1
|
Morgan PK, Pernes G, Huynh K, Giles C, Paul S, Smith AAT, Mellett NA, Liang A, van Buuren-Milne T, Veiga CB, Collins TJC, Xu Y, Lee MKS, De Silva TM, Meikle PJ, Lancaster GI, Murphy AJ. A lipid atlas of human and mouse immune cells provides insights into ferroptosis susceptibility. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:645-659. [PMID: 38589531 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The cellular lipidome comprises thousands of unique lipid species. Here, using mass spectrometry-based targeted lipidomics, we characterize the lipid landscape of human and mouse immune cells ( www.cellularlipidatlas.com ). Using this resource, we show that immune cells have unique lipidomic signatures and that processes such as activation, maturation and development impact immune cell lipid composition. To demonstrate the potential of this resource to provide insights into immune cell biology, we determine how a cell-specific lipid trait-differences in the abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing glycerophospholipids (PUFA-PLs)-influences immune cell biology. First, we show that differences in PUFA-PL content underpin the differential susceptibility of immune cells to ferroptosis. Second, we show that low PUFA-PL content promotes resistance to ferroptosis in activated neutrophils. In summary, we show that the lipid landscape is a defining feature of immune cell identity and that cell-specific lipid phenotypes underpin aspects of immune cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooranee K Morgan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Corey Giles
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sudip Paul
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Amy Liang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Thomas J C Collins
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yangsong Xu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Man K S Lee
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Michael De Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme I Lancaster
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cedillo L, Ahsan FM, Li S, Stuhr NL, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Adedoja A, Murphy LM, Yerevanian A, Emans S, Dao K, Li Z, Peterson ND, Watrous J, Jain M, Das S, Pukkila-Worley R, Curran SP, Soukas AA. Ether lipid biosynthesis promotes lifespan extension and enables diverse pro-longevity paradigms in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2023; 12:e82210. [PMID: 37606250 PMCID: PMC10444025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biguanides, including the world's most prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes, metformin, not only lower blood sugar, but also promote longevity in preclinical models. Epidemiologic studies in humans parallel these findings, indicating favorable effects of metformin on longevity and on reducing the incidence and morbidity associated with aging-related diseases. Despite this promise, the full spectrum of molecular effectors responsible for these health benefits remains elusive. Through unbiased screening in Caenorhabditis elegans, we uncovered a role for genes necessary for ether lipid biosynthesis in the favorable effects of biguanides. We demonstrate that biguanides prompt lifespan extension by stimulating ether lipid biogenesis. Loss of the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery also mitigates lifespan extension attributable to dietary restriction, target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibition, and mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition. A possible mechanistic explanation for this finding is that ether lipids are required for activation of longevity-promoting, metabolic stress defenses downstream of the conserved transcription factor skn-1/Nrf. In alignment with these findings, overexpression of a single, key, ether lipid biosynthetic enzyme, fard-1/FAR1, is sufficient to promote lifespan extension. These findings illuminate the ether lipid biosynthetic machinery as a novel therapeutic target to promote healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucydalila Cedillo
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Fasih M Ahsan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sainan Li
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicole L Stuhr
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Adebanjo Adedoja
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Luke M Murphy
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Armen Yerevanian
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sinclair Emans
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Biomedical Informatics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchooCambridgeUnited States
| | - Nicholas D Peterson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jeramie Watrous
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Biomedical Informatics Core, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchooCambridgeUnited States
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Sean P Curran
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
2-Hexadecenal Regulates ROS Production and Induces Apoptosis in Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:77-86. [PMID: 36418741 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Hexadecenal (2-HD)-a biologically active long-chain fatty aldehyde formed in organism enzymatically or nonenzymatically in the reaction of free-radical destruction of sphingolipids under the action of hypochlorous acid, producing by myeloperoxidase. This research aimed to study 2-HD effects on polymorphonuclear leukocytes' (PMNLs) functions. It has been shown that at submicromolar concentrations, 2-HD causes an elevation in ROS production by PMNLs. It has been found that such effect is associated with signal transduction pathways modification and expressed in elevation of NADPH oxidase, MPO, and JNK-MAPK contributions to this process. At higher concentrations, 2-HD induces apoptosis, which correlates with a significant increase in free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm, a decrease in ROS production, and a decline in mitochondrial potential. Both of these processes are accompanied by cytoskeleton reorganization.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shakya S, McGuffee RM, Ford DA. Characterization of N-Acetyl Cysteine Adducts with Exogenous and Neutrophil-Derived 2-Chlorofatty Aldehyde. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020504. [PMID: 36830062 PMCID: PMC9952649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid is produced by leukocyte myeloperoxidase activity. 2-Chlorofatty aldehydes (2-ClFALDs) are formed when hypochlorous acid attacks the plasma membrane phospholipid plasmalogen molecular subclass and are thus produced following leukocyte activation as well as in the lungs of mice exposed to chlorine gas. The biological role of 2-ClFALD is largely unknown. Recently, we used an alkyne analog (2-ClHDyA) of the 2-ClFALD molecular species, 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), to identify proteins covalently modified by 2-ClHDyA in endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate that 2-ClHDA reduces the metabolic activity of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. 2-ClHDyA localizes to the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in RAW 264.7 cells and modifies many proteins. The thiol-containing precursor of glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), was shown to produce an adduct with 2-ClHDA with the loss of Cl- (HDA-NAC). This adduct was characterized in both positive and negative ion modes using LC-MS/MS and electrospray ionization. NAC treatment of neutrophils reduced the 2-ClFALD levels in PMA-stimulated cells with subsequent increases in HDA-NAC. NAC treatments reduced the 2-ClHDA-elicited loss of metabolic activity in RAW 264.7 cells as well as 2-ClHDA protein modification. These studies demonstrate that 2-ClFALD toxic effects can be reduced by NAC, which reduces protein modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Shakya
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Reagan M. McGuffee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - David A. Ford
