses reduction of GSNO while glutathione and S-methylglutathione behave as non-competitive inhibitors. Using NAD(+), the enzyme oxidizes HMGSH and other alcohols such as cinnamylalcohol, geraniol and ω-hydroxyfatty acids. The crystal structures of the apoenzyme, of the enzyme in complex with NAD(+) and in complex with NADH, solved up to 1.9 Å resolution, represent the first structures of a plant GSNOR. They confirm that the binding of the coenzyme is associated with the active site zinc movement and changes in its coordination. In comparison to the well characterized human GSNOR, plant GSNORs exhibit a difference in the composition of the anion-binding pocket, which negatively influences the affinity for the carboxyl group of ω-hydroxyfatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kubienová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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32
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Palmer LA, May WJ, deRonde K, Brown-Steinke K, Bates JN, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. Ventilatory responses during and following exposure to a hypoxic challenge in conscious mice deficient or null in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012. [PMID: 23183419 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a hypoxic challenge increases ventilation in wild-type (WT) mice that diminish during the challenge (roll-off) whereas return to room air causes an increase in ventilation (short-term facilitation, STF). Since plasma and tissue levels of ventilatory excitant S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) increase during hypoxia, this study examined whether (1) the initial increase in ventilation is due to generation of GSNO, (2) roll-off is due to increased activity of the GSNO degrading enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), and (3) STF is limited by GSNOR activity. Initial ventilatory responses to hypoxic challenge (10% O(2), 90% N(2)) were similar in WT, GSNO+/- and GSNO-/- mice. These responses diminished markedly during hypoxic challenge in WT mice whereas there was minimal roll-off in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice. Finally, STF was greater in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice than in WT mice (especially females). This study suggests that GSNOR degradation of GSNO is a vital step in the expression of ventilatory roll-off and that GSNOR suppresses STF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Palmer
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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33
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Smith BC, Marletta MA. Mechanisms of S-nitrosothiol formation and selectivity in nitric oxide signaling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:498-506. [PMID: 23127359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that S-nitrosation occurs in vivo, questions remain regarding S-nitrosation as a signaling mechanism. The chemistry of S-nitrosation includes NO oxidation to N(2)O(3) followed by reaction with thiolates, radical recombination of NO and thiyl radicals, and transition metal catalyzed pathways. Once formed, nitrosothiols can be transferred between small molecule or protein thiols through transnitrosation reactions. The pathways that lead to selective S-nitrosation of only a subset of cellular cysteines remain largely unknown. Selectivity may be conferred through colocalization with NOS isoforms, protein-protein interaction driven transnitrosation reactions, regulation of S-nitrosoglutathione levels, or directed denitrosation of protein nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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34
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Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3646-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Di Giacomo G, Rizza S, Montagna C, Filomeni G. Established Principles and Emerging Concepts on the Interplay between Mitochondrial Physiology and S-(De)nitrosylation: Implications in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:361872. [PMID: 22927857 PMCID: PMC3425078 DOI: 10.1155/2012/361872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues that has been frequently indicated as potential molecular mechanism governing cell response upon redox unbalance downstream of nitric oxide (over)production. In the last years, increased levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) have been tightly associated with the onset of nitroxidative stress-based pathologies (e.g., cancer and neurodegeneration), conditions in which alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and activation of cellular processes dependent on it have been reported as well. In this paper we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of mitochondria-related proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation and how this redox modification might impact on mitochondrial functions, whose impairment has been correlated to tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death. In particular, emphasis will be given to the possible, but still neglected implication of denitrosylation reactions in the modulation of mitochondrial SNOs and how they can affect mitochondrion-related cellular process, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Research Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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36
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Marozkina NV, Wei C, Yemen S, Wallrabe H, Nagji AS, Liu L, Morozkina T, Jones DR, Gaston B. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in human lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:63-70. [PMID: 21816964 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase regulates cell signaling pathways relevant to asthma and protects cells from nitrosative stress. Recent evidence suggests that this enzyme may prevent human hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the setting of chronic hepatitis. We hypothesized that GSNO reductase may also protect the lung against potentially carcinogenic reactions associated with nitrosative stress. We report that wild-type Ras is S-nitrosylated and activated by nitrosative stress and that it is denitrosylated by GSNO reductase. In human lung cancer, the activity and expression of GSNO reductase are decreased. Further, the distribution of the enzyme (including its colocalization with wild-type Ras) is abnormal. We conclude that decreased activity of GSNO reductase could leave the human lung vulnerable to the oncogenic effects of nitrosative stress, as is the case in the liver. This potential should be considered when developing therapies that inhibit pulmonary GSNO reductase to treat asthma and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya V Marozkina
