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Petrović N, Essack M, Šami A, Perry G, Gojobori T, Isenović ER, Bajić VP. MicroRNA networks linked with BRCA1/2, PTEN, and common genes for Alzheimer's disease and breast cancer share highly enriched pathways that may unravel targets for the AD/BC comorbidity treatment. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 106:107925. [PMID: 37487248 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of various cellular processes including pathological conditions. MiRNA networks have been extensively researched in age-related degenerative diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and heart failure. Thus, miRNA has been studied from different approaches, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico including miRNA networks. Networks linking diverse biomedical entities unveil information not readily observable by other means. This work focuses on biological networks related to Breast cancer susceptibility 1 (BRCA1) in AD and breast cancer (BC). Using various bioinformatics approaches, we identified subnetworks common to AD and BC that suggest they are linked. According to our results, miR-107 was identified as a potentially good candidate for both AD and BC treatment (targeting BRCA1/2 and PTEN in both diseases), accompanied by miR-146a and miR-17. The analysis also confirmed the involvement of the miR-17-92 cluster, and miR-124-3p, and highlighted the importance of poorly researched miRNAs such as mir-6785 mir-6127, mir-6870, or miR-8485. After filtering the in silico analysis results, we found 49 miRNA molecules that modulate the expression of at least five genes common to both BC and AD. Those 49 miRNAs regulate the expression of 122 genes in AD and 93 genes in BC, from which 26 genes are common genes for AD and BC involved in neuron differentiation and genesis, cell differentiation and migration, regulation of cell cycle, and cancer development. Additionally, the highly enriched pathway was associated with diabetic complications, pointing out possible interplay among molecules underlying BC, AD, and diabetes pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Petrović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health and Environment, "VINČA "Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; Department for Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Šami
- Cellular and Molecular Radiation Oncology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitatsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R Isenović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health and Environment, "VINČA "Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan P Bajić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health and Environment, "VINČA "Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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2
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Cdk5-p25 as a key element linking amyloid and tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2022; 308:120986. [PMID: 36152679 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the small atypical serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is expressed in a number of tissues, its activity is restricted to the central nervous system due to the neuron-only localization of its activators p35 and p39. Although its importance for the proper development and function of the brain and its role as a switch between neuronal survival and death are unmistakable and unquestionable, Cdk5 is nevertheless increasingly emerging, as supported by a large number of publications on the subject, as a therapeutic target of choice in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Thus, its aberrant over activation via the calpain-dependent conversion of p35 into p25 is observed during the pathogenesis of the disease where it leads to the hyperphosphorylation of the β-amyloid precursor protein and tau. The present review highlights the pivotal roles of the hyperactive Cdk5-p25 complex activity in contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the linking function between Aβ and tau that this kinase fulfils and on the fact that Cdk5-p25 is part of a deleterious feed forward loop giving rise to a molecular machinery runaway leading to AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss the advances and challenges related to the possible strategies aimed at specifically inhibiting Cdk5-p25 activity and which could lead to promising anti-AD therapeutics.
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NavaneethaKrishnan S, Law V, Lee J, Rosales JL, Lee KY. Cdk5 regulates IP3R1-mediated Ca 2+ dynamics and Ca 2+-mediated cell proliferation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:495. [PMID: 36001172 PMCID: PMC9402492 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) increases ER–mitochondria tethering and ER Ca2+ transfer to the mitochondria, subsequently increasing mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]mt). This suggests a role for Cdk5 in regulating intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, but how Cdk5 is involved in this process remains to be explored. Using ex vivo primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from Cdk5−/− mouse embryos, we show here that loss of Cdk5 causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which is not due to reduced internal Ca2+ store capacity or increased Ca2+ influx from the extracellular milieu. Instead, by stimulation with ATP that mediates release of Ca2+ from internal stores, we determined that the rise in [Ca2+]cyt in Cdk5−/− MEFs is due to increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores. Cdk5 interacts with the IP3R1 Ca2+ channel and phosphorylates it at Ser421. Such phosphorylation controls IP3R1-mediated Ca2+ release as loss of Cdk5, and thus, loss of IP3R1 Ser421 phosphorylation triggers an increase in IP3R1-mediated Ca2+ release in Cdk5−/− MEFs, resulting in elevated [Ca2+]cyt. Elevated [Ca2+]cyt in these cells further induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which upregulates the levels of Nrf2 and its targets, Prx1 and Prx2. Cdk5−/− MEFs, which have elevated [Ca2+]cyt, proliferate at a faster rate compared to wt, and Cdk5−/− embryos have increased body weight and size compared to their wt littermates. Taken together, we show that altered IP3R1-mediated Ca2+ dynamics due to Cdk5 loss correspond to accelerated cell proliferation that correlates with increased body weight and size in Cdk5−/− embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya NavaneethaKrishnan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institutes, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vincent Law
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institutes, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jungkwon Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institutes, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jesusa L Rosales
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institutes, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institutes, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Pandey N, Vinod PK. Model scenarios for cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease. iScience 2022; 25:104543. [PMID: 35747391 PMCID: PMC9209725 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Aberrant production and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide into plaques is a frequent feature of AD, but therapeutic approaches targeting Aβ accumulation fail to inhibit disease progression. The approved cholinesterase inhibitor drugs are symptomatic treatments. During human brain development, the progenitor cells differentiate into neurons and switch to a postmitotic state. However, cell cycle re-entry often precedes loss of neurons. We developed mathematical models of multiple routes leading to cell cycle re-entry in neurons that incorporate the crosstalk between cell cycle, neuronal, and apoptotic signaling mechanisms. We show that the integration of multiple feedback loops influences disease severity making the switch to pathological state irreversible. We observe that the transcriptional changes associated with this transition are also characteristics of the AD brain. We propose that targeting multiple arms of the feedback loop may bring about disease-modifying effects in AD. Developed mathematical models of cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease (AD) Integration of multiple feedback loops drives irreversible transition to AD Predicted transcriptional dysregulation is validated using AD gene expression data Inhibition of self-amplifying feedback loops brings about disease-modifying effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Pandey
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
| | - P K Vinod
- Center for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032 India
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Kiss E, Groeneweg F, Gorgas K, Schlicksupp A, Kins S, Kirsch J, Kuhse J. Amyloid-β Fosters p35/CDK5 Signaling Contributing to Changes of Inhibitory Synapses in Early Stages of Cerebral Amyloidosis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 74:1167-1187. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Femke Groeneweg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schlicksupp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuhse
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI. Growth Arrest Triggers Extra-Cell Cycle Regulatory Function in Neurons: Possible Involvement of p27 kip1 in Membrane Trafficking as Well as Cytoskeletal Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:64. [PMID: 31080801 PMCID: PMC6497764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulation is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, but many cells in adulthood, including neurons, exit from cell cycle. Although cell cycle-related proteins are suppressed after cell cycle exit in general, recent studies have revealed that growth arrest triggers extra-cell cycle regulatory function (EXCERF) in some cell cycle proteins, such as p27(kip1), p57(kip2), anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), and cyclin E. While p27 is known to control G1 length and cell cycle exit via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activities, p27 acquires additional cytoplasmic functions in growth-arrested neurons. Here, we introduce the EXCERFs of p27 in post-mitotic neurons, mainly focusing on its actin and microtubule regulatory functions. We also show that a small amount of p27 is associated with the Golgi apparatus positive for Rab6, p115, and GM130, but not endosomes positive for Rab5, Rab7, Rab8, Rab11, SNX6, or LAMTOR1. p27 is also colocalized with Dcx, a microtubule-associated protein. Based on these results, we discuss here the possible role of p27 in membrane trafficking and microtubule-dependent transport in post-mitotic cortical neurons. Collectively, we propose that growth arrest leads to two different fates in cell cycle proteins; either suppressing their expression or activating their EXCERFs. The latter group of proteins, including p27, play various roles in neuronal migration, morphological changes and axonal transport, whereas the re-activation of the former group of proteins in post-mitotic neurons primes for cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
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Testing the Neuroprotective Properties of PCSO-524 ® Using a Neuronal Cell Cycle Suppression Assay. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020079. [PMID: 30682813 PMCID: PMC6409808 DOI: 10.3390/md17020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle reentry is a unified mechanism shared by several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T). This phenotype is often related to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. To mimic brain inflammation in vitro, we adopted the previously established method of using conditioned medium collected from activated THP-1 cells and applied it to both differentiated HT22 cells and primary neurons. Unscheduled cell cycle events were observed in both systems, indicating the potential of this approach as an in vitro model of neurodegenerative disease. We used this assay to measure the neuroprotective effects of New Zealand green-lipped mussel extract, PCSO-524®, to protect post-mitotic cells from cell cycle reentry. We found that, both in vitro and in an animal model, PCSO-524® displayed promising neuroprotective effects, and thus has potential to postpone or prevent the onset of neurodegenerative disease.
