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Fuentes JM, Morcillo P. The Role of Cardiolipin in Mitochondrial Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:609. [PMID: 38607048 PMCID: PMC11012098 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-exclusive phospholipid synthesized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. CL plays a key role in mitochondrial membranes, impacting a plethora of functions this organelle performs. Consequently, it is conceivable that abnormalities in the CL content, composition, and level of oxidation may negatively impact mitochondrial function and dynamics, with important implications in a variety of diseases. This review concentrates on papers published in recent years, combined with basic and underexplored research in CL. We capture new findings on its biological functions in the mitochondria, as well as its association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Lastly, we explore the potential applications of CL as a biomarker and pharmacological target to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Fuentes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER-CIBERNED-ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Departmentof Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Kagan VE, Tyurina YY, Mikulska-Ruminska K, Damschroder D, Vieira Neto E, Lasorsa A, Kapralov AA, Tyurin VA, Amoscato AA, Samovich SN, Souryavong AB, Dar HH, Ramim A, Liang Z, Lazcano P, Ji J, Schmidtke MW, Kiselyov K, Korkmaz A, Vladimirov GK, Artyukhova MA, Rampratap P, Cole LK, Niyatie A, Baker EK, Peterson J, Hatch GM, Atkinson J, Vockley J, Kühn B, Wessells R, van der Wel PCA, Bahar I, Bayir H, Greenberg ML. Anomalous peroxidase activity of cytochrome c is the primary pathogenic target in Barth syndrome. Nat Metab 2023; 5:2184-2205. [PMID: 37996701 PMCID: PMC11213643 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a life-threatening genetic disorder with unknown pathogenicity caused by mutations in TAFAZZIN (TAZ) that affect remodeling of mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL). TAZ deficiency leads to accumulation of mono-lyso-CL (MLCL), which forms a peroxidase complex with cytochrome c (cyt c) capable of oxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing lipids. We hypothesized that accumulation of MLCL facilitates formation of anomalous MLCL-cyt c peroxidase complexes and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid phospholipids as the primary BTHS pathogenic mechanism. Using genetic, biochemical/biophysical, redox lipidomic and computational approaches, we reveal mechanisms of peroxidase-competent MLCL-cyt c complexation and increased phospholipid peroxidation in different TAZ-deficient cells and animal models and in pre-transplant biopsies from hearts of patients with BTHS. A specific mitochondria-targeted anti-peroxidase agent inhibited MLCL-cyt c peroxidase activity, prevented phospholipid peroxidation, improved mitochondrial respiration of TAZ-deficient C2C12 myoblasts and restored exercise endurance in a BTHS Drosophila model. Targeting MLCL-cyt c peroxidase offers therapeutic approaches to BTHS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karolina Mikulska-Ruminska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Deena Damschroder
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Vieira Neto
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine Division, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessia Lasorsa
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Svetlana N Samovich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Austin B Souryavong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haider H Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abu Ramim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhuqing Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pablo Lazcano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aybike Korkmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Redox Health Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgy K Vladimirov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margarita A Artyukhova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pushpa Rampratap
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ammanamanchi Niyatie
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emma-Kate Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, School of Public Health, Children's Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Genomic Medicine Division, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Patrick C A van der Wel
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Laufer Center for Physical Quantitative Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care and Hospital Medicine, Redox Health Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Tomczewski MV, Chan JZ, Al-Majmaie DM, Liu MR, Cocco AD, Stark KD, Strathdee D, Duncan RE. Phenotypic Characterization of Female Carrier Mice Heterozygous for Tafazzin Deletion. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1238. [PMID: 37759637 PMCID: PMC10525480 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by mutations in tafazzin resulting in deficits in cardiolipin remodeling that alter major metabolic processes. The tafazzin gene is encoded on the X chromosome, and therefore BTHS primarily affects males. Female carriers are typically considered asymptomatic, but age-related changes have been reported in female carriers of other X-linked disorders. Therefore, we examined the phenotype of female mice heterozygous for deletion of the tafazzin gene (Taz-HET) at 3 and 12 months of age. Food intakes, body masses, lean tissue and adipose depot weights, daily activity levels, metabolic measures, and exercise capacity were assessed. Age-related changes in mice resulted in small but significant genotype-specific differences in Taz-HET mice compared with their female Wt littermates. By 12 months, Taz-HET mice weighed less than Wt controls and had smaller gonadal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose depots and liver and brain masses, despite similar food consumption. Daily movement, respiratory exchange ratio, and total energy expenditure did not vary significantly between the age-matched genotypes. Taz-HET mice displayed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity at 12 months compared with their Wt littermates but had evidence of slightly reduced exercise capacity. Tafazzin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the cardiac muscle of 12-month-old Taz-HET mice, which was associated with minor but significant alterations in the heart cardiolipin profile. This work is the first to report the characterization of a model of female carriers of heterozygous tafazzin deficiency and suggests that additional study, particularly with advancing age, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V. Tomczewski
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - John Z. Chan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Duaa M. Al-Majmaie
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Ming Rong Liu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Alex D. Cocco
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Ken D. Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Transgenic Technology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK;
| | - Robin E. Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., BMH1044, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (M.V.T.); (J.Z.C.); (D.M.A.-M.); (M.R.L.); (K.D.S.)
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Joshi A, Richard TH, Gohil VM. Mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism in health and disease. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260857. [PMID: 37655851 PMCID: PMC10482392 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of rare human genetic disorders of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism have highlighted the crucial role that membrane phospholipids play in mitochondrial bioenergetics and human health. The phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is highly conserved from yeast to humans, with each class of phospholipid performing a specific function in the assembly and activity of various mitochondrial membrane proteins, including the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles of cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, two crucial mitochondrial phospholipids, in organismal physiology. Studies on inter-organellar and intramitochondrial phospholipid transport have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis. Here, we discuss these recent advances in the function and transport of mitochondrial phospholipids while describing their biochemical and biophysical properties and biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial phospholipids in human health by describing the various genetic diseases caused by disruptions in their biosynthesis and discuss advances in therapeutic strategies for Barth syndrome, the best-studied disorder of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaumy Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Travis H. Richard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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5
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Olivar-Villanueva M, Ren M, Schlame M, Phoon CK. The critical role of cardiolipin in metazoan differentiation, development, and maturation. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:691-712. [PMID: 36692477 PMCID: PMC10238668 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipins are phospholipids that are central to proper mitochondrial functioning. Because mitochondria play crucial roles in differentiation, development, and maturation, we would also expect cardiolipin to play major roles in these processes. Indeed, cardiolipin has been implicated in the mechanism of three human diseases that affect young infants, implying developmental abnormalities. In this review, we will: (1) Review the biology of cardiolipin; (2) Outline the evidence for essential roles of cardiolipin during organismal development, including embryogenesis and cell maturation in vertebrate organisms; (3) Place the role(s) of cardiolipin during embryogenesis within the larger context of the roles of mitochondria in development; and (4) Suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Colin K.L. Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Sato T, Umebayashi S, Senoo N, Akahori T, Ichida H, Miyoshi N, Yoshida T, Sugiura Y, Goto-Inoue N, Kawana H, Shindou H, Baba T, Maemoto Y, Kamei Y, Shimizu T, Aoki J, Miura S. LPGAT1/LPLAT7 regulates acyl chain profiles at the sn-1 position of phospholipids in murine skeletal muscles. J Biol Chem 2023:104848. [PMID: 37217003 PMCID: PMC10285227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle consists of both fast- and slow-twitch fibers. Phospholipids are important structural components of cellular membranes, and the diversity of their fatty acid composition affects membrane fluidity and permeability. Although some studies have shown that acyl chain species in phospholipids differ among various muscle fiber types, the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. To investigate this, we analyzed phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules in the murine extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles. In the EDL muscle, the vast majority (93.6%) of PC molecules was palmitate-containing PC (16:0-PC), whereas in the soleus muscle, in addition to 16:0-PC, 27.9% of PC molecules was stearate-containing PC (18:0-PC). Most palmitate and stearate were bound at the sn-1 position of 16:0- and 18:0-PC, respectively, and 18:0-PC was found in type I and IIa fibers. The amount of 18:0-PE was higher in the soleus than in the EDL muscle. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) increased the amount of 18:0-PC in the EDL. Lysophosphatidylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (LPGAT1) was highly expressed in the soleus compared with that in the EDL muscle and was upregulated by PGC-1α. LPGAT1 knockout decreased the incorporation of stearate into PC and PE in vitro and ex vivo and the amount of 18:0-PC and 18:0-PE in murine skeletal muscle with an increase in the level of 16:0-PC and 16:0-PE. Moreover, knocking out LPGAT1 decreased the amount of stearate-containing-phosphatidylserine (18:0-PS), suggesting that LPGAT1 regulated the acyl chain profiles of phospholipids, namely PC, PE, and PS, in the skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Sato