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0386, USA
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37
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Foster MW, Yang Z, Gooden DM, Thompson JW, Ball CH, Turner ME, Hou Y, Pi J, Moseley MA, Que LG. Proteomic characterization of the cellular response to nitrosative stress mediated by s-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibition. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2480-91. [PMID: 22390303 DOI: 10.1021/pr201180m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), has emerged as an important regulator of protein S-nitrosylation. GSNOR ablation is protective in models of asthma and heart failure, raising the idea that GSNOR inhibitors might hold therapeutic value. Here, we investigated the effects of a small molecule inhibitor of GSNOR (GSNORi) in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that GSNORi increased protein S-nitrosylation in cytokine-stimulated cells, and we utilized stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to quantify the cellular response to this "nitrosative stress". The expression of several cytokine-inducible immunomodulators, including osteopontin, cyclooxygenase-2, and nitric oxide synthase isoform 2 (NOS2), were decreased by GSNORi. In addition, selective targets of the redox-regulated transcription factor, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-including heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase modulatory subunit-were induced by GSNORi in a NOS2- and Nrf2-dependent manner. In cytokine-stimulated cells, Nrf2 protected from GSNORi-induced glutathione depletion and cytotoxicity and HO-1 activity was required for down-regulation of NOS2. Interestingly, GSNORi also affected a marked increase in NOS2 protein stability. Collectively, these data provide the most complete description of the global effects of GSNOR inhibition and demonstrate several important mechanisms for inducible response to GSNORi-mediated nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Small Molecule Synthesis Facility and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Green LS, Chun LE, Patton AK, Sun X, Rosenthal GJ, Richards JP. Mechanism of inhibition for N6022, a first-in-class drug targeting S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2157-68. [PMID: 22335564 DOI: 10.1021/bi201785u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N6022 is a novel, first-in-class drug with potent inhibitory activity against S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), an enzyme important in the metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and in the maintenance of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. Inhibition of GSNOR by N6022 and related compounds has shown safety and efficacy in animal models of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease [Sun, X., et al. (2011) ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2, 402-406]. N6022 is currently in early phase clinical studies in humans. We show here that N6022 is a tight-binding, specific, and fully reversible inhibitor of GSNOR with an IC(50) of 8 nM and a K(i) of 2.5 nM. We accounted for the fact that the NAD(+)- and NADH-dependent oxidation and reduction reactions, catalyzed by GSNOR are bisubstrate in nature in our calculations. N6022 binds in the GSNO substrate binding pocket like a competitive inhibitor, although in kinetic assays it behaves with a mixed uncompetitive mode of inhibition (MOI) toward the GSNO substrate and a mixed competitive MOI toward the formaldehyde adduct, S-hydroxymethylglutathione (HMGSH). N6022 is uncompetitive with cofactors NAD(+) and NADH. The potency, specificity, and MOI of related GSNOR inhibitor compounds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Green
- N30 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Sun X, Qiu J, Strong SA, Green LS, Wasley JWF, Blonder JP, Colagiovanni DB, Stout AM, Mutka SC, Richards JP, Rosenthal GJ. Structure-activity relationship of pyrrole based S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: carboxamide modification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2338-42. [PMID: 22342142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) that regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNO and SNOs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems. The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious GSNOR inhibitor which is currently in clinical development for acute asthma. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogs of N6022 focusing on carboxamide modifications on the pendant N-phenyl moiety. We have identified potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors that demonstrate efficacy in an ovalbumin (OVA) induced asthma model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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40
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Di Giacomo G, Rizza S, Montagna C, Filomeni G. Established Principles and Emerging Concepts on the Interplay between Mitochondrial Physiology and S-(De)nitrosylation: Implications in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 22927857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues that has been frequently indicated as potential molecular mechanism governing cell response upon redox unbalance downstream of nitric oxide (over)production. In the last years, increased levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) have been tightly associated with the onset of nitroxidative stress-based pathologies (e.g., cancer and neurodegeneration), conditions in which alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and activation of cellular processes dependent on it have been reported as well. In this paper we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of mitochondria-related proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation and how this redox modification might impact on mitochondrial functions, whose impairment has been correlated to tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death. In particular, emphasis will be given to the possible, but still neglected implication of denitrosylation reactions in the modulation of mitochondrial SNOs and how they can affect mitochondrion-related cellular process, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Research Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is becoming increasingly clear that many diseases are characterized or associated with perturbations in nitric oxide (NO) production/signaling. Therapeutics or strategies designed to restore normal NO homeostasis will likely have broad application and utility in human health. This highly complex and multi-step pathway for NO production and subsequent target activation provides many steps in the endogenous pathway that may be useful targets for drug development. Important therapeutic areas for NO-based therapies are inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, erectile dysfunction and metabolic disorders. AREAS COVERED The following review will discuss the endogenous NO pathway, highlight the current market and indications for NO-based therapeutics, as well as identify pathway targets currently under drug development. Each step along the NO pathway will be discussed including exogenous sources of NO, use of precursors to promote NO production and downstream pathways affected by NO production with advantages and disadvantages highlighted for each. EXPERT OPINION Development of NO-based therapeutics is and will continue to be a major focus of biotech and pharmaceutical companies. Understanding and utilizing dietary and nutritional strategies to restore NO homeostasis could allow for safer, quicker marketing of products that may be just as efficacious as drugs designed against specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Bryan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology , 1825 Pressler St. 530C, Houston, TX 77030 , USA +1 713 500 2439 ; +1 713 500 2447 ;
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Salgado MT, Ramasamy S, Tsuneshige A, Manoharan PT, Rifkind JM. A new paramagnetic intermediate formed during the reaction of nitrite with deoxyhemoglobin. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:13010-22. [PMID: 21755997 PMCID: PMC3166623 DOI: 10.1021/ja1115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of nitrite by deoxygenated hemoglobin chains has been implicated in red cell-induced vasodilation, although the mechanism for this process has not been established. We have previously demonstrated that the reaction of nitrite with deoxyhemoglobin produces a hybrid intermediate with properties of Hb(II)NO(+) and Hb(III)NO that builds up during the reaction retaining potential NO bioactivity. To explain the unexpected stability of this intermediate, which prevents NO release from the Hb(III)NO component, we had implicated the transfer of an electron from the β-93 thiol to NO(+) producing ·SHb(II)NO. To determine if this species is formed and to characterize its properties, we have investigated the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) changes taking place during the nitrite reaction. The EPR effects of blocking the thiol group with N-ethyl-maleimide and using carboxypeptidase-A to stabilize the R-quaternary conformation have demonstrated that ·SHb(II)NO is formed and that it has the EPR spectrum expected for NO bound to the heme in the β-chain plus that of a thiyl radical. This new NO-related paramagnetic species is in equilibrium with the hybrid intermediate "Hb(II)NO(+) ↔ Hb(III)NO", thereby further inhibiting the release of NO from Hb(III)NO. The formation of an NO-related paramagnetic species other than the tightly bound NO in Hb(II)NO was also confirmed by a decrease in the EPR signal by -20 °C incubation, which shifts the equilibrium back to the "Hb(II)NO(+) ↔ Hb(III)NO" intermediate. This previously unrecognized NO hemoglobin species explains the stability of the intermediates and the buildup of a pool of potentially bioactive NO during nitrite reduction. It also provides a pathway for the formation of β-93 cysteine S-nitrosylated hemoglobin [SNOHb:S-nitrosohemoglobin], which has been shown to induce vasodilation, by a rapid radical-radical reaction of any free NO with the thiyl radical of this new paramagnetic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Salgado
- Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Somasundaram Ramasamy
- Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Antonio Tsuneshige
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | | | - Joseph M. Rifkind
- Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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The role of thioredoxin in the regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:689-700. [PMID: 21878369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-nitrosylation (or S-nitrosation) by Nitric Oxide (NO), i.e., the covalent attachment of a NO group to a cysteine thiol and formation of S-nitrosothiols (R-S-N=O or RSNO), has emerged as an important feature of NO biology and pathobiology. Many NO-related biological functions have been directly associated with the S-nitrosothiols and a considerable number of S-nitrosylated proteins have been identified which can positively or negatively regulate various cellular processes including signaling and metabolic pathways. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Taking account of the recent progress in the field of research, this review focuses on the regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation and Trx-mediated cellular homeostasis of S-nitrosothiols. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Thioredoxin (Trx) system in mammalian cells utilizes thiol and selenol groups to maintain a reducing intracellular environment to combat oxidative/nitrosative stress. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and Trx system perform the major role in denitrosylation of S-nitrosylated proteins. However, under certain conditions, oxidized form of mammalian Trx can be S-nitrosylated and then it can trans-S-nitrosylate target proteins, such as caspase 3. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Investigations on the role of thioredoxin system in relation to biologically relevant RSNOs, their functions, and the mechanisms of S-denitrosylation facilitate the development of drugs and therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes.
