1
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Okada Y. Physiology of the volume-sensitive/regulatory anion channel VSOR/VRAC: part 2: its activation mechanisms and essential roles in organic signal release. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:34. [PMID: 38877402 PMCID: PMC11177392 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying or volume-regulated anion channel, VSOR/VRAC, which was discovered in 1988, is expressed in most vertebrate cell types, and is essentially involved in cell volume regulation after swelling and in the induction of cell death. This series of review articles describes what is already known and what remains to be uncovered about the functional and molecular properties as well as the physiological and pathophysiological roles of VSOR/VRAC. This Part 2 review article describes, from the physiological and pathophysiological standpoints, first the pivotal roles of VSOR/VRAC in the release of autocrine/paracrine organic signal molecules, such as glutamate, ATP, glutathione, cGAMP, and itaconate, as well as second the swelling-independent and -dependent activation mechanisms of VSOR/VRAC. Since the pore size of VSOR/VRAC has now well been evaluated by electrophysiological and 3D-structural methods, the signal-releasing activity of VSOR/VRAC is here discussed by comparing the molecular sizes of these organic signals to the channel pore size. Swelling-independent activation mechanisms include a physicochemical one caused by the reduction of intracellular ionic strength and a biochemical one caused by oxidation due to stimulation by receptor agonists or apoptosis inducers. Because some organic substances released via VSOR/VRAC upon cell swelling can trigger or augment VSOR/VRAC activation in an autocrine fashion, swelling-dependent activation mechanisms are to be divided into two phases: the first phase induced by cell swelling per se and the second phase caused by receptor stimulation by released organic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Okada
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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2
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Lamb FS, Choi H, Miller MR, Stark RJ. Vascular Inflammation and Smooth Muscle Contractility: The Role of Nox1-Derived Superoxide and LRRC8 Anion Channels. Hypertension 2024; 81:752-763. [PMID: 38174563 PMCID: PMC10954410 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation underlies the development of hypertension, and the mechanisms by which it increases blood pressure remain the topic of intense investigation. Proinflammatory factors including glucose, salt, vasoconstrictors, cytokines, wall stress, and growth factors enhance contractility and impair relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. These pathways share a dependence upon redox signaling, and excessive activation promotes oxidative stress that promotes vascular aging. Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and migration into the intima contribute to atherosclerosis, while hypercontractility increases systemic vascular resistance and vasospasm that can trigger ischemia. Here, we review factors that drive the initiation and progression of this vasculopathy in vascular smooth muscle cells. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of reactive oxygen species generated by the Nox1 NADPH oxidase which produces extracellular superoxide (O2•-). The mechanisms of O2•- signaling remain poorly defined, but recent evidence demonstrates physical association of Nox1 with leucine-rich repeat containing 8 family volume-sensitive anion channels. These may provide a pathway for influx of O2•- to the cytoplasm, creating an oxidized cytoplasmic nanodomain where redox-based signals can affect both cytoskeletal structure and vasomotor function. Understanding the mechanistic links between inflammation, O2•- and vascular smooth muscle cell contractility may facilitate targeting of anti-inflammatory therapy in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michael R Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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3
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Kostritskaia Y, Klüssendorf M, Pan YE, Hassani Nia F, Kostova S, Stauber T. Physiological Functions of the Volume-Regulated Anion Channel VRAC/LRRC8 and the Proton-Activated Chloride Channel ASOR/TMEM206. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 283:181-218. [PMID: 37468723 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) and the acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (ASOR) mediate flux of chloride and small organic anions. Although known for a long time, they were only recently identified at the molecular level. VRACs are heteromers consisting of LRRC8 proteins A to E. Combining the essential LRRC8A with different LRRC8 paralogues changes key properties of VRAC such as conductance or substrate selectivity, which is how VRACs are involved in multiple physiological functions including regulatory volume decrease, cell proliferation and migration, cell death, purinergic signalling, fat and glucose metabolism, insulin signalling, and spermiogenesis. VRACs are also involved in pathological conditions, such as the neurotoxic release of glutamate and aspartate. Certain VRACs are also permeable to larger, organic anions, including antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs, making them an interesting therapeutic target. ASOR, also named proton-activated chloride channel (PAC), is formed by TMEM206 homotrimers on the plasma membrane and on endosomal compartments where it mediates chloride flux in response to extracytosolic acidification and plays a role in the shrinking and maturation of macropinosomes. ASOR has been shown to underlie neuronal swelling which causes cell death after stroke as well as promoting the metastasis of certain cancers, making them intriguing therapeutic targets as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kostritskaia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Klüssendorf
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yingzhou Edward Pan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Hassani Nia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simona Kostova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Yang H, Chen T, Hu Y, Niu F, Zheng X, Sun H, Cheng L, Sun L. A microfluidic platform integrating dynamic cell culture and dielectrophoretic manipulation for in situ assessment of endothelial cell mechanics. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3581-3592. [PMID: 37417786 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The function of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) within the complex vascular microenvironment is typically modulated by biochemical cues, cell-cell interactions, and fluid shear stress. These regulatory factors play a crucial role in determining cell mechanical properties, such as elastic and shear moduli, which are important parameters for assessing cell status. However, most studies on the measurement of cell mechanical properties have been conducted in vitro, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Notably, many physiological factors are lacking in Petri dish culture compared with in vivo conditions, leading to inaccurate results and poor clinical relevance. Herein, we developed a multi-layer microfluidic chip that integrates dynamic cell culture, manipulation and dielectrophoretic in situ measurement of mechanical properties. Furthermore, we numerically and experimentally simulated the vascular microenvironment to investigate the effects of flow rate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on the Young's modulus of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results showed that greater fluid shear stress results in increased Young's modulus of HUVECs, suggesting the importance of hemodynamics in modulating the biomechanics of ECs. In contrast, TNF-α, an inflammation inducer, dramatically decreased HUVEC stiffness, demonstrating an adverse impact on the vascular endothelium. Blebbistatin, a cytoskeleton disruptor, significantly reduced the Young's modulus of HUVECs. In summary, the proposed vascular-mimetic dynamic culture and monitoring approach enables the physiological development of ECs in organ-on-a-chip microsystems for accurately and efficiently studying hemodynamics and pharmacological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Yichong Hu
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Fuzhou Niu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haizhen Sun
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lining Sun
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
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5
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Giordano ME, Udayan G, Guascito MR, De Bartolomeo AR, Carlino A, Conte M, Contini D, Lionetto MG. Apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) in A 549 cells exposed to water-soluble fraction of particulate matter (PM 10). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1218687. [PMID: 37492639 PMCID: PMC10364053 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1218687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a human health risk factor of great concern. The present work aimed to study the cellular mechanisms underlying cytotoxic effects of airborne particulate matter <10 µm in size (PM10), sampled in an urban background site from January to May 2020, on A549 cells. In particular, the study addressed if PM10 exposure can be a main factor in the induction of the Apoptotic Volume Decrease (AVD), which is one of the first events of apoptosis, and if the generation of intracellular oxidative stress can be involved in the PM10 induction of apoptosis in A549 cells. The cytotoxicity of PM10 samples was measured by MTT test on cells exposed for 24 h to the PM10 aqueous extracts, cell volume changes were monitored by morphometric analysis of the cells, apoptosis appearance was detected by annexin V and the induction of intracellular oxidative stress was evaluated by the ROS sensitive CM-H2DCFDA fluorescent probe. The results showed cytotoxic effects ascribable to apoptotic death in A549 cells exposed for 24 h to aqueous extracts of airborne winter PM10 samples characterized by high PM10 value and organic carbon content. The detected reduced cell viability in winter samples ranged from 55% to 100%. Normotonic cell volume reduction (ranging from about 60% to 30% cell volume decrease) after PM10 exposure was already detectable after the first 30 min clearly indicating the ability of PM10, mainly arising from biomass burning, to induce Apoptotic Volume Decrease (AVD) in A549 cells. AVD was prevented by the pre-treatment with 0.5 mM SITS indicating the activation of Cl- efflux presumably through the activation of VRAC channels. The exposure of A549 cells to PM10 aqueous extracts was able to induce intracellular oxidative stress detected by using the ROS-sensitive probe CM-H2DCFDA. The PM10-induced oxidative stress was statistically significantly correlated with cell viability inhibition and with apoptotic cell shrinkage. It was already evident after 15 min exposure representing one of the first cellular effects caused by PM exposure. This result suggests the role of oxidative stress in the PM10 induction of AVD as one of the first steps in cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Giordano