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shakya S, Pyles KD, Albert CJ, Patel RP, McCommis KS, Ford DA. Myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid targets human airway epithelial plasmalogens liberating protein modifying electrophilic 2-chlorofatty aldehydes. Redox Biol 2023; 59:102557. [PMID: 36508858 PMCID: PMC9763693 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil and airway epithelial cell interactions are critical in the inflammatory response to viral infections including respiratory syncytial virus, Sendai virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Airway epithelial cell dysfunction during viral infections is likely mediated by the interaction of virus and recruited neutrophils at the airway epithelial barrier. Neutrophils are key early responders to viral infection. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Previous studies have shown HOCl targets host neutrophil and endothelial cell plasmalogen lipids, resulting in the production of the chlorinated lipid, 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD). We have previously shown that the oxidation product of 2-ClFALD, 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA) is present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Sendai virus-infected mice, which likely results from the attack of the epithelial plasmalogen by neutrophil-derived HOCl. Herein, we demonstrate small airway epithelial cells contain plasmalogens enriched with oleic acid at the sn-2 position unlike endothelial cells which contain arachidonic acid enrichment at the sn-2 position of plasmalogen. We also show neutrophil-derived HOCl targets epithelial cell plasmalogens to produce 2-ClFALD. Further, proteomics and over-representation analysis using the ω-alkyne analog of the 2-ClFALD molecular species, 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDyA) showed cell adhesion molecule binding and cell-cell junction enriched categories similar to that observed previously in endothelial cells. However, in contrast to endothelial cells, proteins in distinct metabolic pathways were enriched with 2-ClFALD modification, particularly pyruvate metabolism was enriched in epithelial cells and mitochondrial pyruvate respiration was reduced. Collectively, these studies demonstrate, for the first time, a novel plasmalogen molecular species distribution in airway epithelial cells that are targeted by myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid resulting in electrophilic 2-ClFALD, which potentially modifies epithelial physiology by modifying proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Shakya
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Kelly D Pyles
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kyle S McCommis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cifarelli V, Kuda O, Yang K, Liu X, Gross RW, Pietka TA, Heo GS, Sultan D, Luehmann H, Lesser J, Ross M, Goldberg IJ, Gropler RJ, Liu Y, Abumrad NA. Cardiac immune cell infiltration associates with abnormal lipid metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:948332. [PMID: 36061565 PMCID: PMC9428462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.948332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 mediates the uptake of long-chain fatty acids (FAs), a major energy substrate for the myocardium. Under excessive FA supply, CD36 can cause cardiac lipid accumulation and inflammation while its deletion reduces heart FA uptake and lipid content and increases glucose utilization. As a result, CD36 was proposed as a therapeutic target for obesity-associated heart disease. However, more recent reports have shown that CD36 deficiency suppresses myocardial flexibility in fuel preference between glucose and FAs, impairing tissue energy balance, while CD36 absence in tissue macrophages reduces efferocytosis and myocardial repair after injury. In line with the latter homeostatic functions, we had previously reported that CD36-/- mice have chronic subclinical inflammation. Lipids are important for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and there is limited information on heart lipid metabolism in CD36 deficiency. Here, we document in the hearts of unchallenged CD36-/- mice abnormalities in the metabolism of triglycerides, plasmalogens, cardiolipins, acylcarnitines, and arachidonic acid, and the altered remodeling of these lipids in response to an overnight fast. The hearts were examined for evidence of inflammation by monitoring the presence of neutrophils and pro-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages using the respective positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, 64Cu-AMD3100 and 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i. We detected significant immune cell infiltration in unchallenged CD36-/- hearts as compared with controls and immune infiltration was also observed in hearts of mice with cardiomyocyte-specific CD36 deficiency. Together, the data show that the CD36-/- heart is in a non-homeostatic state that could compromise its stress response. Non-invasive immune cell monitoring in humans with partial or total CD36 deficiency could help evaluate the risk of impaired heart remodeling and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Cifarelli
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Vincenza Cifarelli,
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xinping Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard W. Gross
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Terri A. Pietka
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah Sultan
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hannah Luehmann
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josie Lesser
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Morgan Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ira J. Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert J. Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Yongjian Liu,
| | - Nada A. Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Nada A. Abumrad,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Endothelial Cell Protein Targeting by Myeloperoxidase-Derived 2-Chlorofatty Aldehyde. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050940. [PMID: 35624804 PMCID: PMC9138145 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important cellular mediators of injury and repair in diseases including ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and sepsis. Myeloperoxidase-derived (MPO)-oxidants released from neutrophils are potential mediators of endothelial injury in disease. MPO-derived HOCl attacks plasmalogen phospholipid to liberate 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD). Both 2-ClFALD and its oxidation product, 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA), are electrophilic lipids, and both probably react with proteins through several mechanisms. In the present study, we investigate protein modification specifically by 2-ClFALD under non-reducing conditions (e.g., without stabilizing Schiff base bonds), which likely reflects nucleophilic targeting of the electrophilic chlorinated carbon. Protein modification by the ω-alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), 2-ClHDyA, was compared to that with the ω-alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA), 2-ClHyA, in multiple cell lines, which demonstrated 2-ClFALD preferentially modifies proteins compared to 2-ClFA. The 2-ClHDyA modified proteins from EA.hy926 cells and human lung microvascular endothelial cells analyzed by shotgun proteomics and over-representation analysis included adherens junction, cell adhesion molecule binding, and cell substrate junction enrichment categories. It is possible that proteins in these groups may have roles in previously described 2-ClFALD-elicited endothelial barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pike DP, McGuffee RM, Geerling E, Albert CJ, Hoft DF, Shashaty MGS, Meyer NJ, Pinto AK, Ford DA. Plasmalogen Loss in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:912880. [PMID: 35784479 PMCID: PMC9242022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.912880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are plasma-borne antioxidant phospholipid species that provide protection as cellular lipid components during cellular oxidative stress. In this study we investigated plasma plasmalogen levels in human sepsis as well as in rodent models of infection. In humans, levels of multiple plasmenylethanolamine molecular species were decreased in septic patient plasma compared to control subject plasma as well as an age-aligned control subject cohort. Additionally, lysoplasmenylcholine levels were significantly decreased in septic patients compared to the control cohorts. In contrast, plasma diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine levels were elevated in septic patients. Lipid changes were also determined in rats subjected to cecal slurry sepsis. Plasma plasmenylcholine, plasmenylethanolamine, and lysoplasmenylcholine levels were decreased while diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine levels were increased in septic rats compared to control treated rats. Kidney levels of lysoplasmenylcholine as well as plasmenylethanolamine molecular species were decreased in septic rats. Interestingly, liver plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine levels were increased in septic rats. Since COVID-19 is associated with sepsis-like acute respiratory distress syndrome and oxidative stress, plasmalogen levels were also determined in a mouse model of COVID-19 (intranasal inoculation of K18 mice with SARS-CoV-2). 3 days following infection, lung infection was confirmed as well as cytokine expression in the lung. Multiple molecular species of lung plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine were decreased in infected mice. In contrast, the predominant lung phospholipid, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, was not decreased following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally total plasmenylcholine levels were decreased in the plasma of SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate the loss of plasmalogens during both sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study also indicates plasma plasmalogens should be considered in future studies as biomarkers of infection and as prognostic indicators for sepsis and COVID-19 outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Reagan M McGuffee
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael G S Shashaty
