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Mangini M, D’Angelo R, Vinciguerra C, Payré C, Lambeau G, Balestrieri B, Charles JF, Mariggiò S. Multimodal regulation of the osteoclastogenesis process by secreted group IIA phospholipase A 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:966950. [PMID: 36105351 PMCID: PMC9467450 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.966950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to the involvement of group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) in pathologies characterized by abnormal osteoclast bone-resorption activity. Here, the role of this moonlighting protein has been deepened in the osteoclastogenesis process driven by the RANKL cytokine in RAW264.7 macrophages and bone-marrow derived precursor cells from BALB/cJ mice. Inhibitors with distinct selectivity toward sPLA2-IIA activities and recombinant sPLA2-IIA (wild-type or catalytically inactive forms, full-length or partial protein sequences) were instrumental to dissect out sPLA2-IIA function, in conjunction with reduction of sPLA2-IIA expression using small-interfering-RNAs and precursor cells from Pla2g2a knock-out mice. The reported data indicate sPLA2-IIA participation in murine osteoclast maturation, control of syncytium formation and resorbing activity, by mechanisms that may be both catalytically dependent and independent. Of note, these studies provide a more complete understanding of the still enigmatic osteoclast multinucleation process, a crucial step for bone-resorbing activity, uncovering the role of sPLA2-IIA interaction with a still unidentified receptor to regulate osteoclast fusion through p38 SAPK activation. This could pave the way for the design of specific inhibitors of sPLA2-IIA binding to interacting partners implicated in osteoclast syncytium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mangini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa D’Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Vinciguerra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Christine Payré
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Barbara Balestrieri
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefania Mariggiò
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Stefania Mariggiò,
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Antimalarial Activity of Human Group IIA Secreted Phospholipase A 2 in Relation to Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Oxidized Lipoproteins. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00556-19. [PMID: 31405958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00556-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA sPLA2) is increased in the plasma of malaria patients, but its role is unknown. In parasite culture with normal plasma, hGIIA is inactive against Plasmodium falciparum, contrasting with hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s, which readily hydrolyze plasma lipoproteins, release nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and inhibit parasite growth. Here, we revisited the anti-Plasmodium activity of hGIIA under conditions closer to those of malaria physiopathology where lipoproteins are oxidized. In parasite culture containing oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIA sPLA2 was inhibitory, with a 50% inhibitory concentration value of 150.0 ± 40.8 nM, in accordance with its capacity to release NEFAs from oxidized particles. With oxidized lipoproteins, hGIIF, hGV, and hGX sPLA2s were also more potent, by 4.6-, 2.1-, and 1.9-fold, respectively. Using specific immunoassays, we found that hGIIA sPLA2 is increased in plasma from 41 patients with malaria over levels for healthy donors (median [interquartile range], 1.6 [0.7 to 3.4] nM versus 0.0 [0.0 to 0.1] nM, respectively; P < 0.0001). Other sPLA2s were not detected. Malaria plasma, but not normal plasma, contains oxidized lipoproteins and was inhibitory to P. falciparum when spiked with hGIIA sPLA2 Injection of recombinant hGIIA into mice infected with P. chabaudi reduced the peak of parasitemia, and this was effective only when the level of plasma peroxidation was increased during infection. In conclusion, we propose that malaria-induced oxidation of lipoproteins converts these into a preferential substrate for hGIIA sPLA2, promoting its parasite-killing effect. This mechanism may contribute to host defense against P. falciparum in malaria where high levels of hGIIA are observed.