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | - G Udayan
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | - M R Guascito
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | - A R De Bartolomeo
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | - A Carlino
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - D Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - M G Lionetto
- Department Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Lecce, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Liu M, Li Y, Han S, Wang H, Li J. Activin A alleviates neuronal injury through inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated autophagy in mice with ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:736-748. [PMID: 36537048 PMCID: PMC10108189 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221147056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activin A plays an essential role in ischemic stroke as a well-known neuroprotective factor. We previously reported that Activin A could promote white matter remyelination. However, the exact molecular mechanism of Activin A in neuronal protection post-stroke is still unclear. In this study, the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-induced ischemic stroke mouse model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated primary neurons were used to explore the molecular mechanism of Activin A-mediated neuroprotection against ischemic injuries. We found that Activin A significantly inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated excessive autophagy through the PI3K-PKB pathway, but not mTOR-dependent autophagy. Consequently, Activin A protected neurons against OGD/R-induced ischemic injury and improved cell survival in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Activin A improved neurological functions and reduced infarct size of mice with MCAO/R-induced ischemic stroke by inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, Activin A depended on ACVR1C receptor to exert neuroprotective effects in 1 h MCAO/R treated mice. Our findings showed that Activin A alleviated neuronal ischemic injury through inhibiting cGAS-STING-mediated excessive autophagy in mice with ischemic stroke, which may suggest a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yudie Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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7
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Stark RJ, Nguyen HN, Bacon MK, Rohrbough JC, Choi H, Lamb FS. Chloride Channel-3 (ClC-3) Modifies the Trafficking of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing 8A (LRRC8A) Anion Channels. J Membr Biol 2022; 256:125-135. [PMID: 36322172 PMCID: PMC10085862 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) Cl-/H+ antiporters and leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 (LRRC8) family anion channels have both been associated with volume-regulated anion currents (VRACs). VRACs are often altered in ClC-3 null cells but are absent in LRRC8A null cells. To explore the relationship between ClC-3, LRRC8A, and VRAC we localized tagged proteins in human epithelial kidney (HEK293) cells using multimodal microscopy. Expression of ClC-3-GFP induced large multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with ClC-3 in the delimiting membrane. LRRC8A-RFP localized to the plasma membrane and to small cytoplasmic vesicles. Co-expression demonstrated co-localization in small, highly mobile cytoplasmic vesicles that associated with the early endosomal marker Rab5A. However, most of the small LRRC8A-positive vesicles were constrained within large MVBs with abundant ClC-3 in the delimiting membrane. Dominant negative (S34A) Rab5A prevented ClC-3 overexpression from creating enlarged MVBs, while constitutively active (Q79L) Rab5A enhanced this phenotype. Thus, ClC-3 and LRRC8A are endocytosed together but independently sorted in Rab5A MVBs. Subsequently, LRRC8A-labeled vesicles were sorted to MVBs labeled by Rab27A and B exosomal compartment markers, but not to Rab11 recycling endosomes. VRAC currents were significantly larger in ClC-3 null HEK293 cells. This work demonstrates dependence of LRRC8A trafficking on ClC-3 which may explain the association between ClC-3 and VRACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, Light Hall-1055D, Nashville, TN, 37232-3122v, USA
| | - Hong N Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, Light Hall-1055D, Nashville, TN, 37232-3122v, USA
| | - Matthew K Bacon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rohrbough
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, Light Hall-1055D, Nashville, TN, 37232-3122v, USA
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, Light Hall-1055D, Nashville, TN, 37232-3122v, USA
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, Light Hall-1055D, Nashville, TN, 37232-3122v, USA.
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8
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Huang Y, Chen X, Pan G, Wang F, Chen C, Lin X. 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) Benzoic Acid Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-induced Inflammation via p38 MAPK Pathway in RAW264.7 Macrophages. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.1261.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Automated measurement of cell mechanical properties using an integrated dielectrophoretic microfluidic device. iScience 2022; 25:104275. [PMID: 35602969 PMCID: PMC9114521 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanics is closely related to and interacts with cellular functions, which has the potential to be an effective biomarker to indicate disease onset and progression. Although several techniques have been developed for measuring cell mechanical properties, the issues of limited measurement data and biological significance because of complex and labor-intensive manipulation remain to be addressed, especially for the dielectrophoresis-based approach that is difficult to utilize flow measurement techniques. In this work, a dielectrophoresis-based solution is proposed to automatically obtain mass cellular mechanical data by combining a designed microfluidic device integrated the functions of cell capture, dielectrophoretic stretching, and cell release and an automatic control scheme. Experiments using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and breast cells revealed the automation capability of this device. The proposed method provides an effective way to address the low-throughput problem of dielectrophoresis-based cell mechanical property measurements, which enhance the biostatistical significance for cellular mechanism studies. Cell capture, dielectrophoretic stretching, and release in one microfluidic chip Automatic measurement scheme to realize circularly measurement Automatic acquisition of large amounts of cell mechanical properties data Significant advances in dielectrophoretic measurement of cell mechanical properties
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10
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Kouyoumdzian NM, Kim G, Rudi MJ, Rukavina Mikusic NL, Fernández BE, Choi MR. Clues and new evidences in arterial hypertension: unmasking the role of the chloride anion. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:155-176. [PMID: 34966955 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review will focus on the role of chloride anion in cardiovascular disease, with special emphasis in the development of hypertensive disease and vascular inflammation. It is known that acute and chronic overload of sodium chloride increase blood pressure and have pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects on different target organs, but it is unknown how chloride may influence these processes. Chloride anion is the predominant anion in the extracellular fluid and its intracellular concentration is dynamically regulated. As the queen of the electrolytes, it is of crucial importance to understand the physiological mechanisms that regulate the cellular handling of this anion including the different transporters and cellular chloride channels, which exert a variety of functions, such as regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, intracellular pH and cellular redox state. In this article, we will also review the relationship between dietary, serum and intracellular chloride and how these different sources of chloride in the organism are affected in hypertension and their impact on cardiovascular disease. Additionally, we will discuss the approach of potential strategies that affect chloride handling and its potential effect on cardiovascular system, including pharmacological blockade of chloride channels and non-pharmacological interventions by replacing chloride by another anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Martín Kouyoumdzian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriel Kim
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julieta Rudi
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Lucía Rukavina Mikusic