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amunugama K, Jellinek MJ, Kilroy MP, Albert CJ, Rasi V, Hoft DF, Shashaty MGS, Meyer NJ, Ford DA. Identification of novel neutrophil very long chain plasmalogen molecular species and their myeloperoxidase mediated oxidation products in human sepsis. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102208. [PMID: 34902676 PMCID: PMC8671113 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of phospholipids containing vinyl ether linked aliphatic groups at the sn-1 position. Plasmalogens are known to contain 16- and 18-carbon aliphatic groups at the sn-1 position. Here, we reveal that the human neutrophil plasmenylethanolamine pool uniquely includes molecular species with very long carbon chain (VLC) aliphatic groups, including 20-, 22- and 24-carbon vinyl ether linked aliphatic groups at the sn-1 position. We identified these novel VLC plasmalogen species by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry methods. VLC plasmalogens were only found in the neutrophil plasmenylethanolamine pool. During neutrophil activation, VLC plasmenylethanolamines undergo myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidation to produce VLC 2-chlorofatty aldehyde and its oxidation product, 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). Furthermore, plasma concentrations of VLC 2-ClFA are elevated in human sepsis. These studies demonstrate for the first time VLC plasmenylethanolamine molecular species, their myeloperoxidase-mediated chlorolipid products and the presence of these chlorolipids in human sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Matthew J Jellinek
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Megan P Kilroy
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Valerio Rasi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Michael G S Shashaty
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6021, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6021, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Lazrak A, Jilling T, Matalon S. Halogen-Induced Chemical Injury to the Mammalian Cardiopulmonary Systems. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:272-291. [PMID: 34431415 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The halogens chlorine (Cl2) and bromine (Br2) are highly reactive oxidizing elements with widespread industrial applications and a history of development and use as chemical weapons. When inhaled, depending on the dose and duration of exposure, they cause acute and chronic injury to both the lungs and systemic organs that may result in the development of chronic changes (such as fibrosis) and death from cardiopulmonary failure. A number of conditions, such as viral infections, coexposure to other toxic gases, and pregnancy increase susceptibility to halogens significantly. Herein we review their danger to public health, their mechanisms of action, and the development of pharmacological agents that when administered post-exposure decrease morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cardiovascular Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ahmed Lazrak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amunugama K, Kolar GR, Ford DA. Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase Derived Chlorolipid Production During Bacteria Exposure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701227. [PMID: 34489949 PMCID: PMC8416994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells recruited to the sites of infection and inflammation. During neutrophil activation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released and converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl reacts with plasmalogen phospholipids to liberate 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD), which is metabolized to 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD are linked with inflammatory diseases and induce endothelial dysfunction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis) and neutrophil chemotaxis. Here we examine the neutrophil-derived chlorolipid production in the presence of pathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and non-pathogenic E. coli strain JM109. Neutrophils cocultured with CFT073 E. coli strain and JM109 E. coli strain resulted in 2-ClFALD production. 2-ClFA was elevated only in CFT073 coculture. NETosis is more prevalent in CFT073 cocultures with neutrophils compared to JM109 cocultures. 2-ClFA and 2-ClFALD were both shown to have significant bactericidal activity, which is more severe in JM109 E. coli. 2-ClFALD metabolic capacity was 1000-fold greater in neutrophils compared to either strain of E. coli. MPO inhibition reduced chlorolipid production as well as bacterial killing capacity. These findings indicate the chlorolipid profile is different in response to these two different strains of E. coli bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grant R. Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Research Microscopy and Histology Core, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amunugama K, Pike DP, Ford DA. The lipid biology of sepsis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100090. [PMID: 34087197 PMCID: PMC8243525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as the dysregulated immune response to an infection leading to organ dysfunction, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the globe. Despite the significant progress in delineating the underlying mechanisms of sepsis pathogenesis, there are currently no effective treatments or specific diagnostic biomarkers in the clinical setting. The perturbation of cell signaling mechanisms, inadequate inflammation resolution, and energy imbalance, all of which are altered during sepsis, are also known to lead to defective lipid metabolism. The use of lipids as biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity may aid in early diagnosis and guide clinical decision making. In addition, identifying the link between specific lipid signatures and their role in sepsis pathology may lead to novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on dysregulated lipid metabolism both in experimental and human sepsis focused on bioactive lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol as well as the enzymes regulating their levels during sepsis. We highlight not only their potential roles in sepsis pathogenesis but also the possibility of using these respective lipid compounds as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Amunugama
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prasch J, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Kollroser M, Rechberger GN, Koyani CN, Trummer C, Rech L, Rainer PP, Hammer A, Malle E, Sattler W. Myeloperoxidase-Derived 2-Chlorohexadecanal Is Generated in Mouse Heart during Endotoxemia and Induces Modification of Distinct Cardiomyocyte Protein Subsets In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239235. [PMID: 33287422 PMCID: PMC7730634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in critically ill patients and associated with cardiac dysfunction, a complication linked to immunological and metabolic aberrations. Cardiac neutrophil infiltration and subsequent release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) leads to the formation of the oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is able to chemically modify plasmalogens (ether-phospholipids) abundantly present in the heart. This reaction gives rise to the formation of reactive lipid species including aldehydes and chlorinated fatty acids. During the present study, we tested whether endotoxemia increases MPO-dependent lipid oxidation/modification in the mouse heart. In hearts of lipopolysaccharide-injected mice, we observed significantly higher infiltration of MPO-positive cells, increased fatty acid content, and formation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), an MPO-derived plasmalogen modification product. Using murine HL-1 cardiomyocytes as in vitro model, we show that exogenously added HOCl attacks the cellular plasmalogen pool and gives rise to the formation of 2-ClHDA. Addition of 2-ClHDA to HL-1 cardiomyocytes resulted in conversion to 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid and 2-chlorohexadecanol, indicating fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated redox metabolism. However, a recovery of only 40% indicated the formation of non-extractable (protein) adducts. To identify protein targets, we used a clickable alkynyl analog, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA). After Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 5-tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) and two dimensional-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE), we were able to identify 51 proteins that form adducts with 2-ClHDyA. Gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed an overrepresentation of heat shock and chaperone, energy metabolism, and cytoskeletal proteins as major targets. Our observations in a murine endotoxemia model demonstrate formation of HOCl-modified lipids in the heart, while pathway analysis in vitro revealed that the chlorinated aldehyde targets specific protein subsets, which are central to cardiac function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Prasch
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Gerald N. Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N. Koyani
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Christopher Trummer
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Lavinia Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Peter P. Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.R.); (P.P.R.)
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (C.N.K.); (C.T.); (E.M.)
- Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Wimmer I, Berger J. Plasmalogens, platelet-activating factor and beyond - Ether lipids in signaling and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105061. [PMID: 32861763 PMCID: PMC7116601 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-based ether lipids including ether phospholipids form a specialized branch of lipids that in mammals require peroxisomes for their biosynthesis. They are major components of biological membranes and one particular subgroup, the plasmalogens, is widely regarded as a cellular antioxidant. Their vast potential to influence signal transduction pathways is less well known. Here, we summarize the literature showing associations with essential signaling cascades for a wide variety of ether lipids, including platelet-activating factor, alkylglycerols, ether-linked lysophosphatidic acid and plasmalogen-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids. The available experimental evidence demonstrates links to several common players like protein kinase C, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors or mitogen-activated protein kinases. Furthermore, ether lipid levels have repeatedly been connected to some of the most abundant neurological diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and more recently also neurodevelopmental disorders like autism. Thus, we critically discuss the potential role of these compounds in the etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases with an emphasis on signaling processes. Finally, we review the emerging interest in plasmalogens as treatment target in neurological diseases, assessing available data and highlighting future perspectives. Although many aspects of ether lipid involvement in cellular signaling identified in vitro still have to be confirmed in vivo, the compiled data show many intriguing properties and contributions of these lipids to health and disease that will trigger further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu H, Liu Y, Wang M, Restrepo RJ, Wang D, Kalogeris TJ, Neumann WL, Ford DA, Korthuis RJ. Myeloperoxidase instigates proinflammatory responses in a cecal ligation and puncture rat model of sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H705-H721. [PMID: 32762560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00440.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived hypochlorous (HOCl) reacts with membrane plasmalogens to yield α-chlorofatty aldehydes such as 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD) and its metabolite 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). Recent studies showed that 2-ClFALD and 2-ClFA serve as mediators of the inflammatory responses to sepsis by as yet unknown mechanisms. Since no scavenger for chlorinated lipids is available and on the basis of the well-established role of the MPO/HOCl/chlorinated lipid axis in inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that treatment with MPO inhibitors (N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide or 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide) would inhibit inflammation and proinflammatory mediator expression induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We used intravital microscopy to quantify in vivo inflammatory responses in Sham and CLP rats with or without MPO inhibition. Small intestines, mesenteries, and lungs were collected to assess changes in MPO-positive staining and lung injury, respectively, as well as free 2-ClFA and proinflammatory mediators levels. CLP caused neutrophil infiltration, 2-ClFA generation, acute lung injury, leukocyte-/platelet-endothelium interactions, mast cell activation (MCA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) production, and the expression of several cytokines, chemokines, and vascular endothelial growth factor, changes that were reduced by MPO inhibition. Pretreatment with a PAI-1 inhibitor or MC stabilizer prevented CLP-induced leukocyte-endothelium interactions and MCA, and abrogated exogenous 2-ClFALD-induced inflammatory responses. Thus, we provide evidence that MPO instigates these inflammatory changes in CLP and that chlorinated lipids may serve as a mechanistic link between the enzymatic activity of MPO and PAI-1- and mast cell-dependent adhesive interactions, providing a rationale for new therapeutic interventions in sepsis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using two distinct myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, we show for the first time that MPO plays an important role in producing increases in free 2-chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD)-a powerful proinflammatory chlorinated lipid in plasma and intestine-a number of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, leukocyte and platelet rolling and adhesion in postcapillary venules, and lung injury in a cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. In addition, the use of a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibitor or a mast cell stabilizer prevented inflammatory responses in CLP-induced sepsis. PAI-1 inhibition also prevented the proinflammatory responses to exogenous 2-ClFALD superfusion. Thus, our study provides some of the first evidence that MPO-derived free 2-ClFA plays an important role in CLP-induced sepsis by a PAI-1- and mast cell-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ricardo J Restrepo
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Derek Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Theodore J Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Addis DR, Aggarwal S, Doran SF, Jian MY, Ahmad I, Kojima K, Ford DA, Matalon S, Mobley JA. Vascular permeability disruption explored in the proteomes of mouse lungs and human microvascular cells following acute bromine exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L337-L359. [PMID: 32579402 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromine (Br2) is an organohalide found in nature and is integral to many manufacturing processes. Br2 is toxic to living organisms, and high concentrations can prove fatal. To meet industrial demand, large amounts of purified Br2 are produced, transported, and stored worldwide, providing a multitude of interfaces for potential human exposure through either accidents or terrorism. To identify the key mechanisms associated with acute Br2 exposure, we have surveyed the lung proteomes of C57BL/6 male mice and human lung-derived microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) at 24 h following exposure to Br2 in concentrations likely to be encountered in the vicinity of industrial accidents. Global discovery proteomics applications combined with systems biology analysis identified robust and highly significant changes in proteins associated with three biological processes: 1) exosome secretion, 2) inflammation, and 3) vascular permeability. We focused on the latter, conducting physiological studies on isolated perfused lungs harvested from mice 24 h after Br2 exposure. These experiments revealed significant increases in the filtration coefficient (Kf) indicating increased permeability of the pulmonary vasculature. Similarly, confluent monolayers of Br2 and Br-lipid-treated HMECs exhibited differential levels of zona occludens-1 that were found to be dissociated from cell wall localization, an increase in phosphorylation and internalization of E-cadherin, as well as increased actin stress fiber formation, all of which are consistent with increased permeability. Taken as a whole, our discovery proteomics and systems analysis workflow, combined with physiological measurements of permeability, revealed both profound and novel biological changes that contribute to our current understanding of Br2 toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Addis
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen F Doran
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ming-Yuan Jian
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kyoko Kojima
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James A Mobley
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McHowat J, Shakya S, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty Aldehyde Elicits Endothelial Cell Activation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:460. [PMID: 32457656 PMCID: PMC7225355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation and dysfunction are hallmarks of inflammation. Neutrophil-vascular endothelium interactions have significant effects on vascular wall physiology and pathology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived products released from activated neutrophils can mediate the inflammatory response and contribute to endothelial dysfunction. 2-Chlorofatty aldehyde (2-ClFALD) is the direct oxidation product of MPO-derived hypochlorous acid (HOCl) targeting plasmalogen phospholipids. The role of 2-ClFALD in endothelial dysfunction is poorly understood and may be dependent on the vascular bed. This study compared the role of 2-ClFALD in eliciting endothelial dysfunction in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC), and human kidney endothelial cells (HKEC). Profound increases in selectin surface expression as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 surface expression were observed in HCAEC and HLMVEC. The surface expression of these adherence molecules resulted in robust adherence of neutrophils and platelets to 2-ClFALD treated endothelial cells. In contrast to HCAEC and HLMVEC, 2-ClFALD-treated HKEC had substantially reduced adherence molecule surface expression with no resulting increase in platelet adherence. 2-ClFALD-treated HKEC did have an increase in neutrophil adherence. All three endothelial cell lines treated with 2-ClFALD displayed a time-dependent loss of barrier function. Further studies revealed 2-ClHDyA localizes to ER and Golgi when using a synthetic alkyne analog of 2-ClFALD in HCAEC and HLMVEC. These findings indicate 2-ClFALDs promote endothelial cell dysfunction with disparate degrees of responsiveness depending on the vascular bed of origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shubha Shakya
