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Cheng KP, Shen WX, Jiang YY, Chen Y, Chen YZ, Tan Y. Deep learning of 2D-Restructured gene expression representations for improved low-sample therapeutic response prediction. Comput Biol Med 2023; 164:107245. [PMID: 37480677 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Clinical outcome prediction is important for stratified therapeutics. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods facilitate therapeutic response prediction from transcriptomic profiles of cells and clinical samples. Clinical transcriptomic DL is challenged by the low-sample sizes (34-286 subjects), high-dimensionality (up to 21,653 genes) and unordered nature of clinical transcriptomic data. The established methods rely on ML algorithms at accuracy levels of 0.6-0.8 AUC/ACC values. Low-sample DL algorithms are needed for enhanced prediction capability. Here, an unsupervised manifold-guided algorithm was employed for restructuring transcriptomic data into ordered image-like 2D-representations, followed by efficient DL of these 2D-representations with deep ConvNets. Our DL models significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art (SOTA) ML models on 82% of 17 low-sample benchmark datasets (53% with >0.05 AUC/ACC improvement). They are more robust than the SOTA models in cross-cohort prediction tasks, and in identifying robust biomarkers and response-dependent variational patterns consistent with experimental indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ping Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, PR China
| | - Wan Xiang Shen
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu Yang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yu Zong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, PR China.
| | - Ying Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; The Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, PR China.
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Amititeloaie C, Chelaru L, Geleţu GL, Sava A, Jităreanu A, Tibeică AM, Costuleanu M. Apoptosis of pro-B lymphocytes induced by NR4A1 activation in the presence of gingival fibroblast exosomes and TNFα, caspase 8, STAT3, and Akt pathways modulators. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:35-40. [PMID: 37128789 PMCID: PMC10257780 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of data in the mainstream literature regarding the interactions between gingival fibroblasts, as a component of the local niche, and tumor precursors of B-lymphocytes. Although it is known that the development of tumors and tumor precursors depends on the local environment's characteristics. In order to experimentally evaluate the apoptosis of pro-B type lymphocytes, induced as a result of the known activation of orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), through Cytosporone B (Csn-B, 10 μM), in the presence or absence of exosomes derived from gingival fibroblasts, we administered as a treatment: 1 μM R-7050 [functional inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)], 1 μM Z-IETD-FMK (functional inhibitor of caspase 8), 1 μM GSK690693 (functional inhibitor of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways) and, last but not least, 1 μM scutellarin [functional inhibitor of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)] and therefore of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. Firstly, it is really clear that the presence of exosomes in the pro-B lymphocytes culture medium amplified the apoptotic effects of 10 μM Csn-B. The inhibition of tumoral precursors development, namely the pro-B type, might be highly dependent on the inhibition of Akt 1∕2∕3 pathways, the first and most important consequence being apoptosis induced by the activation of NR4A1 orphan nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Amititeloaie
- PhD Student, Department of Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Liliana Chelaru
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Luminiţa Geleţu
- Department of Implantology, Removable Restorations, and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Anca Sava
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Jităreanu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Andreea Mihaela Tibeică
- PhD Student, Department of Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Marcel Costuleanu
- Department of Dentoalveolar and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iaşi, Romania
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FAIM Enhances the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation by Inhibiting JNK-Induced c-FLIP Ubiquitination and Degradation. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3705637. [PMID: 36248256 PMCID: PMC9553537 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3705637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The poor survival rates of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in harsh microenvironments impair the efficacy of MSCs transplantation in myocardial infarction (MI). Extrinsic apoptosis pathways play an important role in the apoptosis of transplanted MSCs, and Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) is involved in regulation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway. Thus, we aimed to explore whether FAIM augmentation protects MSCs against stress-induced apoptosis and thereby improves the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. Methods We ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in the mouse heart to generate an MI model and then injected FAIM-overexpressing MSCs (MSCsFAIM) into the peri-infarction area in vivo. Moreover, FAIM-overexpressing MSCs were challenged with oxygen, serum, and glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro, which mimicked the harsh microenvironment that occurs in cardiac infarction. Results FAIM was markedly downregulated under OGD conditions, and FAIM overexpression protected MSCs against OGD-induced apoptosis. MSCsFAIM transplantation improved cell retention, strengthened angiogenesis, and ameliorated heart function. The antiapoptotic effect of FAIM was mediated by cellular-FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), and FAIM augmentation improved the protein expression of c-FLIP by reducing ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent c-FLIP degradation. Furthermore, FAIM inhibited the activation of JNK, and treatment with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 abrogated the reduction in c-FLIP protein expression caused by FAIM silencing. Conclusions Overall, these results indicated that FAIM curbed the JNK-mediated, ubiquitination–proteasome-dependent degradation of c-FLIP, thereby improving the survival of transplanted MSCs and enhancing their efficacy in MI. This study may provide a novel approach to strengthen the therapeutic effect of MSC-based therapy.