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Discovery of potent and novel S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors devoid of cytochrome P450 activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5849-53. [PMID: 21855338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) inhibitor and is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of acute asthma. GSNOR is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) and regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Reduced levels of GSNO, as well as other nitrosothiols (SNOs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Preservation of endogenous SNOs through GSNOR inhibition presents a novel therapeutic approach with broad applicability. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogues of N6022 focusing on removal of cytochrome P450 inhibition activities. We identified potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors having reduced CYP inhibition activities and demonstrated efficacy in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) model of asthma.
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Wiktorowicz JE, Stafford S, Rea H, Urvil P, Soman K, Kurosky A, Perez-Polo JR, Savidge TC. Quantification of cysteinyl S-nitrosylation by fluorescence in unbiased proteomic studies. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5601-14. [PMID: 21615140 PMCID: PMC3133729 DOI: 10.1021/bi200008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl S-nitrosylation has emerged as an important post-translational modification affecting protein function in health and disease. Great emphasis has been placed on global, unbiased quantification of S-nitrosylated proteins because of physiologic and oxidative stimuli. However, current strategies have been hampered by sample loss and altered protein electrophoretic mobility. Here, we describe a novel quantitative approach that uses accurate, sensitive fluorescence modification of cysteine S-nitrosylation that leaves electrophoretic mobility unaffected (SNOFlo) and introduce unique concepts for measuring changes in S-nitrosylation status relative to protein abundance. Its efficacy in defining the functional S-nitrosoproteome is demonstrated in two diverse biological applications: an in vivo rat hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion model and antimicrobial S-nitrosoglutathione-driven transnitrosylation of an enteric microbial pathogen. The suitability of this approach for investigating endogenous S-nitrosylation is further demonstrated using Ingenuity Pathways analysis that identified nervous system and cellular development networks as the top two networks. Functional analysis of differentially S-nitrosylated proteins indicated their involvement in apoptosis, branching morphogenesis of axons, cortical neurons, and sympathetic neurites, neurogenesis, and calcium signaling. Major abundance changes were also observed for fibrillar proteins known to be stress-responsive in neurons and glia. Thus, both examples demonstrate the technique's power in confirming the widespread involvement of S-nitrosylation in hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion injury and in antimicrobial host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Nitric oxide enhances desiccation tolerance of recalcitrant Antiaris toxicaria seeds via protein S-nitrosylation and carbonylation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20714. [PMID: 21674063 PMCID: PMC3107241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The viability of recalcitrant seeds is lost following stress from either drying or freezing. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from uncontrolled metabolic activity are likely responsible for seed sensitivity to drying. Nitric oxide (NO) and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle can be used for the detoxification of ROS, but their roles in the seed response to desiccation remain poorly understood. Here, we report that desiccation induces rapid accumulation of H2O2, which blocks recalcitrant Antiaris toxicaria seed germination; however, pretreatment with NO increases the activity of antioxidant ascorbate-glutathione pathway enzymes and metabolites, diminishes H2O2 production and assuages the inhibitory effects of desiccation on seed germination. Desiccation increases the protein carbonylation levels and reduces protein S-nitrosylation of these antioxidant enzymes; these effects can be reversed with NO treatment. Antioxidant protein S-nitrosylation levels can be further increased by the application of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors, which further enhances NO-induced seed germination rates after desiccation and reduces desiccation-induced H2O2 accumulation. These findings suggest that NO reinforces recalcitrant seed desiccation tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme activities to stabilize H2O2 accumulation at an appropriate concentration. During this process, protein carbonylation and S-nitrosylation patterns are used as a specific molecular switch to control antioxidant enzyme activities.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze glutathione antioxidant defense system in elderly patients treated for hypertension. Studies were carried out in the blood collected from 18 hypertensive and 15 age- and sex-matched controls, all subjects age over 60. Hypertensives were on their usual antihypertensive treatment at the time of blood collection. The concentration of glutathione (GSH) in whole blood and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1), glutathione transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) in erythrocytes were measured. The data from patients and controls were compared using independent-samples t test. P value of 0.05 and less was considered statistically significant. We observed increased glutathione-related antioxidant defense in treated hypertensive elderly patients (HT) when compared with healthy controls (C). Mean GSH concentration was significantly higher in HT when compared with C: 3.1 ± 0.29 and 2.6 ± 0.25 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.001. Mean activity of GR was significantly higher in HT group if compared with C: 83.4 ± 15.25 U/g Hb versus 64.2 ± 8.26 U/g Hb, respectively, P < 0.001. Mean activity of GST was significantly higher in HT group compared with C: 3.0 ± 0.60 mmol CDNB-GSH/mgHb/min and 2.6 ± 0.36 mmol CDNB-GSH/mgHb/min, respectively, P < 0.05. No difference in GPx activity was observed between two groups. These results show that glutathione-related antioxidant defense system was enhanced in elderly hypertensive patients treated for their conditions. This suggests important role of glutathione system in blood pressure regulation. Alterations in concentration and activity of antioxidants observed during antihypertensive medication are likely to be related to the effect of the treatment on NO bioavailability.
