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Gutiérrez-Galindo E, Yilmaz ZH, Hausser A. Membrane trafficking in breast cancer progression: protein kinase D comes into play. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1173387. [PMID: 37293129 PMCID: PMC10246754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase family that controls important cellular functions, most notably playing a key role in the secretory pathway at the trans-Golgi network. Aberrant expression of PKD isoforms has been found mainly in breast cancer, where it promotes various cellular processes such as growth, invasion, survival and stem cell maintenance. In this review, we discuss the isoform-specific functions of PKD in breast cancer progression, with a particular focus on how the PKD controlled cellular processes might be linked to deregulated membrane trafficking and secretion. We further highlight the challenges of a therapeutic approach targeting PKD to prevent breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Hazal Yilmaz
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Hausser
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Steinberg SF. Decoding the Cardiac Actions of Protein Kinase D Isoforms. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:558-567. [PMID: 34531296 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) consists of a family of three structurally related enzymes that play key roles in a wide range of biological functions that contribute to the evolution of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. PKD1 (the founding member of this enzyme family) has been implicated in the phosphorylation of substrates that regulate cardiac hypertrophy, contraction, and susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and de novo PRKD1 (protein kinase D1 gene) mutations have been identified in patients with syndromic congenital heart disease. However, cardiomyocytes coexpress all three PKDs. Although stimulus-specific activation patterns for PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 have been identified in cardiomyocytes, progress toward identifying PKD isoform-specific functions in the heart have been hampered by significant gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate PKD activity. This review incorporates recent conceptual breakthroughs in our understanding of various alternative mechanisms for PKD activation, with an emphasis on recent evidence that PKDs activate certain effector responses as dimers, to consider the role of PKD isoforms in signaling pathways that drive cardiac hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion injury. The focus is on whether the recently identified activation mechanisms that enhance the signaling repertoire of PKD family enzymes provide novel therapeutic strategies to target PKD enzymes and prevent or slow the evolution of cardiac injury and pathological cardiac remodeling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PKD isoforms regulate a large number of fundamental biological processes, but the understanding of the biological actions of individual PKDs (based upon studies using adenoviral overexpression or gene-silencing methods) remains incomplete. This review focuses on dimerization, a recently identified mechanism for PKD activation, and the notion that this mechanism provides a strategy to develop novel PKD-targeted pharmaceuticals that restrict proliferation, invasion, or angiogenesis in cancer and prevent or slow the evolution of cardiac injury and pathological cardiac remodeling.
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3
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Reinhardt R, Truebestein L, Schmidt HA, Leonard TA. It Takes Two to Tango: Activation of Protein Kinase D by Dimerization. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900222. [PMID: 31997382 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery and structure determination of a novel ubiquitin-like dimerization domain in protein kinase D (PKD) has significant implications for its activation. PKD is a serine/threonine kinase activated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG). It is an essential and highly conserved protein that is implicated in plasma membrane directed trafficking processes from the trans-Golgi network. However, many open questions surround its mechanism of activation, its localization, and its role in the biogenesis of cargo transport carriers. In reviewing this field, the focus is primarily on the mechanisms that control the activation of PKD at precise locations in the cell. In light of the new structural findings, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying PKD activation is critically evaluated, with particular emphasis on the role of dimerization in PKD autophosphorylation, and the provenance and recognition of the DAG that activates PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Reinhardt
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Truebestein
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heiko A Schmidt
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, 1030, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Moulick A, Heger Z, Milosavljevic V, Richtera L, Barroso-Flores J, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Buchtelova H, Podgajny R, Hynek D, Kopel P, Adam V. Real-Time Visualization of Cell Membrane Damage Using Gadolinium-Schiff Base Complex-Doped Quantum Dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35859-35868. [PMID: 30264566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of cell membranes for maintenance of integrity of cellular structures, there is still a lack of methods that allow simple real-time visualization of their damage. Herein, we describe gadolinium-Schiff base-doped quantum dots (GdQDs)-based probes for a fast facile spatial labeling of membrane injuries. We found that GdQDs preferentially interact through electron-rich and hydrophobic residues with a specific sequence motif of NHE-RF2 scaffold protein, exposed upon membrane damage. Such interaction results in a fast formation of intensively fluorescent droplets with a higher resolution and in a much shorter time compared to immunofluorescence using organic dye. GdQDs have high stability, brightness, and considerable cytocompatibility, which enable their use in long-term experiments in living cultures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report, demonstrating a method allowing real-time monitoring of membrane damage and recovery without any special requirements for instrumentation. Because of intensive brightness and simple signal pattern, GdQDs allow easy examination of interactions between cellular membranes and cell-penetrating peptides or cytostatic drugs. We anticipate that the simple and flexible method will also facilitate the studies dealing with host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Moulick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vedran Milosavljevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Joaquin Barroso-Flores
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM , Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano , CP-50200 Toluca , Estado de México , Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buchtelova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Robert Podgajny
- Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 2 , PL 30-387 Krakow , Poland
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , CZ-613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , CZ-612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
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5