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo Roberto Choi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto Alberto C. Taquini de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IATIMET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de La Salud, Fundación H.A. Barceló, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Okada Y, Sato-Numata K, Sabirov RZ, Numata T. Cell Death Induction and Protection by Activation of Ubiquitously Expressed Anion/Cation Channels. Part 2: Functional and Molecular Properties of ASOR/PAC Channels and Their Roles in Cell Volume Dysregulation and Acidotoxic Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702317. [PMID: 34307382 PMCID: PMC8299559 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For survival and functions of animal cells, cell volume regulation (CVR) is essential. Major hallmarks of necrotic and apoptotic cell death are persistent cell swelling and shrinkage, and thus they are termed the necrotic volume increase (NVI) and the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD), respectively. A number of ubiquitously expressed anion and cation channels play essential roles not only in CVR but also in cell death induction. This series of review articles address the question how cell death is induced or protected with using ubiquitously expressed ion channels such as swelling-activated anion channels, acid-activated anion channels, and several types of TRP cation channels including TRPM2 and TRPM7. In the Part 1, we described the roles of swelling-activated VSOR/VRAC anion channels. Here, the Part 2 focuses on the roles of the acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying (ASOR) anion channel, also called the proton-activated chloride (PAC) anion channel, which is activated by extracellular protons in a manner sharply dependent on ambient temperature. First, we summarize phenotypical properties, the molecular identity, and the three-dimensional structure of ASOR/PAC. Second, we highlight the unique roles of ASOR/PAC in CVR dysfunction and in the induction of or protection from acidotoxic cell death under acidosis and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Okada
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato-Numata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ravshan Z Sabirov
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Tomohiro Numata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Abstract
Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a Cl-/H+ antiporter, has been well established as a member of volume-regulated chloride channels (VRCCs). ClC-3 may be a crucial mediator for activating inflammation-associated signaling pathways by regulating protein phosphorylation. A growing number of studies have indicated that ClC-3 overexpression plays a crucial role in mediating increased plasma low-density lipoprotein levels, vascular endothelium dysfunction, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, hyper-proliferation and hyper-migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as well as oxidative stress and foam cell formation, which are the main factors responsible for atherosclerotic plaque formation in the arterial wall. In the present review, we summarize the molecular structures and classical functions of ClC-3. We further discuss its emerging role in the atherosclerotic process. In conclusion, we explore the potential role of ClC-3 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Niu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 34706University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Choi H, Rohrbough JC, Nguyen HN, Dikalova A, Lamb FS. Oxidant-resistant LRRC8A/C anion channels support superoxide production by NADPH oxidase 1. J Physiol 2021; 599:3013-3036. [PMID: 33932953 DOI: 10.1113/jp281577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS LRRC8A-containing anion channels associate with NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and regulate superoxide production and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) signalling. Here we show that LRRC8C and 8D also co-immunoprecipitate with Nox1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. LRRC8C knockdown inhibited TNFα-induced O2 •- production, receptor endocytosis, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and proliferation while LRRC8D knockdown enhanced NF-κB activation. Significant changes in LRRC8 isoform expression in human atherosclerosis and psoriasis suggest compensation for increased inflammation. The oxidant chloramine-T (ChlorT, 1 mM) weakly (∼25%) inhibited LRRC8C currents but potently (∼80%) inhibited LRRC8D currents. Substitution of the extracellular loop (EL1, EL2) domains of 8D into 8C conferred significantly stronger (69%) ChlorT-dependent inhibition. ChlorT exposure impaired subsequent current block by DCPIB, which occurs through interaction with EL1, further implicating external oxidation sites. LRRC8A/C channels most effectively sustain Nox1 activity at the plasma membrane. This may result from their ability to remain active in an oxidized microenvironment. ABSTRACT Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) activates NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), producing superoxide (O2 •- ) required for subsequent signalling. LRRC8 family proteins A-E comprise volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). The required subunit LRRC8A physically associates with Nox1, and VRAC activity is required for Nox activity and the inflammatory response to TNFα. VRAC currents are modulated by oxidants, suggesting that channel oxidant sensitivity and proximity to Nox1 may play a physiologically relevant role. In VSMCs, LRRC8C knockdown (siRNA) recapitulated the effects of siLRRC8A, inhibiting TNFα-induced extracellular and endosomal O2 •- production, receptor endocytosis, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and proliferation. In contrast, siLRRC8D potentiated NF-κB activation. Nox1 co-immunoprecipitated with 8C and 8D, and colocalized with 8D at the plasma membrane and in vesicles. We compared VRAC currents mediated by homomeric and heteromeric LRRC8C and LRRC8D channels expressed in HEK293 cells. The oxidant chloramine T (ChlorT, 1 mM) weakly inhibited 8C, but potently inhibited 8D currents. ChlorT exposure also impaired subsequent current block by the VRAC blocker DCPIB, implicating external sites of oxidation. Substitution of the 8D extracellular loop domains (EL1, EL2) into 8C conferred significantly stronger ChlorT-mediated inhibition of 8C currents. Our results suggest that LRRC8A/C channel activity can be effectively maintained in the oxidized microenvironment expected to result from Nox1 activation at the plasma membrane. Increased ratios of 8D:8C expression may potentially depress inflammatory responses to TNFα. LRRC8A/C channel downregulation represents a novel strategy to reduce TNFα-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rohrbough
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Hong N Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anna Dikalova
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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15
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Lamb FS, Choi H, Miller MR, Stark RJ. TNFα and Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:902-913. [PMID: 32498083 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and atherosclerosis, the predecessors of stroke and myocardial infarction, are chronic vascular inflammatory reactions. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), the "master" proinflammatory cytokine, contributes to both the initiation and maintenance of vascular inflammation. TNFα induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which drives the redox reactions that constitute "ROS signaling." However, these ROS may also cause oxidative stress which contributes to vascular dysfunction. Mice lacking TNFα or its receptors are protected against both acute and chronic cardiovascular injury. Humans suffering from TNFα-driven inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis are at increased cardiovascular risk. When treated with highly specific biologic agents that target TNFα signaling (Etanercept, etc.) they display marked reductions in that risk. The ability of TNFα to induce endothelial dysfunction, often the first step in a progression toward serious vasculopathy, is well recognized and has been reviewed elsewhere. However, TNFα also has profound effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) including a fundamental change from a contractile to a secretory phenotype. This "phenotypic switching" promotes proliferation and production of extracellular matrix proteins which are associated with medial hypertrophy. Additionally, it promotes lipid storage and enhanced motility, changes that support the contribution of VSMCs to neointima and atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review focuses on the role of TNFα in driving the inflammatory changes in VSMC biology that contribute to cardiovascular disease. Special attention is given to the mechanisms by which TNFα promotes ROS production at specific subcellular locations, and the contribution of these ROS to TNFα signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S Lamb
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hyehun Choi
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R Miller
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Valdivieso ÁG, Santa‐Coloma TA. The chloride anion as a signalling effector. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1839-1856. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel G. Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
| | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
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17
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Starvation-induced autophagy is up-regulated via ROS-mediated ClC-3 chloride channel activation in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE-2Z. Biochem J 2019; 476:1323-1333. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency develops frequently in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell (CNE-2Z) due to the characteristics of aggregation and uncontrolled proliferation. Therefore, starvation can induce autophagy in these cells. Chloride channel 3 (ClC-3), a member of the chloride channel family, is involved in various biological processes. However, whether ClC-3 plays an important role in starvation-induced autophagy is unclear. In this study, Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) was used to induce autophagy in CNE-2Z cells. We found that autophagy and the chloride current induced by EBSS were inhibited by chloride channel blockers. ClC-3 knockdown inhibited the degradation of LC3-II and P62. Furthermore, when reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was suppressed by antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (L-NAC) pretreatment, EBSS-induced autophagy was inhibited, and the chloride current was unable to be activated. Nevertheless, ClC-3 knockdown had little effect on ROS levels, indicating that ROS acted upstream of ClC-3 and that both ROS and ClC-3 participated in EBSS-induced autophagy regulation in CNE-2Z.