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shuhei Umebayashi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takumi Akahori
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiyori Ichida
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Laboratory of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Marine Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Advanced Research & Development Programs for Medical Innovation (AMED-LEAP), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Lipid Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Baba
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuki Maemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Advanced Research & Development Programs for Medical Innovation (AMED-LEAP), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Sabbah HN, Taylor C, Vernon HJ. Temporal evolution of the heart failure phenotype in Barth syndrome and treatment with elamipretide. Future Cardiol 2023; 19:211-225. [PMID: 37325898 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in TAFAZZIN leading to reduced remodeled cardiolipin (CL), a phospholipid essential to mitochondrial function and structure. Cardiomyopathy presents in most patients with BTHS, typically appearing as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in infancy and evolving to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) resembling heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in some patients ≥12 years. Elamipretide localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it associates with CL, improving mitochondrial function, structure and bioenergetics, including ATP synthesis. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies in BTHS and other forms of HF have demonstrated that elamipretide improves left ventricular relaxation by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, making it well suited for therapeutic use in adolescent and adult patients with BTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N Sabbah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Health, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Carolyn Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hilary J Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Prola A, Pilot-Storck F. Cardiolipin Alterations during Obesity: Exploring Therapeutic Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1638. [PMID: 36358339 PMCID: PMC9687765 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specific phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane that participates in many aspects of its organization and function, hence promoting proper mitochondrial ATP production. Here, we review recent data that have investigated alterations of cardiolipin in different tissues in the context of obesity and the related metabolic syndrome. Data relating perturbations of cardiolipin content or composition are accumulating and suggest their involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction in tissues from obese patients. Conversely, cardiolipin modulation is a promising field of investigation in a search for strategies for obesity management. Several ways to restore cardiolipin content, composition or integrity are emerging and may contribute to the improvement of mitochondrial function in tissues facing excessive fat storage. Inversely, reduction of mitochondrial efficiency in a controlled way may increase energy expenditure and help fight against obesity and in this perspective, several options aim at targeting cardiolipin to achieve a mild reduction of mitochondrial coupling. Far from being just a victim of the deleterious consequences of obesity, cardiolipin may ultimately prove to be a possible weapon to fight against obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Prola
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Pilot-Storck
- Team Relaix, INSERM, IMRB, Université Paris-Est Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
- EnvA, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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9
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Jiang Z, Shen T, Huynh H, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiolipin Regulates Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Function in Mammalian Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101889. [PMID: 36292774 PMCID: PMC9601307 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique, tetra-acylated diphosphatidylglycerol lipid that mainly localizes in the inner mitochondria membrane (IMM) in mammalian cells and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial architecture and functioning. A deficiency of CL biosynthesis and remodeling perturbs mitochondrial functioning and ultrastructure. Clinical and experimental studies on human patients and animal models have also provided compelling evidence that an abnormal CL content, acyl chain composition, localization, and level of oxidation may be directly linked to multiple diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neuronal dysfunction, immune cell defects, and metabolic disorders. The central role of CL in regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In this review, we focus on the advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of CL biosynthesis and remodeling from human patients and mouse models, and we provide an overview of the potential mechanism by which CL regulates the mitochondrial architecture and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (K.O.)
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10
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PLAAT1 Exhibits Phosphatidylcholine:Monolysocardiolipin Transacylase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126714. [PMID: 35743156 PMCID: PMC9224490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific cardiolipin fatty acyl profiles are achieved by remodeling of de novo synthesized cardiolipin, and four remodeling enzymes have thus far been identified. We studied the enzyme phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1 (PLAAT1), and we report the discovery that it has phosphatidylcholine (PC):monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) transacylase activity. Subcellular localization was analyzed by differential centrifugation and immunoblotting. Total levels of major phospholipids, and the fatty acyl profile of cardiolipin, were analyzed in HEK293 cells expressing murine PLAAT1 using gas chromatography. Apparent enzyme kinetics of affinity-purified PLAAT1 were calculated using radiochemical enzyme assays. This enzyme was found to localize predominantly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but was detected at low levels in the mitochondria-associated ER matrix. Cells expressing PLAAT1 had higher levels of total cardiolipin, but not other phospholipids, and it was primarily enriched in the saturated fatty acids myristate, palmitate, and stearate, with quantitatively smaller increases in the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids linolenate, eicosatrienoate, and eicosapentanoate and the monounsaturated fatty acid erucate. Affinity-purified PLAAT1 did not catalyze the transacylation of MLCL using 1-palmitoyl-2-[14C]-linoleoyl-PC as an acyl donor. However, PLAAT1 had an apparent Vmax of 1.61 μmol/min/mg protein and Km of 126 μM using [9,10-3H]-distearoyl-PC as an acyl donor, and 0.61 μmol/min/mg protein and Km of 16 μM using [9,10-3H]-dioleoyl-PC. PLAAT1 is therefore a novel PC:MLCL transacylase.
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Zhang J, Shi Y. In Search of the Holy Grail: Toward a Unified Hypothesis on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Age-Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121906. [PMID: 35741033 PMCID: PMC9221202 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial signature phospholipid that plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial dynamics, membrane structure, oxidative phosphorylation, mtDNA bioenergetics, and mitophagy. The depletion or abnormal acyl composition of CL causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging and age-related disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction causes age-related diseases remain poorly understood. Recent development in the field has identified acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1 (ALCAT1), an acyltransferase upregulated by oxidative stress, as a key enzyme that promotes mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related diseases. ALCAT1 catalyzes CL remodeling with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Enrichment of DHA renders CL highly sensitive to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidized CL becomes a new source of ROS in the form of lipid peroxides, leading to a vicious cycle of oxidative stress, CL depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ablation or the pharmacological inhibition of ALCAT1 have been shown to mitigate obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, fatty liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The findings suggest that age-related disorders are one disease (aging) manifested by different mitochondrion-sensitive tissues, and therefore should be treated as one disease. This review will discuss a unified hypothesis on CL remodeling by ALCAT1 as the common denominator of mitochondrial dysfunction, linking mitochondrial dysfunction to the development of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuguang Shi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-210-450-1363; Fax: +1-210-562-6150
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12
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Lifespan Extension of Podospora anserina Mic60-Subcomplex Mutants Depends on Cardiolipin Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094741. [PMID: 35563132 PMCID: PMC9099538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of mitochondria largely depends on a characteristic ultrastructure with typical invaginations, namely the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial signature phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), the F1Fo-ATP-synthase, and the ‘mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system’ (MICOS) complex are involved in this process. Previous studies with Podospora anserina demonstrated that manipulation of MICOS leads to altered cristae structure and prolongs lifespan. While longevity of Mic10-subcomplex mutants is induced by mitohormesis, the underlying mechanism in the Mic60-subcomplex deletion mutants was unclear. Since several studies indicated a connection between MICOS and phospholipid composition, we now analyzed the impact of MICOS on mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. Data from lipidomic analysis identified alterations in phospholipid profile and acyl composition of CL in Mic60-subcomplex mutants. These changes appear to have beneficial effects on membrane properties and promote longevity. Impairments of CL remodeling in a PaMIC60 ablated mutant lead to a complete abrogation of longevity. This effect is reversed by supplementation of the growth medium with linoleic acid, a fatty acid which allows the formation of tetra-octadecanoyl CL. In the PaMic60 deletion mutant, this CL species appears to lead to longevity. Overall, our data demonstrate a tight connection between MICOS, the regulation of mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis, and aging of P. anserina.