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Dore E, Boilard E. Roles of secreted phospholipase A 2 group IIA in inflammation and host defense. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:789-802. [PMID: 30905346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among all members of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, group IIA sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIA) is possibly the most studied enzyme. Since its discovery, many names have been associated with sPLA2-IIA, such as "non-pancreatic", "synovial", "platelet-type", "inflammatory", and "bactericidal" sPLA2. Whereas the different designations indicate comprehensive functions or sources proposed for this enzyme, the identification of the precise roles of sPLA2-IIA has remained a challenge. This can be attributed to: the expression of the enzyme by various cells of different lineages, its limited activity towards the membranes of immune cells despite its expression following common inflammatory stimuli, its ability to interact with certain proteins independently of its catalytic activity, and its absence from multiple commonly used mouse models. Nevertheless, elevated levels of the enzyme during inflammatory processes and associated consistent release of arachidonic acid from the membrane of extracellular vesicles suggest that sPLA2-IIA may contribute to inflammation by using endogenous substrates in the extracellular milieu. Moreover, the remarkable potency of sPLA2-IIA towards bacterial membranes and its induced expression during the course of infections point to a role for this enzyme in the defense of the host against invading pathogens. In this review, we present current knowledge related to mammalian sPLA2-IIA and its roles in sterile inflammation and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Dore
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Québec City, QC, Canada; Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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4
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Boilard E. Extracellular vesicles and their content in bioactive lipid mediators: more than a sack of microRNA. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2037-2046. [PMID: 29678959 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r084640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are small membrane-bound vesicles released by cells under various conditions. In a multitude of physiological and pathological conditions, EVs contribute to intercellular communication by facilitating exchange of material between cells. Rapidly growing interest is aimed at better understanding EV function and their use as biomarkers. The vast EV cargo includes cytokines, growth factors, organelles, nucleic acids (messenger and micro RNA), and transcription factors. A large proportion of research dedicated to EVs is focused on their microRNA cargo; however, much less is known about other EV constituents, in particular, eicosanoids. These potent bioactive lipid mediators, derived from arachidonic acid, are shuttled in EVs along with the enzymes in charge of their synthesis. In the extracellular milieu, EVs also interact with secreted phospholipases to generate eicosanoids, which then regulate the transfer of cargo into a cellular recipient. Eicosanoids are useful as biomarkers and contribute to a variety of biological functions, including modulation of distal immune responses. Here, we review the reported roles of eicosanoids conveyed by EVs and describe their potential as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, QC, Canada, and Canadian National Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Pruzanski W, Kopilov J, Kuksis A. Hydrolysis of lipoproteins by sPLA2's enhances mitogenesis and eicosanoid release from vascular smooth muscle cells: Diverse activity of sPLA2's IIA, V and X. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:64-8. [PMID: 26711221 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitogenesis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC) plays an important role in atherogenesis. Until recently, the effect of lipid subfractions has not been clarified. Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2's) hydrolyse glycerophospholipids and release pro-inflammatory lyso-lipids, oxidized and non-oxidized fatty acids and isoprostanes. They localize in the vascular wall. We hypothesized that structurally similar sPLA2's may exert different impact on VSMC. The influence of sPLA2's, IIA, V, X, HDL, LDL, and hydrolysis products was tested on mitogenesis of VSMC, i.e., the early effect on the cell membrane phospholipids, and on PGE2 and LTB4 release, i.e., late effect of Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipooxygenase activity in VSMC. Mitogenesis was significantly enhanced by HDL and LDL, and by products of sPLA2 hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of HDL or LDL enhanced mitogenic activity in order V>X>IIA. The release of PGE2 was enhanced by group X sPLA2 and by HDL hydrolyzed by groups V and X. LDL and its hydrolysis products enhanced the release of PGE2 in order X>V>IIA. The release of LTB4 was markedly increased by LDL and HDL, and by hydrolytic products of group V and X, but not group IIA sPLA2. Our study demonstrates a diverse interaction of pro-inflammatory sPLA2's with HDL and LDL affecting both mitogenesis and eicosanoid release from VSMC, therefore potentially enhancing their pro-atherogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Pruzanski
- St. Michael's Hopital, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Arnis Kuksis
- The Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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6