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Zhu LS, Wang DQ, Cui K, Liu D, Zhu LQ. Emerging Perspectives on DNA Double-strand Breaks in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:1146-1157. [PMID: 31362659 PMCID: PMC7057204 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190726115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are common events that were recognized as one of the most toxic lesions in eukaryotic cells. DSBs are widely involved in many physiological processes such as V(D)J recombination, meiotic recombination, DNA replication and transcription. Deregulation of DSBs has been reported in multiple diseases in human beings, such as the neurodegenerative diseases, with which the underlying mechanisms are needed to be illustrated. Here, we reviewed the recent insights into the dysfunction of DSB formation and repair, contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD) and ataxia telangiectasia (A-T).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China; Tel: 862783692625; Fax: 862783692608; E-mail:
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of chloride intracellular channel 4 promotes oxidative stress-induced neuronal death. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:951. [PMID: 30237421 PMCID: PMC6147799 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can cause apoptosis in neurons and may result in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the signaling mechanisms leading to oxidative stress–induced neuronal apoptosis are not fully understood. Oxidative stress stimulates aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), thought to promote neuronal apoptosis by phosphorylating many cell death-related substrates. Here, using protein pulldown methods, immunofluorescence experiments and in vitro kinase assays, we identified chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4), the expression of which increases during neuronal apoptosis, as a CDK5 substrate. We found that activated CDK5 phosphorylated serine 108 in CLIC4, increasing CLIC4 protein stability, and accumulation. Pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated silencing of CDK5 decreased CLIC4 levels in neurons. Moreover, CLIC4 overexpression led to neuronal apoptosis, whereas knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CLIC4 attenuated H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis. These results implied that CLIC4, by acting as a substrate of CDK5, mediated neuronal apoptosis induced by aberrant CDK5 activation. Targeting CLIC4 in neurons may therefore provide a therapeutic approach for managing progressive neurodegenerative diseases that arise from neuronal apoptosis.
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Kim JE, Kang TC. Nucleocytoplasmic p27 Kip1 Export Is Required for ERK1/2-Mediated Reactive Astroglial Proliferation Following Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:152. [PMID: 29930499 PMCID: PMC5999727 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a prominent and ubiquitous reaction of astrocytes to many types of brain injury. Up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and astroglial proliferation are hallmarks of reactive astrogliosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate reactive astrogliosis remain elusive. In the present study, status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity) led to reactive astrogliosis showing the increases in GFAP expression and the number of proliferating astrocytes with prolonged extracellular signal receptor-activated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and reduced nuclear p27Kip1 level. U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, showed opposite effects. Leptomycin B (LMB), an inhibitor of chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1), attenuated nucleocytoplasmic p27Kip1 export and astroglial proliferation, although it up-regulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation and GFAP expression. Roscovitine ameliorated the reduced nuclear p27Kip1 level and astroglial proliferation without changing GFAP expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. U0126 aggravated SE-induced astroglial apoptosis in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus that was unaffected by LMB and roscovitine. In addition, U0126 exacerbated SE-induced neuronal death, while LMB mitigated it. Roscovitine did not affect SE-induced neuronal death. The present data elucidate for the first time the roles of nucleocytoplasmic p27Kip1 transport in ERK1/2-mediated reactive astrogliosis independent of SE-induced neuronal death and astroglial apoptosis. Therefore, our findings suggest that nucleocytoplasmic p27Kip1 export may be required for ERK1/2-mediated astroglial proliferation during reactive astrogliosis, and that nuclear p27Kip1 entrapment may be a potential therapeutic strategy for anti-proliferation in reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Wang J, Huang Y, Cai J, Ke Q, Xiao J, Huang W, Li H, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Wu H, Zhang Y, Sui X, Bardeesi ASA, Xiang AP. A Nestin-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5-Dynamin-Related Protein 1 Axis Regulates Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Stemness via a Metabolic Shift. Stem Cells 2018; 36:589-601. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Wang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yinong Huang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital; Organ Transplantation Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Ke
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Adham Sameer A. Bardeesi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
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Kim JE, Kang TC. Suppression of nucleocytoplasmic p27 Kip1 export attenuates CDK4-mediated neuronal death induced by status epilepticus. Neurosci Res 2017; 132:46-52. [PMID: 29024678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant cell cycle re-entry promotes neuronal death in various neurological diseases. Thus, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) seem to be one of potential therapeutic targets to prevent neuronal loss. In the present study, we investigated the involvements of CDK4, CDK5 and p27Kip1 (an endogenous CDK inhibitor) in status epilepticus (SE)-induced neuronal death. Following SE, CDK4 expression was increased in CA1 neurons, while CDK5 was decreased. Most of TUNEL-positive neurons showed CDK4 expression, but less CDK5 expression. Flavopiridol (a CDK4 inhibitor) attenuated TUNEL signal and CDK4 expression in CA1 neurons following SE. CDK5 inhibitors did not affect these phenomena. Both flavopiridol and leptomycin B (an inhibitor of chromosome region maintenance 1) mitigated SE-induced neuronal death by inhibiting nucleocytoplasmic p27Kip1 translocation. These findings suggest that SE may lead to nucleocytoplasmic p27Kip1 export that initiates CDK4, not CDK5, induction, which an abortive and fatal cell cycle re-entry progress in CA1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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Huang