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Islam A, Chakraborty A, Sarker AH, Aryal UK, Pan L, Sharma G, Boldogh I, Hazra T. Site-specific acetylation of polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase regulates its distinct role in DNA repair pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2416-2433. [PMID: 38224455 PMCID: PMC10954452 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP), a DNA end-processing enzyme with 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, is involved in multiple DNA repair pathways, including base excision (BER), single-strand break (SSBR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). However, little is known as to how PNKP functions in such diverse repair processes. Here we report that PNKP is acetylated at K142 (AcK142) by p300 constitutively but at K226 (AcK226) by CBP, only after DSB induction. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using AcK142 or AcK226 PNKP-specific antibodies showed that AcK142-PNKP associates only with BER/SSBR, and AcK226 PNKP with DSBR proteins. Despite the modest effect of acetylation on PNKP's enzymatic activity in vitro, cells expressing non-acetylable PNKP (K142R or K226R) accumulated DNA damage in transcribed genes. Intriguingly, in striatal neuronal cells of a Huntington's Disease (HD)-based mouse model, K142, but not K226, was acetylated. This is consistent with the reported degradation of CBP, but not p300, in HD cells. Moreover, transcribed genomes of HD cells progressively accumulated DSBs. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the association of Ac-PNKP with the transcribed genes, consistent with PNKP's role in transcription-coupled repair. Thus, our findings demonstrate that acetylation at two lysine residues, located in different domains of PNKP, regulates its distinct role in BER/SSBR versus DSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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2
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Zhang S, Shao H, Li KB, Shi W, Han DM. Nanofluidic sensing platform for PNK assay using nonlinear hybridization chain reaction and its application in DNA logic circuit. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 240:115632. [PMID: 37647684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)/Zr4+-functionalized nanofluidic sensing platform based on nonlinear hybridization chain reaction (NHCR) was developed for PNK activity assay. With the existence of PNK, the hairpin HPNK was cleaved by λ exonuclease, liberating the initiator T-DNA. Then T-DNA triggered the nonlinear HCR in solution and the reaction products were absorbed onto the nanopore, which changed the surface charge of nanofluidic device and could be detected by current-voltage characteristic curves. Compared to traditional linear HCR, the nonlinear HCR exhibits a higher sensitivity and order of growth kinetics, making it a powerful signal amplifier in bioanalysis. Due to the powerful amplification efficiency of nonlinear HCR, high sensitivity of the nanopore and specific recognition site of PNK/λ-Exo, an ultrasensitive and selective PNK sensing approach had been developed and applied to precisely quantitate the PNK activity with a LOD of 0.0001 U/mL. Moreover, utilizing this nanofluidic system as a foundation, we constructed a logic circuit that utilized PNK, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and (NH4)2SO4 as input elements. ADP and (NH4)2SO4 had a crucial function in facilitating the PNK to regulate the DNA logic gate. By modifying the target and inhibitors, the nanofluidic device could detect a variety of stimuli and execute more advanced logical operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Huahao Shao
- Zhijiang College of Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, China
| | - Kai-Bin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - De-Man Han
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
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3
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Islam A, Chakraborty A, Sarker AH, Aryal UK, Sharma G, Boldogh I, Hazra T. Site-specific acetylation of polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) regulates its distinct role in DNA repair pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545973. [PMID: 37645927 PMCID: PMC10461918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) is a dual-function DNA end-processing enzyme with 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, which generate 3'-OH and 5'-phosphate termini respectively, as substrates for DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to complete DNA repair. PNKP is thus involved in multiple DNA repair pathways, including base excision (BER), single-strand break (SSBR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). However, little is known as to how PNKP functions in such diverse repair processes, which involve distinct sets of proteins. In this study, we report that PNKP is acetylated at two lysine (K142 and K226) residues. While K142 (AcK142) is constitutively acetylated by p300, CBP acetylates K226 (AcK226) only after DSB induction. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using antibodies specific for PNKP peptides containing AcK142 or AcK226 of PNKP showed that AcK142-PNKP associates only with BER/SSBR, and AcK226 PNKP only with DSBR proteins. Although acetylation at these residues did not significantly affect the enzymatic activity of PNKP in vitro, cells expressing nonacetylable PNKP (K142R or K226R) accumulated DNA damage, specifically in transcribed genes. Intriguingly, in striatal neuronal cells of a Huntington's Disease (HD)-based mouse model, K142, but not K226, was acetylated. This observation is consistent with the reported degradation of CBP but not p300 in HD cells. Moreover, genomes of HD cells progressively accumulated DSBs specifically in the transcribed genes. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis using anti-AcK142 or anti-AcK226 antibodies demonstrated an association of Ac-PNKP with the transcribed genes, consistent with PNKP's role in transcription-coupled repair. Thus, our findings collectively demonstrate that acetylation at two lysine residues located in different domains of PNKP regulates its functionally distinct role in BER/SSBR vs. DSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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Islam A, Chakraborty A, Gambardella S, Campopiano R, Sarker AH, Boldogh I, Hazra T. Functional analysis of a conserved site mutation in the DNA end processing enzyme PNKP leading to ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4 in humans. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104714. [PMID: 37061005 PMCID: PMC10197107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP), an essential DNA end-processing enzyme in mammals with 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, plays a pivotal role in multiple DNA repair pathways. Its functional deficiency has been etiologically linked to various neurological disorders. Recent reports have shown that mutation at a conserved glutamine (Gln) in PNKP leads to late-onset ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 4 (AOA4) in humans and embryonic lethality in pigs. However, the molecular mechanism underlying such phenotypes remains elusive. Here, we report that the enzymatic activities of the mutant versus WT PNKP are comparable; however, cells expressing mutant PNKP and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AOA4 patients showed a significant amount of DNA double-strand break accumulation and consequent activation of the DNA damage response. Further investigation revealed that the nuclear localization of mutant PNKP is severely abrogated, and the mutant proteins remain primarily in the cytoplasm. Western blot analysis of AOA4 patient-derived PBMCs also revealed the presence of mutated PNKP predominantly in the cytoplasm. To understand the molecular determinants, we identified that mutation at a conserved Gln residue impedes the interaction of PNKP with importin alpha but not with importin beta, two highly conserved proteins that mediate the import of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Collectively, our data suggest that the absence of PNKP in the nucleus leads to constant activation of the DNA damage response due to persistent accumulation of double-strand breaks in the mutant cells, triggering death of vulnerable brain cells-a potential cause of neurodegeneration in AOA4 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- IRCCS Neuromed & Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Rosa Campopiano