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Han T, Wang P, Wang Y, Xun W, Lei J, Wang T, Lu Z, Gan M, Zhang W, Yu B, Wang JB. FAIM regulates autophagy through glutaminolysis in lung adenocarcinoma. Autophagy 2021; 18:1416-1432. [PMID: 34720024 PMCID: PMC9225548 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1987672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered glutamine metabolism is an important aspect of cancer metabolic reprogramming. The GLS isoform GAC (glutaminase C), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutaminolysis, plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of GAC was essential for its high enzymatic activity. However, the molecular mechanisms for GAC in maintaining its high enzymatic activity and protein stability still need to be further clarified. FAIM/FAIM1 (Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule) is known as an important anti-apoptotic protein, but little is known about its function in tumorigenesis. Here, we found that knocking down FAIM induced macroautophagy/autophagy through suppressing the activation of the MTOR pathway in lung adenocarcinoma. Further studies demonstrated that FAIM could promote the tetramer formation of GAC through increasing PRKCE/PKCε-mediated phosphorylation. What's more, FAIM also stabilized GAC through sequestering GAC from degradation by protease ClpXP. These effects increased the production of α-ketoglutarate, leading to the activation of MTOR. Besides, FAIM also promoted the association of ULK1 and MTOR and this further suppressed autophagy induction. These findings discovered new functions of FAIM and elucidated an important molecular mechanism for GAC in maintaining its high enzymatic activity and protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Wenze Xun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Jiapeng Lei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Zhuo Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R.China
| | - Jian-Bin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R.China
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Pieren DKJ, Smits NAM, Hoeboer J, Kandiah V, Postel RJ, Mariman R, Beek J, Baarle D, Wit J, Guichelaar T. Regulatory KIR + RA + T cells accumulate with age and are highly activated during viral respiratory disease. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13372. [PMID: 34043881 PMCID: PMC8208794 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infectious diseases such as influenza and COVID‐19 especially affect the older population. This is partly ascribed to diminished CD8+ T‐cell responses a result of aging. The phenotypical diversity of the CD8+ T‐cell population has made it difficult to identify the impact of aging on CD8+ T‐cell subsets associated with diminished CD8+ T‐cell responses. Here we identify a novel human CD8+ T‐cell subset characterized by expression of Killer‐cell Immunoglobulin‐like Receptors (KIR+) and CD45RA (RA+). These KIR+RA+ T cells accumulated with age in the blood of healthy individuals (20–82 years of age, n = 50), expressed high levels of aging‐related markers of T‐cell regulation, and were functionally capable of suppressing proliferation of other CD8+ T cells. Moreover, KIR+RA+ T cells were a major T‐cell subset becoming activated in older adults suffering from an acute respiratory viral infection (n = 36), including coronavirus and influenza virus infection. In addition, older adults with influenza A infection showed that higher activation status of their KIR+RA+ T cells associated with longer duration of respiratory symptoms. Together, our data indicate that KIR+RA+ T cells are a unique human T‐cell subset with regulatory properties that may explain susceptibility to viral respiratory disease at old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K. J. Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A. M. Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hoeboer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Vinitha Kandiah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Rimke J. Postel
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Rob Mariman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Josine Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Debbie Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven The Netherlands
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Chen L, Li B, Hu S, Qiao R, Sun C, Yang D. A fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule from Ruditapes philippinarum: Investigation on molecular characterization and functional analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:133-140. [PMID: 32470512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule (FAIM) was identified from Ruditapes philippinarum (designated as RpFAIM). Multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that RpFAIM was a new member of the FAIMs family. The RpFAIM transcripts were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues, and dominantly expressed in hemocytes. After V. anguillarum or M. luteus challenge, the expression level of RpFAIM transcripts was significantly induced and reached the maximum level at 6 h and 24 h, respectively. Knockdown of RpFAIM down-regulated the transcript levels of NF-κB signaling genes (e.g. RpIKK, RpIκB, RpNF-κB). The results were roughly similar to those under bacterial stimulation. Moreover, RpFAIM primarily localized in the cell cytoplasm, and its over-expression inhibited the apoptosis of HeLa cells. These results revealed that RpFAIM perhaps regulated the NF-κB signaling pathways positively, which provided a better understanding of RpFAIM in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Chen
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Shunxin Hu
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Ruiguang Qiao