PH, Chen MC, Peng YT, Kao WH, Chang CH, Wang YC, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Wang JH, Lee YT, Lin E, Yue CH, Wang HY, You SC, Lin H. Cdk5 Directly Targets Nuclear p21CIP1 and Promotes Cancer Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2017; 76:6888-6900. [PMID: 27909065 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The significance of Cdk5 in cell-cycle control and cancer biology has gained increased attention. Here we report the inverse correlation between the protein levels of Cdk5 and p21CIP1 from cell-based and clinical analysis. Mechanistically, we identify that Cdk5 overexpression triggers the proteasome-dependent degradation of p21CIP1 through a S130 phosphorylation in a Cdk2-independent manner. Besides, the evidence from cell-based and clinical analysis shows that Cdk5 primarily regulates nuclear p21CIP1 protein degradation. S130A-p21CIP1 mutant enables to block either its protein degradation or the increase of cancer cell growth caused by Cdk5. Notably, Cdk5-triggered p21CIP1 targeting primarily appears in S-phase, while Cdk5 overexpression increases the activation of Cdk2 and its interaction with DNA polymerase δ. The in vivo results show that Cdk2 might play an important role in the downstream signaling to Cdk5. In summary, these findings suggest that Cdk5 in a high expression status promotes cancer growth by directly and rapidly releasing p21CIP1-dependent cell-cycle inhibition and subsequent Cdk2 activation, which illustrates an oncogenic role of Cdk5 potentially applied for future diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6888-900. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chih Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Peng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jo-Hsin Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Tsung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Tung's Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Chi You
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Sun YQ, Xie JW, Xie HT, Chen PC, Zhang XL, Zheng CH, Li P, Wang JB, Lin JX, Cao LL, Huang CM, Lin Y. Expression of CRM1 and CDK5 shows high prognostic accuracy for gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2012-2022. [PMID: 28373767 PMCID: PMC5360642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the predictive value of the expression of chromosomal maintenance (CRM)1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)5 in gastric cancer (GC) patients after gastrectomy. METHODS A total of 240 GC patients who received standard gastrectomy were enrolled in the study. The expression level of CRM1 and CDK5 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between CRM1 and CDK5 expression and clinicopathological factors were explored. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for GC. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the accuracy of the prediction of clinical outcome by the parameters. RESULTS The expression of CRM1 was significantly related to size of primary tumor (P = 0.005), Borrmann type (P = 0.006), degree of differentiation (P = 0.004), depth of invasion (P = 0.008), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.013), TNM stage (P = 0.002) and distant metastasis (P = 0.015). The expression of CDK5 was significantly related to sex (P = 0.048) and Lauren's classification (P = 0.011). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that CRM1 and CDK5 co-expression status was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) of patients with GC. Integration of CRM1 and CDK5 expression could provide additional prognostic value for OS compared with CRM1 or CDK5 expression alone (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION CRM1 and CDK5 co-expression was an independent prognostic factors for GC. Combined CRM1 and CDK5 expression could provide a prognostic model for OS of GC.
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15
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Jaiswal S, Sharma P. Role and regulation of p27 in neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 2017; 140:576-588. [PMID: 27926980 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary for the cell-cycle machinery of neurons to be suppressed to promote differentiation and maintenance of their terminally differentiated state. Reactivation of the cell cycle in response to neurotoxic insults leads to neuronal cell death and some cell-cycle-related proteins contribute to the process. p27 kip1 (p27), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, prevents unwarranted cyclin-dependent kinase activation. In this study, we have elucidated a novel mechanism via which p27 promotes apoptosis of neurons stimulated by neurotoxic amyloid peptide Aβ42 (Amyloid β1-42 peptide). Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that p27 promotes interaction between Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and cyclin D1, which is induced by Aβ42 in cortical neurons. As a result, Cdk5 is sequestered from its neuronal activator p35 resulting in kinase deactivation. The depletion of p27, which was achieved by specific siRNA, restored Cdk5/p35 interaction by preventing association between Cdk5 and cyclin D1 and also abrogated Aβ42 induced apoptosis of cortical neurons. Furthermore, analysis of cell cycle markers suggested that p27 may play a role in Aβ42 induced aberrant cell cycle progression of neurons, which may result in apoptosis. These findings provide novel insights into how p27, which otherwise performs important neuronal functions, may become deleterious to neurons under neurotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jaiswal
- Eukaryotic Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushkar Sharma
- Eukaryotic Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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16
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Cyclin I-like (CCNI2) is a cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activator and is involved in cell cycle regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40979. [PMID: 28112194 PMCID: PMC5256034 DOI: 10.1038/srep40979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional cyclin-dependent kinases that are important for mitotic cell division, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is predominantly activated in post-mitotic cells and is involved in various cellular events. The kinase activity of CDK5 is tightly regulated by specific activators including p35, p39, and cyclin I (CCNI). Here we show that cyclin I-like (CCNI2), a homolog of CCNI, interacts with CDK5 and activates the kinase activity of CDK5. Different from CCNI, which colocalizes with CDK5 in the nuclei in transfected cells, CCNI2 mainly retains CDK5 in the cytoplasm as well as on the cell membrane. Furthermore, although the expression level of CCNI2 mRNA and CCNI2 protein do not change significantly during cell cycle, depletion of CCNI2 with siRNA affects cell cycle progression as well as cell proliferation. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that CCNI2 is a novel CDK5 activator and is involved in cell cycle regulation.