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Choi H, Stark RJ, Raja BS, Dikalova A, Lamb FS. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 activation by Nox1-derived oxidants is required for TNFα receptor endocytosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1528-H1537. [PMID: 30925081 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00741.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is closely linked to the development of cardiovascular disease. TNFα activates NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide (O2·-), production extracellularly is required for subsequent signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that is activated by oxidation of associated thioredoxin. The role of ASK1 in Nox1-mediated signaling by TNFα is poorly defined. We hypothesized that ASK1 is required for TNFα receptor endocytosis and subsequent inflammatory TNFα signaling. We employed a knockdown strategy to explore the role of ASK1 in TNFα signaling in VSMCs. siRNA targeting ASK1 had no effect on TNFα-induced extracellular O2·- production. However, siASK1 inhibited receptor endocytosis as well as phosphorylation of two endocytosis-related proteins, dynamin1 and caveolin1. Intracellular O2·- production was subsequently reduced, as were other inflammatory signaling steps including NF-κB activation, IL-6 production, inducible nitric oxide synthase and VCAM expression, and VSMC proliferation. Prolonged exposure to TNFα (24 h) increased tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) subtype 1 and 2 expression, and these effects were also attenuated by siASK1. ASK1 coimmunoprecipitated with both Nox1 and the leucine rich repeat containing 8A anion channel, two essential components of the TNFR1 signaling complex. Activation of ASK1 by autophosphorylation at Thr845 occurs following thioredoxin dissociation, and this requires the presence of Nox1. Thus, Nox1 is part of the multiprotein ASK1 signaling complex. In response to TNFα, ASK1 is activated by Nox1-derived oxidants, and this plays a critical role in translating these ROS into a physiologic response in VSMCs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) drives dynamin1 and caveolin1 phosphorylation and TNFα receptor endocytosis. ASK1 modulates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation, survival, and proliferation. ASK1 and NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) physically associate in a multiprotein signaling complex. Nox1 is required for TNFα-induced ASK1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Benjamin S Raja
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anna Dikalova
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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19
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Okada Y, Okada T, Sato-Numata K, Islam MR, Ando-Akatsuka Y, Numata T, Kubo M, Shimizu T, Kurbannazarova RS, Marunaka Y, Sabirov RZ. Cell Volume-Activated and Volume-Correlated Anion Channels in Mammalian Cells: Their Biophysical, Molecular, and Pharmacological Properties. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:49-88. [PMID: 30573636 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a number of mammalian anion channel types associated with cell volume changes. These channel types are classified into two groups: volume-activated anion channels (VAACs) and volume-correlated anion channels (VCACs). VAACs can be directly activated by cell swelling and include the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (VSOR), which is also called the volume-regulated anion channel; the maxi-anion channel (MAC or Maxi-Cl); and the voltage-gated anion channel, chloride channel (ClC)-2. VCACs can be facultatively implicated in, although not directly activated by, cell volume changes and include the cAMP-activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel, the Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC), and the acid-sensitive (or acid-stimulated) outwardly rectifying anion channel. This article describes the phenotypical properties and activation mechanisms of both groups of anion channels, including accumulating pieces of information on the basis of recent molecular understanding. To that end, this review also highlights the molecular identities of both anion channel groups; in addition to the molecular identities of ClC-2 and CFTR, those of CaCC, VSOR, and Maxi-Cl were recently identified by applying genome-wide approaches. In the last section of this review, the most up-to-date information on the pharmacological properties of both anion channel groups, especially their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) and voltage-dependent blocking, is summarized particularly from the standpoint of pharmacological distinctions among them. Future physiologic and pharmacological studies are definitely warranted for therapeutic targeting of dysfunction of VAACs and VCACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Okada
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Okada
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Kaori Sato-Numata
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Yuhko Ando-Akatsuka
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Tomohiro Numata
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Machiko Kubo
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Ranohon S Kurbannazarova
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Ravshan Z Sabirov
- Departments of Physiology and Systems Bioscience (Y.O.) and Molecular Cell Physiology (Y.M.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (Y.O., T.O., M.R.I., M.K., R.Z.S.); Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (K.S.-N., T.N.); Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan (Y.A.-A.); Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan (T.S.); Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan (R.S.K., R.Z.S.); and Research Institute for Clinical Physiology, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan (Y.M.)
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Molecular Identities and ATP Release Activities of Two Types of Volume-Regulatory Anion Channels, VSOR and Maxi-Cl. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:125-176. [PMID: 30243431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An elaborate volume regulation system based on interplay of ion channels and transporters was evolved to cope with constant osmotic challenges caused by intensive metabolism, transport and other physiological/pathophysiological events. In animal cells, two types of anion channels are directly activated by cell swelling and involved in the regulatory volume decrease (RVD): volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying anion channel (VSOR), also called volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC), and Maxi-Cl which is the most major type of maxi-anion channel (MAC). These two channels have very different biophysical profiles and exhibit opposite dependence on intracellular ATP. After several decades of verifying many false-positive candidates for VSOR and Maxi-Cl, LRRC8 family proteins emerged as major VSOR components, and SLCO2A1 protein as a core of Maxi-Cl. Still, neither of these proteins alone can fully reproduce the native channel phenotypes suggesting existence of missing components. Although both VSOR and Maxi-Cl have pores wide enough to accommodate bulky ATP4- and MgATP2- anions, evidence accumulated hitherto, based on pharmacological and gene silencing experiments, suggests that Maxi-Cl, but not VSOR, serves as one of the major pathways for the release of ATP from swollen and ischemic/hypoxic cells. Relations of VSOR and Maxi-Cl with diseases and their selective pharmacology are the topics promoted by recent advance in molecular identification of the two volume-activated, volume-regulatory anion channels.
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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Wang B, Xie J, He HY, Huang EW, Cao QH, Luo L, Liao YS, Guo Y. Suppression of CLC-3 chloride channel reduces the aggressiveness of glioma through inhibiting nuclear factor-κB pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63788-63798. [PMID: 28969029 PMCID: PMC5609961 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC-3 chloride channel plays important roles on cell volume regulation, proliferation and migration in normal and cancer cells. Recent growing evidence supports a critical role of CLC-3 in glioma metastasis, however, the mechanism underlying is unclear. This study finds that CLC-3 is upregulated in glioma tissues and positively correlated with WHO histological grade. Patients with high CLC-3 expression had an overall shorter survival time, whereas patients with low expression of CLC-3 had a better survival time. Silencing endogenous CLC-3 with ShCLC-3 adenovirus significantly decreases volume-regulated chloride currents, inhibits the nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), decreases transcriptional activity of NF-κB, reduces MMP-3 and MMP-9 expression and decreases glioma cell migration and invasion. Taken together, these results suggest CLC-3 promotes the aggressiveness of glioma at least in part through nuclear factor-κB pathway, and might be a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - En-Wen Huang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Cao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Shi Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Valinsky WC, Touyz RM, Shrier A. Characterization of constitutive and acid-induced outwardly rectifying chloride currents in immortalized mouse distal tubular cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2007-2019. [PMID: 28483640 PMCID: PMC5482324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazides block Na+ reabsorption while enhancing Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidney. As previously demonstrated in immortalized mouse distal convoluted tubule (MDCT) cells, chlorothiazide application induced a robust plasma membrane hyperpolarization, which increased Ca2+ uptake. This essential thiazide-induced hyperpolarization was prevented by the Cl− channel inhibitor 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), implicating NPPB-sensitive Cl− channels, however the nature of these Cl− channels has been rarely described in the literature. Here we show that MDCT cells express a dominant, outwardly rectifying Cl− current at extracellular pH 7.4. This constitutive Cl− current was more permeable to larger anions (Eisenman sequence I; I− > Br− ≥ Cl−) and was substantially inhibited by > 100 mM [Ca2+]o, which distinguished it from ClC-K2/barttin. Moreover, the constitutive Cl− current was blocked by NPPB, along with other Cl− channel inhibitors (4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate, DIDS; flufenamic acid, FFA). Subjecting the MDCT cells to an acidic extracellular solution (pH < 5.5) induced a substantially larger outwardly rectifying NPPB-sensitive Cl− current. This acid-induced Cl− current was also anion permeable (I− > Br− > Cl−), but was distinguished from the constitutive Cl− current by its rectification characteristics, ion sensitivities, and response to FFA. In addition, we have identified similar outwardly rectifying and acid-sensitive currents in immortalized cells from the inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD-3 cells). Expression of an acid-induced Cl− current would be particularly relevant in the acidic IMCD (pH < 5.5). To our knowledge, the properties of these Cl− currents are unique and provide the mechanisms to account for the Cl− efflux previously speculated to be present in MDCT cells. MDCT cells express a dominant NPPB-sensitive Cl− current at pH 7.4. The constitutive Cl− current (pH 7.4) does not arise from ClC-K2/barttin. MDCT cells also express an acid-induced NPPB-sensitive Cl− current (pH < 5.5). Both the constitutive and acid-induced Cl− currents are unique. mIMCD-3 cells express currents with similar biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Valinsky
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF GCRC, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alvin Shrier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3649 Promenade sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada.