- IRCCS Neuromed & Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Liu XW, Liu WJ, Meng Y, Hu J, Zhang CY. Development of a tandem signal amplification strategy for label-free sensing polynucleotide kinase activity in cancer cells. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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An enzyme-free and label-free electrochemical biosensor for polynucleotide kinase. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cui W, Fan X, Zhao W, Liu J, Zheng L, Zhou L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang X. A label-free fluorescent biosensor for amplified detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on rolling circle amplification and catalytic hairpin assembly. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121938. [PMID: 36209712 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) plays a key role in maintaining genome integrity and repairing DNA damage. In this paper, we proposed a label-free fluorescent biosensor for amplified detection of T4 PNK activity based on rolling circle amplification (RCA) and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA). Firstly, we designed a padlock probe with a 5'-hydroxyl terminus for phosphorylation reaction, a complementary sequence of the primer for initiating RCA, and a complementary sequence of the trigger for triggering CHA. T4 PNK catalyzed the phosphorylation reaction by adding a phosphate group to the 5'-hydroxyl terminus of padlock probe, generating a phosphorylated padlock probe. Then it hybridized with the primer to generate a circular probe under the action of ligase. Subsequently, the primer initiated an RCA reaction along the circular probe to synthesize a large molecular weight product with repetitive trigger sequences. The triggers then triggered the cyclic assembly reactions between hairpin probe 1 and hairpin probe 2 to generate a large amount of complexes with free G-rich sequences. The free G-rich sequences folded into G-quadruplex structures, and the N-methylmesoporphyrin IXs were inserted into them to produce an amplified fluorescent signal. Benefiting from high amplification efficiency of RCA and CHA, this fluorescent biosensor could detect T4 PNK as low as 6.63 × 10-4 U mL-1, and was successfully applied to detect its activity in HeLa cell lysates. Moreover, this fluorescent biosensor could effectively distinguish T4 PNK from other alternatives and evaluate the inhibitory effect of inhibitor, indicating that it had great potential in drug screening and disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyang Fan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Wenqi Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | | | - Libing Zhou
- Laoling People's Hospital, Dezhou 253600, PR China
| | - Junye Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, PR China
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Wan Y, Hong C, Shang J, Li F, Liu X, Wang F. An Autocatalytic DNA Circuit Based on Hybridization Chain Assembly for Intracellular Imaging of Polynucleotide Kinase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31727-31736. [PMID: 35786848 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polynucleotide kinase (PNK) plays an essential role in various cellular events by regulating phosphorylation processes, and abnormal homeostasis of PNK could cause many human diseases. Herein, we proposed an autocatalytic hybridization system (AHS) through the elaborate integration of hybridization chain assembly (HCA) and catalytic DNA assembly (CDA) that enables a highly efficient positive feedback amplification. The PNK-targeting AHS biosensor is composed of three modules: a recognition module, an HCA amplification module, and a CDA autocatalytic module. In the presence of PNK, the recognition module could transform the PNK input into an exposed nucleic acid initiator (I). Then the initiator strand I could trigger the autonomous HCA process in the amplification module, and the resulted HCA products could reassemble the split CDA trigger strand T, subsequently inducing the CDA process in the autocatalytic module to form abundant DNA duplex products. Consequently, the embedded initiator strand I was liberated from the CDA duplex product to autonomously trigger the new rounds of HCA circuit. The rational integration and cooperative cross-activation between the HCA and CDA module could prominently accelerate the reaction and realize the exponential amplification efficiency by initiator regeneration. As a result, the self-sustainable AHS amplifier could implement the sensitive detection of PNK in vitro and in biological samples and further fulfill accurate monitoring of the intracellular PNK activity and the effective screening of PNK inhibitors. This work paves a way for exploiting highly efficient artificial DNA circuits to analyze low-abundance biomarkers, holding great potential in biochemical research and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yeqing Wan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chen Hong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Shang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhe Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Fuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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9
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A multiple primers-mediated exponential rolling circle amplification strategy for highly sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase activity. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Zhang T, Shen Y, Ge J, Wang W, Qu L, Li Z. A highly sensitive fluorescence method for the detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase phosphatase based on polydopamine nanotubes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120594. [PMID: 34776378 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T4 polynucleotide kinase phosphatase (T4 PNKP) plays a critical role in various cellular events, such as DNA damage repair, replication, and recombination. Here, we have described a novel biosensor to detect the activity of T4 PNKP based on polydopamine nanotubes (PDANTs) mediated fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A FAM-labelled (6-carboxyl-fluorescein) hairpin DNA probe with 3'-phosphoryl terminal was designed as the substrate for T4 PNKP. With the addition of PDANTs, the fluorescence of FAM-labelled hairpin DNA probe could be quenched because of the high adsorption of hairpin DNA on PDANTs. When T4 PNKP dephosphorylated the DNA probe, a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) product was obtained by Klenow fragment polymerase (KF polymerase) on its 3'-hydroxyl terminal, which could retain most of the fluorescence due to the week adsorption of dsDNA on PDANTs. The developed method demonstrates the sensitivity for T4 PNKP assay in the range from 0.05 to 1.5 U mL-1 with the detection limit of 0.005 U mL-1, which endows the proposed strategy with high enough sensitivity for practical detection in cell lysates. With the advantages mentioned above, this novel sensitive strategy has the potential in the study of DNA damage repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanmei Shen
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jia Ge
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Weixia Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterial and Medical Theranostic, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Tao J, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Pang P, Yang C, Yang W. Electrochemical detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on magnetic Fe 3O 4@TiO 2 nanoparticles triggered by a rolling circle amplification strategy. Talanta 2022; 241:123272. [PMID: 35121542 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of the activity and inhibition of T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) was developed by using magnetic Fe3O4@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles, which was triggered by a rolling circle amplification strategy (Fe3O4@TiO2-RCA). We used Fe3O4@TiO2 as a substrate to anchor a DNA primer. DNA S1 with 5'-OH termini was phosphorylated in the presence of T4 PNK and ATP, which was adsorbed on the surface of Fe3O4@TiO2 NPs and served as the primer for subsequent RCA reactions. After adding circular template DNA S2, RCA was initiated in the presence of phi29 DNA polymerase and dNTPs. Then, Fc-labeled DNA S3 (Fc-S3) was hybridized with RCA. The obtained Fe3O4@TiO2-RCA was adsorbed on the surface of a magnetic gold electrode (MGE) by magnetic enrichment, resulting in an enhanced electrochemical signal. The T4 PNK activity can be monitored by measuring the electrochemical signal generated. This electrochemical assay is sensitive to the activity of T4 PNK with a dynamic linear range of 0.00001-20 U/mL and a low detection limit of 3.0 × 10-6 U/mL. The proposed strategy can be used to screen the T4 PNK inhibitors, so it has great potential in the discovery of nucleotide kinase-target drug and early clinical diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Tao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Zaiqiong Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Pengfei Pang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Shaanxi Geological Survey Center, Xi'an, 710068, PR China
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3217, Australia
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12