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Cobbaut M, Derua R, Parker PJ, Waelkens E, Janssens V, Van Lint J. Protein kinase D displays intrinsic Tyr autophosphorylation activity: insights into mechanism and regulation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2432-2443. [PMID: 29933512 PMCID: PMC6099456 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family is regulated through multi-site phosphorylation, including autophosphorylation. For example, PKD displays in vivo autophosphorylation on Ser-742 (and Ser-738 in vitro) in the activation loop and Ser-910 in the C-tail (hPKD1 numbering). In this paper, we describe the surprising observation that PKD also displays in vitro autocatalytic activity towards a Tyr residue in the P + 1 loop of the activation segment. We define the molecular determinants for this unusual activity and identify a Cys residue (C705 in PKD1) in the catalytic loop as of utmost importance. In cells, PKD Tyr autophosphorylation is suppressed through the association of an inhibitory factor. Our findings provide important novel insights into PKD (auto)regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
- Present address:
Protein Phosphorylation LabThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation LabThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonUK
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
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6
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Ferreira C, Hagen P, Stern M, Hussner J, Zimmermann U, Grube M, Meyer zu Schwabedissen HE. The scaffold protein PDZK1 modulates expression and function of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 120:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Aldosterone-induced protein kinase signalling and the control of electrolyte balance. Steroids 2018; 133:67-74. [PMID: 29079406 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone acts through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) to modulate gene expression in target tissues. In the kidney, the principal action of aldosterone is to promote sodium conservation in the distal nephron and so indirectly enhance water conservation under conditions of hypotension. Over the last twenty years the rapid activation of protein kinase signalling cascades by aldosterone has been described in various tissues. This review describes the integration of rapid protein kinase D signalling responses with the non-genomic actions of aldosterone and transcriptional effects of MR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Harvey
- Molecular Medicine Laboratories, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Warren Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Laboratories, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Perdana University - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Jhun BS, O‐Uchi J, Adaniya SM, Mancini TJ, Cao JL, King ME, Landi AK, Ma H, Shin M, Yang D, Xu X, Yoon Y, Choudhary G, Clements RT, Mende U, Sheu S. Protein kinase D activation induces mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2018; 596:827-855. [PMID: 29313986 PMCID: PMC5830422 DOI: 10.1113/jp275418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Abnormal mitochondrial morphology and function in cardiomyocytes are frequently observed under persistent Gq protein-coupled receptor (Gq PCR) stimulation. Cardiac signalling mechanisms for regulating mitochondrial morphology and function under pathophysiological conditions in the heart are still poorly understood. We demonstrate that a downstream kinase of Gq PCR, protein kinase D (PKD) induces mitochondrial fragmentation via phosphorylation of dynamin-like protein 1 (DLP1), a mitochondrial fission protein. The fragmented mitochondria enhance reactive oxygen species generation and permeability transition pore opening in mitochondria, which initiate apoptotic signalling activation. This study identifies a novel PKD-specific substrate in cardiac mitochondria and uncovers the role of PKD on cardiac mitochondria, with special emphasis on the molecular mechanism(s) underlying mitochondrial injury with abnormal mitochondrial morphology under persistent Gq PCR stimulation. These findings provide new insights into the molecular basis of cardiac mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology, linking Gq PCR signalling with the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and function. ABSTRACT Regulation of mitochondrial morphology is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions in many cell types including cardiomyocytes. Small and fragmented mitochondria are frequently observed in pathological conditions, but it is still unclear which cardiac signalling pathway is responsible for regulating the abnormal mitochondrial morphology in cardiomyocytes. Here we demonstrate that a downstream kinase of Gq protein-coupled receptor (Gq PCR) signalling, protein kinase D (PKD), mediates pathophysiological modifications in mitochondrial morphology and function, which consequently contribute to the activation of apoptotic signalling. We show that Gq PCR stimulation induced by α1 -adrenergic stimulation mediates mitochondrial fragmentation in a fission- and PKD-dependent manner in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts and rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Upon Gq PCR stimulation, PKD translocates from the cytoplasm to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and phosphorylates a mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin-like protein 1 (DLP1), at S637. PKD-dependent phosphorylation of DLP1 initiates DLP1 association with the OMM, which then enhances mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial superoxide generation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and apoptotic signalling. Finally, we demonstrate that DLP1 phosphorylation at S637 by PKD occurs in vivo using ventricular tissues from transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of constitutively active Gαq protein. In conclusion, Gq PCR-PKD signalling induces mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction via PKD-dependent DLP1 phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. This study is the first to identify a novel PKD-specific substrate, DLP1 in mitochondria, as well as the functional role of PKD in cardiac mitochondria. Elucidation of these molecular mechanisms by which PKD-dependent enhanced fission mediates cardiac mitochondrial injury will provide novel insight into the relationship among mitochondrial form, function and Gq PCR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Sook Jhun
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Jin O‐Uchi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Stephanie M. Adaniya
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Thomas J. Mancini
- Vascular Research LaboratoryProvidence VA Medical CenterProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Jessica L. Cao
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Michelle E. King
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Amy K. Landi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Hanley Ma
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Milla Shin
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Donqin Yang
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Xiaole Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Yisang Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of GeorgiaAugusta UniversityAugustaGAUSA
| | - Gaurav Choudhary
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Vascular Research LaboratoryProvidence VA Medical CenterProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Richard T. Clements
- Vascular Research LaboratoryProvidence VA Medical CenterProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of SurgeryRhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Ulrike Mende