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Pang J, Bao Y, Mitchell-Silbaugh K, Veevers J, Fang X. Barth Syndrome Cardiomyopathy: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040656. [PMID: 35456462 PMCID: PMC9030331 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked mitochondrial lipid disorder caused by mutations in the TAFAZZIN (TAZ) gene, which encodes a mitochondrial acyltransferase/transacylase required for cardiolipin (CL) biosynthesis. Cardiomyopathy is a major clinical feature of BTHS. During the past four decades, we have witnessed many landmark discoveries that have led to a greater understanding of clinical features of BTHS cardiomyopathy and their molecular basis, as well as the therapeutic targets for this disease. Recently published Taz knockout mouse models provide useful experimental models for studying BTHS cardiomyopathy and testing potential therapeutic approaches. This review aims to summarize key findings of the clinical features, molecular mechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches for BTHS cardiomyopathy, with particular emphasis on the most recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yutong Bao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Department of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kalia Mitchell-Silbaugh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (J.P.); (Y.B.); (K.M.-S.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-246-4637
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Chu I, Chen YC, Lai RY, Chan JF, Lee YH, Balazova M, Hsu YHH. Phosphatidylglycerol Supplementation Alters Mitochondrial Morphology and Cardiolipin Composition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040383. [PMID: 35448353 PMCID: PMC9028734 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic variant of the TAZ gene is directly associated with Barth syndrome. Because tafazzin in the mitochondria is responsible for cardiolipin (CL) remodeling, all molecules related to the metabolism of CL can affect or be affected by TAZ mutation. In this study, we intend to recover the distortion of the mitochondrial lipid composition, especially CL, for Barth syndrome treatment. The genetically edited TAZ knockout HAP1 cells were demonstrated to be a suitable cellular model, where CL desaturation occurred and monolyso-CL (MLCL) was accumulated. From the species analysis by mass spectrometry, phosphatidylethanolamine showed changed species content after TAZ knockout. TAZ knockout also caused genetic down-regulation of PGS gene and up-regulation of PNPLA8 gene, which may decrease the biosynthesis of CLs and increase the hydrolysis product MLCL. Supplemented phosphatidylglycerol(18:1)2 (PG(18:1)2) was successfully biosynthesized to mature symmetrical CL and drastically decrease the concentration of MLCL to recover the morphology of mitochondria and the cristae shape of inner mitochondria. Newly synthesized mature CL may induce the down-regulation of PLA2G6 and PNPLA8 genes to potentially decrease MLCL production. The excess supplemented PG was further metabolized into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ying-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ruo-Yun Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Jui-Fen Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ya-Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Maria Balazova
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Yuan-Hao Howard Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan; (I.C.); (Y.-C.C.); (R.-Y.L.); (J.-F.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23590121 (ext. 32230); Fax: +886-4-23590426
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Miao H, Li B, Wang Z, Mu J, Tian Y, Jiang B, Zhang S, Gong X, Shui G, Lam SM. Lipidome Atlas of the Developing Heart Uncovers Dynamic Membrane Lipid Attributes Underlying Cardiac Structural and Metabolic Maturation. RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.34133/research.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Precise metabolic rewiring during heart organogenesis underlies normal cardiac development. Herein, we utilized high-coverage, quantitative lipidomic approaches to construct lipidomic atlases of whole hearts (861 lipids; 31 classes) and mitochondria (587 lipids; 27 classes) across prenatal and postnatal developmental stages in mice. We uncovered the progressive formation of docosahexaenoyl-phospholipids and enhanced remodeling of C18:2, C20:3, and C20:4 fatty acyl moieties into cardiolipins as cardiac development progresses. A preferential flow of ceramides toward sphingomyelin biosynthesis over complex glycosphingolipid formation was also noted. Using maSigPro and GPclust algorithms, we identified a repertoire of 448 developmentally dynamic lipids and mapped their expression patterns to a library of 550 biologically relevant developmentally dynamic genes. Our combinatorial transcriptomics and lipidomics approaches identified
Hadha, Lclat1
, and
Lpcat3
as candidate molecular drivers governing the dynamic remodeling of cardiolipins and phospholipids, respectively, in heart development. Our analyses revealed that postnatal cardiolipin remodeling in the heart constitutes a biphasic process, which first accumulates polyunsaturated C78-cardiolipins prior to tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin forming the predominant species. Multiomics analyses supplemented with transmission electron microscopy imaging uncovered enhanced mitochondria–lipid droplet contacts mediated by perilipin-5. Our combinatorial analyses of multiomics data uncovered an association between mitochondrial-resident, docosahexaenoic acid-phospholipids and messenger RNA levels of proton-transporting adenosine triphosphate synthases on inner mitochondrial membranes, which adds credence to the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism. The current findings offer lipid-centric biological insights potentially important to understanding the molecular basis of cardiac metabolic flexibility and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binhua Jiang
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xia Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Valentine WJ, Yanagida K, Kawana H, Kono N, Noda NN, Aoki J, Shindou H. Update and nomenclature proposal for mammalian lysophospholipid acyltransferases which create membrane phospholipid diversity. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101470. [PMID: 34890643 PMCID: PMC8753187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of glycerophospholipid species in cellular membranes is immense and affects various biological functions. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) and lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs), in concert with phospholipase A1/2s enzymes, contribute to this diversity via selective esterification of fatty acyl chains at the sn-1 or sn-2 positions of membrane phospholipids. These enzymes are conserved across all kingdoms, and in mammals four GPATs of the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) family and at least 14 LPLATs, either of the AGPAT or the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) families, have been identified. Here we provide an overview of the biochemical and biological activities of these mammalian enzymes, including their predicted structures, involvements in human diseases, and essential physiological roles as revealed by gene-deficient mice. Recently, the nomenclature used to refer to these enzymes has generated some confusion due to the use of multiple names to refer to the same enzyme and instances of the same name being used to refer to completely different enzymes. Thus, this review proposes a more uniform LPLAT enzyme nomenclature, as well as providing an update of recent advances made in the study of LPLATs, continuing from our JBC mini review in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Department of Lipid Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Acoba MG, Senoo N, Claypool SM. Phospholipid ebb and flow makes mitochondria go. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151918. [PMID: 32614384 PMCID: PMC7401802 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202003131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, so much more than just being energy factories, also have the capacity to synthesize macromolecules including phospholipids, particularly cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phospholipids are vital constituents of mitochondrial membranes, impacting the plethora of functions performed by this organelle. Hence, the orchestrated movement of phospholipids to and from the mitochondrion is essential for cellular integrity. In this review, we capture recent advances in the field of mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis and trafficking, highlighting the significance of interorganellar communication, intramitochondrial contact sites, and lipid transfer proteins in maintaining membrane homeostasis. We then discuss the physiological functions of CL and PE, specifically how they associate with protein complexes in mitochondrial membranes to support bioenergetics and maintain mitochondrial architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Grace Acoba
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nanami Senoo
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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18
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Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare, X-linked recessive, infantile-onset debilitating disorder characterized by early-onset cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle myopathy, growth delay, and neutropenia, with a worldwide incidence of 1/300,000-400,000 live births. The high mortality rate throughout infancy in BTHS patients is related primarily to progressive cardiomyopathy and a weakened immune system. BTHS is caused by defects in the TAZ gene that encodes tafazzin, a transacylase responsible for the remodeling and maturation of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), which is critical to normal mitochondrial structure and function (i.e., ATP generation). A deficiency in tafazzin results in up to a 95% reduction in levels of structurally mature CL. Because the heart is the most metabolically active organ in the body, with the highest mitochondrial content of any tissue, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of heart failure in patients with BTHS. Changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation reduce the ability of mitochondria to meet the ATP demands of the human heart as well as skeletal muscle, namely ATP synthesis does not match the rate of ATP consumption. The presence of several cardiomyopathic phenotypes have been described in BTHS, including dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular noncompaction, either alone or in conjunction with other cardiomyopathic phenotypes, endocardial fibroelastosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and an apical form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, among others, all of which can be directly attributed to the lack of CL synthesis, remodeling, and maturation with subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. Several mechanisms by which these cardiomyopathic phenotypes exist have been proposed, thereby identifying potential targets for treatment. Dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump and inflammation potentially triggered by circulating mitochondrial components have been identified. Currently, treatment modalities are aimed at addressing symptomatology of HF in BTHS, but do not address the underlying pathology. One novel therapeutic approach includes elamipretide, which crosses the mitochondrial outer membrane to localize to the inner membrane where it associates with cardiolipin to enhance ATP synthesis in several organs, including the heart. Encouraging clinical results of the use of elamipretide in treating patients with BTHS support the potential use of this drug for management of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N Sabbah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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19
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Barth syndrome: cardiolipin, cellular pathophysiology, management, and novel therapeutic targets. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1605-1629. [PMID: 33415565 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a rare X-linked genetic disease classically characterized by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, growth retardation, neutropenia, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. It is caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene localized to chromosome Xq28.12. Mutations in tafazzin may result in alterations in the level and molecular composition of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and result in large elevations in the lysophospholipid monolysocardiolipin. The increased monolysocardiolipin:cardiolipin ratio in blood is diagnostic for the disease, and it leads to disruption in mitochondrial bioenergetics. In this review, we discuss cardiolipin structure, synthesis, and function and provide an overview of the clinical and cellular pathophysiology of Barth Syndrome. We highlight known pharmacological management for treatment of the major pathological features associated with the disease. In addition, we discuss non-pharmacological management. Finally, we highlight the most recent promising therapeutic options for this rare mitochondrial disease including lipid replacement therapy, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, tafazzin gene replacement therapy, induced pluripotent stem cells, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and peptides, and the polyphenolic compound resveratrol.
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20
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Metabolic Alterations Caused by Defective Cardiolipin Remodeling in Inherited Cardiomyopathies. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110277. [PMID: 33187128 PMCID: PMC7697959 DOI: 10.3390/life10110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the most energy-consuming organ in the human body. In heart failure, the homeostasis of energy supply and demand is endangered by an increase in cardiomyocyte workload, or by an insufficiency in energy-providing processes. Energy metabolism is directly associated with mitochondrial redox homeostasis. The production of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) may overwhelm mitochondrial and cellular ROS defense mechanisms in case of heart failure. Mitochondria are essential cell organelles and provide 95% of the required energy in the heart. Metabolic remodeling, changes in mitochondrial structure or function, and alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling diminish mitochondrial energy provision in many forms of cardiomyopathy. The mitochondrial respiratory chain creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which couples respiration with oxidative phosphorylation and the preservation of energy in the chemical bonds of ATP. Akin to other mitochondrial enzymes, the respiratory chain is integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane. The tight association with the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) ensures its structural integrity and coordinates enzymatic activity. This review focuses on how changes in mitochondrial CL may be associated with heart failure. Dysfunctional CL has been found in diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemia reperfusion injury and the aging heart. Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Moreover, a dysfunctional CL pool causes other types of rare inherited cardiomyopathies, such as Sengers syndrome and Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia (DCMA). Here we review the impact of cardiolipin deficiency on mitochondrial functions in cellular and animal models. We describe the molecular mechanisms concerning mitochondrial dysfunction as an incitement of cardiomyopathy and discuss potential therapeutic strategies.