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Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2): An ancillary enzyme for contextual base excision repair mechanisms to preserve genome stability. Biochimie 2021; 190:70-90. [PMID: 34302888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The genome of living organisms frequently undergoes various types of modifications which are recognized and repaired by the relevant repair mechanisms. These repair pathways are increasingly being deciphered to understand the mechanisms. Base excision repair (BER) is indispensable to maintain genome stability. One of the enigmatic repair proteins of BER, Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 2 (APE2), like APE1, is truly multifunctional and demonstrates the independent and non-redundant function in maintaining the genome integrity. APE2 is involved in ATR-Chk1 mediated DNA damage response. It also resolves topoisomerase1 mediated cleavage complex intermediate which is formed while repairing misincorporated ribonucleotides in the absence of functional RNase H2 mediated excision repair pathway. BER participates in the demethylation pathway and the role of Arabidopsis thaliana APE2 is demonstrated in this process. Moreover, APE2 is synthetically lethal to BRCA1, BRCA2, and RNase H2, and its homolog, APE1 fails to complement the function. Hence, the role of APE2 is not just an alternate to the repair mechanisms but has implications in diverse functional pathways related to the maintenance of genome integrity. This review analyses genomic features of APE2 and delineates its enzyme function as error-prone as well as efficient and accurate repair protein based on the studies on mammalian or its homolog proteins from model systems such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Trypanosoma curzi, Xenopus laevis, Danio rerio, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens.
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13
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The FHA domain of PNKP is essential for its recruitment to DNA damage sites and maintenance of genome stability. Mutat Res 2020; 822:111727. [PMID: 33220551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polynucleotide kinase phosphatase (PNKP) has dual enzymatic activities as kinase and phosphatase for DNA ends, which are the prerequisite for the ligation, and thus is involved in base excision repair, single-strand break repair and non-homologous end joining for double-strand break (DSB) repair. In this study, we examined mechanisms for the recruitment of PNKP to DNA damage sites by laser micro-irradiation and live-cell imaging analysis using confocal microscope. We show that the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of PNKP is essential for the recruitment of PNKP to DNA damage sites. Arg35 and Arg48 within the FHA domain are required for interactions with XRCC1 and XRCC4. PNKP R35A/R48A mutant failed to accumulate on the laser track and siRNA-mediated depletion of XRCC1 and/or XRCC4 reduced PNKP accumulation on the laser track, indicating that PNKP is recruited to DNA damage sites via the interactions between its FHA domain and XRCC1 or XRCC4. Furthermore, cells expressing PNKP R35A/R48A mutant exhibited increased sensitivity toward ionizing radiation in association with delayed SSB and DSB repair and genome instability, represented by micronuclei and chromosome bridges. Taken together, these findings revealed the importance of PNKP recruitment to DNA damage sites via its FHA domain for DNA repair and maintenance of genome stability.
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14
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Wang DX, Wang J, Du YC, Ma JY, Wang SY, Tang AN, Kong DM. CRISPR/Cas12a-based dual amplified biosensing system for sensitive and rapid detection of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Zagnoli-Vieira G, Caldecott KW. Untangling trapped topoisomerases with tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 94:102900. [PMID: 32653827 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases alleviate the torsional stress that is generated by processes that are central to genome metabolism such as transcription and DNA replication. To do so, these enzymes generate an enzyme intermediate known as the cleavage complex in which the topoisomerase is covalently linked to the termini of a DNA single- or double-strand break. Whilst cleavage complexes are normally transient they can occasionally become abortive, creating protein-linked DNA breaks that threaten genome stability and cell survival; a process promoted and exploited in the cancer clinic by the use of topoisomerase 'poisons'. Here, we review the consequences to genome stability and human health of abortive topoisomerase-induced DNA breakage and the cellular pathways that cells have adopted to mitigate them, with particular focus on an important class of enzymes known as tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Zagnoli-Vieira
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK.
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer Road, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK.
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16
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Li XY, Cui YX, Du YC, Tang AN, Kong DM. Isothermal cross-boosting extension–nicking reaction mediated exponential signal amplification for ultrasensitive detection of polynucleotide kinase. Analyst 2020; 145:3742-3748. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02569c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel nucleic acid-based isothermal signal amplification strategy, named cross-boosting extension–nicking reaction (CBENR) is developed and successfully used for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of polynucleotide kinase (PNK) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - Yun-Xi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - Yi-Chen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - An-Na Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
| | - De-Ming Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Rizvi SFA, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang H. Detection of DNA 3'-phosphatase activity based on exonuclease III-assisted cascade recycling amplification reaction. Talanta 2019; 204:499-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Wang M, Kong D, Su D, Liu Y, Su X. Ratio fluorescence analysis of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on the formation of a graphene quantum dot-copper nanocluster nanohybrid. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13903-13908. [PMID: 31304938 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02901j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a ratio fluorescence method was developed for T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) activity analysis based on the formation of a dual-emitting graphene quantum dot-copper nanocluster (GQD-CuNC) nanohybrid. An amino capped single-strand DNA (ssDNA) was firstly used to modify GQDs (GQD-ssDNA) and then hybridize with its complementary DNA strand to form double-stranded DNA functionalized GQDs (GQD-dsDNA). The dsDNA of GQD-dsDNA can act as an effective template for the preparation of CuNCs with fluorescence emission at 594 nm. When the dsDNA of GQD-dsDNA was phosphorylated through T4 PNK and subsequently degraded via λ exonuclease (λ exo) to produce mononucleotides and GQD-ssDNA, the formation of fluorescence CuNCs in GQD-CuNCs was blocked due to the lack of an effective dsDNA substrate, during which the fluorescence of GQDs at 446 nm in the nanohybrid was mostly not influenced. Thus, with the CuNCs serving as the reporter and GQDs as the reference signal, T4 PNK activity can be monitored through the change in the fluorescence intensity ratio (F594/F446) in the range of 0.01-10 U mL-1 with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.0037 U mL-1. Furthermore, the practicality of this T4 PNK activity analysis strategy in a complex sample was tested in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Deshuai Kong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Chen S, Li S, Zhao S. A novel microchip electrophoresis laser induced fluorescence detection method for the assay of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibitors. Talanta 2019; 202:317-322. [PMID: 31171188 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) may catalyze the phosphorylation of 5'-hydroxyl termini in nucleic acids, which play a crucial role in DNA recombination, replication and damage repair. Here, a microchip electrophoresis laser induced fluorescence (MCE-LIF) method based on biochemical reaction was developed for the detection of T4 PNK activity and inhibitors. In this method, the single strand DNA (ssDNA) was hybridized with the 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) labeled single strand DNA (ssDNA-FAM) to form FAM labeled double-stranded DNA (dsDNA-FAM). In the presence of T4 PNK and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), T4 PNK catalyzes the transfer of γ-phosphate residues from ATP to the 5-hydroxyl terminal of dsDNA-FAM. The phosphorylated dsDNA-FAM can be gradually hydrolyzed by λexo to produce a FAM labeled single nucleotide fragment. Then the FAM labeled single nucleotide fragment and the unhydrolyzed dsDNA-FAM were separated by MCE, and two electrophoresis peaks appeared in the electrophoretogram. The detection of T4 PNK activity and inhibitors was realized by measuring the peak height of the FAM labeled single nucleotide fragment in electrophoretogram. This assay is very sensitive with a limit of detection of 0.002 U/mL, and it can be further used to screen the T4 PNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Shenyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shuting Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China.