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In vitro anti-Plasmodium falciparum properties of the full set of human secreted phospholipases A2. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2453-65. [PMID: 25824843 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02474-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) from animal venoms inhibit the in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum, the agent of malaria. In addition, the inflammatory-type human group IIA (hGIIA) sPLA2 circulates at high levels in the serum of malaria patients. However, the role of the different human sPLA2s in host defense against P. falciparum has not been investigated. We show here that 4 out of 10 human sPLA2s, namely, hGX, hGIIF, hGIII, and hGV, exhibit potent in vitro anti-Plasmodium properties with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 2.9 ± 2.4, 10.7 ± 2.1, 16.5 ± 9.7, and 94.2 ± 41.9 nM, respectively. Other human sPLA2s, including hGIIA, are inactive. The inhibition is dependent on sPLA2 catalytic activity and primarily due to hydrolysis of plasma lipoproteins from the parasite culture. Accordingly, purified lipoproteins that have been prehydrolyzed by hGX, hGIIF, hGIII, and hGV are more toxic to P. falciparum than native lipoproteins. However, the total enzymatic activities of human sPLA2s on purified lipoproteins or plasma did not reflect their inhibitory activities on P. falciparum. For instance, hGIIF is 9-fold more toxic than hGV but releases a lower quantity of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Lipidomic analyses of released NEFAs from lipoproteins demonstrate that sPLA2s with anti-Plasmodium properties are those that release polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with hGIIF being the most selective enzyme. NEFAs purified from lipoproteins hydrolyzed by hGIIF were more potent at inhibiting P. falciparum than those from hGV, and PUFA-enriched liposomes hydrolyzed by sPLA2s were highly toxic, demonstrating the critical role of PUFAs. The selectivity of sPLA2s toward low- and high-density (LDL and HDL, respectively) lipoproteins and their ability to directly attack parasitized erythrocytes further explain their anti-Plasmodium activity. Together, our findings indicate that 4 human sPLA2s are active against P. falciparum in vitro and pave the way to future investigations on their in vivo contribution in malaria pathophysiology.
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7
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Rousseau M, Belleannee C, Duchez AC, Cloutier N, Levesque T, Jacques F, Perron J, Nigrovic PA, Dieude M, Hebert MJ, Gelb MH, Boilard E. Detection and quantification of microparticles from different cellular lineages using flow cytometry. Evaluation of the impact of secreted phospholipase A2 on microparticle assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116812. [PMID: 25587983 PMCID: PMC4294685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles, also called microvesicles, are submicron extracellular vesicles produced by plasma membrane budding and shedding recognized as key actors in numerous physio(patho)logical processes. Since they can be released by virtually any cell lineages and are retrieved in biological fluids, microparticles appear as potent biomarkers. However, the small dimensions of microparticles and soluble factors present in body fluids can considerably impede their quantification. Here, flow cytometry with improved methodology for microparticle resolution was used to detect microparticles of human and mouse species generated from platelets, red blood cells, endothelial cells, apoptotic thymocytes and cells from the male reproductive tract. A family of soluble proteins, the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2), comprises enzymes concomitantly expressed with microparticles in biological fluids and that catalyze the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. As sPLA2 can hydrolyze phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid frequently used to assess microparticles, and might even clear microparticles, we further considered the impact of relevant sPLA2 enzymes, sPLA2 group IIA, V and X, on microparticle quantification. We observed that if enriched in fluids, certain sPLA2 enzymes impair the quantification of microparticles depending on the species studied, the source of microparticles and the means of detection employed (surface phosphatidylserine or protein antigen detection). This study provides analytical considerations for appropriate interpretation of microparticle cytofluorometric measurements in biological samples containing sPLA2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Rousseau
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Clemence Belleannee
- Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Département d’Obstétrique-Gynécologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Claire Duchez
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Tania Levesque
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean Perron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter A. Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Melanie Dieude
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josee Hebert
- Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Dileep KV, Remya C, Cerezo J, Fassihi A, Pérez-Sánchez H, Sadasivan C. Comparative studies on the inhibitory activities of selected benzoic acid derivatives against secretory phospholipase A2, a key enzyme involved in the inflammatory pathway. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1973-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory activities of selected benzoic acid derivatives against phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. V. Dileep
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter University Centre for Biosciences
- Thalassery Campus
- Kannur University
- India
| | - C. Remya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter University Centre for Biosciences
- Thalassery Campus
- Kannur University
- India