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17
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Sharma SS, Ma L, Pledger WJ. p27Kip1 inhibits the cell cycle through non-canonical G1/S phase-specific gatekeeper mechanism. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3954-64. [PMID: 26697844 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 has been shown to regulate cellular proliferation via inhibition of CDK activities. It is now recognized that p27Kip1 can regulate cellular processes through non-canonical, CDK-independent mechanisms. We have developed an inducible p27Kip1 model in cultured cells to explore CDK-independent p27Kip1 regulation of biological processes. We present evidence that p27Kip1 can function in a CDK-independent manner to inhibit entry and/or progression of S phase. Even though this p27Kip1 mechanism is non-canonical it does requires the intact cyclin-binding motif in p27Kip1. We suggest a mechanism similar to that proposed in post-mitotic neural cells whereby p27Kip1 functions to coordinate growth arrest and apoptosis. Our hypothesis supports the concept that p27Kip1 is a gatekeeper for the entry and progression of S phase through interaction with specific protein(s) or via binding to specific DNA sequences in a CDK-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Ma
- a Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute ; Spartanburg , SC
| | - W Jackson Pledger
- a Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute ; Spartanburg , SC.,b Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine ; Department of Molecular Medicine ; Spartanburg , SC USA
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18
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. A Unified Hypothesis of Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:33-47. [PMID: 26402752 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) and late-onset sporadic AD (LOSAD) both follow a similar pathological and biochemical course that includes: neuron and synapse loss and dysfunction, microvascular damage, microgliosis, extracellular amyloid-β deposition, tau phosphorylation, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, endoreduplication and related cell cycle events in affected brain regions. Any mechanistic explanation of AD must accommodate these biochemical and neuropathological features for both forms of the disease. In this insight paper we provide a unifying hypothesis for EOFAD and LOSAD that proposes that the aberrant re-entry of terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons into the cell division cycle is a common pathway that explains both early and late-onset forms of AD. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease process, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical (e.g. tau phosphorylation), neuropathological (e.g. neuron hypertrophy; polypoidy) and cognitive changes observed in EOFAD and LOSAD. Genetic mutations in AβPP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 that alter amyloid-β precursor protein and Notch processing drive reactivation of the cell cycle in EOFAD, while age-related reproductive endocrine dyscrasia that upregulates mitogenic TNF signaling and AβPP processing toward the amyloidogenic pathway drives reactivation of the cell cycle in LOSAD. In essence, AβPP and presenilin mutations initiate early, what endocrine dyscrasia initiates later: aberrant cell cycle re-entry of post-mitotic neurons leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Inhibition of cell cycle re-entry in post-mitotic neurons may be a useful therapeutic strategy to prevent, slow or halt disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.,School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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19
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Song H, Kim W, Choi JH, Kim SH, Lee D, Park CH, Kim S, Kim DY, Kim KT. Stress-induced nuclear translocation of CDK5 suppresses neuronal death by downregulating ERK activation via VRK3 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28634. [PMID: 27346674 PMCID: PMC4922050 DOI: 10.1038/srep28634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activity is generally associated with cell survival, prolonged ERK activation induced by oxidative stress also mediates neuronal cell death. Here we report that oxidative stress-induced cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activation stimulates neuroprotective signaling via phosphorylation of vaccinia-related kinase 3 (VRK3) at Ser 108. The binding of vaccinia H1-related (VHR) phosphatase to phosphorylated VRK3 increased its affinity for phospho-ERK and subsequently downregulated ERK activation. Overexpression of VRK3 protected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis. However the CDK5 was unable to phosphorylate mutant VRK3, and thus the mutant forms of VRK3 could not attenuate apoptotic process. Suppression of CDK5 activity results in increase of ERK activation and elevation of proapoptotic protein Bak expression in mouse cortical neurons. Results from VRK3-deficient neurons were further confirmed the role of VRK3 phosphorylation in H2O2-evoked ERK regulation. Importantly, we showed an association between phospho-VRK3 levels and the progression of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Together our work reveals endogenous protective mechanism against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death and suggest VRK3 as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengjin Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Ho Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Gyeongbuk, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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20
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Sun YQ, Xie JW, Chen PC, Zheng CH, Li P, Wang JB, Lin JX, Lu J, Chen QY, Cao LL, Lin M, Tu RH, Lin Y, Huang CM. Low Expression of CDK5 and p27 Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Gastric Cancer. J Cancer 2016; 7:1049-56. [PMID: 27326247 PMCID: PMC4911871 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have demonstrated that CDK5 or p27 expression in gastric cancer are associated with overall survival. We have previously reported that tumor suppressive function of CDK5 is related to p27. The aim of this study was to investigate correlation between the clinicopathological parameters and overall survival with different CDK5/p27 expression statuses in 244 gastric cancer patients using immunohistochemistry. Low CDK5 expression was detected in 93 cases (38.11%) and low p27 in 157 cases (64.34%). The expression of CDK5 was significantly related to sex (P = 0.034) and Lauren's classification (P = 0.013). The expression of p27 was significantly related to sex (P = 0.012), differentiation (P = 0.003), TNM stage (P = 0.013) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001). Based on the combined expression of CDK5 and p27, we classified the patients into four subtypes: CDK5 Low/p27 Low (n = 69), CDK5 High/p27 Low (n = 88), CDK5 Low/p27 High (n = 24) and CDK5 High/p27 High (n = 63). The CDK5 Low/p27 Low expression was closely related to female (P = 0.026), diffuse type (P = 0.027) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.010). The CDK5 Low/p27 Low patients displayed poorer survival in comparison with the rest of the patients in Kaplan-Meier analysis. No significant overall survival difference was observed among the patients with CDK5 High and/or p27 High expression. In the multivariate analysis, CDK5 and p27 co-expression status was identified as an independent prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Sun
- 1. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Xie
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Chen Chen
- 3. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hui Zheng
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Wang
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xian Lin
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yue Chen
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Lin
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Hong Tu
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lin
- 3. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Qishan Campus, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Ming Huang
- 2. Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The proper growth and arborization of dendrites in response to sensory experience are essential for neural connectivity and information processing in the brain. Although neuronal activity is important for sculpting dendrite morphology, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-mediated transcriptional regulation is a key mechanism that controls activity-dependent dendrite development in cultured rat neurons. During membrane depolarization, Cdk5 accumulates in the nucleus to regulate the expression of a subset of genes, including that of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor, for subsequent dendritic growth. Furthermore, Cdk5 function is mediated through the phosphorylation of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, a key transcriptional repressor that is mutated in the mental disorder Rett syndrome. These findings collectively suggest that the nuclear import of Cdk5 is crucial for activity-dependent dendrite development by regulating neuronal gene transcription during neural development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neural activity directs dendrite development through the regulation of gene transcription. However, how molecular signals link extracellular stimuli to the transcriptional program in the nucleus remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal activity stimulates the translocation of the kinase Cdk5 from the cytoplasmic compartment into the nucleus; furthermore, the nuclear localization of Cdk5 is required for dendrite development in cultured neurons. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis shows that Cdk5 deficiency specifically disrupts activity-dependent gene transcription of bdnf. The action of Cdk5 is mediated through the modulation of the transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. Therefore, this study elucidates the role of nuclear Cdk5 in the regulation of activity-dependent gene transcription and dendritic growth.