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21
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Lee RG, Gao J, Siira SJ, Shearwood AM, Ermer JA, Hofferek V, Mathews JC, Zheng M, Reid GE, Rackham O, Filipovska A. Cardiolipin is required for membrane docking of mitochondrial ribosomes and protein synthesis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240374. [PMID: 32576663 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial inner membrane contains a unique phospholipid known as cardiolipin (CL), which stabilises the protein complexes embedded in the membrane and supports its overall structure. Recent evidence indicates that the mitochondrial ribosome may associate with the inner membrane to facilitate co-translational insertion of the hydrophobic oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins into the inner membrane. We generated three mutant knockout cell lines for the CL biosynthesis gene Crls1 to investigate the effects of CL loss on mitochondrial protein synthesis. Reduced CL levels caused altered mitochondrial morphology and transcriptome-wide changes that were accompanied by uncoordinated mitochondrial translation rates and impaired respiratory chain supercomplex formation. Aberrant protein synthesis was caused by impaired formation and distribution of mitochondrial ribosomes. Reduction or loss of CL resulted in divergent mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. We show that CL is required to stabilise the interaction of the mitochondrial ribosome with the membrane via its association with OXA1 (also known as OXA1L) during active translation. This interaction facilitates insertion of newly synthesised mitochondrial proteins into the inner membrane and stabilises the respiratory supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Lee
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Junjie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stefan J Siira
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Shearwood
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Judith A Ermer
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Vinzenz Hofferek
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - James C Mathews
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Minghao Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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22
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Gray MW, Burger G, Derelle R, Klimeš V, Leger MM, Sarrasin M, Vlček Č, Roger AJ, Eliáš M, Lang BF. The draft nuclear genome sequence and predicted mitochondrial proteome of Andalucia godoyi, a protist with the most gene-rich and bacteria-like mitochondrial genome. BMC Biol 2020; 18:22. [PMID: 32122349 PMCID: PMC7050145 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-0741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative analyses have indicated that the mitochondrion of the last eukaryotic common ancestor likely possessed all the key core structures and functions that are widely conserved throughout the domain Eucarya. To date, such studies have largely focused on animals, fungi, and land plants (primarily multicellular eukaryotes); relatively few mitochondrial proteomes from protists (primarily unicellular eukaryotic microbes) have been examined. To gauge the full extent of mitochondrial structural and functional complexity and to identify potential evolutionary trends in mitochondrial proteomes, more comprehensive explorations of phylogenetically diverse mitochondrial proteomes are required. In this regard, a key group is the jakobids, a clade of protists belonging to the eukaryotic supergroup Discoba, distinguished by having the most gene-rich and most bacteria-like mitochondrial genomes discovered to date. Results In this study, we assembled the draft nuclear genome sequence for the jakobid Andalucia godoyi and used a comprehensive in silico approach to infer the nucleus-encoded portion of the mitochondrial proteome of this protist, identifying 864 candidate mitochondrial proteins. The A. godoyi mitochondrial proteome has a complexity that parallels that of other eukaryotes, while exhibiting an unusually large number of ancestral features that have been lost particularly in opisthokont (animal and fungal) mitochondria. Notably, we find no evidence that the A. godoyi nuclear genome has or had a gene encoding a single-subunit, T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase, which functions as the mitochondrial transcriptase in all eukaryotes except the jakobids. Conclusions As genome and mitochondrial proteome data have become more widely available, a strikingly punctuate phylogenetic distribution of different mitochondrial components has been revealed, emphasizing that the pathways of mitochondrial proteome evolution are likely complex and lineage-specific. Unraveling this complexity will require comprehensive comparative analyses of mitochondrial proteomes from a phylogenetically broad range of eukaryotes, especially protists. The systematic in silico approach described here offers a valuable adjunct to direct proteomic analysis (e.g., via mass spectrometry), particularly in cases where the latter approach is constrained by sample limitation or other practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Gray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Gertraud Burger
- Département de Biochimie and Robert-Cedergren Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Derelle
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vladimír Klimeš
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matt Sarrasin
- Département de Biochimie and Robert-Cedergren Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Čestmír Vlček
- Current address: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marek Eliáš
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - B Franz Lang
- Département de Biochimie and Robert-Cedergren Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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23
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El-Hafidi M, Correa F, Zazueta C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases associated with cardiolipin remodeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165744. [PMID: 32105822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is an acidic phospholipid almost exclusively found in the inner mitochondrial membrane, that not only stabilizes the structure and function of individual components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, but regulates relevant mitochondrial processes, like mitochondrial dynamics and cristae structure maintenance among others. Alterations in CL due to peroxidation, correlates with loss of such mitochondrial activities and disease progression. In this review it is recapitulated the current state of knowledge of the role of cardiolipin remodeling associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El-Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología I. Ch. 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco Correa
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología I. Ch. 14080, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología I. Ch. 14080, Ciudad de México, México.
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24
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Acaz-Fonseca E, Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Garcia-Segura LM, Astiz M. Sex differences and gonadal hormone regulation of brain cardiolipin, a key mitochondrial phospholipid. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12774. [PMID: 31323169 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid that is almost exclusively located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells. As a result of its unique structure and distribution, CL establishes non-covalent bonds with a long list of proteins involved in ATP production, mitochondria biogenesis, mitophagy and apoptosis. Thus, the amount of CL, as well as its fatty acid composition and location, strongly impacts upon mitochondrial-dependent functions and therefore the metabolic homeostasis of different tissues. The brain is particularly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of its high metabolic demand. Several mitochondrial related-neurodegenerative disorders, as well as physiological ageing, show altered CL metabolism. Furthermore, mice lacking enzymes involved in CL synthesis show cognitive impairments. CL content and metabolism are regulated by gonadal hormones in the developing and adult brain. In neuronal cultures, oestradiol increases CL content, whereas adult ovariectomy decreases CL content and alters CL metabolism in the hippocampal mitochondria. Transient sex differences in brain CL metabolism have been detected during development. At birth, brain CL has a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the brain of male mice than in the brain of females. In addition, the expression of enzymes involved in CL de novo and recycling synthetic pathways is higher in males. Most of these sex differences are abolished by the neonatal androgenisation of females, suggesting a role for testosterone in the generation of sex differences in brain CL. The regulation of brain CL by gonadal hormones may be linked to their homeostatic and protective actions in neural cells, as well as the manifestation of sex differences in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Acaz-Fonseca
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Astiz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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25
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ALCAT1 Overexpression Affects Supercomplex Formation and Increases ROS in Respiring Mitochondria. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9186469. [PMID: 31885824 PMCID: PMC6925921 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9186469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a multifunctional dimeric phospholipid that physically interacts with electron transport chain complexes I, III, and IV, and ATP synthase (complex V). The enzyme ALCAT1 catalyzes the conversion of cardiolipin by incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids into cardiolipin. The resulting CL species are said to be more susceptible to oxidative damage. This is thought to negatively affect the interaction of cardiolipin and electron transport chain complexes, leading to increased ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, it is discussed that ALCAT1 itself is upregulated due to oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the effects of overexpression of ALCAT1 under different metabolic conditions. ALCAT1 is located at the ER and mitochondria, probably at contact sites. We found that respiration stimulated by galactose supply promoted supercomplex assembly but also led to increased mitochondrial ROS levels. Endogeneous ALCAT1 protein expression levels showed a fairly high variability. Artificially induced ALCAT1 overexpression reduced supercomplex formation, further promoted ROS production, and prevented upregulation of coupled respiration. Taken together, our data suggest that the amount of the CL conversion enzyme ALCAT1 is critical for coupling mitochondrial respiration and metabolic plasticity.