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai, 264006, PR China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, PR China; Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
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ASK1 Mediates Nur77 Expression in T-Cell Receptor Mediated Thymocyte Apoptosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030585. [PMID: 32121597 PMCID: PMC7140521 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates downstream JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to relay death signals into cells in response to various environmental stress. However, whether ASK1 plays a role in T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes is unclear. Here, we show that ASK1 is activated upon TCR stimulation and plays an important role in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes by triggering downstream JNK and p38 signaling cascades. Mechanistically, ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling leads to the upregulation of neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77), a critical pro-apoptotic protein involved in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the activation of ASK1 is negatively modulated by Akt upon TCR stimulation. Thus, our results identify a previously unappreciated signaling mechanism involving ASK1 in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes.
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8
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Odagiu L, May J, Boulet S, Baldwin TA, Labrecque N. Role of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR4A Family in T-Cell Biology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624122. [PMID: 33597928 PMCID: PMC7883379 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear orphan receptors NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 are immediate early genes that are induced by various signals. They act as transcription factors and their activity is not regulated by ligand binding and are thus regulated via their expression levels. Their expression is transiently induced in T cells by triggering of the T cell receptor following antigen recognition during both thymic differentiation and peripheral T cell responses. In this review, we will discuss how NR4A family members impact different aspects of the life of a T cell from thymic differentiation to peripheral response against infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Odagiu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia May
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Salix Boulet
- Laboratory of Immunology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Troy A. Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Troy A. Baldwin, ; Nathalie Labrecque,
| | - Nathalie Labrecque
- Laboratory of Immunology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Troy A. Baldwin, ; Nathalie Labrecque,
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Martínez-Riaño A, Bovolenta ER, Boccasavia VL, Ponomarenko J, Abia D, Oeste CL, Fresno M, van Santen HM, Alarcon B. RRAS2 shapes the TCR repertoire by setting the threshold for negative selection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2427-2447. [PMID: 31324740 PMCID: PMC6781009 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RRAS2 is involved in setting the threshold for negative selection of T cells in the thymus. In its absence, most autoreactive T cells are eliminated, and, consequently, mice become resistant to development of autoimmune diseases in experimental models. Signal strength controls the outcome of αβ T cell selection in the thymus, resulting in death if the affinity of the rearranged TCR is below the threshold for positive selection, or if the affinity of the TCR is above the threshold for negative selection. Here we show that deletion of the GTPase RRAS2 results in exacerbated negative selection and above-normal expression of positive selection markers. Furthermore, Rras2−/− mice are resistant to autoimmunity both in a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and in a model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)–induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that MOG-specific T cells in Rras2−/− mice have reduced affinity for MOG/I-Ab tetramers, suggesting that enhanced negative selection leads to selection of TCRs with lower affinity for the self-MOG peptide. An analysis of the TCR repertoire shows alterations that mostly affect the TCRα variable (TRAV) locus with specific VJ combinations and CDR3α sequences that are absent in Rras2−/− mice, suggesting their involvement in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena R Bovolenta
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viola L Boccasavia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Servicio de Bioinformática, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hisse M van Santen
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Xiao X, Qiu P, Gong H, Chen X, Sun Y, Hong A, Ma Y. PACAP ameliorates hepatic metabolism and inflammation through up-regulating FAIM in obesity. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:5970-5980. [PMID: 31270932 PMCID: PMC6714231 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered a chronic inflammatory disease, the inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and small inducible cytokine A5 (RANTES), are elevated in obese individuals. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) suppresses anti-inflammatory cytokines and ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism. Our previous study showed that Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) is a new mediator of Akt2 signalling, increases the insulin signalling pathway and lipid metabolism. In this study, we found that PACAP promoted the expression of FAIM protein in a human hepatocyte cell line (L02). Overexpression of FAIM with lentivirus suppressed the expression of the inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Following treatment of obese mice with FAIM or PACAP for 2 weeks, inflammation was alleviated and the bodyweight and blood glucose levels were decreased. Overexpression of FAIM down-regulated the expression of adipogenesis proteins, including SREBP1, SCD1, FAS, SREBP2 and HMGCR, and up-regulated glycogen synthesis proteins, including Akt2 (Ser474) phosphorylation, GLUT2 and GSK-3β, in the liver of obese mice. However, down-regulation of FAIM with shRNA promotes obesity. Altogether, our data identified that FAIM mediates the function of PACAP in anti-inflammation, glucose regulation and lipid metabolism in obese liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Pei Qiu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui‐Zhen Gong
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Ming Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - An Hong
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National engineering research center of genetic Medicine, Key laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong ProvinceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongPeople's Republic of China
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11
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Huo J, Xu S, Lam KP. FAIM: An Antagonist of Fas-Killing and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060541. [PMID: 31167518 PMCID: PMC6628066 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM) is an anti-apoptotic protein that is up-regulated in B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells and confers upon them resistance to Fas-mediated cell death. Faim has two alternatively spliced isoforms, with the short isoform ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and the long isoform mainly found in the nervous tissues. FAIM is evolutionarily conserved but does not share any significant primary sequence homology with any known protein. The function of FAIM has been extensively studied in the past 20 years, with its primary role being ascribed to be anti-apoptotic. In addition, several other functions of FAIM were also discovered in different physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell growth, metabolism, Alzheimer’s disease and tumorigenesis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying FAIM’s role in these conditions remain unknown. In this review, we summarize comprehensively the functions of FAIM in these different contexts and discuss its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Huo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
| | - Shengli Xu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Bandyopadhaya A, Constantinou C, Psychogios N, Ueki R, Yasuhara S, Martyn JAJ, Wilhelmy J, Mindrinos M, Rahme LG, Tzika AA. Bacterial-excreted small volatile molecule 2-aminoacetophenone induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in murine skeletal muscle. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:867-78. [PMID: 26935176 PMCID: PMC4790710 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial dysfunction and facilitates apoptosis, tissue damage or metabolic alterations following infection. We have previously discovered that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) quorum sensing (QS)-excreted small volatile molecule, 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA), which is produced in infected human tissue, promotes bacterial phenotypes that favor chronic infection, while also compromising muscle function and dampens the pathogen-induced innate immune response, promoting host tolerance to infection. In this study, murine whole-genome expression data have demonstrated that 2-AA affects the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, thus producing an oxidative stress signature in skeletal muscle. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis signaling pathways were upregulated in the skeletal muscle of 2-AA-treated mice. To confirm the results of our transcriptome analysis, we used a novel high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HRMAS), proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method and observed increased levels of bisallylic methylene fatty acyl protons and vinyl protons, suggesting that 2-AA induces skeletal muscle cell apoptosis. This effect was corroborated by our results demonstrating the downregulation of mitochondrial membrane potential in vivo in response to 2-AA. The findings of the present study indicate that the bacterial infochemical, 2-AA, disrupts mitochondrial functions by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis signaling and likely promotes skeletal muscle dysfunction, which may favor chronic/persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Bandyopadhaya
- Department of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burns Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caterina Constantinou
- Department of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burns Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikolaos Psychogios
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burns Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryusuke Ueki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shingo Yasuhara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - J A Jeevendra Martyn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Mindrinos
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laurence G Rahme
- Department of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School and Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burns Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Aria Tzika