| | - J. Cerezo
- CNR–Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM-CNR)
- UOS di Pisa
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - A. Fassihi
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC)
- Computer Science Department
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM)
- 30107 Guadalupe
- Spain
| | - H. Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC)
- Computer Science Department
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM)
- 30107 Guadalupe
- Spain
| | - C. Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology and Inter University Centre for Biosciences
- Thalassery Campus
- Kannur University
- India
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Brglez V, Lambeau G, Petan T. Secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer: Diverse mechanisms of action. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Gibbons E, Murri M, Grabner A, Moss E, Campbell L, Nelson J, Judd AM, Bell JD. Ionomycin causes susceptibility to phospholipase A2 while temperature-induced increases in membrane fluidity fail: possible involvement of actin fragmentation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2607-14. [PMID: 24998360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A diminution in the order of membrane lipids, which occurs during apoptosis, has been shown to correlate with increased membrane susceptibility to hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A2. Studies with artificial membranes, however, have demonstrated that the relationship between membrane order and hydrolysis is more complex than suggested thus far by cell studies. To better resolve this relationship, this study focused on comparisons between increasing temperature and calcium ionophore as means of decreasing membrane order in S49 cells. Although these two treatments caused comparable changes in apparent membrane order as detected by steady-state fluorescence measurements, only ionophore treatment enhanced phospholipase activity. Experiments with exogenously-added phosphatidylserine indicated that the difference was not due to the presence of that anionic phospholipid in the outer membrane leaflet. Instead, analysis of the equilibration kinetics of various cationic membrane probes revealed that the difference could relate to the spacing of membrane lipids. Specifically, ionophore treatment increased that spacing while temperature only affected overall membrane order and fluidity. To consider the possibility that the distinction with ionophore might relate to the actin cytoskeleton, cells were stained with phalloidin and imaged via confocal microscopy. Ionophore caused disruption of actin fibers while increased temperature did not. This apparent connection between membrane hydrolysis and the cytoskeleton was further corroborated by examining the relationship among these events during apoptosis stimulated by thapsigargin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gibbons
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Michael Murri
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Amy Grabner
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Eric Moss
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Lauryl Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Jennifer Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Allan M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - John D Bell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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11
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Singh J, Ranganathan R. Surface dilution kinetics of phospholipase A(2) catalyzed lipid-bilayer hydrolysis. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2077-83. [PMID: 24491041 DOI: 10.1021/jp411512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes catalyze hydrolysis of phospholipids in membranes. Elucidation of the kinetics of interfacial enzymatic activity is best accomplished by investigating the interface substrate concentration dependence of the activity for which appropriate diluents are required. PLA2 is stereoselective toward the L_enantiomers of phospholipids. A novel approach employing D_phospholipids as diluents to perform surface dilution kinetic studies of PLA2 is presented. Activity of bee venom PLA2 at mixed L+D_DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) bilayer interfaces was measured as a function of substrate L_DPPC mole fraction and vesicle concentration using a sensitive fluorescence assay. A model for interface enzymatic activity based on the three-step kinetic scheme of (i) binding of PLA2 to the bilayer interface, (ii) binding of a lipid to PLA2 at the interface, and (iii) hydrolysis was applied to the hydrolysis data. Activity profiles showed that D_enantiomers also bind to the enzyme but resist hydrolysis. Activity dependences on vesicle and substrate concentrations could be disentangled, bringing resolution to an outstanding problem in membrane hydrolysis of separating the effects of the three steps. Individual values of the kinetic parameters of the model, including the vesicle-PLA2 equilibrium dissociation constant of step (i), interface Michaelis-Menten-Henri constant for L and D_DPPC of step (ii), and the rate constant for interface hydrolysis, step (iii), were obtained as solutions to equations resulting from fitting the model to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Singh
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge and Center for Supramolecular Studies , Northridge, California 91330-8268, United States
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12