- Cardiovascular Research CenterRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of MedicineWarren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
| | - Shey‐Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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9
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Roy A, Ye J, Deng F, Wang QJ. Protein kinase D signaling in cancer: A friend or foe? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:283-294. [PMID: 28577984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D is a family of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that belongs to the Ca++/Calmodulin-dependent kinase superfamily. Signal transduction pathways mediated by PKD can be triggered by a variety of stimuli including G protein-coupled receptor agonists, growth factors, hormones, and cellular stresses. The regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of PKD have been well documented including cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, regulation of gene expression, and protein/membrane trafficking. However, its precise roles in disease progression, especially in cancer, remain elusive. A plethora of studies documented the cell- and tissue-specific expressions and functions of PKD in various cancer-associated biological processes, while the causes of the differential effects of PKD have not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we have discussed the structural-functional properties, activation mechanisms, signaling pathways and physiological functions of PKD in the context of human cancer. Additionally, we have provided a comprehensive review of the reported tumor promoting or tumor suppressive functions of PKD in several major cancer types and discussed the discrepancies that have been raised on PKD as a major regulator of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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10
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Wood BM, Bossuyt J. Emergency Spatiotemporal Shift: The Response of Protein Kinase D to Stress Signals in the Cardiovascular System. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28174535 PMCID: PMC5258689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase D isoforms (PKD 1-3) are key mediators of neurohormonal, oxidative, and metabolic stress signals. PKDs impact a wide variety of signaling pathways and cellular functions including actin dynamics, vesicle trafficking, cell motility, survival, contractility, energy substrate utilization, and gene transcription. PKD activity is also increasingly linked to cancer, immune regulation, pain modulation, memory, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular disease. This increasing complexity and diversity of PKD function, highlights the importance of tight spatiotemporal control of the kinase via protein–protein interactions, post-translational modifications or targeting via scaffolding proteins. In this review, we focus on the spatiotemporal regulation and effects of PKD signaling in response to neurohormonal, oxidant and metabolic signals that have implications for myocardial disease. Precise targeting of these mechanisms will be crucial in the design of PKD-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, USA
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11
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Qiu W, Steinberg SF. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE resolves agonist- and isoform-specific activation patterns for PKD2 and PKD3 in cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 99:14-22. [PMID: 27515283 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) consists of a family of three structurally related enzymes that are co-expressed in the heart and have important roles in many biological responses. PKD1 is activated by pro-hypertrophic stimuli and has been implicated in adverse cardiac remodeling. Efforts to define the cardiac actions of PKD2 and PKD3 have been less successful at least in part because conventional methods provide a general screen for PKD activation but are poorly suited to resolve activation patterns for PKD2 or PKD3. This study uses Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, a method that exaggerates phosphorylation-dependent mobility shifts, to overcome this technical limitation. Phos-tag SDS-PAGE resolves PKD1 as distinct molecular species (indicative of pools of enzyme with distinct phosphorylation profiles) in unstimulated cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes; as a result, attempts to track PKD1 mobility shifts that result from agonist activation were only moderately successful. In contrast, PKD2 and PKD3 are recovered from resting cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes as single molecular species; both enzymes display robust mobility shifts in Phos-tag SDS-PAGE in response to treatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate, thrombin, PDGF, or H2O2. Studies with GF109203X implicate protein kinase C activity in the stimulus-dependent pathways that activate PKD2/PKD3 in both cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Studies with C3 toxin identify a novel role for Rho in the sphingosine-1-phosphate and thrombin receptor-dependent pathways that lead to the phosphorylation of PKD2/3 and the downstream substrate CREB in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, Phos-tag SDS-PAGE provides a general screen for stimulus-specific changes in PKD2 and PKD3 phosphorylation and exposes a novel role for these enzymes in specific stress-dependent pathways that influence cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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12
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Li Z, Zhang C, Chen L, Li G, Qu L, Balaji K, Du C. E-Cadherin Facilitates Protein Kinase D1 Activation and Subcellular Localization. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2741-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
- Department of Surgery; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Chuanyou Zhang
- Department of Surgery; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Surgery; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Guosheng Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Ling Qu
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan China
| | - K.C. Balaji
- Department of Urology and Institute of Regenerative Medicine; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem North Carolina
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Surgery; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
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13
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Abstract
The human exocrine pancreas consists of 2 main cell types: acinar and ductal cells. These exocrine cells interact closely to contribute to the secretion of pancreatic juice. The most important ion in terms of the pancreatic ductal secretion is HCO3. In fact, duct cells produce an alkaline fluid that may contain up to 140 mM NaHCO3, which is essential for normal digestion. This article provides an overview of the basics of pancreatic ductal physiology and pathophysiology. In the first part of the article, we discuss the ductal electrolyte and fluid transporters and their regulation. The central role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is highlighted, which is much more than just a Cl channel. We also review the role of pancreatic ducts in severe debilitating diseases such as cystic fibrosis (caused by various genetic defects of cftr), pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus. Stimulation of ductal secretion in cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis may have beneficial effects in their treatment.