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26
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Abstract
Synthesis and regulation of lipid levels and identities is critical for a wide variety of cellular functions, including structural and morphological properties of organelles, energy storage, signaling, and stability and function of membrane proteins. Proteolytic cleavage events regulate and/or influence some of these lipid metabolic processes and as a result help modulate their pleiotropic cellular functions. Proteins involved in lipid regulation are proteolytically cleaved for the purpose of their relocalization, processing, turnover, and quality control, among others. The scope of this review includes proteolytic events governing cellular lipid dynamics. After an initial discussion of the classic example of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, our focus will shift to the mitochondrion, where a range of proteolytic events are critical for normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism and enforcing quality control therein. Recently, mitochondrial phospholipid metabolic pathways have been implicated as important for the proliferative capacity of cancers. Thus, the assorted proteases that regulate, monitor, or influence the activity of proteins that are important for phospholipid metabolism represent attractive targets to be manipulated for research purposes and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdewinde N. Sam
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Erica Avery
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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27
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Seneviratne AK, Xu M, Henao JJA, Fajardo VA, Hao Z, Voisin V, Xu GW, Hurren R, Kim S, MacLean N, Wang X, Gronda M, Jeyaraju D, Jitkova Y, Ketela T, Mullokandov M, Sharon D, Thomas G, Chouinard-Watkins R, Hawley JR, Schafer C, Yau HL, Khuchua Z, Aman A, Al-Awar R, Gross A, Claypool SM, Bazinet RP, Lupien M, Chan S, De Carvalho DD, Minden MD, Bader GD, Stark KD, LeBlanc P, Schimmer AD. The Mitochondrial Transacylase, Tafazzin, Regulates for AML Stemness by Modulating Intracellular Levels of Phospholipids. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:621-636.e16. [PMID: 30930145 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tafazzin (TAZ) is a mitochondrial transacylase that remodels the mitochondrial cardiolipin into its mature form. Through a CRISPR screen, we identified TAZ as necessary for the growth and viability of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Genetic inhibition of TAZ reduced stemness and increased differentiation of AML cells both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, knockdown of TAZ did not impair normal hematopoiesis under basal conditions. Mechanistically, inhibition of TAZ decreased levels of cardiolipin but also altered global levels of intracellular phospholipids, including phosphatidylserine, which controlled AML stemness and differentiation by modulating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesh K Seneviratne
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mingjing Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan J Aristizabal Henao
- Laboratory of Nutritional Lipidomics, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Val A Fajardo
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenyue Hao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Kim
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neil MacLean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danny Jeyaraju
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yulia Jitkova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Troy Ketela
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - David Sharon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geethu Thomas
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - James R Hawley
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caitlin Schafer
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helen Loo Yau
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zaza Khuchua
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Medical Research Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Atan Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Laboratory of Nutritional Lipidomics, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Paul LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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28
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Chao H, Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Amoscato AA, Cole LK, Hatch GM, Ji J, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Disentangling oxidation/hydrolysis reactions of brain mitochondrial cardiolipins in pathogenesis of traumatic injury. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97677. [PMID: 30385716 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical injury to the brain triggers multiple biochemical events whose specific contributions to the pathogenesis define clinical manifestations and the overall outcome. Among many factors, mitochondrial injury has recently attracted much attention due to the importance of the organelle for bioenergetics as well as intra- and extracellular signaling and cell death. Assuming the essentiality of a mitochondria-unique phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), for the structural and functional organization of mitochondria, here we applied global (phospho) lipidomics and redox lipidomics to reveal and identify CL modifications during controlled cortical impact (CCI). We revealed 2 major pathways activated in the CCI-injured brain as time-specific responses: early accumulation of oxidized CL (CLox) products was followed by hydrolytic reactions yielding monolyso-CLs (mCLs) and free fatty acids. To quantitatively assess possible specific roles of peroxidation and hydrolysis of mitochondrial CL, we performed comparative studies of CL modifications using an animal model of Barth syndrome where deficiency of CL reacylation (Tafazzin [Taz] deficiency) was associated exclusively with the accumulation of mCLs (but not CLox). By comparing the in vitro and in vivo results with genetic manipulation of major CL-, CLox-, and mCL-metabolizing enzymes, calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ and Taz, we concluded that the 2 processes - CL oxidation and CL hydrolysis - act as mutually synergistically enhancing components of the pathogenic mechanism of mitochondrial injury in traumatic brain injury. This emphasizes the need for combined therapeutic approaches preventing the formation of both CLox and mCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglu Chao
- The Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Neuroscience Institute of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- The Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Neuroscience Institute of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kenny
- The Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Neuroscience Institute of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura K Cole
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jing Ji
- The Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Neuroscience Institute of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hülya Bayır
- The Safar Center for Resuscitation Research and the Neuroscience Institute of Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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29
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Dudek J, Hartmann M, Rehling P. The role of mitochondrial cardiolipin in heart function and its implication in cardiac disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:810-821. [PMID: 30837070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in the energy metabolism of the heart. Many of the essential functions are associated with mitochondrial membranes and oxidative phosphorylation driven by the respiratory chain. Mitochondrial membranes are unique in the cell as they contain the phospholipid cardiolipin. The important role of cardiolipin in cardiovascular health is highlighted by several cardiac diseases, in which cardiolipin plays a fundamental role. Barth syndrome, Sengers syndrome, and Dilated cardiomyopathy with ataxia (DCMA) are genetic disorders, which affect cardiolipin biosynthesis. Other cardiovascular diseases including ischemia/reperfusion injury and heart failure are also associated with changes in the cardiolipin pool. Here, we summarize molecular functions of cardiolipin in mitochondrial biogenesis and morphology. We highlight the role of cardiolipin for the respiratory chain, metabolite carriers, and mitochondrial metabolism and describe links to apoptosis and mitochondria specific autophagy (mitophagy) with possible implications in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dudek
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magnus Hartmann
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cardiolipin alterations in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: implications for pharmacological cardioprotection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1341-H1352. [PMID: 30095969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Increased reactive oxygen species production, impaired electron transport chain activity, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, Ca2+ overload, and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore have been proposed as major contributory factors to mitochondrial dysfunction during myocardial I/R injury. Cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, plays a pivotal role in multiple mitochondrial bioenergetic processes, including respiration and energy conversion, in mitochondrial morphology and dynamics as well as in several steps of the apoptotic process. Changes in CL levels, species composition, and degree of oxidation may have deleterious consequences for mitochondrial function with important implications in a variety of pathophysiological conditions, including myocardial I/R injury. In this review, we focus on the role played by CL alterations in mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardial I/R injury. Pharmacological strategies to prevent myocardial injury during I/R targeting mitochondrial CL are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paradies
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Maria Ruggiero
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petrosillo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics, and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council , Bari , Italy
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31
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Mejia EM, Zegallai H, Bouchard ED, Banerji V, Ravandi A, Hatch GM. Expression of human monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 improves mitochondrial function in Barth syndrome lymphoblasts. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7564-7577. [PMID: 29563154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial polyglycerophospholipid cardiolipin (CL) is remodeled to obtain specific fatty acyl chains. This is predominantly accomplished by the transacylase enzyme tafazzin (TAZ). Barth syndrome (BTHS) patients with TAZ gene mutations exhibit impaired TAZ activity and loss in mitochondrial respiratory function. Previous studies identified monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 (MLCL AT-1) as a mitochondrial enzyme capable of remodeling CL with fatty acid. In this study, we analyzed what relationship, if any, exists between TAZ and MLCL AT-1 with regard to CL remodeling and whether transfection of BTHS lymphoblasts with an MLCL AT-1 expression construct improves mitochondrial respiratory function. In healthy lymphoblasts, reduction in TAZ expression through TAZ RNAi transfection resulted in a compensatory increase in MLCL AT-1 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity, but CL mass was unaltered. In contrast, BTHS lymphoblasts exhibited decreased TAZ gene and protein expression but in addition decreased MLCL AT-1 expression and CL mass. Transfection of BTHS lymphoblasts with MLCL AT-1 expression construct increased CL, improved mitochondrial basal respiration and protein leak, and decreased the proportion of cells producing superoxide but did not restore CL molecular species composition to control levels. In addition, BTHS lymphoblasts exhibited higher rates of glycolysis compared with healthy controls to compensate for reduced mitochondrial respiratory function. Mitochondrial supercomplex assembly was significantly impaired in BTHS lymphoblasts, and transfection of BTHS lymphoblasts with MLCL AT-1 expression construct did not restore supercomplex assembly. The results suggest that expression of MLCL AT-1 depends on functional TAZ in healthy cells. In addition, transfection of BTHS lymphoblasts with an MLCL AT-1 expression construct compensates, but not completely, for loss of mitochondrial respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgard M Mejia
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and.,Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Hana Zegallai
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
| | - Eric D Bouchard
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Versha Banerji
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada, and
| | - Grant M Hatch
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and .,Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T6, Canada.,Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
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Sifuentes MM, Lechleiter JD. Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Adult Brain Fatty Acid Oxidation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 106:163-193. [PMID: 29407434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is a critical modulator of brain metabolism, and it is highly controlled in the central nervous system. Recent research has uncovered an important role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), an energetic process essential for neurodevelopment that continues to support brain metabolism during adulthood. Thyroid hormone stimulation of FAO has been shown to be protective in astrocytes and mouse models of brain injury, yet a clear mechanism of this relationship has not been elucidated. Thyroid hormone interacts with multiple receptors located in the nucleus and the mitochondria, initiating rapid and long-term effects via both genomic and nongenomic pathways. This has complicated efforts to isolate and study-specific interactions. This chapter presents the primary signaling pathways that have been identified to play a role in the thyroid hormone-mediated increase in FAO. Investigation of the impact of thyroid hormone on FAO in the adult brain has challenged classical models of brain metabolism and widened the window of potential neuroprotective strategies. A detailed understanding of these pathways is essential for any researchers aiming to expand the field of neuroenergetics.