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Sun X, Wasley JWF, Qiu J, Blonder JP, Stout AM, Green LS, Strong SA, Colagiovanni DB, Richards JP, Mutka SC, Chun L, Rosenthal GJ. Discovery of s-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: potential agents for the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:402-6. [PMID: 24900320 PMCID: PMC4018076 DOI: 10.1021/ml200045s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) and nitric oxide (NO) in vivo through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNOR and the anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxant activities of SNOs, GSNO, and NO play significant roles in pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function. In GSNOR knockout mice, basal airway tone is reduced and the response to challenge with bronchoconstrictors or airway allergens is attenuated. Consequently, GSNOR has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for several clinically important human diseases. As such, small molecule inhibitors of GSNOR were developed. These GSNOR inhibitors were potent, selective, and efficacious in animal models of inflammatory disease characterized by reduced levels of GSNO and bioavailable NO. N6022, a potent and reversible GSNOR inhibitor, reduced bronchoconstriction and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of asthma and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. N6022 is currently in clinical development as a potential agent for the treatment of acute asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Jan W. F. Wasley
- Simpharma LLC, 1 Stone Fence Lane, Guilford, Connecticut 06437, United States
| | - Jian Qiu
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Joan P. Blonder
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Adam M. Stout
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Louis S. Green
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Sarah A. Strong
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Dorothy B. Colagiovanni
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Jane P. Richards
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Sarah C. Mutka
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Lawrence Chun
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Gary J. Rosenthal
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Sun X, Qiu J, Strong SA, Green LS, Wasley JWF, Colagiovanni DB, Mutka SC, Blonder JP, Stout AM, Richards JP, Chun L, Rosenthal GJ. Structure-activity relationships of pyrrole based S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: pyrrole regioisomers and propionic acid replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3671-5. [PMID: 21570838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) that regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNO and SNOs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those in respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious GSNOR inhibitor which is currently undergoing clinical development. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogues of N6022 focusing on scaffold modification and propionic acid replacement. We identified equally potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors having pyrrole regioisomers as scaffolds using a structure based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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50
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Schulman IH, Hare JM. Regulation of cardiovascular cellular processes by S-nitrosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:752-62. [PMID: 21536106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO), a highly versatile signaling molecule, exerts a broad range of regulatory influences in the cardiovascular system that extends from vasodilation to myocardial contractility, angiogenesis, inflammation, and energy metabolism. Considerable attention has been paid to deciphering the mechanisms for such diversity in signaling. S-nitrosylation of cysteine thiols is a major signaling pathway through which NO exerts its actions. An emerging concept of NO pathophysiology is that the interplay between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), the nitroso/redox balance, is an important regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW ROS react with NO, limit its bioavailability, and compete with NO for binding to the same thiol in effector molecules. The interplay between NO and ROS appears to be tightly regulated and spatially confined based on the co-localization of specific NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and oxidative enzymes in unique subcellular compartments. NOS isoforms are also in close contact with denitrosylases, leading to crucial regulation of S-nitrosylation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Nitroso/redox balance is an emerging regulatory pathway for multiple cells and tissues, including the cardiovascular system. Studies using relevant knockout models, isoform specific NOS inhibitors, and both in vitro and in vivo methods have provided novel insights into NO- and ROS-based signaling interactions responsible for numerous cardiovascular disorders. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE An integrated view of the role of nitroso/redox balance in cardiovascular pathophysiology has significant therapeutic implications. This is highlighted by human studies where pharmacologic manipulation of oxidative and nitrosative pathways exerted salutary effects in patients with advanced heart failure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Hernandez Schulman
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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