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Choi H, Ettinger N, Rohrbough J, Dikalova A, Nguyen HN, Lamb FS. LRRC8A channels support TNFα-induced superoxide production by Nox1 which is required for receptor endocytosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 101:413-423. [PMID: 27838438 PMCID: PMC5206799 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 8A (LRRC8A) is a required component of volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). In vascular smooth muscle cells, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) activates VRAC via type 1 TNFα receptors (TNFR1), and this requires superoxide (O2•-) production by NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1). VRAC inhibitors suppress the inflammatory response to TNFα by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that LRRC8A directly supports Nox1 activity, providing a link between VRAC current and inflammatory signaling. VRAC inhibition by 4-(2-butyl-6,7-dichlor-2-cyclopentylindan-1-on-5-yl) oxobutyric acid (DCPIB) impaired NF-κB activation by TNFα. LRRC8A siRNA reduced the magnitude of VRAC and inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB activation, iNOS and VCAM expression, and proliferation of VSMCs. Signaling steps disrupted by both siLRRC8A and DCPIB included; extracellular O2•- production by Nox1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and endocytosis of TNFR1. Extracellular superoxide dismutase, but not catalase, selectively inhibited TNFR1 endocytosis and JNK phosphorylation. Thus, O2•- is the critical extracellular oxidant for TNFR signal transduction. Reducing JNK expression (siJNK) increased extracellular O2•- suggesting that JNK provides important negative feedback regulation to Nox1 at the plasma membrane. LRRC8A co-localized by immunostaining, and co-immunoprecipitated with, both Nox1 and its p22phox subunit. LRRC8A is a component of the Nox1 signaling complex. It is required for extracellular O2•- production, which is in turn essential for TNFR1 endocytosis. These data are the first to provide a molecular mechanism for the potent anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of VRAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Nicholas Ettinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jeffrey Rohrbough
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Anna Dikalova
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Hong N Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Boedtkjer E, Matchkov VV, Boedtkjer DMB, Aalkjaer C. Negative News: Cl− and HCO3− in the Vascular Wall. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:370-83. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00001.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cl− and HCO3− are the most prevalent membrane-permeable anions in the intra- and extracellular spaces of the vascular wall. Outwardly directed electrochemical gradients for Cl− and HCO3− permit anion channel opening to depolarize vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Transporters and channels for Cl− and HCO3− also modify vascular contractility and structure independently of membrane potential. Transport of HCO3− regulates intracellular pH and thereby modifies the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and receptors. There is also evidence that Cl− and HCO3− transport proteins affect gene expression and protein trafficking. Considering the extensive implications of Cl− and HCO3− in the vascular wall, it is critical to understand how these ions are transported under physiological conditions and how disturbances in their transport can contribute to disease development. Recently, sensing mechanisms for Cl− and HCO3− have been identified in the vascular wall where they modify ion transport and vasomotor function, for instance, during metabolic disturbances. This review discusses current evidence that transport (e.g., via NKCC1, NBCn1, Ca2+-activated Cl− channels, volume-regulated anion channels, and CFTR) and sensing (e.g., via WNK and RPTPγ) of Cl− and HCO3− influence cardiovascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donna M. B. Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; and
| | - Christian Aalkjaer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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ClC-3 Chloride Channel Proteins Regulate the Cell Cycle by Up-regulating cyclin D1-CDK4/6 through Suppressing p21/p27 Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30276. [PMID: 27451945 PMCID: PMC4959003 DOI: 10.1038/srep30276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown in this study that knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA prevented the activation of hypotonicity-induced chloride currents, and arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells. Reconstitution of ClC-3 expression with ClC-3 expression plasmids could rescue the cells from the cell cycle arrest caused by ClC-3 siRNA treatments. Transfection of cells with ClC-3 siRNA decreased the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase 4 and 6, and increased the expression of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), p21 and p27. Pretreatments of cells with p21 and p27 siRNAs depleted the inhibitory effects of ClC-3 siRNA on the expression of CDK4 and CDK6, but not on that of cyclin D1, indicating the requirement of p21 and p27 for the inhibitory effects of ClC-3 siRNA on CDK4 and CDK6 expression. ClC-3 siRNA inhibited cells to progress from the G1 phase to the S phase, but pretreatments of cells with p21 and p27 siRNAs abolished the inhibitory effects of ClC-3 siRNA on the cell cycle progress. Our data suggest that ClC-3 may regulate cell cycle transition between G0/G1 and S phases by up-regulation of the expression of CDK4 and CDK6 through suppression of p21 and p27 expression.
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Abrogating ClC-3 Inhibits LPS-induced Inflammation via Blocking the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27583. [PMID: 27363391 PMCID: PMC4929440 DOI: 10.1038/srep27583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the function of a chloride channel blocker, DIDS. Both in vitro and in vivo studies found that DIDS significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of proin flammatory cytokines. Here, we show that DIDS inhibits LPS-induced inflammation, as shown by downregulation of inflammatory cytokines via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we show that ClC-3siRNA transfection reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammation in Raw264.7 cells, indicating that ClC-3 is involved in the inhibitory effect of DIDS during LPS-induced cytokines release. In vivo, DIDS reduced LPS-induced mortality, decreased LPS-induced organic damage, and down-regulated LPS-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines. In sum, we demonstrate that ClC-3 is a pro-inflammatory factor and that inhibition of ClC-3 inhibits inflammatory induction both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that ClC-3 is a potential anti-inflammatory target.