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Sullivan EM, Fix A, Crouch MJ, Sparagna GC, Zeczycki TN, Brown DA, Shaikh SR. Murine diet-induced obesity remodels cardiac and liver mitochondrial phospholipid acyl chains with differential effects on respiratory enzyme activity. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 45:94-103. [PMID: 28437736 PMCID: PMC5502532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac phospholipids, notably cardiolipin, undergo acyl chain remodeling and/or loss of content in aging and cardiovascular diseases, which is postulated to mechanistically impair mitochondrial function. Less is known about how diet-induced obesity influences cardiac phospholipid acyl chain composition and thus mitochondrial responses. Here we first tested if a high fat diet remodeled murine cardiac mitochondrial phospholipid acyl chain composition and consequently disrupted membrane packing, supercomplex formation and respiratory enzyme activity. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that mice consuming a high fat diet displayed 0.8-3.3 fold changes in cardiac acyl chain remodeling of cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Biophysical analysis of monolayers constructed from mitochondrial phospholipids of obese mice showed impairment in the packing properties of the membrane compared to lean mice. However, the high fat diet, relative to the lean controls, had no influence on cardiac mitochondrial supercomplex formation, respiratory enzyme activity, and even respiration. To determine if the effects were tissue specific, we subsequently conducted select studies with liver tissue. Compared to the control diet, the high fat diet remodeled liver mitochondrial phospholipid acyl chain composition by 0.6-5.3-fold with notable increases in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturation. The remodeling in the liver was accompanied by diminished complex I to III respiratory enzyme activity by 3.5-fold. Finally, qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated an upregulation of liver mRNA levels of tafazzin, which contributes to cardiolipin remodeling. Altogether, these results demonstrate that diet-induced obesity remodels acyl chains in the mitochondrial phospholipidome and exerts tissue specific impairments of respiratory enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Madison Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Amy Fix
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Miranda J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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Kagan VE, Bayır H, Tyurina YY, Bolevich SB, Maguire JJ, Fadeel B, Balasubramanian K. Elimination of the unnecessary: Intra- and extracellular signaling by anionic phospholipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:482-490. [PMID: 28212735 PMCID: PMC5319735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High fidelity of biological systems is frequently achieved by duplication of the essential intracellular machineries or, removal of the entire cell, which becomes unnecessary or even harmful in altered physiological environments. Carefully controlled removal of these cells, without damaging normal cells, requires precise signaling, and is critical to maintaining homeostasis. This review describes how two anionic phospholipids - phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL) - residing in distinct compartments of the cell, signal removal of "the unnecessary" using several uniform principles. One of these principles is realized by collapse of inherent transmembrane asymmetry and the externalization of the signal on the outer membrane surface - mitochondria for CL and the plasma membrane for PS - to trigger mitophagy and phagocytosis, respectively. Release from damaged cells of intracellular structures with externalized CL or externalized PS triggers their elimination by phagocytosis. Another of these principles is realized by oxidation of polyunsaturated species of CL and PS. Highly specific oxidation of CL by cytochrome c serves as a signal for mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, while oxidation of externalized PS improves its effectiveness to trigger phagocytosis of effete cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergey B Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - John J Maguire
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krishnakumar Balasubramanian
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Ikon N, Ryan RO. Barth Syndrome: Connecting Cardiolipin to Cardiomyopathy. Lipids 2017; 52:99-108. [PMID: 28070695 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Barth syndrome (BTHS) is caused by an inborn error of metabolism that manifests characteristic phenotypic features including altered mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, lactic acidosis, organic acid-uria, skeletal muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. The underlying cause of BTHS has been definitively traced to mutations in the tafazzin (TAZ) gene locus on chromosome X. TAZ encodes a phospholipid transacylase that promotes cardiolipin acyl chain remodeling. Absence of tafazzin activity results in cardiolipin molecular species heterogeneity, increased levels of monolysocardiolipin and lower cardiolipin abundance. In skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue mitochondria these alterations in cardiolipin perturb the inner membrane, compromising electron transport chain function and aerobic respiration. Decreased electron flow from fuel metabolism via NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity leads to a buildup of NADH in the matrix space and product inhibition of key TCA cycle enzymes. As TCA cycle activity slows pyruvate generated by glycolysis is diverted to lactic acid. In turn, Cori cycle activity increases to supply muscle with glucose for continued ATP production. Acetyl CoA that is unable to enter the TCA cycle is diverted to organic acid waste products that are excreted in urine. Overall, reduced ATP production efficiency in BTHS is exacerbated under conditions of increased energy demand. Prolonged deficiency in ATP production capacity underlies cell and tissue pathology that ultimately is manifest as dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Ikon
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.
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Sparvero LJ, Amoscato AA, Fink AB, Anthonymuthu T, New L, Kochanek P, Watkins S, Kagan V, Bayır H. Imaging mass spectrometry reveals loss of polyunsaturated cardiolipins in the cortical contusion, hippocampus, and thalamus after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2016; 139:659-675. [PMID: 27591733 PMCID: PMC5323070 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to changes in ion fluxes, alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in secondary tissue damage. Mitochondria play important signaling roles in coordination of multiple metabolic platforms in addition to their well-known role in bioenergetics. Mitochondrial signaling strongly depends on cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria-specific structurally unusual anionic phospholipid containing four fatty acyl chains. While our previous reports indicated that CL is selectively oxidized and presents itself as a target for the redox therapy following TBI, the topography of changes of CL in the injured brain remained to be defined. Here, we present a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging study which reports regio-specific changes in CL, in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging revealed that TBI caused early decreases in CL in the contusional cortex, ipsilateral hippocampus, and thalamus with the most highly unsaturated CL species being most susceptible to loss. Phosphatidylinositol was the only other lipid species that exhibited a significant decrease, albeit to a lesser extent than CL. Signals for other lipids remained unchanged. This is the first study evaluating the spatial distribution of CL loss after acute brain injury. We propose that the CL loss may constitute an upstream mechanism for CL-driven signaling in different brain regions as an early response mechanism and may also underlie the bioenergetic changes that occur in hippocampal, cortical, and thalamic mitochondria after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - A. B. Fink
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - T. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - L.E. New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P.M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - V.E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H. Bayır
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Regulation of autophagy by mitochondrial phospholipids in health and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:114-129. [PMID: 27502688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains nutrient homeostasis by degrading protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is reduced in aging, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases, including cancers, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria-derived phospholipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol are critical throughout the autophagic process, from initiation and phagophore formation to elongation and fusion with endolysosomal vesicles. Cardiolipin is also required for mitochondrial fusion and fission, an important step in isolating dysfunctional mitochondria for mitophagy. Furthermore, genetic screen in yeast has identified a surprising role for cardiolipin in regulating lysosomal function. Phosphatidylethanolamine plays a pivotal role in supporting the autophagic process, including autophagosome elongation as part of lipidated Atg8/LC3. An emerging role for phosphatidylglycerol in AMPK and mTORC1 signaling as well as mitochondrial fission may provide the first glimpse into the function of phosphatidylglycerol apart from being a precursor for cardiolipin. This review examines the effects of manipulating phospholipids on autophagy and mitophagy in health and diseases, as well as current limitations in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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38
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Effects of lipids on mitochondrial functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:102-113. [PMID: 27349299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria contain two membranes: the outer and inner membrane. Whereas the outer membrane is particularly enriched in phospholipids, the inner membrane has an unusual high protein content and forms large invaginations termed cristae. The proper phospholipid composition of the membranes is crucial for mitochondrial functions. Phospholipids affect activity, biogenesis and stability of protein complexes including protein translocases and respiratory chain supercomplexes. Negatively charged phospholipids such as cardiolipin are important for the architecture of the membranes and recruit soluble factors to the membranes to support mitochondrial dynamics. Thus, phospholipids not only form the hydrophobic core of biological membranes that surround mitochondria, but also create a specific environment to promote functions of various protein machineries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Abe M, Hasegawa Y, Oku M, Sawada Y, Tanaka E, Sakai Y, Miyoshi H. Mechanism for Remodeling of the Acyl Chain Composition of Cardiolipin Catalyzed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tafazzin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15491-502. [PMID: 27268057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.718510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the acyl chains of cardiolipin (CL) is responsible for final molecular composition of mature CL after de novo CL synthesis in mitochondria. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoes tafazzin-mediated CL remodeling, in which tafazzin serves as a transacylase from phospholipids to monolyso-CL (MLCL). In light of the diversity of the acyl compositions of mature CL between different organisms, the mechanism underlying tafazzin-mediated transacylation remains to be elucidated. We investigated the mechanism responsible for transacylation using purified S. cerevisiae tafazzin with liposomes composed of various sets of acyl donors and acceptors. The results revealed that tafazzin efficiently catalyzes transacylation in liposomal membranes with highly ordered lipid bilayer structure. Tafazzin elicited unique acyl chain specificity against phosphatidylcholine (PC) as follows: linoleoyl (18:2) > oleoyl (18:1) = palmitoleoyl (16:1) ≫ palmitoyl (16:0). In these reactions, tafazzin selectively removed the sn-2 acyl chain of PC and transferred it into the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of MLCL isomers at equivalent rates. We demonstrated for the first time that MLCL and dilyso-CL have inherent abilities to function as an acyl donor to monolyso-PC and acyl acceptor from PC, respectively. Furthermore, a Barth syndrome-associated tafazzin mutant (H77Q) was shown to completely lack the catalytic activity in our assay. It is difficult to reconcile the present results with the so-called thermodynamic remodeling hypothesis, which premises that tafazzin reacylates MLCL by unsaturated acyl chains only in disordered non-bilayer lipid domain. The acyl specificity of tafazzin may be one of the factors that determine the acyl composition of mature CL in S. cerevisiae mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Abe