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20
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Zhang J, Chai X, He XP, Kim HJ, Yoon J, Tian H. Fluorogenic probes for disease-relevant enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:683-722. [PMID: 30520895 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional biochemical methods for enzyme detection are mainly based on antibody-based immunoassays, which lack the ability to monitor the spatiotemporal distribution and, in particular, the in situ activity of enzymes in live cells and in vivo. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress that has been made in the development of small-molecule as well as material-based fluorogenic probes for sensitive detection of the activities of enzymes that are related to a number of human diseases. The principles utilized to design these probes as well as their applications are reviewed. Specific attention is given to fluorogenic probes that have been developed for analysis of the activities of enzymes including oxidases and reductases, those that act on biomacromolecules including DNAs, proteins/peptides/amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids, and those that are responsible for translational modifications. We envision that this review will serve as an ideal reference for practitioners as well as beginners in relevant research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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21
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Chen H, Wang Z, Chen X, Lou K, Sheng A, Chen T, Chen G, Zhang J. New method for detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase phosphatase activity through isothermal EXPonential amplification reaction. Analyst 2019; 144:1955-1959. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new method has been developed for the sensitive detection of T4 PNKP activity based on the isothermal EXPonential amplification reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Xu Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Lou
- Shenzhen Shineway Hi-Tech Co
- Ltd
- P. R. China
| | - Anzhi Sheng
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Guifang Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
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22
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Deinococcus radiodurans HD-Pnk, a Nucleic Acid End-Healing Enzyme, Abets Resistance to Killing by Ionizing Radiation and Mitomycin C. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00151-18. [PMID: 29891641 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00151-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
5'- and 3'-end healing are key steps in nucleic acid break repair in which 5'-OH and 3'-PO4 or 2',3'-cyclic-PO4 ends are converted to 5'-PO4 and 3'-OH termini suitable for sealing by polynucleotide ligases. Here, we characterize Deinococcus radiodurans HD-Pnk as a bifunctional end-healing enzyme composed of N-terminal HD (histidine-aspartate) phosphoesterase and C-terminal P-loop polynucleotide kinase (Pnk) domains. HD-Pnk phosphorylates 5'-OH DNA in the presence of ATP and magnesium. HD-Pnk has 3'-phosphatase and 2',3'-cyclic-phosphodiesterase activity in the presence of transition metals, optimally cobalt or copper, and catalyzes copper-dependent hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate. HD-Pnk is encoded by the LIG-PARG-HD-Pnk three-gene operon, which includes polynucleotide ligase and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase genes. We show that whereas HD-Pnk is inessential for Deinococcus growth, its absence sensitizes by 80-fold bacteria to killing by 9 kGy of ionizing radiation (IR). HD-Pnk protein is depleted during early stages of post-IR recovery and then replenished at 15 h, after reassembly of the genome from shattered fragments. ΔHD-Pnk mutant cells are competent for genome reassembly, as gauged by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Our findings suggest a role for HD-Pnk in repairing residual single-strand gaps or nicks in the reassembled genome. HD-Pnk-Ala mutations that ablate kinase or phosphoesterase activity sensitize Deinococcus to killing by mitomycin C.IMPORTANCE End healing is a process whereby nucleic acid breaks with "dirty" 3'-PO4 or 2',3'-cyclic-PO4 and 5'-OH ends are converted to 3'-OH and 5'-PO4 termini that are amenable to downstream repair reactions. Deinococcus radiodurans is resistant to massive doses of ionizing radiation (IR) that generate hundreds of dirty DNA double-strand breaks and thousands of single-strand breaks. This study highlights Deinococcus HD-Pnk as a bifunctional 3'- and 5'-end-healing enzyme that helps protect against killing by IR. HD-Pnk appears to act late in the process of post-IR recovery, subsequent to genome reassembly from shattered fragments. HD-Pnk also contributes to resistance to killing by mitomycin C. These findings are significant in that they establish a role for end-healing enzymes in bacterial DNA damage repair.