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14
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Grubb DR, Crook B, Ma Y, Luo J, Qian HW, Gao XM, Kiriazis H, Du XJ, Gregorevic P, Woodcock EA. The atypical 'b' splice variant of phospholipase Cβ1 promotes cardiac contractile dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:95-103. [PMID: 25918049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the early signaling enzyme, phospholipase Cβ1b (PLCβ1b), is selectively elevated in diseased myocardium and activity increases with disease progression. We aimed to establish the contribution of heightened PLCβ1b activity to cardiac pathology. PLCβ1b, the alternative splice variant, PLCβ1a, and a blank virus were expressed in mouse hearts using adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV6-FLAG-PLCβ1b, rAAV6-FLAG-PLCβ1a, or rAAV6-blank) delivered intravenously (IV). Following viral delivery, FLAG-PLCβ1b was expressed in all of the chambers of the mouse heart and was localized to the sarcolemma. Heightened PLCβ1b expression caused a rapid loss of contractility, 4-6 weeks, that was fully reversed, within 5 days, by inhibition of protein kinase Cα (PKCα). PLCβ1a did not localize to the sarcolemma and did not affect contractile function. Expression of PLCβ1b, but not PLCβ1a, caused downstream dephosphorylation of phospholamban and depletion of the Ca(2+) stores of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that heightened PLCβ1b activity observed in diseased myocardium contributes to pathology by PKCα-mediated contractile dysfunction. PLCβ1b is a cardiac-specific signaling system, and thus provides a potential therapeutic target for the development of well-tolerated inotropic agents for use in failing myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Grubb
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryony Crook
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Ma
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Jieting Luo
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong Wei Qian
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Woodcock
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Kunkel MT, Newton AC. Protein kinase d inhibitors uncouple phosphorylation from activity by promoting agonist-dependent activation loop phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:98-106. [PMID: 25556943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is acutely activated by two tightly coupled events: binding to the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) followed by novel protein kinase C (nPKC) phosphorylation at the activation loop and autophosphorylation at the C terminus. Thus, phosphorylation serves as a widely accepted measure of PKD activity. Here we show that treatment of cells with PKD inhibitors paradoxically promotes agonist-dependent activation loop phosphorylation, thus uncoupling phosphorylation from activation. This inhibitor-induced enhancement of phosphorylation differs mechanistically from that previously reported for PKC and Akt, for which active-site inhibitors stabilize a phosphatase-resistant conformation. Rather, a conformational reporter reveals that inhibitor binding induces a conformational change, resulting in relocalization of PKD to basal DAG pools, where it is more readily phosphorylated by nPKCs. These findings illustrate the diverse conformational effects that small molecules exert on their target proteins, underscoring the importance of using caution when interpreting kinase activity from phosphorylation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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16
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Qiu W, Zhang F, Steinberg SF. The protein kinase D1 COOH terminus: marker or regulator of enzyme activity? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C606-10. [PMID: 25080487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00155.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a Ser/Thr kinase implicated in a wide variety of cellular responses. PKD1 activation is generally attributed to a PKC-dependent pathway that leads to phosphorylation of the activation loop at Ser(744)/Ser(748). This modification increases catalytic activity, including that toward an autophosphorylation site (Ser(916)) in a postsynaptic density-95/disks large/zonula occludens-1 (PDZ)-binding motif at the extreme COOH terminus. However, there is growing evidence that PKD1 activation can also result from a PKC-independent autocatalytic reaction at Ser(744)/Ser(748) and that certain stimuli increase in PKD1 phosphorylation at Ser(744)/S(748) without an increase in autophosphorylation at Ser(916). This study exposes a mechanism that results in a discrepancy between PKD1 COOH-terminal autocatalytic activity and activity toward other substrates. We show that PKD1 constructs harboring COOH-terminal epitope tags display high levels of in vitro activation loop autocatalytic activity and activity toward syntide-2 (a peptide substrate), but no Ser(916) autocatalytic activity. Cell-based studies show that the COOH-terminal tag, adjacent to PKD1's PDZ1-binding motif, does not grossly influence PKD1 partitioning between soluble and particulate fractions in resting cells or PKD1 translocation to the particulate fraction following treatment with PMA. However, a COOH-terminal tag that confers a high level of activation loop autocatalytic activity decreases the PKC requirement for agonist-dependent PKD1 activation in cells. The recognition that COOH-terminal tags alter PKD1's pharmacological profile is important from a technical standpoint. The altered dynamics and activation mechanisms for COOH-terminal-tagged PKD1 enzymes also could model the signaling properties of localized pools of enzyme anchored through the COOH terminus to PDZ domain-containing scaffolding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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17
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Abstract
Kinase signaling is under tight spatiotemporal control, with signaling hubs within the cell often coordinated by protein scaffolds. Genetically encoded kinase activity reporters afford a unique tool to interrogate the rate, amplitude, and duration of kinase signaling at specific locations throughout the cell. This protocol describes how to assay kinase activity at a protein scaffold in live cells using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based kinase activity sensor for protein kinase D (PKD) as an example.
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18