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yui Hasegawa
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahide Oku
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawada
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eriko Tanaka
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Sakai
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideto Miyoshi
- From the Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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40
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Bradley RM, Stark KD, Duncan RE. Influence of tissue, diet, and enzymatic remodeling on cardiolipin fatty acyl profile. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1804-18. [PMID: 27061349 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specialized phospholipid found primarily in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Because of its unique dimeric structure, cardiolipin plays an important role in mitochondrial function, stability, and membrane fluidity. As such, cardiolipin is subject to a high degree of remodeling by phospholipases, acyltransferases, and transacylases that create a fatty acyl profile that tends to be highly tissue-specific. Despite this overarching regulation, the molecular species of cardiolipin produced are also influenced by dietary lipid composition. A number of studies have characterized the tissue-specific profile of cardiolipin species and have investigated the specific nature of cardiolipin remodeling, including the role of both enzymes and diet. The aim of this review is to highlight tissue specific differences in cardiolipin composition and, collectively, the enzymatic and dietary factors that contribute to these differences. Consequences of aberrant cardiolipin fatty acyl remodeling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bradley
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Zhou Y, Peisker H, Dörmann P. Molecular species composition of plant cardiolipin determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1308-21. [PMID: 27179363 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d068429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), an anionic phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane, provides essential functions for stabilizing respiratory complexes and is involved in mitochondrial morphogenesis and programmed cell death in animals. The role of CL and its metabolism in plants are less well understood. The measurement of CL in plants, including its molecular species composition, is hampered by the fact that CL is of extremely low abundance, and that plants contain large amounts of interfering compounds including galactolipids, neutral lipids, and pigments. We used solid phase extraction by anion exchange chromatography to purify CL from crude plant lipid extracts. LC/MS was used to determine the content and molecular species composition of CL. Thus, up to 23 different molecular species of CL were detected in different plant species, including Arabidopsis, mung bean, spinach, barley, and tobacco. Similar to animals, plant CL is dominated by highly unsaturated species, mostly containing linoleic and linolenic acid. During phosphate deprivation or exposure to an extended dark period, the amount of CL decreased in Arabidopsis, accompanied with an increased degree in unsaturation. The mechanism of CL remodeling during stress, and the function of highly unsaturated CL molecular species, remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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42
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Hsu P, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang HG, Ye JM, Shi Y. Cardiolipin remodeling by TAZ/tafazzin is selectively required for the initiation of mitophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:643-52. [PMID: 25919711 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1023984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tafazzin (TAZ) is a phospholipid transacylase that catalyzes the remodeling of cardiolipin, a mitochondrial phospholipid required for oxidative phosphorylation. Mutations of TAZ cause Barth syndrome, which is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and dilated cardiomyopathy, leading to premature death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of TAZ in regulating mitochondrial function and mitophagy. Using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with doxycycline-inducible knockdown of Taz, we showed that TAZ deficiency in MEFs caused defective mitophagosome biogenesis, but not other autophagic processes. Consistent with a key role of mitophagy in mitochondria quality control, TAZ deficiency in MEFs also led to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and severe oxidative stress. Together, these findings provide key insights on mitochondrial dysfunction in Barth syndrome, suggesting that pharmacological restoration of mitophagy may provide a novel treatment for this lethal condition.
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Key Words
- AdGFP-LC3, recombinant adenovirus expressing GFP tagged MAP1LC3B
- AdTAZ, recombinant adenovirus expressing Myc-tagged TAZ
- BTHS, Barth syndrome
- BafA1, bafilomycin A1
- Barth syndrome
- CCCP, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone
- CL, cardiolipin
- Dox, doxycycline
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- LTG, LysoTracker Green
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MLCL, monolysocardiolipin
- MTR, MitoTracker Red
- PARK2, parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2 mitochondrial
- TAZ, tafazzin
- TLCL, tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin
- autophagy
- cardiolipin
- mitochondrial dysfunction
- mitophagosome
- mitophagy
- tafazzin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hsu
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology ; Hershey , PA USA
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Dolinsky VW, Cole LK, Sparagna GC, Hatch GM. Cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: Role of cardiolipin and sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1544-54. [PMID: 26972373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids accounts for the majority of cardiac ATP production in the heart. Fatty acid utilization by cardiac mitochondria is controlled at the level of fatty acid uptake, lipid synthesis, mobilization and mitochondrial import and oxidation. Consequently defective mitochondrial function appears to be central to the development of heart failure. Cardiolipin is a key mitochondrial phospholipid required for the activity of the electron transport chain. In heart failure, loss of cardiolipin and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin helps to fuel the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species that are a by-product of inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. In this vicious cycle, reactive oxygen species generate lipid peroxides and may, in turn, cause oxidation of cardiolipin catalyzed by cytochrome c leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hence, preservation of cardiolipin and mitochondrial function may be keys to the prevention of heart failure development. In this review, we summarize cardiac energy metabolism and the important role that fatty acid uptake and metabolism play in this process and how defects in these result in heart failure. We highlight the key role that cardiolipin and sirtuins play in cardiac mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition, we review the potential of pharmacological modulation of cardiolipin through the polyphenolic molecule resveratrol as a sirtuin-activator in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we provide novel experimental evidence that resveratrol treatment increases cardiolipin in isolated H9c2 cardiac myocytes and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and hypothesize that this leads to improvement in mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Sathappa M, Alder NN. The ionization properties of cardiolipin and its variants in model bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1362-72. [PMID: 26965987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The anionic phospholipid cardiolipin has an unusual dimeric structure with a two-phosphate headgroup and four acyl chains. Cardiolipin is present in energy-transducing membranes that maintain electrochemical gradients, including most bacterial plasma membranes and the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it mediates respiratory complex assembly and activation, among many other roles. Dysfunctional biogenesis of cardiolipin is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases including Barth syndrome. Because cardiolipin is a dominant anionic lipid in energy-conserving membranes, its headgroup is a major contributor to surface charge density and the bilayer electrostatic profile. However, the proton dissociation behavior of its headgroup remains controversial. In one model, the pKa values of the phosphates differ by several units and the headgroup exists as a monoanion at physiological pH. In another model, both phosphates ionize as strong acids with low pKa values and the headgroup exists in dianionic form at physiological pH. Using independent electrokinetic and spectroscopic approaches, coupled with analysis using Gouy-Chapman-Stern formalism, we have analyzed the ionization properties of cardiolipin within biologically relevant lipid bilayer model systems. We show that both phosphates of the cardiolipin headgroup show strong ionization behavior with low pKa values. Moreover, cardiolipin variants lacking structural features proposed to be required to maintain disparate pKa values--namely the secondary hydroxyl on the central glycerol or a full complement of four acyl chains--were shown to have ionization behavior identical to intact cardiolipin. Hence, these results indicate that within the physiological pH range, the cardiolipin headgroup is fully ionized as a dianion. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the role of cardiolipin in defining membrane surface potential, activating respiratory complexes, and modulating membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugappan Sathappa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Nathan N Alder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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Zou C, Synan MJ, Li J, Xiong S, Manni ML, Liu Y, Chen BB, Zhao Y, Shiva S, Tyurina YY, Jiang J, Lee JS, Das S, Ray A, Ray P, Kagan VE, Mallampalli RK. LPS impairs oxygen utilization in epithelia by triggering degradation of the mitochondrial enzyme Alcat1. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:51-64. [PMID: 26604221 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (also known as PDL6) is an indispensable lipid required for mitochondrial respiration that is generated through de novo synthesis and remodeling. Here, the cardiolipin remodeling enzyme, acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin-acyltransferase-1 (Alcat1; SwissProt ID, Q6UWP7) is destabilized in epithelia by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairing mitochondrial function. Exposure to LPS selectively decreased levels of carbon 20 (C20)-containing cardiolipin molecular species, whereas the content of C18 or C16 species was not significantly altered, consistent with decreased levels of Alcat1. Alcat1 is a labile protein that is lysosomally degraded by the ubiquitin E3 ligase Skp-Cullin-F-box containing the Fbxo28 subunit (SCF-Fbxo28) that targets Alcat1 for monoubiquitylation at residue K183. Interestingly, K183 is also an acetylation-acceptor site, and acetylation conferred stability to the enzyme. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) interacted with Alcat1, and expression of a plasmid encoding HDAC2 or treatment of cells with LPS deacetylated and destabilized Alcat1, whereas treatment of cells with a pan-HDAC inhibitor increased Alcat1 levels. Alcat1 degradation was partially abrogated in LPS-treated cells that had been silenced for HDAC2 or treated with MLN4924, an inhibitor of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. Thus, LPS increases HDAC2-mediated Alcat1 deacetylation and facilitates SCF-Fbxo28-mediated disposal of Alcat1, thus impairing mitochondrial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbin Zou