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pike DP, Vogel MJ, McHowat J, Mikuzis PA, Schulte KA, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids are biomarkers of sepsis mortality and mediators of barrier dysfunction in rats. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1115-1127. [PMID: 32376642 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as the systemic, dysregulated host immune response to an infection that leads to injury to host organ systems and, often, death. Complex interactions between pathogens and their hosts elicit microcirculatory dysfunction. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for combating pathogens, but MPO-derived hypochlorous acid (HOCl) can react with host molecular species as well. Plasmalogens are targeted by HOCl, leading to the production of 2-chlorofatty acids (2-CLFAs). 2-CLFAs are associated with human sepsis mortality, decrease in vitro endothelial barrier function, and activate human neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Here, we sought to examine 2-CLFAs in an in vivo rat sepsis model. Intraperitoneal cecal slurry sepsis with clinically relevant rescue therapies led to ∼73% mortality and evidence of microcirculatory dysfunction. Plasma concentrations of 2-CLFAs assessed 8 h after sepsis induction were lower in rats that survived sepsis than in nonsurvivors. 2-CLFA levels were elevated in kidney, liver, spleen, lung, colon, and ileum in septic animals. In vivo, exogenous 2-CLFA treatments increased kidney permeability, and in in vitro experiments, 2-CLFA also increased epithelial surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and decreased epithelial barrier function. Collectively, these studies support a role of free 2-CLFAs as biomarkers of sepsis mortality, potentially mediated, in part, by 2-CLFA-elicited endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Pike
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Michael J Vogel
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Paul A Mikuzis
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Kevin A Schulte
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104. mailto:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ebenezer DL, Fu P, Ramchandran R, Ha AW, Putherickal V, Sudhadevi T, Harijith A, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Natarajan V. S1P and plasmalogen derived fatty aldehydes in cellular signaling and functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158681. [PMID: 32171908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty aldehydes are present in low concentrations in mammalian cells and serve as intermediates in the interconversion between fatty acids and fatty alcohols. The long-chain fatty aldehydes are generated by enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-alkyl-, and 1-alkenyl-glycerophospholipids by alkylglycerol monooxygenase, plasmalogenase or lysoplasmalogenase while hydrolysis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by S1P lyase generates trans ∆2-hexadecenal (∆2-HDE). Additionally, 2-chloro-, and 2-bromo- fatty aldehydes are produced from plasmalogens or lysoplasmalogens by hypochlorous, and hypobromous acid generated by activated neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively while 2-iodofatty aldehydes are produced by excess iodine in thyroid glands. The 2-halofatty aldehydes and ∆2-HDE activated JNK signaling, BAX, cytoskeletal reorganization and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Further, 2-chloro- and 2-bromo-fatty aldehydes formed GSH and protein adducts while ∆2-HDE formed adducts with GSH, deoxyguanosine in DNA and proteins such as HDAC1 in vitro. ∆2-HDE also modulated HDAC activity and stimulated H3 and H4 histone acetylation in vitro with lung epithelial cell nuclear preparations. The α-halo fatty aldehydes elicited endothelial dysfunction, cellular toxicity and tissue damage. Taken together, these investigations suggest a new role for long-chain fatty aldehydes as signaling lipids, ability to form adducts with GSH, proteins such as HDACs and regulate cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Ebenezer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ramaswamy Ramchandran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alison W Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vijay Putherickal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tara Sudhadevi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Increased endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ECAM) expression, leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions (LECA), platelet-endothelial cell adhesion (PECA), mast cell activation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and microvascular permeability are hallmarks of the inflammatory response. The infiltration of inflammatory phagocytes is associated with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent production of hypochlorous acid, a reactive chlorinating species that targets membrane lipids to produce halogenated lipids such as 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) and 2-chloropalmitic acid (2-ClPA). Whether these chlorinated lipids contribute to microcirculatory dysfunction is largely unknown. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine if chlorinated lipids exposure induces such inflammatory responses in an in vitro model employing cultured human intestinal mesenteric vascular endothelial cells (HIMVEC), and in an in vivo model examining responses in small intestinal and mesenteric postcapillary venules of naive rats. Following the addition of either 2-ClPA or 2-ClHDA to the culture medium, HIMVEC displayed increased platelet and neutrophil adherence that was associated with elevated expression of ECAMs and increased permeability. In vivo, chlorinated lipid exposure significantly increased LECA, PECA, ROS production, and albumin leakage, inflammatory events that were associated with mast cell activation and increased tissue MPO activity and expression. Our data provide proof-of-principle that 2-ClPA and 2-ClHDA induce powerful proinflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possibility that these chlorinated lipid products of the MPO/ hydrogen peroxide /chloride system may contribute to inflammation noted in neutrophil-dependent, myeloperoxidase-mediated pathologic states such as ischemia/reperfusion, hemorrhagic shock, and sepsis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Palladino END, Katunga LA, Kolar GR, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids: lipid mediators of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1424-1432. [PMID: 29739865 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which have been implicated in microcirculatory plugging. NET formation (NETosis) involves the fusion of granule and nuclear contents, which are then released in the extracellular space. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a major role in NETosis leading to the dissociation of DNA from histones. During neutrophil activation, MPO is released and activated to convert hydrogen peroxide and chloride to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). HOCl targets plasmalogens leading to the production of the chlorinated lipids, 2-chlorofatty aldehyde and 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA). Here, we tested the hypothesis that 2-ClFAs are important lipid mediators of NETosis. Human neutrophils treated with physiological levels of 2-ClFAs formed NETs, characterized by MPO association with DNA and neutrophil elastase (NE) redistribution to the perinuclear area. 2-ClFA-induced NETs reduced Escerichia coli colony forming units. 2-ClFA-induced NETosis is calcium- and protein arginine deiminase 4-dependent. Interestingly, unlike PMA, 2-ClFA initiates the NETosis process without neutrophil activation and degranulation. Furthermore, 2-ClFA elicits NETosis in bone-marrow derived neutrophils from MPO-deficient mice. Taken together, these findings suggest 2-ClFA as an MPO product that triggers the NETosis pathway following neutrophil activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.,Center for Cardiovascular Research Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Lalage A Katunga
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.,Center for Cardiovascular Research Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Pathology Department Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.,Research Microscopy and Histology Core, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104 .,Center for Cardiovascular Research Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jenkins CM, Yang K, Liu G, Moon SH, Dilthey BG, Gross RW. Cytochrome c is an oxidative stress-activated plasmalogenase that cleaves plasmenylcholine and plasmenylethanolamine at the sn-1 vinyl ether linkage. J Biol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29530984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens are phospholipids critical for cell function and signaling that contain a vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and are highly enriched in arachidonic acid (AA) at the sn-2 position. However, the enzyme(s) responsible for the cleavage of the vinyl ether linkage in plasmalogens has remained elusive. Herein, we report that cytochrome c, in the presence of either cardiolipin (CL), O2 and H2O2, or oxidized CL and O2, catalyzes the oxidation of the plasmalogen vinyl ether linkage, promoting its hydrolytic cleavage and resultant production of 2-AA-lysolipids and highly reactive α-hydroxy fatty aldehydes. Using stable isotope labeling in synergy with strategic chemical derivatizations and high-mass-accuracy MS, we deduced the chemical mechanism underlying this long sought-after reaction. Specifically, labeling with either 18O2 or H218O, but not with H218O2, resulted in M + 2 isotopologues of the α-hydroxyaldehyde, whereas reactions with both 18O2 and H218O identified the M + 4 isotopologue. Furthermore, incorporation of 18O from 18O2 was predominantly located at the α-carbon. In contrast, reactions with H218O yielded 18O linked to the aldehyde carbon. Importantly, no significant labeling of 2-AA-lysolipids with 18O2, H218O, or H218O2 was present. Intriguingly, phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIP2 and PIP3) effectively substituted for cardiolipin. Moreover, cytochrome c released from myocardial mitochondria subjected to oxidative stress cleaved plasmenylcholine in membrane bilayers, and this was blocked with a specific mAb against cytochrome c Collectively, these results identify the first plasmalogenase in biology, reveal the production of previously unanticipated signaling lipids by cytochrome c, and present new perspectives on cellular signaling during oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jenkins