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Abstract
PKC (protein kinase C) has been in the limelight since the discovery three decades ago that it acts as a major receptor for the tumour-promoting phorbol esters. Phorbol esters, with their potent ability to activate two of the three classes of PKC isoenzymes, have remained the best pharmacological tool for directly modulating PKC activity. However, with the discovery of other phorbol ester-responsive proteins, the advent of various small-molecule and peptide modulators, and the need to distinguish isoenzyme-specific activity, the pharmacology of PKC has become increasingly complex. Not surprisingly, many of the compounds originally touted as direct modulators of PKC have subsequently been shown to hit many other cellular targets and, in some cases, not even directly modulate PKC. The complexities and reversals in PKC pharmacology have led to widespread confusion about the current status of the pharmacological tools available to control PKC activity. In the present review, we aim to clarify the cacophony in the literature regarding the current state of bona fide and discredited cellular PKC modulators, including activators, small-molecule inhibitors and peptides, and also address the use of genetically encoded reporters and of PKC mutants to measure the effects of these drugs on the spatiotemporal dynamics of signalling by specific isoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa X. Wu-Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721, (858) 534-4527, Fax: (858) 822-5888
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19
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Olayioye MA, Barisic S, Hausser A. Multi-level control of actin dynamics by protein kinase D. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1739-47. [PMID: 23688773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic actin remodeling is fundamental to processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking, and cytokinesis. Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine-threonine kinase known to be involved in diverse biological functions ranging from vesicle fission at the Golgi complex to regulation of cell motility and invasion. This review addresses the role of PKD in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton with a particular emphasis on the substrates associated with this function. We further highlight the multi-level control of actin dynamics by PKD and suggest that the tight spatio-temporal control of PKD activity is critical for the coordination of directed cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monilola A Olayioye
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Lau WW, Chan AS, Poon LS, Zhu J, Wong YH. Gβγ-mediated activation of protein kinase D exhibits subunit specificity and requires Gβγ-responsive phospholipase Cβ isoforms. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:22. [PMID: 23561540 PMCID: PMC3637504 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein kinase D (PKD) constitutes a novel family of serine/threonine protein kinases implicated in fundamental biological activities including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and immune responses. Activation of PKD in these cellular activities has been linked to many extracellular signals acting through antigen receptor engagement, receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as G protein-coupled receptors. In the latter case, it is generally believed that the Gα subunits of the Gq family are highly effective in mediating PKD activation, whereas little is known with regard to the ability of Gβγ dimers and other Gα subunits to stimulate PKD. It has been suggested that the interaction between Gβγ and the PH domain of PKD, or the Gβγ-induced PLCβ/PKC activity is critical for the induction of PKD activation. However, the relative contribution of these two apparently independent events to Gβγ-mediated PKD activation has yet to be addressed. Results In this report, we demonstrate that among various members in the four G protein families, only the Gα subunits of the Gq family effectively activate all the three PKD isoforms (PKD1/2/3), while Gα subunits of other G protein families (Gs, Gi, and G12) are ineffective. Though the Gα subunits of Gi family are unable to stimulate PKD, receptors linked to Gi proteins are capable of triggering PKD activation in cell lines endogenously expressing (HeLa cells and Jurkat T-cells) or exogenously transfected with (HEK293 cells) Gβγ-sensitive PLCβ2/3 isoforms. This indicates that the Gi-mediated PKD activation is dependent on the released Gβγ dimers upon stimulation. Further investigation on individual Gβγ combinations (i.e. Gβ1 with Gγ1–13) revealed that, even if they can stimulate the PLCβ activity in a comparable manner, only those Gβ1γ dimers with γ2, γ3, γ4, γ5, γ7, and γ10 can serve as effective activators of PKD. We also demonstrated that Gi-mediated PKD activation is essential for the SDF-1α-induced chemotaxis on Jurkat T-cells. Conclusions Our current report illustrates that Gβγ dimers from the Gi proteins may activate PKD in a PLCβ2/3-dependent manner, and the specific identities of Gγ components within Gβγ dimers may determine this stimulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Wi Lau
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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21
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Xiang SY, Dusaban SS, Brown JH. Lysophospholipid receptor activation of RhoA and lipid signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:213-22. [PMID: 22986288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipids sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which couple to multiple G-proteins and their effectors. These GPCRs are quite efficacious in coupling to the Gα(12/13) family of G-proteins, which stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RhoA. Activated RhoA subsequently regulates downstream enzymes that transduce signals which affect the actin cytoskeleton, gene expression, cell proliferation and cell survival. Remarkably many of the enzymes regulated downstream of RhoA either use phospholipids as substrates (e.g. phospholipase D, phospholipase C-epsilon, PTEN, PI3 kinase) or are regulated by phospholipid products (e.g. protein kinase D, Akt). Thus lysophospholipids signal from outside of the cell and control phospholipid signaling processes within the cell that they target. Here we review evidence suggesting an integrative role for RhoA in responding to lysophospholipids upregulated in the pathophysiological environment, and in transducing this signal to cellular responses through effects on phospholipid regulatory or phospholipid regulated enzymes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Yang Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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22