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23
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Feng C, Wang Z, Chen T, Chen X, Mao D, Zhao J, Li G. A Dual-Enzyme-Assisted Three-Dimensional DNA Walking Machine Using T4 Polynucleotide Kinase as Activators and Application in Polynucleotide Kinase Assays. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2810-2815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Mao
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
- Center
for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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24
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Li XY, Du YC, Pan YN, Su LL, Shi S, Wang SY, Tang AN, Kim K, Kong DM. Dual enzyme-assisted one-step isothermal real-time amplification assay for ultrasensitive detection of polynucleotide kinase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13841-13844. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08616h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, one-step and one-tube detection method for polynucleotide kinase (PNK) activity based on isothermal real-time amplification assay was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Yi-Chen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Yan-Nian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Li-Li Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Shuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Si-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - An-Na Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - Kwangil Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
| | - De-Ming Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin
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25
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Zhang Y, Fang X, Zhu Z, Lai Y, Xu C, Pang P, Wang H, Yang C, Barrow CJ, Yang W. A sensitive electrochemical assay for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on titanium dioxide nanotubes and a rolling circle amplification strategy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38436-38444. [PMID: 35559107 PMCID: PMC9090566 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed for detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) activity based on titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) and a rolling circle amplification (RCA) strategy. In this study, the immobilized T4 PNK substrate probe with a 5′ terminus hydroxyl was phosphorylated by T4 PNK in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the resulting 5-phosphoryl can be linked with the TiO2 NTs and further conjugated with the phosphate-labeled primer. RCA was initiated by adding circular template, phi29 DNA polymerase and deoxyribonucleoside 5-triphosphate mixture (dNTPs). Biotin-labeled probes are chosen as a signal indicator by strong biotin–streptavidin interaction and the high loading of horseradish peroxidase–streptavidin (HRP–SA) for electrochemical signal generation and amplification. A dual-signaling amplification strategy has been established, which exhibited an excellent performance with a wide linear range from 0.0001–15 U mL−1 and a low detection limit of 0.00003 U mL−1 for T4 PNK detection. The inhibition effect of (NH4)2SO4 on the activity of T4 PNK is also evaluated. This new dual-signaling electrochemical biosensor can be used for the detection of the activity and inhibition of other nucleic acid enzymes. An ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed for detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on titanium dioxide nanotubes and a rolling circle amplification strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Yanqiong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Chunli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- Shaanxi Geological Survey Center
- Xi'an 710068
- P. R. China
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Geelong
- Australia
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26
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Sanchez A, Gadaleta MC, Limbo O, Russell P. Lingering single-strand breaks trigger Rad51-independent homology-directed repair of collapsed replication forks in the polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase mutant of fission yeast. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007013. [PMID: 28922417 PMCID: PMC5626526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA repair enzyme polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) protects genome integrity by restoring ligatable 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini at single-strand breaks (SSBs). In humans, PNKP mutations underlie the neurological disease known as MCSZ, but these individuals are not predisposed for cancer, implying effective alternative repair pathways in dividing cells. Homology-directed repair (HDR) of collapsed replication forks was proposed to repair SSBs in PNKP-deficient cells, but the critical HDR protein Rad51 is not required in PNKP-null (pnk1Δ) cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Here, we report that pnk1Δ cells have enhanced requirements for Rad3 (ATR/Mec1) and Chk1 checkpoint kinases, and the multi-BRCT domain protein Brc1 that binds phospho-histone H2A (γH2A) at damaged replication forks. The viability of pnk1Δ cells depends on Mre11 and Ctp1 (CtIP/Sae2) double-strand break (DSB) resection proteins, Rad52 DNA strand annealing protein, Mus81-Eme1 Holliday junction resolvase, and Rqh1 (BLM/WRN/Sgs1) DNA helicase. Coupled with increased sister chromatid recombination and Rad52 repair foci in pnk1Δ cells, these findings indicate that lingering SSBs in pnk1Δ cells trigger Rad51-independent homology-directed repair of collapsed replication forks. From these data, we propose models for HDR-mediated tolerance of persistent SSBs with 3' phosphate in pnk1Δ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mariana C. Gadaleta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Oliver Limbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Dumbbell DNA-templated CuNPs as a nano-fluorescent probe for detection of enzymes involved in ligase-mediated DNA repair. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:456-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Li X, Xu X, Song J, Xue Q, Li C, Jiang W. Sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on multifunctional magnetic probes and polymerization nicking reactions mediated hyperbranched rolling circle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 91:631-636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Zhang H, Zhao Z, Lei Z, Wang Z. Sensitive Detection of Polynucleotide Kinase Activity by Paper-Based Fluorescence Assay with λ Exonuclease Assistance. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11358-11363. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University
of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A
Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Lei
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University
of
Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A
Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, People’s Republic of China
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30
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Cen Y, Yang Y, Yu RQ, Chen TT, Chu X. A cobalt oxyhydroxide nanoflake-based nanoprobe for the sensitive fluorescence detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8202-8209. [PMID: 27030367 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of nucleic acids with 5'-OH termini catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK) is an inevitable process and has been implicated in many important cellular events. Here, we found for the first time that there was a significant difference in the adsorbent ability of cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanoflakes between single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which resulted in the fluorescent dye-labeled dsDNA still retaining strong fluorescence emission, while the fluorescence signal of ssDNA was significantly quenched by CoOOH nanoflakes. Based on this discovery, we developed a CoOOH nanoflake-based nanoprobe for the fluorescence sensing of T4 PNK activity and its inhibition by combining it with λ exonuclease cleavage reaction. In the presence of T4 PNK, dye-labeled dsDNA was phosphorylated and then cleaved by λ exonuclease to generate ssDNA, which could adsorb on the CoOOH nanoflakes and whose fluorescence was quenched by CoOOH nanoflakes. Due to the high quenching property of CoOOH nanoflakes as an efficient energy acceptor, a sensitive and selective sensing approach with satisfactory performance for T4 PNK sensing in a complex biological matrix has been successfully constructed and applied to the screening of inhibitors. The developed approach may potentially provide a new platform for further research, clinical diagnosis, and drug discovery of nucleotide kinase related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ru-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | - Xia Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