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Abstract
Activation of ion channels and pores are essential steps during regulated cell death. Channels and pores participate in execution of apoptosis, necroptosis and other forms of caspase-independent cell death. Within the program of regulated cell death, these channels are strategically located. Ion channels can shrink cells and drive them towards apoptosis, resulting in silent, i.e. immunologically unrecognized cell death. Alternatively, activation of channels can induce cell swelling, disintegration of the cell membrane, and highly immunogenic necrotic cell death. The underlying cell death pathways are not strictly separated as identical stimuli may induce cell shrinkage and apoptosis when applied at low strength, but may also cause cell swelling at pronounced stimulation, resulting in regulated necrosis. Nevertheless, the precise role of ion channels during regulated cell death is far from being understood, as identical channels may support regulated death in some cell types, but may cause cell proliferation, cancer development, and metastasis in others. Along this line, the phospholipid scramblase and Cl(-)/nonselective channel anoctamin 6 (ANO6) shows interesting features, as it participates in apoptotic cell death during lower levels of activation, thereby inducing cell shrinkage. At strong activation, e.g. by stimulation of purinergic P2Y7 receptors, it participates in pore formation, causes massive membrane blebbing, cell swelling, and membrane disintegration. The LRRC8 proteins deserve much attention as they were found to have a major role in volume regulation, apoptotic cell shrinkage and resistance towards anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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29
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Guan YT, Huang YQ, Wu JB, Deng ZQ, Wang Y, Lai ZY, Wang HB, Sun XX, Zhu YL, Du MM, Zhu LY, Chen LX, Wang LW. Overexpression of chloride channel-3 is associated with the increased migration and invasion ability of ectopic endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:986-98. [PMID: 26965430 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) involved in regulating the biological behavior of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER ClC-3 promotes endometriotic cell migration and invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ClC-3 plays a significant role in the migration and invasion of various kinds of cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An ITALIC! in vitro investigation of the effect of ClC-3 on the migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs from patients with endometriosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The ectopic and eutopic endometrial samples from 43 female patients with endometriosis and the endometrial samples from 39 non-endometriotic female patients were collected. Primary cells from these samples were isolated and cultured. Real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of ClC-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was employed to knock down ClC-3 expression. The migration and invasion ability of ESCs was measured by the transwell assay with uncoated or Matrigel-coated membranes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The expression of ClC-3 mRNA and proteins was significantly up-regulated in the ectopic tissues from endometriotic patients, while that in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients did not significantly differ from that in non-endometriotic patients. The migration and invasion ability and MMP-9 expression was increased in the ESCs from ectopic endometrial tissues. The knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA inhibited ESC migration and invasion and attenuated the expression of MMP-9. ClC-3 expression level was well-correlated to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of endometriosis patients, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and diameter of endometriosis lesion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Further studies are needed to examine the regulatory mechanism of estrogen on ClC-3 expression of ESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS ClC-3 is involved in the migration and invasion processes of ESCs and can regulate MMP-9 expression. Up-regulation of ClC-3 expression may contribute to endometriosis development by regulating MMP-9 expression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173064, 81272223, 81273539), the Ministry of Education of China (20124401110009), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2011010001589) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guangdong (2013B051000059), Guangzhou (2013J500015) and Dongguan (2011108102006). The authors have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-tao Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-qing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-bao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-qin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhou-yi Lai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-xue Sun
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ya-li Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-miao Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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30
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Liu CZ, Li XY, Du RH, Gao M, Ma MM, Li FY, Huang EW, Sun HS, Wang GL, Guan YY. Endophilin A2 Influences Volume-Regulated Chloride Current by Mediating ClC-3 Trafficking in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ J 2016; 80:2397-2406. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can-Zhao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Xiang-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ren-Hong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Fei-Ya Li
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Er-Wen Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Guan-Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
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Pernomian L, Pernomian L, Gomes MS, da Silva CH. Pharmacological significance of the interplay between angiotensin receptors: MAS receptors as putative final mediators of the effects elicited by angiotensin AT1 receptors antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:143-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Pernomian L, do Prado AF, Gomes MS, Pernomian L, da Silva CH, Gerlach RF, de Oliveira AM. MAS receptors mediate vasoprotective and atheroprotective effects of candesartan upon the recovery of vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2–angiotensin-(1-7)–MAS axis functionality. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:173-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Choi H, Dikalova A, Stark RJ, Lamb FS. c-Jun N-terminal kinase attenuates TNFα signaling by reducing Nox1-dependent endosomal ROS production in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:219-27. [PMID: 26001727 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine, causes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration and promotes inflammatory vascular lesions. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation by TNFα requires endosomal superoxide production by Nox1. In endothelial cells, TNFα stimulates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which inhibits NF-κB signaling. The mechanism by which JNK negatively regulates TNFα-induced NF-κB activation has not been defined. We hypothesized that JNK modulates NF-κB activation in VSMC, and does so via a Nox1-dependent mechanism. TNFα-induced NF-κB activation was TNFR1- and endocytosis-dependent. Inhibition of endocytosis with dominant-negative dynamin (DynK44A) potentiated TNFα-induced JNK activation, but decreased ERK activation, while p38 kinase phosphorylation was not altered. DynK44A attenuated intracellular, endosomal superoxide production in wild-type (WT) VSMC, but not in NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) knockout (KO) cells. siRNA targeting JNK1 or JNK2 potentiated, while a JNK activator (anisomycin) inhibited, TNFα-induced NF-κB activation in WT, but not in Nox1 KO cells. TNFα-stimulated superoxide generation was enhanced by JNK1 inhibition in WT, but not in Nox1 KO VSMC. These data suggest that JNK suppresses the inflammatory response to TNFα by reducing Nox1-dependent endosomal ROS production. JNK and endosomal superoxide may represent novel targets for pharmacologic modulation of TNFα signaling and vascular inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Endocytosis
- Endosomes/enzymology
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Anna Dikalova
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan J Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Fred S Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Sato-Numata K, Numata T, Okada Y. Temperature sensitivity of acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying (ASOR) anion channels in cortical neurons is involved in hypothermic neuroprotection against acidotoxic necrosis. Channels (Austin) 2015; 8:278-83. [PMID: 24476793 DOI: 10.4161/chan.27748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying (ASOR) anion channel has been found in non-neuronal cell types and was shown to be involved in acidotoxic death of epithelial cells. We have recently shown that the ASOR channel is sensitive to temperature. Here, we extend those results to show that temperature-sensitive ASOR anion channels are expressed in cortical neurons and involved in acidotoxic neuronal cell death. In cultured mouse cortical neurons, reduction of extracellular pH activated anionic currents exhibiting phenotypic properties of the ASOR anion channel. The neuronal ASOR currents recorded at pH 5.25 were augmented by warm temperature, with a threshold temperature of 26 °C and the Q(10) value of 5.6. After 1 h exposure to acidic solution at 37 °C, a large population of neurons suffered from necrotic cell death which was largely protected not only by ASOR channel blockers but also by reduction of temperature to 25 °C. Thus, it is suggested that high temperature sensitivity of the neuronal ASOR anion channel provides, at least in part, a basis for hypothermic neuroprotection under acidotoxic situations associated with a number of pathological brain states.
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35
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The hidden hand of chloride in hypertension. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:595-603. [PMID: 25619794 PMCID: PMC4325190 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the environmental factors that affect blood pressure, dietary sodium chloride has been studied the most, and there is general consensus that increased sodium chloride intake increases blood pressure. There is accruing evidence that chloride may have a role in blood pressure regulation which may perhaps be even more important than that of Na+. Though more than 85 % of Na+ is consumed as sodium chloride, there is evidence that Na+ and Cl− concentrations do not go necessarily hand in hand since they may originate from different sources. Hence, elucidating the role of Cl− as an independent player in blood pressure regulation will have clinical and public health implications in addition to advancing our understanding of electrolyte-mediated blood pressure regulation. In this review, we describe the evidence that support an independent role for Cl− on hypertension and cardiovascular health.