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Scott JD, Newton AC. Shedding light on local kinase activation. BMC Biol 2012; 10:61. [PMID: 22805055 PMCID: PMC3398854 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the predominant language of cell signaling. And, as with any common language, an abundance of dialects has evolved to convey complex information. We discuss here how biosensors are being used to decode this language, affording an unprecedented glimpse into spatio-temporal patterns of protein phosphorylation events within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Scott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine,1959 Pacific Ave, NE, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
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23
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Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-activated serine/threonine kinase that plays a vital role in various physiologically important biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, adhesion, motility, and angiogenesis. Dysregulated PKD1 expression also contributes to the pathogenesis of certain cancers and cardiovascular disorders. Studies to date have focused primarily on the canonical membrane-delimited pathway for PKD1 activation by G protein-coupled receptors or peptide growth factors. Here, agonist-dependent increases in diacylglycerol accumulation lead to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of PKD1 at two highly conserved serine residues in the activation loop; this modification increases PKD1 catalytic activity, as assessed by PKD1 autophosphorylation at a consensus phosphorylation motif at the extreme C terminus. However, recent studies expose additional controls and consequences for PKD1 activation loop and C-terminal phosphorylation as well as additional autophosphorylation reactions and trans-phosphorylations (by PKC and other cellular enzymes) that contribute to the spatiotemporal control of PKD1 signaling in cells. This review focuses on the multisite phosphorylations that are known or predicted to influence PKD1 catalytic activity and may also influence docking interactions with cellular scaffolds and trafficking to signaling microdomains in various subcellular compartments. These modifications represent novel targets for the development of PKD1-directed pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancers and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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24
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O'Neill AK, Gallegos LL, Justilien V, Garcia EL, Leitges M, Fields AP, Hall RA, Newton AC. Protein kinase Cα promotes cell migration through a PDZ-dependent interaction with its novel substrate discs large homolog 1 (DLG1). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43559-68. [PMID: 22027822 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.294603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein scaffolds maintain precision in kinase signaling by coordinating kinases with components of specific signaling pathways. Such spatial segregation is particularly important in allowing specificity of signaling mediated by the 10-member family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes. Here we identified a novel interaction between PKCα and the Discs large homolog (DLG) family of scaffolds that is mediated by a class I C-terminal PDZ (PSD-95, disheveled, and ZO1) ligand unique to this PKC isozyme. Specifically, use of a proteomic array containing 96 purified PDZ domains identified the third PDZ domains of DLG1/SAP97 and DLG4/PSD95 as interaction partners for the PDZ binding motif of PKCα. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments verified that PKCα and DLG1 interact in cells by a mechanism dependent on an intact PDZ ligand. Functional assays revealed that the interaction of PKCα with DLG1 promotes wound healing; scratch assays using cells depleted of PKCα and/or DLG1 have impaired cellular migration that is no longer sensitive to PKC inhibition, and the ability of exogenous PKCα to rescue cellular migration is dependent on the presence of its PDZ ligand. Furthermore, we identified Thr-656 as a novel phosphorylation site in the SH3-Hook region of DLG1 that acts as a marker for PKCα activity at this scaffold. Increased phosphorylation of Thr-656 is correlated with increased invasiveness in non-small cell lung cancer lines from the NCI-60, consistent with this phosphorylation site serving as a marker of PKCα-mediated invasion. Taken together, these data establish the requirement of scaffolding to DLG1 for PKCα to promote cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey K O'Neill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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25
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Fu Y, Rubin CS. Protein kinase D: coupling extracellular stimuli to the regulation of cell physiology. EMBO Rep 2011; 12:785-96. [PMID: 21738220 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2011.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) mediates the actions of stimuli that promote diacylglycerol (DAG) biogenesis. By phosphorylating effectors that regulate transcription, fission and polarized transport of Golgi vesicles, as well as cell migration and survival after oxidative stress, PKDs substantially expand the range of physiological processes controlled by DAG. Dysregulated PKDs have been linked to pathologies including heart hypertrophy and cancer invasiveness. Our understanding of PKD regulation by trans- and autophosphorylation, as well as the subcellular dynamics of PKD substrate phosphorylation, have increased markedly. Selective PKD inhibitors provide new, powerful tools for elucidating the physiological roles of PKDs and potentially treating cardiac disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Fu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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26