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Nyegaard S, Novakovic VA, Rasmussen JT, Gilbert GE. Lactadherin inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 activity on pre-apoptotic leukemia cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77143. [PMID: 24194865 PMCID: PMC3806724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is a critical component of insect and snake venoms and is secreted by mammalian leukocytes during inflammation. Elevated secretory PLA2 concentrations are associated with autoimmune diseases and septic shock. Many sPLA2’s do not bind to plasma membranes of quiescent cells but bind and digest phospholipids on the membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells. The capacity of these phospholipases to digest membranes of stimulated or apoptotic cells correlates to the exposure of phosphatidylserine. In the present study, the ability of the phosphatidyl-L-serine-binding protein, lactadherin to inhibit phospholipase enzyme activity has been assessed. Inhibition of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on phospholipid vesicles exceeded 90%, whereas inhibition of Naja mossambica sPLA2 plateaued at 50–60%. Lactadherin inhibited 45% of activity of Naja mossambica sPLA2 and >70% of human secretory phospholipase A2-V on the membranes of human NB4 leukemia cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187. The data indicate that lactadherin may decrease inflammation by inhibiting sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nyegaard
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Novakovic
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan T. Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary E. Gilbert
- Departments of Medicine, Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Singh J, Lai AJ, Alaee Y, Ranganathan R. Partitioning of lysolipids, fatty acids and their mixtures in aqueous lipid bilayers: solute concentration/composition effects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:348-54. [PMID: 24099742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Distributions of lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (LPPC), palmitic acid (PA) and their 1:1 mixtures between water and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer were determined using a fluorescence probe that selectively detects only the solutes in water. Water solute concentrations were obtained at each of several lipid concentrations. Dynamic Light Scattering experiments confirmed that the lipid/solute aggregates were vesicles in the concentration range investigated. Lipid concentration dependence of the solute component in water was fit to a thermodynamic model of solute distribution between two coexisting solvents. Water/bilayer partition coefficient and the free energy of transfer, for each of these solutes were determined from the fit. Main findings are: (1) Water/bilayer partition coefficient of solute is greater for 2 to 10% solute mole fraction than for 0 to 2%, signaling solute induced bilayer perturbation that increases bilayer solubility, beginning at 2% solute mole fraction. (2) Partition coefficients are in the order LPPC<PA<LPPC+PA at 37°C and LPPC+PA≤LPPC<PA at 50°C. This signifies synergism toward increased solute solubility in the bilayer-gel phase and lack of it in the bilayer-liquid phase when LPPC and PA are present together. Implications of the solute concentration/composition and bilayer phase dependences of the partition coefficients to the reported solute induced enhancements in transmembrane permeability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Singh
- Department of Physics and the Center for Supramolecular Studies, California State University Northridge, CA 91330-8268, USA
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14
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Gibbons E, Nelson J, Anderson L, Brewer K, Melchor S, Judd AM, Bell JD. Role of membrane oxidation in controlling the activity of human group IIa secretory phospholipase A2 toward apoptotic lymphoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Gibbons E, Pickett KR, Streeter MC, Warcup AO, Nelson J, Judd AM, Bell JD. Molecular details of membrane fluidity changes during apoptosis and relationship to phospholipase A(2) activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1828:887-95. [PMID: 22967861 PMCID: PMC3529823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2) exhibits much greater activity toward apoptotic versus healthy cells. Various plasma membrane changes responsible for this phenomenon have been proposed, including biophysical alterations described as "membrane fluidity" and "order." Understanding of these membrane perturbations was refined by applying studies with model membranes to fluorescence measurements during thapsigargin-induced apoptosis of S49 cells using probes specific for the plasma membrane: Patman and trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene. Alterations in emission properties of these probes corresponded with enhanced susceptibility of the cells to hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A(2). By applying a quantitative model, additional information was extracted from the kinetics of Patman equilibration with the membrane. Taken together, these data suggested that the phospholipids of apoptotic membranes display greater spacing between adjacent headgroups, reduced interactions between neighboring lipid tails, and increased penetration of water among the heads. The phase transition of artificial bilayers was used to calibrate quantitatively the relationship between probe fluorescence and the energy of interlipid interactions. This analysis was applied to results from apoptotic cells to estimate the frequency with which phospholipids protrude sufficiently at the membrane surface to enter the enzyme's active site. The data suggested that this frequency increases 50-100-fold as membranes become susceptible to hydrolysis during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gibbons
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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16