- NMR Surgical Laboratory, Center for Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General and Shriners Burns Hospitals, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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13
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Huo J, Ma Y, Liu JJ, Ho YS, Liu S, Soh LY, Chen S, Xu S, Han W, Hong A, Lim SC, Lam KP. Loss of Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule leads to spontaneous obesity and hepatosteatosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2091. [PMID: 26866272 PMCID: PMC4849152 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered hepatic lipogenesis is associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and hepatosteatosis. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia are key drivers of these metabolic imbalances. Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM), a ubiquitously expressed antiapoptotic protein, functions as a mediator of Akt signalling. Since Akt acts at a nodal point in insulin signalling, we hypothesize that FAIM may be involved in energy metabolism. In the current study, C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and FAIM-knockout (FAIM-KO) male mice were fed with normal chow diet and body weight changes were monitored. Energy expenditure, substrate utilization and physical activities were analysed using a metabolic cage. Liver, pancreas and adipose tissue were subjected to histological examination. Serum glucose and insulin levels and lipid profiles were determined by biochemical assays. Changes in components of the insulin signalling pathway in FAIM-KO mice were examined by immunoblots. We found that FAIM-KO mice developed spontaneous non-hyperphagic obesity accompanied by hepatosteatosis, adipocyte hypertrophy, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. In FAIM-KO liver, lipogenesis was elevated as indicated by increased fatty acid synthesis and SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 activation. Notably, protein expression of insulin receptor beta was markedly reduced in insulin target organs of FAIM-KO mice. Akt phosphorylation was also lower in FAIM-KO liver and adipose tissue as compared with WT controls. In addition, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt2 in response to insulin treatment in isolated FAIM-KO hepatocytes was also markedly attenuated. Altogether, our data indicate that FAIM is a novel regulator of insulin signalling and plays an essential role in energy homoeostasis. These findings may shed light on the pathogenesis of obesity and hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huo
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Y Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Ji Nan University, 601 HUANG PO DA DAO XI, Guang Zhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - J-J Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, ALEXANDRA HEALTH PTE LTD, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore 768828, Singapore
| | - Y S Ho
- Metabolomics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #02-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - S Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, ALEXANDRA HEALTH PTE LTD, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore 768828, Singapore
| | - L Y Soh
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - S Chen
- Metabolomics Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #02-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - S Xu
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - W Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - A Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine, Ji Nan University, 601 HUANG PO DA DAO XI, Guang Zhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - S C Lim
- Diabetes Center, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, ALEXANDRA HEALTH PTE LTD, 90 Yishun Central, Singapore 768828, Singapore
| | - K-P Lam
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Block MD9, 2 Medical Drive #04-01, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Blk MD4, Level 3, Singapore 117545, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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14
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Wang D, Zhang Y, He Y, Li Y, Lund FE, Shi G. The deficiency of Gαq leads to enhanced T-cell survival. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:781-90. [PMID: 24957218 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Gαq, the α subunit of the Gq protein, had important roles in dendritic cell migration, B-cell survival and autoimmunity. In this study, we showed that the deficiency of Gαq led to enhanced T-cell survival. Cultured Gnaq(-/-) T cells exhibited survival advantages both in medium alone and in the presence of anti-CD3 stimulation. Gnaq(-/-) T cells still exhibited a survival advantage when they were cultured in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-7. Gnaq(-/-) T cells were more resistant to activation-induced cell death (AICD) in vitro. The survival advantage of Gnaq(-/-) T cells was further confirmed by transferring T cells into syngeneic hosts in vivo. Gαq deficiency might promote T-cell survival by upregulated Bcl-xL expression and downregulated Fas and FasL expressions. Furthermore, upon T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation, Akt activity was increased in Gnaq(-/-) T cells in comparison with wild-type (WT) T cells. The survival advantage of Gnaq(-/-) T cells was significantly attenuated after adding Akt inhibitor. Taken together, our data demonstrated a negative role of Gαq in regulating T-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashan Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, China
| | - Yugao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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15