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22
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Lam E, Pareek TK, Letterio JJ. Cdk5 controls IL-2 gene expression via repression of the mSin3a-HDAC complex. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1327-36. [PMID: 25785643 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.987621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a unique member of a family of serine/threonine cyclin-dependent protein kinases. We previously demonstrated disruption of Cdk5 gene expression in mice impairs T-cell function and ameliorates T-cell-mediated neuroinflammation. Here, we show Cdk5 modulates gene expression during T-cell activation by impairing the repression of gene transcription by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) through specific phosphorylation of the mSin3a protein at serine residue 861. Disruption of Cdk5 activity in T-cells enhances HDAC activity and binding of the HDAC1/mSin3a complex to the IL-2 promoter, leading to suppression of IL-2 gene expression. These data point to essential roles for Cdk5 in regulating gene expression in T-cells and transcriptional regulation by the co-repressor mSin3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lam
- a Department of Pediatrics; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Center; The Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult Cancer Institute; The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Case Western Reserve University ; Cleveland , OH USA
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23
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Arsenijevic Y. Cell Cycle Proteins and Retinal Degeneration: Evidences of New Potential Therapeutic Targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:371-7. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Alvarez-Miranda EA, Sinnl M, Farhan H. Alteration of Golgi Structure by Stress: A Link to Neurodegeneration? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:435. [PMID: 26617486 PMCID: PMC4641911 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is well-known for its role as a sorting station in the secretory pathway as well as for its role in regulating post-translational protein modification. Another role for the Golgi is the regulation of cellular signaling by spatially regulating kinases, phosphatases, and GTPases. All these roles make it clear that the Golgi is a central regulator of cellular homeostasis. The response to stress and the initiation of adaptive responses to cope with it are fundamental abilities of all living cells. It was shown previously that the Golgi undergoes structural rearrangements under various stress conditions such as oxidative or osmotic stress. Neurodegenerative diseases are also frequently associated with alterations of Golgi morphology and many stress factors have been described to play an etiopathological role in neurodegeneration. It is however unclear whether the stress-Golgi connection plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Using a combination of bioinformatics modeling and literature mining, we will investigate evidence for such a tripartite link and we ask whether stress-induced Golgi arrangements are cause or consequence in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Sinnl
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau Kreuzlingen, Switzerland ; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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25
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Atwood CS, Bowen RL. The endocrine dyscrasia that accompanies menopause and andropause induces aberrant cell cycle signaling that triggers re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle, neurodysfunction, neurodegeneration and cognitive disease. Horm Behav 2015; 76:63-80. [PMID: 26188949 PMCID: PMC4807861 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Sex hormones are physiological factors that promote neurogenesis during embryonic and fetal development. During childhood and adulthood these hormones support the maintenance of brain structure and function via neurogenesis and the formation of dendritic spines, axons and synapses required for the capture, processing and retrieval of information (memories). Not surprisingly, changes in these reproductive hormones that occur with menopause and during andropause are strongly correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In this connection, much evidence now indicates that Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into the cell cycle. Cell cycle abnormalities appear very early in the disease, prior to the appearance of plaques and tangles, and explain the biochemical, neuropathological and cognitive changes observed with disease progression. Intriguingly, a recent animal study has demonstrated that induction of adult neurogenesis results in the loss of previously encoded memories while decreasing neurogenesis after memory formation during infancy mitigated forgetting. Here we review the biochemical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that alterations in sex hormone signaling associated with menopause and andropause drive the aberrant re-entry of post-mitotic neurons into an abortive cell cycle that leads to neurite retraction, neuron dysfunction and neuron death. When the reproductive axis is in balance, gonadotropins such as luteinizing hormone (LH), and its fetal homolog, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), promote pluripotent human and totipotent murine embryonic stem cell and neuron proliferation. However, strong evidence supports menopausal/andropausal elevations in the LH:sex steroid ratio as driving aberrant mitotic events. These include the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor; amyloid-β precursor protein processing towards the production of mitogenic Aβ; and the activation of Cdk5, a key regulator of cell cycle progression and tau phosphorylation (a cardinal feature of both neurogenesis and neurodegeneration). Cognitive and biochemical studies confirm the negative consequences of a high LH:sex steroid ratio on dendritic spine density and human cognitive performance. Prospective epidemiological and clinical evidence in humans supports the premise that rebalancing the ratio of circulating gonadotropins:sex steroids reduces the incidence of AD. Together, these data support endocrine dyscrasia and the subsequent loss of cell cycle control as an important etiological event in the development of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Atwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027 WA, Australia.
| | - Richard L Bowen
- OTB Research, 217 Calhoun St, Unit 1, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Ehrlich SM, Liebl J, Ardelt MA, Lehr T, De Toni EN, Mayr D, Brandl L, Kirchner T, Zahler S, Gerbes AL, Vollmar AM. Targeting cyclin dependent kinase 5 in hepatocellular carcinoma--A novel therapeutic approach. J Hepatol 2015; 63:102-13. [PMID: 25660209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS For a long time cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) was thought to be exclusively important in neuronal cells. However, increasing evidence recently suggests a function of Cdk5 in cancer progression. In this study, we examined the role of Cdk5 and its therapeutic accessibility in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly chemoresistant cancer with poor prognosis and paramount clinical importance in order to develop novel targeted therapies for systemic treatment. METHODS Expression and activity of Cdk5 was analyzed in a human HCC tissue microarray, human patient samples and HCC cell lines. To characterize Cdk5 functions and signaling pathways in HCC, we applied genetic downregulation and pharmacologic inhibition in various approaches including cell based assays and mouse xenograft models. RESULTS Expression and activity of Cdk5 was increased in human HCC tissues as compared to normal liver tissues. Functional ablation of Cdk5 significantly decreased HCC cell proliferation and clonogenic survival. Moreover, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Cdk5 showed in vivo efficacy in HCC xenograft mouse models. Investigating the mechanisms behind these functional effects revealed that Cdk5 is most active in the nucleus of cells in G2/M phase. Cdk5 regulates DNA damage response by phosphorylating ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and thereby influencing its downstream cascade. Consequently, combination of Cdk5 inhibition with DNA-damage-inducing chemotherapeutics synergistically inhibited HCC tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we introduce Cdk5 as a novel drugable target for HCC treatment and suggest the combination of Cdk5 inhibition and DNA damaging agents as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Ehrlich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian A Ardelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Enrico N De Toni
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Liver Center Munich®, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lydia Brandl
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander L Gerbes
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Liver Center Munich®, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Deficiency of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) has been linked to the death of postmitotic cortical neurons during brain development. We now report that, in mouse cortical neurons, Cdk5 is capable of phosphorylating the transcription factor FOXO1 at Ser249 in vitro and in vivo. Cellular stresses resulting from extracellular stimulation by H2O2 or β-amyloid promote hyperactivation of Cdk5, FOXO1 nuclear export and inhibition of its downstream transcriptional activity. In contrast, a loss of Cdk5 leads to FOXO1 translocation into the nucleus: a shift due to decreased AKT activity but independent of S249 phosphorylation. Nuclear FOXO1 upregulates transcription of the proapoptotic gene, BIM, leading to neuronal death, which can be rescued when endogenous FOXO1 was replaced by the cytoplasmically localized form of FOXO1, FOXO1-S249D. Cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, Cdk5 attenuates neuronal death by inhibiting FOXO1 transcriptional activity and BIM expression. Together, our findings suggest that Cdk5 plays a novel and unexpected role in the degeneration of postmitotic neurons through modulation of the cellular location of FOXO1, which constitutes an alternative pathway through which Cdk5 deficiency leads to neuronal death.
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Cao L, Zhou J, Zhang J, Wu S, Yang X, Zhao X, Li H, Luo M, Yu Q, Lin G, Lin H, Xie J, Li P, Hu X, Zheng C, Bu G, Zhang YW, Xu H, Yang Y, Huang C, Zhang J. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 decreases in gastric cancer and its nuclear accumulation suppresses gastric tumorigenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1419-28. [PMID: 25609066 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a cyclin-independent atypical CDK, the role of CDK5 in regulating cell proliferation in gastric cancer remains unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of CDK5 in gastric tumor and paired adjacent noncancerous tissues from 437 patients was measured by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR. The subcellular translocation of CDK5 was monitored during gastric cancer cell proliferation. The role of nuclear CDK5 in gastric cancer tumorigenic proliferation and ex vivo xenografts was explored. Furthermore, by screening for compounds in the PubChem database that disrupt CDK5 association with its nuclear export facilitator, we identified a small molecular (NS-0011) that inhibits gastric cancer cell growth. RESULTS CDK5 level was significantly decreased in the majority of gastric tumor tissues, and the reduction of CDK5 correlated with the severity of gastric cancer based on tumor and lymph node metastasis and patient 5-year fatality rate. Nuclear localization of CDK5 was found to be significantly decreased in tumor tissues and gastric cancer cell lines, whereas exogenously expression of nucleus-targeted CDK5 inhibited the proliferation and xenograft implantation of gastric cancer cells. Treatment with the small molecule NS-0011, which increases CDK5 accumulation in the nucleus, suppressed both cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that low CDK5 expression is associated with poor overall survival in patients with gastric cancer, and nuclear accumulation of CDK5 inhibits the proliferation and tumorigenicity of human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Cao
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Jiechao Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Junrong Zhang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Sijin Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xintao Yang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Huifang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guangtan Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huizhong Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chaohui Zheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Yun-wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China. Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China. Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California.