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Singh J, Ranganathan R. Quantitation of lysolipids, fatty acids, and phospholipase A2 activity and correlation with membrane polarity. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1993-2001. [PMID: 22773689 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d028746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylodan-labeled rat-intestinal fatty acid binding protein, ADIFAB, binds both of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) and FA. Binding displaces Acrylodan and its fluorescence peak shifts from 432 to 505 nm. A fluorescence assay that relies on this shift is presented for quantitating LPC, FA, and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity in phospholipid bilayers in absolute units of μM/min/mg of enzyme. This is a development over an earlier assay that took into account only FA binding. Activities of bee venom PLA(2) on dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers were measured. Standard pH-Stat assays validated the present assay. Products increase linearly with time for about one minute in DOPC and five minutes in DPPC corresponding to completion of 5 to 8% hydrolysis in DOPC and 20% in DPPC. Membrane polarity and microviscosity measured using electron spin resonance (ESR) exhibited discontinuities at compositions that mimicked similar percentages of hydrolysis products in the respective bilayers. The observed hydrolysis rate decrease following the initial linear period thus correlates to changes in membrane polarity. The ability of the assay to yield actual product concentrations, reveal structure in the reaction progress curves, and interpretation in light of the ESR data bring insight into the shape of the reaction curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Singh
- Department of Physics, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330-8268, USA
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17
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Secreted phospholipase A2 group IIA is a neurotoxin released by stimulated human glial cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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18
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Nelson J, Francom LL, Anderson L, Damm K, Baker R, Chen J, Franklin S, Hamaker A, Izidoro I, Moss E, Orton M, Stevens E, Yeung C, Judd AM, Bell JD. Investigation into the role of phosphatidylserine in modifying the susceptibility of human lymphocytes to secretory phospholipase A(2) using cells deficient in the expression of scramblase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:1196-204. [PMID: 22266334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal human lymphocytes resisted the hydrolytic action of secretory phospholipase A(2) but became susceptible to the enzyme following treatment with a calcium ionophore, ionomycin. To test the hypothesis that this susceptibility requires exposure of the anionic lipid phosphatidylserine on the external face of the cell membrane, experiments were repeated with a human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Raji cells). In contrast to normal lymphocytes or S49 mouse lymphoma cells, most of the Raji cells (83%) did not translocate phosphatidylserine to the cell surface upon treatment with ionomycin. Those few that did display exposed phosphatidylserine were hydrolyzed immediately upon addition of phospholipase A(2). Interestingly, the remaining cells were also completely susceptible to the enzyme but were hydrolyzed at a slower rate and after a latency of about 100s. In contradistinction to the defect in phosphatidylserine translocation, Raji cells did display other physical membrane changes upon ionomycin treatment that may be relevant to hydrolysis by phospholipase A(2). These changes were detected by merocyanine 540 and trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene fluorescence and were common among normal lymphocytes, S49 cells, and Raji cells. The levels of these latter effects corresponded well with the relative rates of hydrolysis among the three cell lines. These results suggested that while phosphatidylserine enhances the rate of cell membrane hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A(2), it is not an absolute requirement. Other physical properties such as membrane order contribute to the level of membrane susceptibility to the enzyme independent of phosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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19
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Pierce RD, Kim ES, Girton LW, McMurry JL, Francis JW, Albrecht EA. Characterization of crude Echis carinatus venom-induced cytotoxicity in HEK 293T cells. JOURNAL OF VENOM RESEARCH 2011; 2:59-67. [PMID: 22331993 PMCID: PMC3269807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echis carinatus (saw-scaled viper) produces potent hemorrhagic venom that causes the development of apoptotic and necrotic tissues. In this study, we used polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enhance cellular adherence, and to determine whether the substrate attachment influenced the survival of cells treated with crude E. carinatus venom. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells were grown for 18hr in tissue culture plates with or without polyethyleneimine (PEI), and were then stimulated with crude E. carinatus venom for 3 or 12hr. HEK 293T cells grown without PEI displayed a robust oxidative response to corresponding substrate detachment, loss of plasma membrane integrity and decreased cell viability. Cells grown on PEI adsorbed substrates demonstrated prolonged substrate attachment resulting in significantly higher cell viabilities. These observations suggest that the cytotoxicity of crude E. carinatus venom is dependent upon cellular detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Pierce
- αDepartment of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Ethan S Kim