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Dai Y, Zhang W, Sun Q, Zhang X, Zhou X, Hu Y, Shi J. Nuclear receptor nur77 promotes cerebral cell apoptosis and induces early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1110-21. [PMID: 24737679 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nur77 is a potent proapoptotic member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is expressed predominantly in brain tissue. It has been demonstrated that Nur77 mediates apoptosis in multiple organs. Nur77-mediated early brain injury (EBI) involves a conformational change in BCL-2 and triggers cytochrome C (cytoC) release resulting in cellular apoptosis. This study investigates whether Nur77 can promote cerebral cell apoptosis after experimentally induced subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) untreated group, 2) treatment control group, and 3) SAH group. The experimental SAH group was divided into four subgroups, corresponding to 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after experimentally induced SAH. It remains unclear whether Nur77 can play an important role during EBI after SAH as a proapoptotic protein in cerebral cells. Cytosporone B (Csn-B) was used to demonstrate that Nur77 could be enriched and used to aggravate EBI after SAH. Rats treated with Csn-B were given an intraperitoneal injection (13 mg/kg) 30 min after experimentally induced SAH. We found that Nur77 promotes cerebral cell apoptosis by mediating EBI and triggering a conformational change in BCL-2, resulting in cytoC release. Nur77 activity, along with cerebral cell apoptosis, peaked at 24 hr after SAH onset. After induction of SAH, an injection of Csn-B, an agonist for Nur77, enhanced the expression and function of Nur77. In summary, we have demonstrated the proapoptotic effect of Nur77 within cerebral cells, an effect that can be further exacerbated with Csn-B stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dai
- Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Dai Y, Sun Q, Zhang X, Hu Y, Zhou M, Shi J. Cyclosporin A ameliorates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage through inhibition of a Nur77 dependent apoptosis pathway. Brain Res 2014; 1556:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Niu G, Lu L, Gan J, Zhang D, Liu J, Huang G. Dual roles of orphan nuclear receptor TR3/Nur77/NGFI-B in mediating cell survival and apoptosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:219-58. [PMID: 25376494 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a transcriptional factor, Nur77 has sparked interests across different research fields in recent years. A number of studies have demonstrated the functional complexity of Nur77 in mediating survival/apoptosis in a variety of cells, including tumor cells. Conflicting observations also exist in clinical reports, in that TR3 behaves like an oncogene in tumors of the GI tract, lung, and breast, that is negatively associated with tumor stage and patient prognosis; while functions as a tumor suppressor gene in malignancies of the hematological and lymphatic system, skin, and ovary whose malfunction results in carcinogenesis. This chapter summarizes the apparent opposing effects of Nur77 on cells and explicates the mechanisms that determine the functional preference of Nur77. We conclude that in addition to cell type and agent context, other factors such as cellular localization, signaling pathway, and posttranslational modification also determine the final effects of Nur77 on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengming Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Main Library, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingzheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Role of caspase-8 in thymus function. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:226-33. [PMID: 24270406 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary organ responsible for de novo generation of immunocompetent T cells that have a diverse repertoire of antigen recognition. During the developmental process, 98% of thymocytes die by apoptosis. Thus apoptosis is a dominant process in the thymus and occurs through either death by neglect or negative selection or through induction by stress/aging. Caspase activation is an essential part of the general apoptosis mechanism, and data suggest that caspases may have a role in negative selection; however, it seems more probable that caspase-8 activation is involved in death by neglect, particularly in glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis. Caspase-8 is active in double-positive (DP) thymocytes in vivo and can be activated in vitro in DP thymocytes by T-cell receptor (TCR) crosslinking to induce apoptosis. Caspase-8 is a proapoptotic member of the caspase family and is considered an initiator caspase, which is activated upon stimulation of a death receptor (e.g., Fas), recruitment of the adaptor molecule FADD, and recruitment and subsequent processing of procaspase-8. The main role of caspase-8 seems to be pro-apoptotic and, in this review, we will discuss about the involvement of caspase-8 in (1) TCR-triggered thymic apoptosis; (2) death receptor-mediated thymic apoptosis; and (3) glucocorticoid-induced thymic apoptosis. Regarding TCR triggering, caspase-8 is active in medullary, semi-mature heat-stable antigen(hi) (HAS(hi) SP) thymocytes as a consequence of strong TCR stimulation. The death receptors Fas, FADD, and FLIP are involved upstream of caspase-8 activation in apoptosis; whereas, Bid and HDAC7 are involved downstream of caspase-8. Finally, caspase-8 is involved in glucocortocoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis through an activation loop with the protein GILZ. GILZ activates caspase-8, promoting GILZ sumoylation and its protection from proteasomal degradation.