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Zeng JW, Wang XG, Ma MM, Lv XF, Liu J, Zhou JG, Guan YY. Integrin β3 mediates cerebrovascular remodelling through Src/ClC-3 volume-regulated Cl(-) channel signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3158-70. [PMID: 24611720 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebrovascular remodelling is one of the important risk factors of stroke. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Integrin β3 and volume-regulated ClC-3 Cl(-) channels have recently been implicated as important contributors to vascular cell proliferation. Therefore, we investigated the role of integrin β3 in cerebrovascular remodelling and related Cl(-) signalling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cl(-) currents were recorded using a patch clamp technique. The expression of integrin β3 in hypertensive animals was examined by Western blot and immunohistochemisty. Immunoprecipitation, cDNA and siRNA transfection were employed to investigate the integrin β3/Src/ClC-3 signalling. KEY RESULTS Integrin β3 expression was up-regulated in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, 2-kidney 2-clip hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-infused hypertensive mice. Integrin β3 expression was positively correlated with medial cross-sectional area and ClC-3 expression in the basilar artery of 2-kidney 2-clip hypertensive rats. Knockdown of integrin β3 inhibited the proliferation of rat basilar vascular smooth muscle cells induced by angiotensin II. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments revealed a physical interaction between integrin β3, Src and ClC-3 protein. The integrin β3/Src/ClC-3 signalling pathway was shown to be involved in the activation of volume-regulated chloride channels induced by both hypo-osmotic stress and angiotensin II. Tyrosine 284 within a concensus Src phosphorylation site was the key point for ClC-3 channel activation. ClC-3 knockout significantly attenuated angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular remodelling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Integrin β3 mediates cerebrovascular remodelling during hypertension via Src/ClC-3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Bulley S, Jaggar JH. Cl⁻ channels in smooth muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:861-72. [PMID: 24077695 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In smooth muscle cells (SMCs), the intracellular chloride ion (Cl−) concentration is high due to accumulation by Cl−/HCO3− exchange and Na+–K+–Cl− cotransportation. The equilibrium potential for Cl− (ECl) is more positive than physiological membrane potentials (Em), with Cl− efflux inducing membrane depolarization. Early studies used electrophysiology and nonspecific antagonists to study the physiological relevance of Cl− channels in SMCs. More recent reports have incorporated molecular biological approaches to identify and determine the functional significance of several different Cl− channels. Both "classic" and cGMP-dependent calcium (Ca2+)-activated (ClCa) channels and volume-sensitive Cl− channels are present, with TMEM16A/ANO1, bestrophins, and ClC-3, respectively, proposed as molecular candidates for these channels. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has also been described in SMCs. This review will focus on discussing recent progress made in identifying each of these Cl− channels in SMCs, their physiological functions, and contribution to diseases that modify contraction, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
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ClC-3 deficiency protects preadipocytes against apoptosis induced by palmitate in vitro and in type 2 diabetes mice. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1559-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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MAS-mediated antioxidant effects restore the functionality of angiotensin converting enzyme 2-angiotensin-(1-7)-MAS axis in diabetic rat carotid. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:640329. [PMID: 24877125 PMCID: PMC4022170 DOI: 10.1155/2014/640329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that endothelial AT1-activated NAD(P)H oxidase-driven generation of reactive oxygen species during type I-diabetes impairs carotid ACE2-angiotensin-(1–7)-Mas axis functionality, which accounts for the impaired carotid flow in diabetic rats. We also hypothesized that angiotensin-(1–7) chronic treatment of diabetic rats restores carotid ACE2-angiotensin-(1–7)-Mas axis functionality and carotid flow. Relaxant curves for angiotensin II or angiotensin-(1–7) were obtained in carotid from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Superoxide or hydrogen peroxide levels were measured by flow cytometry in carotid endothelial cells. Carotid flow was also determined. We found that endothelial AT1-activated NAD(P)H oxidase-driven generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in diabetic rat carotid impairs ACE2-angiotensin-(1–7)-Mas axis functionality, which reduces carotid flow. In this mechanism, hydrogen peroxide derived from superoxide dismutation inhibits ACE2 activity in generating angiotensin-(1–7) seemingly by activating ICl,SWELL, while superoxide inhibits the nitrergic Mas-mediated vasorelaxation evoked by angiotensin-(1–7). Angiotensin-(1–7) treatment of diabetic rats restored carotid ACE2-angiotensin-(1–7)-Mas axis functionality by triggering a positive feedback played by endothelial Mas receptors, that blunts endothelial AT1-activated NAD(P)H oxidase-driven generation of reactive oxygen species. Mas-mediated antioxidant effects also restored diabetic rat carotid flow, pointing to the contribution of ACE2-angiotensin-(1–7)-Mas axis in maintaining carotid flow.
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Choi H, Nguyen HN, Lamb FS. Inhibition of endocytosis exacerbates TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction via enhanced JNK and p38 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1154-63. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00885.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that causes endothelial dysfunction. Endocytosis of TNF-α receptors (TNFR) precedes endosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is required for NF-κB activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is unknown how endocytosis of TNFRs impacts signaling in endothelial cells. We hypothesized that TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction is induced by both endosomal and cell surface events, including NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation, and endocytosis of the TNFR modifies signaling. Mesenteric artery segments from C57BL/6 mice were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for 22 h in tissue culture, with or without signaling inhibitors (dynasore for endocytosis, SP600125 for JNK, SB203580 for p38, U0126 for ERK), and vascular function was assessed. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) was impaired by TNF-α, and dynasore exacerbated this, whereas JNK or p38 inhibition prevented these effects. In cultured endothelial cells from murine mesenteric arteries, dynasore potentiated JNK and p38 but not ERK phosphorylation and promoted cell death. NF-κB activation by TNF-α was decreased by dynasore. JNK inhibition dramatically increased both the magnitude and duration of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and potentiated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) activation. Dynasore still inhibited NF-κB activation in the presence of SP600125. Thus TNF-α-induced endothelial dysfunction is both JNK and p38 dependent. Endocytosis modulates the balance of NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and inhibition of NF-κB activation by JNK limits this pro-proliferative signal, which may contribute to endothelial cell death in response to TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyehun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hong N. Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Fred S. Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Spencer NY, Engelhardt JF. The basic biology of redoxosomes in cytokine-mediated signal transduction and implications for disease-specific therapies. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1551-64. [PMID: 24555469 PMCID: PMC3985689 DOI: 10.1021/bi401719r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Redox
reactions have been established as major biological players
in many cellular signaling pathways. Here we review mechanisms of
redox signaling with an emphasis on redox-active signaling endosomes.