| | - Yongliang Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Changming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China. Cancer Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Herpes simplex virus 1 upregulates p35, alters CDK-5 localization, and stimulates CDK-5 kinase activity during acute infection in neurons. J Virol 2015; 89:5171-5. [PMID: 25694605 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00106-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK-5) activating protein, p35, is important for acute herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in mice. This report shows that HSV-1 increases p35 levels, changes the primary localization of CDK-5 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and enhances CDK-5 activity during lytic or acute infection. Infected neurons also stained positive for the DNA damage response (DDR) marker γH2AX. We propose that CDK-5 is activated by the DDR to protect infected neurons from apoptosis.
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Peyressatre M, Prével C, Pellerano M, Morris MC. Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in human cancers: from small molecules to Peptide inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:179-237. [PMID: 25625291 PMCID: PMC4381256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK/Cyclins) form a family of heterodimeric kinases that play central roles in regulation of cell cycle progression, transcription and other major biological processes including neuronal differentiation and metabolism. Constitutive or deregulated hyperactivity of these kinases due to amplification, overexpression or mutation of cyclins or CDK, contributes to proliferation of cancer cells, and aberrant activity of these kinases has been reported in a wide variety of human cancers. These kinases therefore constitute biomarkers of proliferation and attractive pharmacological targets for development of anticancer therapeutics. The structural features of several of these kinases have been elucidated and their molecular mechanisms of regulation characterized in depth, providing clues for development of drugs and inhibitors to disrupt their function. However, like most other kinases, they constitute a challenging class of therapeutic targets due to their highly conserved structural features and ATP-binding pocket. Notwithstanding, several classes of inhibitors have been discovered from natural sources, and small molecule derivatives have been synthesized through rational, structure-guided approaches or identified in high throughput screens. The larger part of these inhibitors target ATP pockets, but a growing number of peptides targeting protein/protein interfaces are being proposed, and a small number of compounds targeting allosteric sites have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Peyressatre
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM-CNRS-UMR5247, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Camille Prével
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM-CNRS-UMR5247, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Morgan Pellerano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM-CNRS-UMR5247, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - May C Morris
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM-CNRS-UMR5247, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France.
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31
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Fields JA, Dumaop W, Crews L, Adame A, Spencer B, Metcalf J, He J, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity via CDK5 translocation and hyper-activation: role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Curr HIV Res 2015; 13:43-54. [PMID: 25760044 PMCID: PMC4455959 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150311164201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The advent of more effective antiretroviral therapies has reduced the frequency of HIV dementia, however the prevalence of milder HIV associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND] is actually rising. Neurodegenerative mechanisms in HAND might include toxicity by secreted HIV-1 proteins such as Tat, gp120 and Nef that could activate neuro-inflammatory pathways, block autophagy, promote excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that Tat could interfere with several signal transduction mechanisms involved in cytoskeletal regulation, cell survival and cell cycle re-entry. Among them, Tat has been shown to hyper-activate cyclin-dependent kinase [CDK] 5, a member of the Ser/Thr CDKs involved in cell migration, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. CDK5 is activated by binding to its regulatory subunit, p35 or p39. For this manuscript we review evidence showing that Tat, via calcium dysregulation, promotes calpain-1 cleavage of p35 to p25, which in turn hyper-activates CDK5 resulting in abnormal phosphorylation of downstream targets such as Tau, collapsin response mediator protein-2 [CRMP2], doublecortin [DCX] and MEF2. We also present new data showing that Tat interferes with the trafficking of CDK5 between the nucleus and cytoplasm. This results in prolonged presence of CDK5 in the cytoplasm leading to accumulation of aberrantly phosphorylated cytoplasmic targets [e.g.: Tau, CRMP2, DCX] that impair neuronal function and eventually lead to cell death. Novel therapeutic approaches with compounds that block Tat mediated hyper-activation of CDK5 might be of value in the management of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 348, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) are tau kinases and have been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The 3D structures of these kinases are remarkably similar, which led us to hypothesize that both might be capable of binding cyclin proteins--the activating cofactors of all CDKs. CDK5 is normally activated by the cyclin-like proteins p35 and p39. By contrast, we show that GSK3β does not bind to p35 but unexpectedly binds to p25, the calpain cleavage product of p35. Indeed, overexpressed GSK3β outcompetes CDK5 for p25, whereas CDK5 is the preferred p35 partner. FRET analysis reveals nanometer apposition of GSK3β:p25 in cell soma as well as in synaptic regions. Interaction with p25 also alters GSK3β substrate specificity. The GSK3β:p25 interaction leads to enhanced phosphorylation of tau, but decreased phosphorylation of β-catenin. A partial explanation for this situation comes from in silico modeling, which predicts that the docking site for p25 on GSK3β is the AXIN-binding domain; because of this, p25 inhibits the formation of the GSK3β/AXIN/APC destruction complex, thus preventing GSK3β from binding to and phosphorylating β-catenin. Coexpression of GSK3β and p25 in cultured neurons results in a neurodegeneration phenotype that exceeds that observed with CDK5 and p25. When p25 is transfected alone, the resulting neuronal damage is blocked more effectively with a specific siRNA against Gsk3β than with one against Cdk5. We propose that the effects of p25, although normally attributed to activate CDK5, may be mediated in part by elevated GSK3β activity.
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MiR-26b, upregulated in Alzheimer's disease, activates cell cycle entry, tau-phosphorylation, and apoptosis in postmitotic neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:14645-59. [PMID: 24027266 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1327-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) functions in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are only beginning to emerge. We have observed significantly elevated levels of a specific miRNA, miR-26b, in the defined pathological areas of human postmortem brains, starting from early stages of AD (Braak III). Ectopic overexpression of miR-26b in rat primary postmitotic neurons led to the DNA replication and aberrant cell cycle entry (CCE) and, in parallel, increased tau-phosphorylation, which culminated in the apoptotic cell death of neurons. Similar tau hyperphosphorylation and CCE are typical features of neurons in pre-AD brains. Sequence-specific inhibition of miR-26b in culture is neuroprotective against oxidative stress. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb1), a major tumor suppressor, appears as the key direct miR-26b target, which mediates the observed neuronal phenotypes. The downstream signaling involves upregulation of Rb1/E2F cell cycle and pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets, including cyclin E1, and corresponding downregulation of cell cycle inhibitor p27/Kip1. It further leads to nuclear export and activation of Cdk5, a major kinase implicated in tau phosphorylation, regulation of cell cycle, and death in postmitotic neurons. Therefore, upregulation of miR-26b in neurons causes pleiotropic phenotypes that are also observed in AD. Elevated levels of miR-26b may thus contribute to the AD neuronal pathology.