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Rozengurt E. Protein kinase D signaling: multiple biological functions in health and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:23-33. [PMID: 21357900 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase family with structural, enzymological, and regulatory properties different from the PKC family members. Signaling through PKD is induced by a remarkable number of stimuli, including G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and polypeptide growth factors. PKD1, the most studied member of the family, is increasingly implicated in the regulation of a complex array of fundamental biological processes, including signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, membrane trafficking, secretion, immune regulation, cardiac hypertrophy and contraction, angiogenesis, and cancer. PKD mediates such a diverse array of normal and abnormal biological functions via dynamic changes in its spatial and temporal localization, combined with its distinct substrate specificity. Studies on PKD thus far indicate a striking diversity of both its signal generation and distribution and its potential for complex regulatory interactions with multiple downstream pathways, often regulating the subcellular localization of its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates various functions within the cell, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and cell motility. In normal cells, this protein plays key roles in multiple signaling pathways by relaying information from the extracellular environment and/or upstream kinases and converting them into a regulated intracellular response. The aberrant expression of PKD1 is associated with enhanced cancer phenotypes, such as deregulated cell proliferation, survival, motility, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the structural and functional aspects of PKD1 and highlight the pathobiological roles of this kinase in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Sundram
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
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28
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Kajimoto T, Sawamura S, Tohyama Y, Mori Y, Newton AC. Protein kinase C {delta}-specific activity reporter reveals agonist-evoked nuclear activity controlled by Src family of kinases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41896-910. [PMID: 20959447 PMCID: PMC3009917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes transduce the abundance of signals mediated by phospholipid hydrolysis; however redundancy in regulatory mechanisms confounds dissecting the unique signaling properties of each of the eight isozymes constituting these two subgroups. Previously, we created a genetically encoded reporter (C kinase activity reporter (CKAR)) to visualize the rate, amplitude, and duration of agonist-evoked PKC signaling at specific locations within the cell. Here we designed a reporter, δCKAR, that specifically measures the activation signature of one PKC isozyme, PKC δ, in cells, revealing unique spatial and regulatory properties of this isozyme. Specifically, we show two mechanisms of activation: 1) agonist-stimulated activation at the plasma membrane (the site of most robust PKC δ signaling), Golgi, and mitochondria that is independent of Src and can be triggered by phorbol esters and 2) agonist-stimulated activation in the nucleus that requires Src kinase activation and cannot be triggered by phorbol esters. Translocation studies reveal that the G-protein-coupled receptor agonist UTP induces the translocation of PKC δ into the nucleus by a mechanism that depends on the C2 domain and requires Src kinase activity. However, translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus is not required for the Src-dependent regulation of nuclear activity; a construct of PKC δ prelocalized to the nucleus continues to be activated by UTP by a mechanism dependent on Src kinase activity. These data identify the nucleus as a signaling hub for PKC δ that is driven by receptor-mediated signaling pathways (but not phorbol esters) and differs from signaling at plasma membrane and Golgi in that it is controlled by Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kajimoto
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- the Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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29
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Peltonen HM, Åkerman KE, Bart G. A role for PKD1 and PKD3 activation in modulation of calcium oscillations induced by orexin receptor 1 stimulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1803:1206-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Time-resolved luminescence resonance energy transfer imaging of protein-protein interactions in living cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:13582-7. [PMID: 20643966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002025107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorescent proteins permits high spatial resolution imaging of protein-protein interactions in living cells. However, substantial non-FRET fluorescence background can obscure small FRET signals, making many potential interactions unobservable by conventional FRET techniques. Here we demonstrate time-resolved microscopy of luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) for live-cell imaging of protein-protein interactions. A luminescent terbium complex, TMP-Lumi4, was introduced into cultured cells using two methods: (i) osmotic lysis of pinocytic vesicles; and (ii) reversible membrane permeabilization with streptolysin O. Upon intracellular delivery, the complex was observed to bind specifically and stably to transgenically expressed Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) fusion proteins. LRET between the eDHFR-bound terbium complex and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was detected as long-lifetime, sensitized GFP emission. Background signals from cellular autofluorescence and directly excited GFP fluorescence were effectively eliminated by imposing a time delay (10 micros) between excitation and detection. Background elimination made it possible to detect interactions between the first PDZ domain of ZO-1 (fused to eDHFR) and the C-terminal YV motif of claudin-1 (fused to GFP) in single microscope images at subsecond time scales. We observed a highly significant (P<10(-6)), six-fold difference between the mean, donor-normalized LRET signal from cells expressing interacting fusion proteins and from control cells expressing noninteracting mutants. The results show that time-resolved LRET microscopy with a selectively targeted, luminescent terbium protein label affords improved speed and sensitivity over conventional FRET methods for a variety of live-cell imaging and screening applications.