Signals are transduced by relatively few reactive oxygen species (ROS),
through very specific redox modifications of numerous proteins and
enzymes. Although ROS signals are typically associated with cellular
injury, these signaling pathways are also critical for maintaining
cellular health at homeostasis. An important component of ROS signaling
pertains to localization and tightly regulated signal transduction
events within discrete microenvironments of the cell. One major aspect
of this specificity is ROS compartmentalization within membrane-enclosed
organelles such as redoxosomes (redox-active endosomes) and the nuclear
envelope. Among the cellular proteins that produce superoxide are
the NADPH oxidases (NOXes), transmembrane proteins that are implicated
in many types of redox signaling. NOXes produce superoxide on only
one side of a lipid bilayer; as such, their orientation dictates the
compartmentalization of ROS and the local control of signaling events
limited by ROS diffusion and/or movement through channels associated
with the signaling membrane. NOX-dependent ROS signaling pathways
can also be self-regulating, with molecular redox sensors that limit
the local production of ROS required for effective signaling. ROS
regulation of the Rac-GTPase, a required co-activator of many NOXes,
is an example of this type of sensor. A deeper understanding of redox
signaling pathways and the mechanisms that control their specificity
will provide unique therapeutic opportunities for aging, cancer, ischemia-reperfusion
injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Y Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1009, United States
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Jiang S, Streeter J, Schickling BM, Zimmerman K, Weiss RM, Miller FJ. Nox1 NADPH oxidase is necessary for late but not early myocardial ischaemic preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:79-87. [PMID: 24501329 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is an adaptive mechanism that renders the myocardium resistant to injury from subsequent hypoxia. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to both the early and late phases of IPC, their enzymatic source and associated signalling events have not yet been understood completely. Our objective was to investigate the role of the Nox1 NADPH oxidase in cardioprotection provided by IPC. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) and Nox1-deficient mice were treated with three cycles of brief coronary occlusion and reperfusion, followed by prolonged occlusion either immediately (early IPC) or after 24 h (late IPC). Nox1 deficiency had no impact on the cardioprotection afforded by early IPC. In contrast, deficiency of Nox1 during late IPC resulted in a larger infarct size, cardiac remodelling, and increased myocardial apoptosis compared with WT hearts. Furthermore, expression of Nox1 in WT hearts increased in response to late IPC. Deficiency of Nox1 abrogated late IPC-mediated activation of cardiac nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and induction of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the heart and circulation. Finally, knockdown of Nox1 in cultured cardiomyocytes prevented TNF-α induction of NF-κB and the protective effect of IPC on hypoxia-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify a critical role for Nox1 in late IPC and define a previously unrecognized link between TNF-α and NF-κB in mediating tolerance to myocardial injury. These findings have clinical significance considering the emergence of Nox1 inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospital, 285 Newton Rd., Room 2269 CBRB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
The past decade has seen increasing use of the patch-clamp technique on neutrophils and eosinophils. The main goal of these electrophysiological studies has been to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the phagocyte respiratory burst. NADPH oxidase activity, which defines the respiratory burst in granulocytes, is electrogenic because electrons from NADPH are transported across the cell membrane, where they reduce oxygen to form superoxide anion (O2 (-)). This passage of electrons comprises an electrical current that would rapidly depolarize the membrane if the charge movement were not balanced by proton efflux. The patch-clamp technique enables simultaneous recording of NADPH oxidase-generated electron current and H(+) flux through the closely related H(+) channel. Increasing evidence suggests that other ion channels may play crucial roles in degranulation, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis, highlighting the importance of electrophysiological studies to advance knowledge of granulocyte function. Several configurations of the patch-clamp technique exist. Each has advantages and limitations that are discussed here. Meaningful measurements of ion channels cannot be achieved without an understanding of their fundamental properties. We describe the types of measurements that are necessary to characterize a particular ion channel.
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Stauber T, Weinert S, Jentsch TJ. Cell biology and physiology of CLC chloride channels and transporters. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:1701-44. [PMID: 23723021 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the CLC gene family assemble to homo- or sometimes heterodimers and either function as Cl(-) channels or as Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins are present in all phyla. Detailed structural information is available from crystal structures of bacterial and algal CLCs. Mammals express nine CLC genes, four of which encode Cl(-) channels and five 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. Two accessory β-subunits are known: (1) barttin and (2) Ostm1. ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb Cl(-) channels need barttin, whereas Ostm1 is required for the function of the lysosomal ClC-7 2Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger. ClC-1, -2, -Ka and -Kb Cl(-) channels reside in the plasma membrane and function in the control of electrical excitability of muscles or neurons, in extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and in transepithelial transport. The mainly endosomal/lysosomal Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers ClC-3 to ClC-7 may facilitate vesicular acidification by shunting currents of proton pumps and increase vesicular Cl(-) concentration. ClC-3 is also present on synaptic vesicles, whereas ClC-4 and -5 can reach the plasma membrane to some extent. ClC-7/Ostm1 is coinserted with the vesicular H(+)-ATPase into the acid-secreting ruffled border membrane of osteoclasts. Mice or humans lacking ClC-7 or Ostm1 display osteopetrosis and lysosomal storage disease. Disruption of the endosomal ClC-5 Cl(-)/H(+)-exchanger leads to proteinuria and Dent's disease. Mouse models in which ClC-5 or ClC-7 is converted to uncoupled Cl(-) conductors suggest an important role of vesicular Cl(-) accumulation in these pathologies. The important functions of CLC Cl(-) channels were also revealed by human diseases and mouse models, with phenotypes including myotonia, renal loss of salt and water, deafness, blindness, leukodystrophy, and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stauber
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin MDC, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Acid-sensitive outwardly rectifying (ASOR) anion channels in human epithelial cells are highly sensitive to temperature and independent of ClC-3. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1535-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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47
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Wang XG, Tao J, Ma MM, Tang YB, Zhou JG, Guan YY. Tyrosine 284 phosphorylation is required for ClC-3 chloride channel activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:469-78. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Matchkov VV, Secher Dam V, Bødtkjer DMB, Aalkjær C. Transport and Function of Chloride in Vascular Smooth Muscles. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:69-87. [DOI: 10.1159/000345242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ganapathi SB, Wei SG, Zaremba A, Lamb FS, Shears SB. Functional regulation of ClC-3 in the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 2013; 61:174-9. [PMID: 23150504 PMCID: PMC3521842 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.194209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into neointima contributes to atherosclerosis and restenosis. This migration requires coordinated plasmalemmal fluxes of water and ions. Here, we show that aortic VSMC migration depends on the regulation of transmembrane Cl(-) flux by ClC-3, a Cl(-) channel/transporter. The contribution of ClC-3 to plasmalemmal Cl(-) current was studied in VSMCs by electrophysiological recordings. Cl(-) current was negligible in cells perfused with 0 [Ca(2+)]. Raising intracellular [Ca(2+)] to 0.5 μM activated a Cl(-) current (I(Cl.Ca)), approximately half of which was eliminated on inhibition by KN-93 of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. I(Cl.Ca) was also halved by inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate, a cellular signal with the biological function of specifically preventing calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from activating I(Cl.Ca). Gene disruption of ClC-3 reduced I(Cl.Ca) by 50%. Moreover, I(Cl.Ca) in the ClC-3 null VSMCs was not affected by either KN-93 or inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate. We conclude that I(Cl.Ca) is composed of 2 components, one is ClC-3 independent whereas the other is ClC-3 dependent, activated by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and inhibited by inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate. We also assayed VSMC migration in transwell assays. Migration was halved in ClC-3 null cells versus wild-type cells. In addition, inhibition of ClC-3 by niflumic acid, KN-93, or inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate each reduced cell migration in wild-type cells but not in ClC-3 null cells. These cell-signaling roles of ClC-3 in VSMC migration suggest new therapeutic approaches to vascular remodeling diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/metabolism
- Benzylamines/pharmacology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chloride Channels/genetics
- Chloride Channels/metabolism
- Inositol Phosphates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Niflumic Acid/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindura B. Ganapathi
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Angelika Zaremba
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
| | - Fred S. Lamb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children’s Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Stephen B. Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, NC 27709, USA
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Yang H, Huang LY, Zeng DY, Huang EW, Liang SJ, Tang YB, Su YX, Tao J, Shang F, Wu QQ, Xiong LX, Lv XF, Liu J, Guan YY, Zhou JG. Decrease of Intracellular Chloride Concentration Promotes Endothelial Cell Inflammation by Activating Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway. Hypertension 2012; 60:1287-93. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.198648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Lin-Yan Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - De-Yi Zeng
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Er-Wen Huang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Si-Jia Liang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Yong-Bo Tang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Ying-Xue Su
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jing Tao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Fei Shang
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Qian-Qian Wu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Li-Xiong Xiong
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jie Liu
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Yong-Yuan Guan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
| | - Jia-Guo Zhou
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center (H.Y., L.-Y.H., D.-Y.Z., E-W.H., S.-J.L., Y.-B.T., Y.-X.S., J.T., F.S., Q.-Q.W., L.-X.X., X.-F.L., J.L., Y.-Y.G., J.-G.Z.), and Department of Forensic Pathology (E.-W.H.), Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Cardiovascular Institute of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China (H.Y.); Guangzhou Forensic Science
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