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31
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Shi Z, Zhang X, Cheng R, Li B, Jin Y. A label-free cyclic assembly of G-quadruplex nanowires for cascade amplification detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26215375 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00968e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several fluorescence methods have been developed for sensitive detection of PNK activity based on signal amplification techniques, but they need fluorescently labeled DNA probes and superabundant assistant enzymes. We have addressed these limitations and report here a label-free and enzyme-free amplification strategy for sensitively and specifically studying PNK activity and inhibition via hybridization chain reaction (HCR). First, the phosphorylation of hairpin DNA H1 by T4 PNK makes it be specifically digested by lambda exonuclease (λ exo) from 5' to 3' direction to generate a single-stranded initiator which can successively open hairpins H2 and H3 to trigger an autonomous assembly of long DNA nanowires. Meanwhile, an intermolecular G-quadruplex is formed between H2 and H3, thereby providing fluorescence enhancement of N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) which is a highly quadruplex-selective fluorophore. So, the PNK activity can be facilely and sensitively detected by using NMM as a signal probe which provides a low background signal to improve the overall sensitivity, resulting in the detection limit of 3.37 × 10(-4) U mL(-1). More importantly, its successful application for detecting PNK activity in a complex biological matrix and studying the inhibition effects of PNK inhibitors demonstrated that it provides a promising platform for screening PNK inhibitors as well as detecting PNK activity. Therefore, it is a highly sensitive, specific, reliable and cost-effective strategy which shows great potential for biological process research, drug discovery, and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Barrera GP, Belaich MN, Patarroyo MA, Villamizar LF, Ghiringhelli PD. Evidence of recent interspecies horizontal gene transfer regarding nucleopolyhedrovirus infection of Spodoptera frugiperda. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1008. [PMID: 26607569 PMCID: PMC4861128 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baculoviruses are insect-associated viruses carrying large, circular double-stranded-DNA genomes with significant biotechnological applications such as biological pest control, recombinant protein production, gene delivery in mammals and as a model of DNA genome evolution. These pathogens infect insects from the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and have high species diversity which is expressed in their diverse biological properties including morphology, virulence or pathogenicity. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the fall armyworm, represents a significant pest for agriculture in America; it is a host for baculoviruses such as the Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) (Colombia strain, genotype A) having been classified as a Group II alphabaculovirus making it a very attractive target for bioinsecticidal use. RESULTS Genome analysis by pyrosequencing revealed that SfMNPV ColA has 145 ORFs, 2 of which were not present in the other sequenced genotypes of the virus (SfMNPV-NicB, SfMNPV-NicG, SfMNPV-19 and SfMNPV-3AP2). An in-depth bioinformatics study showed that ORF023 and ORF024 were acquired by a recent homologous recombination process between Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera litura (the Oriental leafworm moth) nucleopolyhedroviruses. Auxiliary genes are numerous in the affected locus which has a homologous region (hr3), a repetitive sequence associated with genome replication which became lost in SfColA along with 1 ORF. Besides, the mRNAs associated with two acquired genes appeared in the virus' life-cycle during the larval stage. Predictive studies concerning the theoretical proteins identified that ORF023 protein would be a phosphatase involved in DNA repair and that the ORF024 protein would be a membrane polypeptide associated with cell transport. CONCLUSIONS The SfColA genome was thus revealed to be a natural recombinant virus showing evidence of recent horizontal gene transfer between different baculovirus species occurring in nature. This feature could be the cause of its high insecticidal power and therefore SfColA becomes a great candidate for bioinsecticide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Patricia Barrera
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corpoica (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria), Km 14 Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular - Área Virosis de Insectos (LIGBCM-AVI), Dto. Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Avenida 50 N° 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Calle 12C N° 6-25, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Laura Fernanda Villamizar
- Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Corpoica (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria), Km 14 Vía Mosquera, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Daniel Ghiringhelli
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular - Área Virosis de Insectos (LIGBCM-AVI), Dto. Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Cuartas PE, Barrera GP, Belaich MN, Barreto E, Ghiringhelli PD, Villamizar LF. The complete sequence of the first Spodoptera frugiperda Betabaculovirus genome: a natural multiple recombinant virus. Viruses 2015; 7:394-421. [PMID: 25609309 PMCID: PMC4306845 DOI: 10.3390/v7010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest in maize crops in Colombia, and affects several regions in America. A granulovirus isolated from S. frugiperda (SfGV VG008) has potential as an enhancer of insecticidal activity of previously described nucleopolyhedrovirus from the same insect species (SfMNPV). The SfGV VG008 genome was sequenced and analyzed showing circular double stranded DNA of 140,913 bp encoding 146 putative ORFs that include 37 Baculoviridae core genes, 88 shared with betabaculoviruses, two shared only with betabaculoviruses from Noctuide insects, two shared with alphabaculoviruses, three copies of own genes (paralogs) and the other 14 corresponding to unique genes without representation in the other baculovirus species. Particularly, the genome encodes for important virulence factors such as 4 chitinases and 2 enhancins. The sequence analysis revealed the existence of eight homologous regions (hrs) and also suggests processes of gene acquisition by horizontal transfer including the SfGV VG008 ORFs 046/047 (paralogs), 059, 089 and 099. The bioinformatics evidence indicates that the genome donors of mentioned genes could be alpha- and/or betabaculovirus species. The previous reported ability of SfGV VG008 to naturally co-infect the same host with other virus show a possible mechanism to capture genes and thus improve its fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola E Cuartas
- Centro de investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria CORPOICA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera 250047, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Gloria P Barrera
- Centro de investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria CORPOICA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera 250047, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Mariano N Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular-Área Virosis de Insectos (LIGBCM-AVI), Dto. de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina.
| | - Emiliano Barreto
- Centro de Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Avenida Carrera 30 # 45, Bogotá 11001000, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
| | - Pablo D Ghiringhelli
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular-Área Virosis de Insectos (LIGBCM-AVI), Dto. de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1876, Argentina.
| | - Laura F Villamizar
- Centro de investigación Tibaitatá, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria CORPOICA, Km 14 Vía Mosquera 250047, Cundinamarca, Colombia.