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34
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Wang H, Tian C, Xu Y, Xie WL, Zhang J, Zhang BY, Ren K, Wang K, Chen C, Wang SB, Shi Q, Shao QX, Dong XP. Abortive cell cycle events in the brains of scrapie-infected hamsters with remarkable decreases of PLK3/Cdc25C and increases of PLK1/cyclin B1. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:655-68. [PMID: 23625313 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) consist of a family of kinases which play critical roles during multiple stages of cell cycle progression. Increase of PLK1 and decrease of PLK3 are associated with the developments and metastases of many types of human malignant tumors; however, the situations of PLKs in prion diseases are less understood. Using Western blots and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent assays, marked increase of PLK1 and decrease of PLK3 were observed in the brains of scrapie strain 263K-infected hamsters, presenting obviously a time-dependent phenomenon along with disease progression. Similar alterations of PLKs were also detected in a scrapie infectious cell line SMB-S15. Both PLK1 and PLK3 were observed in neurons by confocal microscopy. Accompanying with the changes of PLKs in the brains of 263K-infected hamsters, Cdc25C and its phosphorylated forms (p-Cdc25C-Ser198 and p-Cdc25C-Ser216) were significantly down-regulated, whereas Cyclin B1 and PCNA were obviously up-regulated, while phospho-histone H3 remained almost unchanged. Moreover, exposure of the cytotoxic peptide PrP106-126 on the primary cultured cortical neuron cells induced similar changes of cellular PLKs and some cell cycle-related proteins, such as Cdc25C and its phosphorylated forms, phospho-histone H3. Those results illustrate obviously aberrant expressions of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the prion-infected neurons, which may lead to the cell cycle arrest at M phase. Possibly due to the ill-regulation of some key cell cycle events during prion infection, together with the fact that neurons are unable to complete mitosis, the cell cycle reentry in prion-infected neurons is definitely abortive, which may lead to neuron apoptosis and neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013,, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang Z, Liu Q, Leskov KS, Wu X, Duan J, Zhang GL, Hall M, Rosenbaum JT. Roscovitine suppresses CD4+ T cells and T cell-mediated experimental uveitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81154. [PMID: 24260551 PMCID: PMC3832440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cells are essential for the development of uveitis and other autoimmune diseases. After initial activation, CD4+ lymphocytes express the co-stimulatory molecule OX40 that plays an important role in T cell proliferation. Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CdK2) plays a pivotal role in the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. In addition, recent research has implicated CdK2 in T cell activation. Thus, we sought to test the immunosuppressive effect of roscovitine, a potent CdK2 inhibitor, on CD4+ T cell activation, proliferation, and function. Design and Methods Mouse CD4+ T cells were activated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. The expression of OX40, CD44, and CdK2 were analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of control and roscovitine-treated T lymphocytes were measured by BrdU incorporation and annexin V assay, respectively. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effect of roscovitine was evaluated in both ovalbumin-induced uveitis and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) models. Results In this study, we found that T cell activation induced OX40 expression. Cell cycle analysis showed that more CD4+OX40+ cells entered S phase than OX40- T cells. Concurrently, CD4+OX40+ cells had a higher level of CdK2 expression. Roscovitine treatment blocked activated CD4+ cells from entering S phase. In addition, roscovitine not only reduced the viability of CD4+ lymphocytes but also suppressed T cell activation and cytokine production. Finally, roscovitine significantly attenuated the severity of T cell-dependent, OX40-enhanced uveitis. Conclusion These results implicate CdK2 in OX40-augmented T cell response and expansion. Furthermore, this study suggests that roscovitine is a novel, promising, therapeutic agent for treating T cell-mediated diseases such as uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Konstantin S. Leskov
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiumei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jie Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James T. Rosenbaum
- Departments of Medicine and Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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36
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Abstract
Pain is an important survival mechanism for an organism. It can turn into severe mental and physical disorder however, if the molecular and/or cellular pathways involved in pain signaling are altered. Chronic pain is characterized by an altered pain perception that includes allodynia (a response to a normally non-noxious stimulus) and hyperalgesia (an exaggerated response to a normally noxious stimulus). Past few years of pain research has been mainly focused on precise understanding of the molecular and cellular nociceptive signatures altered during chronic pain, so that more effective pain relievers can be developed. The importance of protein kinases in normal cellular homeostasis and disease pathogenesis has evolved rapidly in the past few decades. The recent advancement defining the role of multiple protein kinases in regulating neuronal plasticity and pain sensitization has gained enough attention of pharmaceutical industry to develop specific and selective kinase inhibitors as analgesics. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is one such emerging kinase in pain biology. We will discuss here the recent advancement and therapeutic potential of Cdk5 in pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Kumar Pareek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lisa Zipp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John J Letterio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Shi LL, Yang WN, Chen XL, Zhang JS, Yang PB, Hu XD, Han H, Qian YH, Liu Y. The protective effects of tanshinone IIA on neurotoxicity induced by β-amyloid protein through calpain and the p35/Cdk5 pathway in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Hisanaga SI, Asada A. Cdk5-induced neuronal cell death: the activation of the conventional Rb-E2F G 1 pathway in post-mitotic neurons. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2049. [PMID: 22622087 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Zhang J, Li H, Zhou T, Zhou J, Herrup K. Cdk5 levels oscillate during the neuronal cell cycle: Cdh1 ubiquitination triggers proteosome-dependent degradation during S-phase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25985-94. [PMID: 22654103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.343152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
When cell cycle re-activation occurs in post-mitotic neurons it places them at increased risk for death. The cell cycle/cell death association has been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer disease (AD), yet the mechanisms by which a normal neuron suppresses the cycle remain largely unknown. Recently, our laboratory has shown that Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) is a key player in this protective function. When a neuron is under stress, Cdk5 is transported to the cytoplasm; this eliminates its cell cycle suppression activity and the neuron re-enters S-phase. In the current study we show that a similar principle applies during a normal cell cycle. When a neuronal cell enters S phase, Cdk5 is transported to the cytoplasm where it is ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase APC-Cdh1. Ubiquitinated Cdk5 is then rapidly degraded by the proteasome. The ubiquitination site of Cdk5 appears to be in the p35 binding area; in the presence of high levels of p35, the ubiquitination of Cdk5 was blocked, and the degradation in S phase was attenuated. The data suggest an unsuspected role for Cdk5 during the progression of a normal cell cycle and offer new pharmaceutical targets for regulating neuronal cell cycling and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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40
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Futatsugi A, Utreras E, Rudrabhatla P, Jaffe H, Pant HC, Kulkarni AB. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulates E2F transcription factor through phosphorylation of Rb protein in neurons. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1603-10. [PMID: 22456337 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the involvement of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in cell cycle regulation in postmitotic neurons. In this study, we demonstrate that Cdk5 and its co-activator p35 were detected in the nuclear fraction in neurons and Cdk5/p35 phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, a key protein controlling cell cycle re-entry. Cdk5/p35 phosphorylates Rb at the sites similar to those phosphorylated by Cdk4 and Cdk2. Furthermore, increased Cdk5 activity elevates activity of E2F transcription factor, which can trigger cell cycle re-entry, leading to neuronal cell death. A normal Cdk5 activity in neurons did not induce E2F activation, suggesting that Cdk5 does not induce cell cycle re-entry under normal conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that Cdk5 can regulate cell cycle by its ability to phosphorylate Rb. Most importantly, increased Cdk5 activity induces cell cycle re-entry, which is especially detrimental for survival of postmitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Futatsugi