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31
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Li X, Liu Y, Zhu A, Luo Y, Deng Z, Tian Y. Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring of Cellular H2O2 Integrated with In Situ Selective Cultivation of Living Cells Based on Dual Functional Protein Microarrays at Au−TiO2 Surfaces. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6512-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100807c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anwei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zifeng Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
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Wang B, Ardura JA, Romero G, Yang Y, Hall RA, Friedman PA. Na/H exchanger regulatory factors control parathyroid hormone receptor signaling by facilitating differential activation of G(alpha) protein subunits. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26976-26986. [PMID: 20562104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na/H exchanger regulatory factors, NHERF1 and NHERF2, are adapter proteins involved in targeting and assembly of protein complexes. The parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) interacts with both NHERF1 and NHERF2. The NHERF proteins toggle PTHR signaling from predominantly activation of adenylyl cyclase in the absence of NHERF to principally stimulation of phospholipase C when the NHERF proteins are expressed. We hypothesized that this signaling switch occurs at the level of the G protein. We measured G protein activation by [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding and G(alpha) subtype-specific immunoprecipitation using three different cellular models of PTHR signaling. These studies revealed that PTHR interactions with NHERF1 enhance receptor-mediated stimulation of G(alpha)(q) but have no effect on stimulation of G(alpha)(i) or G(alpha)(s). In contrast, PTHR associations with NHERF2 enhance receptor-mediated stimulation of both G(alpha)(q) and G(alpha)(i) but decrease stimulation of G(alpha)(s). Consistent with these functional data, NHERF2 formed cellular complexes with both G(alpha)(q) and G(alpha)(i), whereas NHERF1 was found to interact only with G(alpha)(q). These findings demonstrate that NHERF interactions regulate PTHR signaling at the level of G proteins and that NHERF1 and NHERF2 exhibit isotype-specific effects on G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Juan A Ardura
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Guillermo Romero
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Peter A Friedman
- Laboratory for G Protein-coupled Receptor Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261.
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Ritter SL, Hall RA. Fine-tuning of GPCR activity by receptor-interacting proteins. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 10:819-30. [PMID: 19935667 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate physiological responses to various ligands, such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. The signalling and trafficking properties of GPCRs are often highly malleable depending on the cellular context. Such fine-tuning of GPCR function can be attributed in many cases to receptor-interacting proteins that are differentially expressed in distinct cell types. In some cases these GPCR-interacting partners directly mediate receptor signalling, whereas in other cases they act mainly as scaffolds to modulate G protein-mediated signalling. Furthermore, GPCR-interacting proteins can have a big impact on the regulation of GPCR trafficking, localization and/or pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Kunkel MT, Newton AC. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Kinase Signaling Visualized by Targeted Reporters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:17-18. [PMID: 21804950 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch090106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genetically encoded FRET-based kinase activity reporters has ushered in a new era of signal transduction research. Such reporters allow the direct monitoring of kinase activity in live cells at specific locations, providing unprecedented information on the spatiotemporal dynamics of kinase signaling. Specifically, FRET-sensitive conformational changes in the reporters following phosphorylation serve as a direct readout of kinase activity. These genetically encoded reporters allow not only temporal resolution of kinase activity, but also spatial resolution: by fusing appropriate targeting sequences, reporters can be positioned at specific subcellular locations. Herein we present a strategy to generate and target kinase activity reporters to discrete intracellular regions to measure kinase signaling in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya T Kunkel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721
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