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Sun S, Tang Y, Li Z. Phosphorylation-induced hybridization chain reaction on beads: an ultrasensitive flow cytometric assay for the detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5832-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A versatile flow cytometric bead assay (FCBA) has been developed for an ultrasensitive detection of T4 PNK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Sujuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Yanli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Zhengping Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang Y, Zhou B, Wu S. A sensitive immobilization-free electrochemical assay for T4PNK activity based on exonuclease III-assisted recycling. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12849h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work develops a novel, immobilization-free, simple and sensitive electrochemical platform for the detection of T4PNK activity based on λ-exo and exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
| | - Yaohui Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yuanqing Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha
- China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha
- China
| | - Shun Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology
- Changsha
- China
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36
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Tao M, Zhang J, Jin Y, Li B. Highly sensitive fluorescence assay of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition via enzyme-assisted signal amplification. Anal Biochem 2014; 464:63-9. [PMID: 25058928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA phosphorylation catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK) is an indispensable process in the repair, replication, and recombination of nucleic acids. Here, an enzyme-assisted amplification strategy was developed for the ultrasensitive monitoring activity and inhibition of T4 PNK. A hairpin oligonucleotide (hpDNA) was designed as a probe whose stem can be degraded from the 5' to 3' direction by lambda exonuclease (λ exo) when its 5' end is phosphorylated by PNK. So, the 3' stem and loop part of hpDNA was released as an initiator strand to open a molecular beacon (MB) that was designed as a fluorescence reporter, leading to a fluorescence restoration. Then, the initiator strand was released again by the nicking endonuclease (Nt.BbvCI) to hybridize with another MB, resulting in a cyclic reaction and accumulation of fluorescence signal. Based on enzyme-assisted amplification, PNK activity can be sensitively and rapidly detected with a detection limit of 1.0×10(-4)U/ml, which is superior to those of most existing approaches. Furthermore, the application of the proposed strategy for screening PNK inhibitors also demonstrated satisfactory results. Therefore, it provided a promising platform for monitoring activity and inhibition of PNK as well as for studying the activity of other nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangjuan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Baoxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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37
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Highly sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity by coupling split DNAzyme and ligation-triggered DNAzyme cascade amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 55:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Sensitive detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on coupled exonuclease reaction and nicking enzyme-assisted fluorescence signal amplification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2943-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Hou T, Wang X, Liu X, Lu T, Liu S, Li F. Amplified detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity by the coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction and catalytic assembly of bimolecular beacons. Anal Chem 2013; 86:884-90. [PMID: 24328238 DOI: 10.1021/ac403458b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of nucleic acid catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase is an indispensible procedure involved in many vital cellular activities such as DNA recombination and DNA repair. Herein, a novel strategy for the sensitive determination of T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) activity and inhibition was proposed, which combined exonuclease enzyme reaction and bimolecular beacons (bi-MBs)-based signal amplification. A hairpin probe (HP) with 5'-hydroxyl termini and two different types of molecular beacons (MBs), MB1 and MB2, is designed. Taking advantage of the efficient enzyme reactions, namely the phosphorylation of HP by PNK and the λ exonuclease cleavage reaction, the trigger DNA fragment can be released from HP and is used to trigger the catalytic assembly of bimolecular beacons, resulting in a remarkably amplified fluorescence signal toward PNK activity detection. The detection limit of this method toward PNK was obtained as 1 mU/mL, which was superior or comparable with the reported methods. Furthermore, the facile and sensitive method can also be used to screen the inhibition effects toward several common inhibitors. It provides a promising platform for sensitive determination of nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition, and also shows great potential for biological process research, drug discovery, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Hou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
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40
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Wang G, He X, Xu G, Chen L, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity with immobilization of TiO2 nanotubes and amplification of Au nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Chen F, Zhao Y, Qi L, Fan C. One-step highly sensitive florescence detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and biological small molecules by ligation-nicking coupled reaction-mediated signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:218-24. [PMID: 23584226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA phosphorylation, catalyzed by polynucleotide kinase (PNK), plays significant regulatory roles in many biological events. Herein, using T4 PNK as a model target, we describe a one-step, highly sensitive, simple and rapid fluorescence approach for monitoring its activity and inhibition. This innovative strategy is inspired by the great amplification capability of ligation-nicking coupled reaction-mediated signal amplification. In the presence of T4 PNK, one of two short oligonucleotides complementary to the loop sequence of molecular beacon (MB) are phosphorylated, and then ligated with the other by DNA ligase. Upon formation of the stable duplex between the ligated DNA and MB, the fluorescence is restored and further significantly amplified through nicking endonuclease assisted cleavage of multiple MBs. Meanwhile, the cleavage of MBs will also generate new nicks to initiate the ligation reaction. Eventually, a maximum fluorescence enhancement is obtained when the ligation and nicking process reached a dynamic equilibrium. As compared to those of the existing approaches except for the assay based on single nanoparticle counting, all limited to 1:1 signal transduction function, the sensitivity (0.00001U/mL) of the proposed strategy is 100-1700 times higher. The application of the sensing system in complex biological matrix and screening of T4 PNK inhibition are demonstrated with satisfactory results. Moreover, this approach is also successfully used to detect biological small molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and can be further extended for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
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Lin L, Liu Y, Yan J, Wang X, Li J. Sensitive nanochannel biosensor for T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition detection. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23194085 DOI: 10.1021/ac302875p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5'-Polynucleotide kinase is a crucial class of enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleic acids with 5'-hydroxyl termini. This process regulates many important cellular events, especially DNA repair during strand damage and interruption. The activity and inhibition of nucleotide kinase have proven to be an evident effect on cellular nucleic acid regulation and metabolism. Here, we describe a novel nanochannel biosensor for monitoring the activity and inhibition of T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK), a famous member of the 5'-kinase family playing a major role in the cellular responses to DNA damage. On the basis of the functionalized nanochannel system and coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction, the nanochannel-sensing platform exhibits high sensitivity and convenience toward kinase analysis. Biotin-labeled dsDNA effectively blocks the streptavidin-modified nanochannel through forming a closely packed arrangement of DNA structure inside the channel. When dsDNA is phosphorylated by PNK and then immediately cleaved by λ exonuclease, the pore-blocking effect almost disappears. This PNK-induced microstructural distinctness can be directly and accurately monitored by the nanochannel system, which benefits from its high sensitivity to the change of the effective pore size. Furthermore, modification convenience and mechanical robustness also ensure the stability of the test platform. This as-proposed strategy exhibits excellent analytical performance in both PNK activity analysis and inhibition evaluation. The simple and sensitive nanochannel biosensor shows great potential in developing on-chip, high-throughput assays for fundamental biochemical process research, molecular-target therapies, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, China