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew J Synan
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Institute of Biomedicine & National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Michelle L Manni
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bill B Chen
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianfei Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sudipta Das
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Medical Specialty Service Line, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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Gaspard GJ, McMaster CR. Cardiolipin metabolism and its causal role in the etiology of the inherited cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 193:1-10. [PMID: 26415690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid with many unique characteristics. CL is synthesized in the mitochondria and resides almost exclusively within the mitochondrial inner membrane. Unlike most phospholipids that have two fatty acyl chains, CL possesses four fatty acyl chains resulting in unique biophysical characteristics that impact several biological processes including membrane fission and fusion. In addition, several proteins directly bind CL including proteins within the electron transport chain, the ADP/ATP carrier, and proteins that mediate mitophagy. Tafazzin is an enzyme that remodels saturated fatty acyl chains within CL to unsaturated fatty acyl chains, loss of function mutations in the TAZ gene encoding tafazzin are causal for the inherited cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Cells from Barth syndrome patients as well as several models of Barth have reduced mitochondrial functions including impaired electron transport chain function and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondria in cells from Barth syndrome patients, as well as several model organism mimics of Barth syndrome, are large and lack cristae consistent with the recently described role of CL participating in the generation of mitochondrial membrane contact sites. Cells with an inactive TAZ gene have also been shown to have a decreased capacity to undergo mitophagy when faced with stresses such as increased ROS or decreased mitochondrial quality control. This review describes CL metabolism and how defects in CL metabolism cause Barth syndrome, the etiology of Barth syndrome, and known modifiers of Barth syndrome phenotypes some of which could be explored for their amelioration of Barth syndrome in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J Gaspard
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Christopher R McMaster
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Peyta L, Jarnouen K, Pinault M, Coulouarn C, Guimaraes C, Goupille C, de Barros JPP, Chevalier S, Dumas JF, Maillot F, Hatch GM, Loyer P, Servais S. Regulation of hepatic cardiolipin metabolism by TNFα: Implication in cancer cachexia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1490-500. [PMID: 26327596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) content accumulation leads to an increase in energy wasting in liver mitochondria in a rat model of cancer cachexia in which tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is highly expressed. In this study we investigated the mechanisms involved in liver mitochondria CL accumulation in cancer cachexia and examined if TNFα was involved in this process leading to mitochondrial bioenergetics alterations. We studied gene, protein expression and activity of the main enzymes involved in CL metabolism in liver mitochondria from a rat model of cancer cachexia and in HepaRG hepatocyte-like cells exposed to 20 ng/ml of TNFα for 12 h. Phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (PGPS) gene expression was increased 2.3-fold (p<0.02) and cardiolipin synthase (CLS) activity decreased 44% (p<0.03) in cachectic rat livers compared to controls. CL remodeling enzymes monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase (MLCL AT-1) activity and tafazzin (TAZ) gene expression were increased 30% (p<0.01) and 50% (p<0.02), respectively, in cachectic rat livers compared to controls. Incubation of hepatocytes with TNFα increased CL content 15% (p<0.05), mitochondrial oxygen consumption 33% (p<0.05), PGPS gene expression 44% (p<0.05) and MLCL AT-1 activity 20% (p<0.05) compared to controls. These above findings strongly suggest that in cancer cachexia, TNFα induces a higher energy wasting in liver mitochondria by increasing CL content via upregulation of PGPS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Peyta
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | - Kathleen Jarnouen
- Inserm UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, 2 rue du Thabor CS46510, 35065 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Michelle Pinault
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | - Cedric Coulouarn
- Inserm UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, 2 rue du Thabor CS46510, 35065 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Cyrille Guimaraes
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | - Caroline Goupille
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France; CHRU de Tours, Département de Médecine Interne, 2, bd Tonnellé, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Plateforme de Lipidomique. INSERM UMR866/LabEx LipSTIC, 15 Bd Mal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Stephan Chevalier
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Dumas
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
| | - François Maillot
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France; CHRU de Tours, Département de Médecine Interne, 2, bd Tonnellé, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France.
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, DREAM Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, 513-715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Inserm UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, 2 rue du Thabor CS46510, 35065 Rennes cedex, France.
| | - Stephane Servais
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais de Tours-10, bd Tonnellé, 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
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Differential reduction in cardiac and liver monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 and reduction in cardiac and liver tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin in the α-subunit of trifunctional protein heterozygous knockout mice. Biochem J 2015; 471:123-9. [PMID: 26251360 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of α-subunit of trifunctional protein (αTFP) to cardiolipin (CL) (diphosphatidylglycerol) remodelling and mitochondrial supercomplex formation was examined in heart and liver mitochondria from wild-type (WT) and αTFP heterozygous knockout [Mtpa(+/-)] mice. Mtpa(+/-) mouse heart and liver exhibited an approximate 55% and 50% reduction in αTFP protein expression compared with WT respectively. Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) acyltransferase (MLCL AT)-1 protein derived from αTFP was reduced by 30% in Mtpa(+/-) mouse heart but not in liver compared with WT. In vitro acylation of MLCL was significantly reduced in heart but not in liver mitochondria of Mtpa(+/-) mice compared with WT. CL mass was reduced and significant reductions in linoleate-containing CL species, in particular tetralinoleoyl-CL (L4-CL) and trilinoleoyl-CL (L3-MLCL) species, were observed in heart and liver mitochondria of Mtpa(+/-) mice compared with WT. Cardiac and liver mitochondrial supercomplex assembly and NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) activity within these supercomplexes were unaltered in both Mtpa(+/-) mouse heart and Mtpa(+/-) mouse liver compared with WT. The results indicate that αTFP may modulate CL molecular species composition in murine heart and liver. In addition, L4-CL might not be an essential requirement for mitochondrial supercomplex assembly.
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49
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The Role of Cardiolipin in Cardiovascular Health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:891707. [PMID: 26301254 PMCID: PMC4537736 DOI: 10.1155/2015/891707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL), the signature phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes, is crucial for both mitochondrial function and cellular processes outside of the mitochondria. The importance of CL in cardiovascular health is underscored by the life-threatening genetic disorder Barth syndrome (BTHS), which manifests clinically as cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and growth retardation. BTHS is caused by mutations in the gene encoding tafazzin, the transacylase that carries out the second CL remodeling step. In addition to BTHS, CL is linked to other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and Tangier disease. The link between CL and CVD may possibly be explained by the physiological roles of CL in pathways that are cardioprotective, including mitochondrial bioenergetics, autophagy/mitophagy, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this review, we focus on the role of CL in the pathogenesis of CVD as well as the molecular mechanisms that may link CL functions to cardiovascular health.
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50
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Grevengoed TJ, Martin SA, Katunga L, Cooper DE, Anderson EJ, Murphy RC, Coleman RA. Acyl-CoA synthetase 1 deficiency alters cardiolipin species and impairs mitochondrial function. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1572-82. [PMID: 26136511 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) contributes more than 90% of total cardiac ACSL activity, but its role in phospholipid synthesis has not been determined. Mice with an inducible knockout of ACSL1 (Acsl1(T-/-)) have impaired cardiac fatty acid oxidation and rely on glucose for ATP production. Because ACSL1 exhibited a strong substrate preference for linoleate, we investigated the composition of heart phospholipids. Acsl1(T-/-) hearts contained 83% less tetralinoleoyl-cardiolipin (CL), the major form present in control hearts. A stable knockdown of ACSL1 in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes resulted in low incorporation of linoleate into CL and in diminished incorporation of palmitate and oleate into other phospholipids. Overexpression of ACSL1 in H9c2 and HEK-293 cells increased incorporation of linoleate into CL and other phospholipids. To determine whether increasing the content of linoleate in CL would improve mitochondrial respiratory function in Acsl1(T-/-) hearts, control and Acsl1(T-/-) mice were fed a high-linoleate diet; this diet normalized the amount of tetralinoleoyl-CL but did not improve respiratory function. Thus, ACSL1 is required for the normal composition of several phospholipid species in heart. Although ACSL1 determines the acyl-chain composition of heart CL, a high tetralinoleoyl-CL content may not be required for normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha J Grevengoed
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lalage Katunga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Daniel E Cooper
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ethan J Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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