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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41
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Flick F, Lüscher B. Regulation of sirtuin function by posttranslational modifications. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:29. [PMID: 22403547 PMCID: PMC3289391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are homologs of the yeast silencing information regulator 2 protein, an NAD+-dependent (histone) deacetylase. In mammals seven different sirtuins, SIRT1–7, have been identified, which share a common catalytic core domain but possess distinct N- and C-terminal extensions. This core domain elicits NAD+-dependent deacetylase and in some cases also ADP-ribosyltransferase, demalonylase, and desuccinylase activities. Sirtuins have been implicated in key cellular processes, including cell survival, autophagy, apoptosis, gene transcription, DNA repair, stress response, and genome stability. In addition some sirtuins are associated with disease, including cancer and neurodegeneration. These findings suggest strongly that sirtuins are tightly controlled and potentially responsive to different signal transduction pathways. Here, we review the posttranslational regulation mechanisms of mammalian sirtuins and discuss their relevance regarding the physiological processes, with which the different sirtuins are associated. The available data suggest that the N- and C-terminal extensions are the targets of posttranslational modifications (PTM) that can affect the functions of sirtuins. Mechanistically this can be explained by the interaction of these extensions with the catalytic core domain, which appears to be controlled by PTM at least in some cases. In contrast little is known about PTM and regulation of the catalytic domain itself. Together these findings point to key regulatory roles of the N- and C-terminal extensions in controlling sirtuin functions, thus connecting these regulators to different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Flick
- Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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42
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Cheung ZH, Ip NY. Cdk5: a multifaceted kinase in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:169-75. [PMID: 22189166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) as a tau kinase and member of the Cdk family almost 20 years ago, deregulation of Cdk5 activity has been linked to an array of neurodegenerative diseases. As knowledge on the etiopathological mechanisms of these diseases evolved through the years, Cdk5 has also been implicated in additional cellular events that are affected under these pathological conditions. From the role of Cdk5 in the regulation of synaptic functions to its involvement in autophagy deregulation, significant insights have been obtained regarding the role of Cdk5 as a key regulator of neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of Cdk5 in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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43
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Cell cycle reactivation in mature neurons: a link with brain plasticity, neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases? Neurosci Bull 2011; 27:185-96. [PMID: 21614101 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-011-1002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cell cycle machinery is essentially linked to cellular proliferation, recent findings suggest that neuronal cell death is frequently concurrent with the aberrant expression of cell cycle proteins in post-mitotic neurons. The present work reviews the evidence of cell cycle reentry and expression of cell cycle-associated proteins as a complex response of neurons to insults in the adult brain but also as a mechanism underlying brain plasticity. The basic aspects of cell cycle mechanisms, as well as the evidence showing cell cycle protein expression in the injured brain, are reviewed. The discussion includes recent experimental work attempting to establish a correlation between altered brain plasticity and neuronal death, and an analysis of recent evidence on how neural cell cycle dysregulation is related to neurodegenerative diseases especially the Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the mechanisms that control reexpression of proteins required for cell cycle progression which is involved in brain remodeling, may shed new light into the mechanisms involved in neuronal demise under diverse pathological circumstances. This would provide valuable clues about the possible therapeutic targets, leading to potential treatment of presently challenging neurodegenerative diseases.
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44
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Chang KH, Multani PS, Sun KH, Vincent F, de Pablo Y, Ghosh S, Gupta R, Lee HP, Lee HG, Smith MA, Shah K. Nuclear envelope dispersion triggered by deregulated Cdk5 precedes neuronal death. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1452-62. [PMID: 21389115 PMCID: PMC3084668 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear fragmentation is a common feature in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we show that nuclear lamina dispersion is an early and irreversible trigger for cell death initiated by deregulated Cdk5, rather than a consequence of apoptosis. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity is significantly increased in AD and contributes to all three hallmarks: neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and extensive cell death. Using Aβ and glutamate as the neurotoxic stimuli, we show that deregulated Cdk5 induces nuclear lamina dispersion by direct phosphorylation of lamin A and lamin B1 in neuronal cells and primary cortical neurons. Phosphorylation-resistant mutants of lamins confer resistance to nuclear dispersion and cell death on neurotoxic stimulation, highlighting this as a major mechanism for neuronal death. Rapid alteration of lamin localization pattern and nuclear membrane change are further supported by in vivo data using an AD mouse model. After p25 induction, the pattern of lamin localization was significantly altered, preceding neuronal death, suggesting that it is an early pathological event in p25-inducible transgenic mice. Importantly, lamin dispersion is coupled with Cdk5 nuclear localization, which is highly neurotoxic. Inhibition of nuclear dispersion rescues neuronal cells from cell death, underscoring the significance of this event to Cdk5-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Hua Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Crews L, Patrick C, Adame A, Rockenstein E, Masliah E. Modulation of aberrant CDK5 signaling rescues impaired neurogenesis in models of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e120. [PMID: 21368891 PMCID: PMC3101702 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that in Alzheimer's disease (AD), alterations in neurogenesis contribute to the neurodegenerative process. Neurodegeneration in AD has been associated with aberrant signaling through the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) pathway via its activators p35/p25; however, the role of CDK5 in the mechanisms of defective adult neurogenesis in AD is unknown. First, to study AD-like abnormal activation of CDK5 signaling in an in vitro model of neurogenesis, neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) were infected with a viral vector expressing p35, and exposed to amyloid-β protein (Aβ(1-42)). These conditions resulted in impaired maturation and neurite outgrowth in vitro, and these effects were reversed by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CDK5. Similarly, neurogenesis was impaired in a transgenic mouse model of AD that expresses high levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and this effect was reversed in transgenic mice crossed with a CDK5 heterozygous-deficient mouse line. A similar rescue effect was observed in APP transgenic mice treated with Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of CDK5. Taken together, these data suggest that the CDK5 signaling pathway has a critical role in maintaining the integrity of NPCs and neuronal maturation in the adult hippocampus. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches could focus on modulating the aberrant activity of CDK5 to target the neurogenic and neurodegenerative alterations in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crews
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0624, USA
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Haenchen SD, Utter JA, Bayless AM, Dobrowsky RT, Davido DJ. Role of a cdk5-associated protein, p35, in herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in vivo. J Neurovirol 2011; 16:405-9. [PMID: 20839922 DOI: 10.3109/13550284.2010.513030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication is inhibited by the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor roscovitine. One roscovitine-sensitive cdk that functions in neurons is cdk5, which is activated in part by its binding partner, p35. Because HSV establishes latent infections in sensory neurons, we sought to determine the role p35 plays in HSV-1 replication in vivo. For these studies, wild-type (wt) and p35−/− mice were infected with HSV-1 using the mouse ocular model of HSV latency and reactivation. The current results indicate that p35 is an important determinant of viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve D Haenchen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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