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43
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Li H, Wang C, Wu Z, Lu L, Qiu L, Zhou H, Shen G, Yu R. An electronic channel switching-based aptasensor for ultrasensitive protein detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 758:130-7. [PMID: 23245905 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ubiquity and essential of the proteins in all living organisms, the identification and quantification of disease-specific proteins are particularly important. Because the conformational change of aptamer upon its target or probe/target/probe sandwich often is the primary prerequisite for the design of an electrochemical aptameric assay system, it is extremely difficult to construct the electrochemical aptasensor for protein assay because the corresponding aptamers cannot often meet the requirement. To circumvent the obstacles mentioned, an electronic channel switching-based (ECS) aptasensor for ultrasensitive protein detection is developed. The essential achievement made is that an innovative sensing concept is proposed: the hairpin structure of aptamer is designed to pull electroactive species toward electrode surface and makes the surface-immobilized IgE serve as a barrier that separates enzyme from its substrate. It seemingly ensures that the ECS aptasensor exhibits most excellent assay features, such as, a detection limit of 4.44×10(-6)μg mL(-1) (22.7fM, 220zmol in 10-μL sample) (demonstrating a 5 orders of magnitude improvement in detection sensitivity compared with classical electronic aptasensors) and dynamic response range from 4.44×10(-6) to 4.44×10(-1)μg mL(-1). We believe that the described sensing concept here might open a new avenue for the detection of proteins and other biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Kashkina E, Qi T, Weinfeld M, Young D. Polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase, Pnk1, is involved in base excision repair in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:676-83. [PMID: 22748672 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Schizosaccharomyces pombe pnk1 cells are more sensitive than wild-type cells to γ-radiation and camptothecin, indicating that Pnk1 is required for DNA repair. Here, we report that pnk1pku70 and pnk1rhp51 double mutants are more sensitive to γ-radiation than single mutants, from which we infer that Pnk1's primary role is independent of either homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining mechanisms. We also report that pnk1 cells are more sensitive than wild-type cells to oxidizing and alkylating agents, suggesting that Pnk1 is involved in base excision repair. Mutational analysis of Pnk1 revealed that the DNA 3'-phosphatase activity is necessary for repair of DNA damage, whereas the 5'-kinase activity is dispensable. A role for Pnk1 in base excision repair is supported by genetic analyses which revealed that pnk1apn2 is synthetically lethal, suggesting that Pnk1 and Apn2 may function in parallel pathways essential for the repair of endogenous DNA damage. Furthermore, the nth1pnk1apn2 and tdp1pnk1apn2 triple mutants are viable, implying that single-strand breaks with 3'-blocked termini produced by Nth1 and Tdp1 contribute to synthetic lethality. We also examined the sensitivity to methyl methanesulfonate of all single and double mutant combinations of nth1, apn2, tdp1 and pnk1. Together, our results support a model where Tdp1 and Pnk1 act in concert in an Apn2-independent base excision repair pathway to repair 3'-blocked termini produced by Nth1; and they also provide evidence that Pnk1 has additional roles in base excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kashkina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N4N1, Canada
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He K, Li W, Nie Z, Huang Y, Liu Z, Nie L, Yao S. Enzyme-Regulated Activation of DNAzyme: A Novel Strategy for a Label-Free Colorimetric DNA Ligase Assay and Ligase-Based Biosensing. Chemistry 2012; 18:3992-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Wang Y, He X, Wang K, Ni X, Su J, Chen Z. Ferrocene-functionalized SWCNT for electrochemical detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tahbaz N, Subedi S, Weinfeld M. Role of polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase in mitochondrial DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:3484-95. [PMID: 22210862 PMCID: PMC3333865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are implicated in a broad range of human diseases and in aging. Compared to nuclear DNA, mtDNA is more highly exposed to oxidative damage due to its proximity to the respiratory chain and the lack of protection afforded by chromatin-associated proteins. While repair of oxidative damage to the bases in mtDNA through the base excision repair pathway has been well studied, the repair of oxidatively induced strand breaks in mtDNA has been less thoroughly examined. Polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP) processes strand-break termini to render them chemically compatible for the subsequent action of DNA polymerases and ligases. Here, we demonstrate that functionally active full-length PNKP is present in mitochondria as well as nuclei. Downregulation of PNKP results in an accumulation of strand breaks in mtDNA of hydrogen peroxide-treated cells. Full restoration of repair of the H2O2-induced strand breaks in mitochondria requires both the kinase and phosphatase activities of PNKP. We also demonstrate that PNKP contains a mitochondrial-targeting signal close to the C-terminus of the protein. We further show that PNKP associates with the mitochondrial protein mitofilin. Interaction with mitofilin may serve to translocate PNKP into mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Tahbaz
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 1Z2
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48
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49
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Nilsen L, Forstrøm RJ, Bjørås M, Alseth I. AP endonuclease independent repair of abasic sites in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2000-9. [PMID: 22084197 PMCID: PMC3300018 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Abasic (AP) sites are formed spontaneously and are inevitably intermediates during base excision repair of DNA base damages. AP sites are both mutagenic and cytotoxic and key enzymes for their removal are AP endonucleases. However, AP endonuclease independent repair initiated by DNA glycosylases performing β,δ-elimination cleavage of the AP sites has been described in mammalian cells. Here, we describe another AP endonuclease independent repair pathway for removal of AP sites in Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is initiated by a bifunctional DNA glycosylase, Nth1 and followed by cleavage of the baseless sugar residue by tyrosyl phosphodiesterase Tdp1. We propose that repair is completed by the action of a polynucleotide kinase, a DNA polymerase and finally a DNA ligase to seal the gap. A fission yeast double mutant of the major AP endonuclease Apn2 and Tdp1 shows synergistic increase in MMS sensitivity, substantiating that Apn2 and Tdp1 process the same substrate. These results add new knowledge to the complex cellular response to AP sites, which could be exploited in chemotherapy where synthetic lethality is a key strategy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nilsen
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital HF Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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50
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Lin L, Liu Y, Zhao X, Li J. Sensitive and rapid screening of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition based on coupled exonuclease reaction and graphene oxide platform. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8396-402. [PMID: 22026510 DOI: 10.1021/ac200593g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of DNA with 5'-hydroxyl termini plays a critical role in a majority of normal cellular events, including DNA recombination, DNA replication, and repair of DNA during strand interruption. Determination of nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition is under intense development due to its importance in regulating nucleic acid metabolism. Here, by using T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) as a model, which plays an essential role in cellular nucleic acid metabolism, particularly in the cellular responses to DNA damage, we describe a strategy for simply and accurately determining nucleotide kinase activity and inhibition by means of a coupled λ exonuclease cleavage reaction and graphene oxide (GO) based platform. The dye attached dsDNA preserves most of the fluorescence when mixed with GO. While dsDNA is phosphorylated by PNK and then immediately cleaved by λ exonuclease, fluorescence is greatly quenched. Because of the super quenching ability and the high specific surface area of GO, the as-proposed platform presents an excellent performance with wide linear range and low detection limit in the cell extracts environment. Additionally, inhibition effects of adenosine diphosphate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium hydrogen phosphate have also been investigated. The method not only provides a universal platform for monitoring activity and inhibition of nucleotide kinase but also shows great potential in biological process researches, drug discovery, and clinic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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