- αDepartment of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Lance W Girton
- αDepartment of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Jonathan L McMurry
- βDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 300144, USA
| | - Joshua W Francis
- βDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 300144, USA
| | - Eric A Albrecht
- αDepartment of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA,*Correspondence to: Eric Albrecht, E-mail: , Tel: +770 4236447, Fax: +770 4236625
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20
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Nelson J, Gibbons E, Pickett KR, Streeter M, Warcup AO, Yeung CHY, Judd AM, Bell JD. Relationship between membrane permeability and specificity of human secretory phospholipase A(2) isoforms during cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1913-20. [PMID: 21510917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During apoptosis, a number of physical changes occur in the cell membrane including a gradual increase in permeability to vital stains such as propidium iodide. This study explored the possibility that one consequence of membrane changes concurrent with early modest permeability is vulnerability to degradation by secretory phospholipase A(2). The activity of this hydrolytic enzyme toward mammalian cells depends on the health of the cell; healthy cells are resistant, but they become susceptible early during programmed death. Populations of S49 lymphoma cells during programmed death were classified by flow cytometry based on permeability to propidium iodide and susceptibility to secretory phospholipase A(2). The apoptotic inducers thapsigargin and dexamethasone caused modest permeability to propidium iodide and increased staining by merocyanine 540, a dye sensitive to membrane perturbations. Various secretory phospholipase A(2) isozymes (human groups IIa, V, X, and snake venom) preferentially hydrolyzed the membranes of cells that displayed enhanced permeability. In contrast, cells exposed briefly to a calcium ionophore showed the increase in cell staining intensity by merocyanine 540 without accompanying uptake of propidium iodide. Under that condition, only the snake venom and human group X enzymes hydrolyzed cells that were dying. These results suggested that cells showing modest permeability to propidium iodide during the early phase of apoptosis are substrates for secretory phospholipase A(2) and that specificity among isoforms of the enzyme depends on the degree to which the membrane has been perturbed during the death process. This susceptibility to hydrolysis may be important as part of the signal to attract macrophages toward apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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21
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Murakami M, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Yamamoto K. Integrated lipidomics in the secreted phospholipase A(2) biology. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1474-95. [PMID: 21673902 PMCID: PMC3111613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12031474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several subgroups based on their structures, catalytic mechanisms, localizations and evolutionary relationships. More than one third of the PLA(2) enzymes belong to the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family, which consists of low-molecular-weight, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes, with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. Individual sPLA(2) isoforms exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) isoforms, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have revealed their distinct contributions to various biological events. Herein, we will describe several examples of sPLA(2)-mediated phospholipid metabolism in vivo, as revealed by integrated analysis of sPLA(2) transgenic/knockout mice and lipid mass spectrometry. Knowledge obtained from this approach greatly contributes to expanding our understanding of the sPLA(2) biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; E-Mails: (H.S.); (Y.T.); and (K.Y.)
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22
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Lee JCM, Simonyi A, Sun AY, Sun GY. Phospholipases A2 and neural membrane dynamics: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2011; 116:813-9. [PMID: 21214562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are essential enzymes in cells. They are not only responsible for maintaining the structural organization of cell membranes, but also play a pivotal role in the regulation of cell functions. Activation of PLA(2) s results in the release of fatty acids and lysophospholipids, products that are lipid mediators and compounds capable of altering membrane microdomains and physical properties. Although not fully understood, recent studies have linked aberrant PLA(2) activity to oxidative signaling pathways involving NADPH oxidase that underlie the pathophysiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review studies describing the involvement of cytosolic PLA(2) in oxidative signaling pathways leading to neuronal impairment and activation of glial cell inflammatory responses. In addition, this review also includes information on the role of cytosolic PLA(2) and exogenous secretory PLA(2) on membrane physical properties, dynamics, and membrane proteins. Unraveling the mechanisms that regulate specific types of PLA(2)s and their effects on membrane dynamics are important prerequisites towards understanding their roles in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, and in the development of novel therapeutics to retard progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C-M Lee
- Biological Engineering Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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