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Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule is upregulated by IGF-1 signaling and modulates Akt activation and IRF4 expression in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2012; 27:1165-71. [PMID: 23138182 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of terminally differentiated B-lymphoid cells. Here, we investigate the role of Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) in MM. We demonstrate that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment upregulated FAIM expression in MM cells in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing of FAIM expression attenuates Akt signaling downstream of IGF-1 and compromises the viability of MM cells. We further showed that IGF-1 stimulation of MM cells leads to enhanced expression of IRF4, a known 'addictive' factor for MM. This upregulation of IRF4 expression by IGF-1 treatment of MM cells is abrogated when FAIM expression is silenced or Akt activation is inhibited. Thus, FAIM modulates IGF-1-induced Akt activation and IRF4 expression and has a role in MM cell survival. Consistent with these findings, FAIM expression is shown to be higher in plasma cells of symptomatic MM patients compared with normal individuals or patients with premalignant conditions. Moreover, a higher level of FAIM expression is shown to correlate with poorer survival outcomes of newly diagnosed MM patients treated with stem cell transplantation or relapsed MM patients treated in clinical trials with Bortezomib. Thus taken together, our study reveals a novel, as well as clinically relevant role for FAIM in MM.
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Hwang JY, Lee EJ, Jin Go M, Sung YA, Lee HJ, Heon Kwak S, Jang HC, Soo Park K, Lee HJ, Byul Jang H, Song J, Park KH, Kim HL, Cho MC, Lee JY. Genome-wide association study identifies GYS2 as a novel genetic factor for polycystic ovary syndrome through obesity-related condition. J Hum Genet 2012; 57:660-4. [PMID: 22951595 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2012.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of genetic predisposition in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in relation to obesity, we performed a genome-wide association study of PCOS in Koreans (n=1741). PCOS is a heterogeneous endocrinal disorder of uncertain etiology. Obesity is one of the well-known risk factors for PCOS. Genome-wide association study. Women with or without PCOS. A total of 1881 samples were genotyped using Illumina HumanOmni1 Quad v1 and processed by R packages. The PCOS patients were divided into two subgroups according to PCOS diagnostic criteria (Rotterdam and National Institutes of Health (NIH)). For PCOS-associated loci in the two definitions, we successfully confirmed significant associations of GYS2 for body mass index in the discovery stage. We further replicated pleiotropic associations of GYS2 in a childhood obesity study (n=482) and in a gestational diabetes study (n=1710), respectively. Our study provides a preliminary framework upon diverse genetic effects underlying PCOS in Korean women. A newly identified GYS2 gene as a predisposing factor of PCOS might expand understanding of the biological pathways in metabolic and endocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeon Hwang
- Center for Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Osong Health Technology Administration complex, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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21
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Zebrafish screen identifies novel compound with selective toxicity against leukemia. Blood 2012; 119:5621-31. [PMID: 22490804 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-398818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect targeted antileukemia agents we have designed a novel, high-content in vivo screen using genetically engineered, T-cell reporting zebrafish. We exploited the developmental similarities between normal and malignant T lymphoblasts to screen a small molecule library for activity against immature T cells with a simple visual readout in zebrafish larvae. After screening 26 400 molecules, we identified Lenaldekar (LDK), a compound that eliminates immature T cells in developing zebrafish without affecting the cell cycle in other cell types. LDK is well tolerated in vertebrates and induces long-term remission in adult zebrafish with cMYC-induced T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). LDK causes dephosphorylation of members of the PI3 kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway and delays sensitive cells in late mitosis. Among human cancers, LDK selectively affects survival of hematopoietic malignancy lines and primary leukemias, including therapy-refractory B-ALL and chronic myelogenous leukemia samples, and inhibits growth of human T-ALL xenografts. This work demonstrates the utility of our method using zebrafish for antineoplastic candidate drug identification and suggests a new approach for targeted leukemia therapy. Although our efforts focused on leukemia therapy, this screening approach has broad implications as it can be translated to other cancer types involving malignant degeneration of developmentally arrested cells.
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