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Kui Yang
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Gaoyuan Liu
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and.,the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Sung Ho Moon
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Beverly G Dilthey
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and.,Departments of Medicine and
| | - Richard W Gross
- From the Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and .,Departments of Medicine and.,the Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.,Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Duerr MA, Palladino END, Hartman CL, Lambert JA, Franke JD, Albert CJ, Matalon S, Patel RP, Slungaard A, Ford DA. Bromofatty aldehyde derived from bromine exposure and myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase modify GSH and protein. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:696-705. [PMID: 29444934 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m083279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes (α-ClFALDs) and α-bromofatty aldehydes (α-BrFALDs) are produced in activated neutrophils and eosinophils. This study investigated the ability of α-BrFALD and α-ClFALD to react with the thiols of GSH and protein cysteinyl residues. Initial studies showed that 2-bromohexadecanal (2-BrHDA) and 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) react with GSH producing the same fatty aldehyde-GSH adduct (FALD-GSH). In both synthetic and cellular reactions, FALD-GSH production was more robust with 2-BrHDA compared with 2-ClHDA as precursor. NaBr-supplemented phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated neutrophils formed more α-BrFALD and FALD-GSH compared with non-NaBr-supplemented neutrophils. Primary human eosinophils, which preferentially produce hypobromous acid and α-BrFALD, accumulated FALD-GSH following PMA stimulation. Mice exposed to Br2 gas had increased levels of both α-BrFALD and FALD-GSH in the lungs, as well as elevated systemic plasma levels of FALD-GSH in comparison to mice exposed to air. Similar relative reactivity of α-ClFALD and α-BrFALD with protein thiols was shown using click analogs of these aldehydes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GSH and protein adduct formation are much greater as a result of nucleophilic attack of cysteinyl residues on α-BrFALD compared with α-ClFALD, which was observed in both primary leukocytes and in mice exposed to bromine gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - James A Lambert
- Departments of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Centers for Free Radical Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jacob D Franke
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Departments of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Centers for Free Radical Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Centers for Free Radical Biology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Lung Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Arne Slungaard
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Ether lipids, such as plasmalogens, are peroxisome-derived glycerophospholipids in which the hydrocarbon chain at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone is attached by an ether bond, as opposed to an ester bond in the more common diacyl phospholipids. This seemingly simple biochemical change has profound structural and functional implications. Notably, the tendency of ether lipids to form non-lamellar inverted hexagonal structures in model membranes suggests that they have a role in facilitating membrane fusion processes. Ether lipids are also important for the organization and stability of lipid raft microdomains, cholesterol-rich membrane regions involved in cellular signaling. In addition to their structural roles, a subset of ether lipids are thought to function as endogenous antioxidants, and emerging studies suggest that they are involved in cell differentiation and signaling pathways. Here, we review the biology of ether lipids and their potential significance in human disorders, including neurological diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Palladino END, Hartman CL, Albert CJ, Ford DA. The chlorinated lipidome originating from myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogens: Metabolism, clearance, and biological properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 641:31-38. [PMID: 29378164 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase produces the two-electron oxidant HOCl, which targets plasmalogen phospholipids liberating 2-chlorofatty aldehyde. 2-Chlorofatty aldehyde has four known fates: 1) oxidation to 2-chlorofatty acid; 2) reduction to 2-chlorofatty alcohol; 3) Schiff base adduct formation with proteins and amines; and 4) reactivity with glutathione through nucleophilic attack of the α-chlorinated carbon. 2-Chlorofatty acid does not undergo conventional fatty acid β-oxidation due to the presence of the α-chlorinated carbon; however, 2-chlorofatty acid does undergo sequential ω-oxidation and β-oxidation from the ω-end, ultimately resulting in 2-chloroadipic acid urinary excretion. Recent studies have demonstrated that 2-chlorofatty acid clearance is increased by treatment with the PPAR-α agonist WY14643, which increases the enzymatic machinery responsible for hepatic ω-oxidation. Furthermore, 2-chlorofatty acid has been shown to be a PPAR-α agonist, and thus accelerates its own clearance. The roles of 2-chlorofatty aldehyde and 2-chlorofatty acid on leukocyte and endothelial function have been explored by several groups, suggesting that chlorinated lipids induce endothelial cell dysfunction, neutrophil chemotaxis, monocyte apoptosis, and alterations in vascular tone. Thus, the chlorinated lipidome, produced in response to leukocyte activation, is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to modulate host response in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bernhart E, Kogelnik N, Prasch J, Gottschalk B, Goeritzer M, Depaoli MR, Reicher H, Nusshold C, Plastira I, Hammer A, Fauler G, Malli R, Graier WF, Malle E, Sattler W. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid induces ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2018; 15:441-451. [PMID: 29413957 PMCID: PMC5975063 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through the release of cytotoxic mediators. These include hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system of activated phagocytes. HOCl targets the endogenous pool of ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) generating chlorinated inflammatory mediators like e.g. 2-chlorohexadecanal and its conversion product 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA). In the cerebrovasculature these compounds inflict damage to brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that form the morphological basis of the BBB. To follow subcellular trafficking of 2-ClHA we synthesized a ‘clickable’ alkyne derivative (2-ClHyA) that phenocopied the biological activity of the parent compound. Confocal and superresolution structured illumination microscopy revealed accumulation of 2-ClHyA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of human BMVEC (hCMEC/D3 cell line). 2-ClHA and its alkyne analogue interfered with protein palmitoylation, induced ER-stress markers, reduced the ER ATP content, and activated transcription and secretion of interleukin (IL)−6 as well as IL-8. 2-ClHA disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage. The protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) inhibitor GSK2606414 suppressed 2-ClHA-mediated activating transcription factor 4 synthesis and IL-6/8 secretion, but showed no effect on endothelial barrier dysfunction and cleavage of procaspase-3. Our data indicate that 2-ClHA induces potent lipotoxic responses in brain endothelial cells and could have implications in inflammation-induced BBB dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Jürgen Prasch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Benjamin Gottschalk
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Madeleine Goeritzer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Maria Rosa Depaoli
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Roland Malli
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hartman CL, Duerr MA, Albert CJ, Neumann WL, McHowat J, Ford DA. 2-Chlorofatty acids induce Weibel-Palade body mobilization. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:113-122. [PMID: 29167411 PMCID: PMC5748502 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of multiple inflammatory diseases. Leukocyte interactions with the endothelium have significant effects on vascular wall biology and pathophysiology. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-derived oxidant products released from leukocytes are potential mediators of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. 2-Chlorofatty acids (2-ClFAs) are produced as a result of MPO-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogen phospholipids. Chlorinated lipids have been shown to be associated with multiple inflammatory diseases, but their impact on surrounding endothelial cells has not been examined. This study tested the biological properties of the 2-ClFA molecular species 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA) on endothelial cells. A synthetic alkyne analog of 2-ClHA, 2-chlorohexadec-15-ynoic acid (2-ClHyA), was used to examine the subcellular localization of 2-ClFA in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Click chemistry experiments revealed that 2-ClHyA localizes to Weibel-Palade bodies. 2-ClHA and 2-ClHyA promote the release of P-selectin, von Willebrand factor, and angiopoietin-2 from endothelial cells. Functionally, 2-ClHA and 2-ClHyA cause neutrophils to adhere to and platelets to aggregate on the endothelium, as well as increase permeability of the endothelial barrier which has been tied to the release of angiopoietin-2. These findings suggest that 2-ClFAs promote endothelial cell dysfunction, which may lead to broad implications in inflammation, thrombosis, and blood vessel stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Mark A Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Meyer NJ, Reilly JP, Feng R, Christie JD, Hazen SL, Albert CJ, Franke JD, Hartman CL, McHowat J, Ford DA. Myeloperoxidase-derived 2-chlorofatty acids contribute to human sepsis mortality via acute respiratory distress syndrome. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96432. [PMID: 29212955 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation and poor survival. Since neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity leads to increased plasma 2-chlorofatty acid (2-ClFA) levels, we hypothesized that plasma concentrations of 2-ClFAs would associate with ARDS and mortality in subjects with sepsis. In sequential consenting patients with sepsis, free 2-ClFA levels were significantly associated with ARDS, and with 30-day mortality, for each log increase in free 2-chlorostearic acid. Plasma MPO was not associated with either ARDS or 30-day mortality but was correlated with 2-ClFA levels. Addition of plasma 2-ClFA levels to the APACHE III score improved prediction for ARDS. Plasma 2-ClFA levels correlated with plasma levels of angiopoietin-2, E selectin, and soluble thrombomodulin. Endothelial cells treated with 2-ClFA responded with increased adhesion molecule surface expression, increased angiopoietin-2 release, and dose-dependent endothelial permeability. Our results suggest that 2-ClFAs derived from neutrophil MPO-catalyzed oxidation contribute to pulmonary endothelial injury and have prognostic utility in sepsis-associated ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuala J Meyer
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and
| | - John P Reilly
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and
| | - Rui Feng
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason D Christie
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division.,Center for Translational Lung Biology, and.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Microbiome and Human Health, and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Jacob D Franke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| | - Jane McHowat
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and.,Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sousa BC, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. Chemistry and analysis of HNE and other prominent carbonyl-containing lipid oxidation compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:294-308. [PMID: 28192230 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of lipid oxidation generates a diverse array of small aldehydes and carbonyl-containing compounds, which may occur in free form or esterified within phospholipids and cholesterol esters. These aldehydes mostly result from fragmentation of fatty acyl chains following radical oxidation, and the products can be subdivided into alkanals, alkenals (usually α,β-unsaturated), γ-substituted alkenals and bis-aldehydes. Isolevuglandins are non-fragmented di-carbonyl compounds derived from H2-isoprostanes, and oxidation of the ω-3-fatty acid docosahexenoic acid yield analogous 22 carbon neuroketals. Non-radical oxidation by hypochlorous acid can generate α-chlorofatty aldehydes from plasmenyl phospholipids. Most of these compounds are reactive and have generally been considered as toxic products of a deleterious process. The reactivity is especially high for the α,β-unsaturated alkenals, such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde, and for γ-substituted alkenals, of which 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-oxo-2-nonenal are best known. Nevertheless, in recent years several previously neglected aldehydes have been investigated and also found to have significant reactivity and biological effects; notable examples are 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal and 4-hydroxy-dodecadienal. This has led to substantial interest in the biological effects of all of these lipid oxidation products and their roles in disease, including proposals that HNE is a second messenger or signalling molecule. However, it is becoming clear that many of the effects elicited by these compounds relate to their propensity for forming adducts with nucleophilic groups on proteins, DNA and specific phospholipids. This emphasizes the need for good analytical methods, not just for free lipid oxidation products but also for the resulting adducts with biomolecules. The most informative methods are those utilizing HPLC separations and mass spectrometry, although analysis of the wide variety of possible adducts is very challenging. Nevertheless, evidence for the occurrence of lipid-derived aldehyde adducts in biological and clinical samples is building, and offers an exciting area of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bebiana C Sousa
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. From peroxisomal disorders to common neurodegenerative diseases - the role of ether phospholipids in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2761-2788. [PMID: 28796901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The emerging diverse roles of ether (phospho)lipids in nervous system development and function in health and disease are currently attracting growing interest. Plasmalogens, a subgroup of ether lipids, are important membrane components involved in vesicle fusion and membrane raft composition. They store polyunsaturated fatty acids and may serve as antioxidants. Ether lipid metabolites act as precursors for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchors; others, like platelet-activating factor, are implicated in signaling functions. Consolidating the available information, we attempt to provide molecular explanations for the dramatic neurological phenotype in ether lipid-deficient human patients and mice by linking individual functional properties of ether lipids with pathological features. Furthermore, recent publications have identified altered ether lipid levels in the context of many acquired neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism. Finally, current efforts to restore ether lipids in peroxisomal disorders as well as AD are critically reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Palladino END, Wang WY, Albert CJ, Langhi C, Baldán Á, Ford DA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α accelerates α-chlorofatty acid catabolism. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:317-324. [PMID: 28007964 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m069740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes are generated from myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl targeting plasmalogens, and are subsequently oxidized to α-chlorofatty acids (α-ClFAs). The catabolic pathway for α-ClFA is initiated by ω-oxidation. Here, we examine PPAR-α activation as a mechanism to increase α-ClFA catabolism. Pretreating both HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes with the PPAR-α agonist, pirinixic acid (Wy 14643), increased the production of α-chlorodicarboxylic acids (α-ClDCAs) in cells treated with exogenous α-ClFA. Additionally, α-ClDCA production in Wy 14643-pretreated wild-type mouse hepatocytes was accompanied by a reduction in cellular free α-ClFA. The dependence of PPAR-α-accelerated α-ClFA catabolism was further demonstrated by both impaired metabolism in mouse PPAR-α-/- hepatocytes and decreased clearance of plasma α-ClFA in PPAR-α-/- mice. Furthermore, Wy 14643 treatments decreased plasma 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid levels in wild-type mice. Additional studies showed that α-ClFA increases PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ activities, as well as mRNA expression of the PPAR-α target genes, CD36, CPT1a, Cyp4a10, and CIDEC. Collectively, these results indicate that PPAR-α accelerates important pathways for the clearance of α-ClFA, and α-ClFA may, in part, accelerate its catabolism by serving as a ligand for PPAR-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Cédric Langhi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ángel Baldán
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Platelet-Activating Factor Quantification Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography and Selected Reaction Monitoring in Negative Ion Mode. Lipids 2016; 51:1421-1425. [PMID: 27757707 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent biologically active phospholipid that mediates human physiological and pathophysiologic responses. PAF levels increase transiently and are typically assessed by techniques with limitations related to expense, sensitivity, pre-analysis derivatization and interference with isobaric molecules. This study elucidates a facile, accurate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for PAF. In negative ion mode using electrospray ionization, collisionally-activated dissociation analysis showed a unique product ion for acetate adducts of PAF molecular species representing the loss of methyl acetate from the polar head group and loss of a part of the acetate group from the sn-2 position. This product ion was exploited for selected reaction monitoring of PAF molecular species following separation by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Standard calibration responses were determined, and this method was able to detect as low as 100 fmol of PAF. Finally, PAF molecular species were quantified in human neutrophils and monocytes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nusshold C, Üllen A, Kogelnik N, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Plastira I, Glasnov T, Zangger K, Rechberger G, Kollroser M, Fauler G, Wolinski H, Weksler BB, Romero IA, Kohlwein SD, Couraud PO, Malle E, Sattler W. Assessment of electrophile damage in a human brain endothelial cell line utilizing a clickable alkyne analog of 2-chlorohexadecanal. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:59-74. [PMID: 26577177 PMCID: PMC6392177 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral leukocytes aggravate brain damage by releasing cytotoxic mediators that compromise blood-brain barrier function. One of the oxidants released by activated leukocytes is hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is formed via the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride system. The reaction of HOCl with the endogenous plasmalogen pool of brain endothelial cells results in the generation of 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a toxic, lipid-derived electrophile that induces blood-brain barrier dysfunction in vivo. Here, we synthesized an alkynyl-analog of 2-ClHDA, 2-chlorohexadec-15-yn-1-al (2-ClHDyA) to identify potential protein targets in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Similar to 2-ClHDA, 2-ClHDyA administration reduced cell viability/metabolic activity, induced processing of pro-caspase-3 and PARP, and led to endothelial barrier dysfunction at low micromolar concentrations. Protein-2-ClHDyA adducts were fluorescently labeled with tetramethylrhodamine azide (N3-TAMRA) by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in situ, which unveiled a preferential accumulation of 2-ClHDyA adducts in mitochondria, the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and endosomes. Thirty-three proteins that are subject to 2-ClHDyA-modification in hCMEC/D3 cells were identified by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins include cytoskeletal components that are central to tight junction patterning, metabolic enzymes, induction of the oxidative stress response, and electrophile damage to the caveolar/endosomal Rab machinery. A subset of the targets was validated by a combination of N3-TAMRA click chemistry and specific antibodies by fluorescence microscopy. This novel alkyne analog is a valuable chemical tool to identify cellular organelles and protein targets of 2-ClHDA-mediated damage in settings where myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants may play a disease-propagating role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Rechberger
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria; OMICS-Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Austria
| | | | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- BioTechMed Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI-Graz, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
de Oliveira MR. Phloretin-induced cytoprotective effects on mammalian cells: A mechanistic view and future directions. Biofactors 2016; 42:13-40. [PMID: 26826024 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin (C15 H14 O5 ), a dihydrochalcone flavonoid, is mainly found in fruit, leaves, and roots of apple tree. Phloretin exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities in mammalian cells through mechanisms that have been partially elucidated throughout the years. Phloretin bioavailability is well known in humans, but still remains to be better studied in experimental animals, such as mouse and rat. The focus of the present review is to gather information regarding the mechanisms involved in the phloretin-elicited effects in different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Several manuscripts were analyzed and data raised by authors were described and discussed here in a mechanistic manner. Comparisons between the effects elicited by phloretin and phloridzin were made whenever possible, as well as with other polyphenols, clarifying questions about the use of phloretin as a potential therapeutic agent. Toxicological aspects associated to phloretin exposure were also discussed here. Furthermore, a special section containing future directions was created as a suggestive guide towards the elucidation of phloretin-related actions in mammalian cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Postgraduate Program in Chemistry (PPGQ), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), CEP, Cuiaba, MT, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lismont C, Nordgren M, Van Veldhoven PP, Fransen M. Redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:35. [PMID: 26075204 PMCID: PMC4444963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction-oxidation or “redox” reactions are an integral part of a broad range of cellular processes such as gene expression, energy metabolism, protein import and folding, and autophagy. As many of these processes are intimately linked with cell fate decisions, transient or chronic changes in cellular redox equilibrium are likely to contribute to the initiation and progression of a plethora of human diseases. Since a long time, it is known that mitochondria are major players in redox regulation and signaling. More recently, it has become clear that also peroxisomes have the capacity to impact redox-linked physiological processes. To serve this function, peroxisomes cooperate with other organelles, including mitochondria. This review provides a comprehensive picture of what is currently known about the redox interplay between mitochondria and peroxisomes in mammals. We first outline the pro- and antioxidant systems of both organelles and how they may function as redox signaling nodes. Next, we critically review and discuss emerging evidence that peroxisomes and mitochondria share an intricate redox-sensitive relationship and cooperate in cell fate decisions. Key issues include possible physiological roles, messengers, and mechanisms. We also provide examples of how data mining of publicly-available datasets from “omics” technologies can be a powerful means to gain additional insights into potential redox signaling pathways between peroxisomes and mitochondria. Finally, we highlight the need for more studies that seek to clarify the mechanisms of how mitochondria may act as dynamic receivers, integrators, and transmitters of peroxisome-derived mediators of oxidative stress. The outcome of such studies may open up exciting new avenues for the community of researchers working on cellular responses to organelle-derived oxidative stress, a research field in which the role of peroxisomes is currently highly underestimated and an issue of discussion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Duerr MA, Aurora R, Ford DA. Identification of glutathione adducts of α-chlorofatty aldehydes produced in activated neutrophils. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1014-24. [PMID: 25814023 PMCID: PMC4409278 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes (α-ClFALDs) are produced by hypochlorous acid targeting plasmalogens during neutrophil activation. This study investigated the reaction of the α-chlorinated carbon of α-ClFALD with the nucleophile, GSH. Utilizing ESI/MS/MS, the reaction product of GSH and the 16-carbon α-ClFALD, 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), was characterized. The resulting conjugate of 2-ClHDA and GSH (HDA-GSH) has an intact free aldehyde, and the chlorine at the α-carbon is ejected. Stable isotope-labeled [d4]HDA-GSH was synthesized, which further confirmed the structure, and was used to quantify natural α-ClFALD conjugates of GSH (FALD-GSH) using reverse-phase LC with detection by ESI/MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring. HDA-GSH is elevated in RAW 264.7 cells treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of exogenous 2-ClHDA. Furthermore, PMA-treated primary human neutrophils have elevated levels of HDA-GSH and the conjugate of 2-chlorooctadecanal (2-ClODA) and GSH (ODA-GSH), as well as elevated levels of 2-ClHDA and 2-ClODA. Production of both conjugates in PMA-stimulated neutrophils was reduced by 3-aminotriazole pretreatment, which also blocks endogenous α-ClFALD production. Additionally, plasma FALD-GSH levels were elevated in the K/BxN mouse arthritis model. Taken together, these studies demonstrate novel peptidoaldehydes derived from GSH and α-ClFALD in activated human neutrophils and in vivo in K/BxN mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Differential effects of chlorinated and oxidized phospholipids in vascular tissue: implications for neointima formation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:579-92. [PMID: 25524654 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of inflammatory cells and MPO (myeloperoxidase) in the arterial wall after vascular injury could increase neointima formation by modification of phospholipids. The present study investigates how these phospholipids, in particular oxidized and chlorinated species, are altered within injured vessels and how they affect VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell) remodelling processes. Vascular injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice and high fat-fed ApoE-/- (apolipoprotein E) mice by wire denudation and ligation of the left carotid artery (LCA). Neointimal and medial composition was assessed using immunohistochemistry and ESI-MS. Primary rabbit aortic SMCs (smooth muscle cells) were utilized to examine the effects of modified lipids on VSMC proliferation, viability and migration at a cellular level. Neointimal area, measured as intima-to-media ratio, was significantly larger in wire-injured ApoE-/- mice (3.62±0.49 compared with 0.83±0.25 in C57BL/6 mice, n=3) and there was increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) infiltration and elevated plasma MPO levels. Relative increases in lysophosphatidylcholines and unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were also observed in wire-injured ApoE-/- carotid arteries. Chlorinated lipids had no effect on VSMC proliferation, viability or migration whereas chronic incubation with oxidized phospholipids stimulated proliferation in the presence of fetal calf serum [154.8±14.2% of viable cells at 1 μM PGPC (1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) compared with control, n=6]. In conclusion, ApoE-/- mice with an inflammatory phenotype develop more neointima in wire-injured arteries and accumulation of oxidized lipids in the vessel wall may propagate this effect.
Collapse
|
38
|
Üllen A, Nusshold C, Glasnov T, Saf R, Cantillo D, Eibinger G, Reicher H, Fauler G, Bernhart E, Hallstrom S, Kogelnik N, Zangger K, Oliver Kappe C, Malle E, Sattler W. Covalent adduct formation between the plasmalogen-derived modification product 2-chlorohexadecanal and phloretin. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:470-81. [PMID: 25576489 PMCID: PMC4321883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid added as reagent or generated by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-Cl− system oxidatively modifies brain ether-phospholipids (plasmalogens). This reaction generates a sn2-acyl-lysophospholipid and chlorinated fatty aldehydes. 2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a prototypic member of chlorinated long-chain fatty aldehydes, has potent neurotoxic potential by inflicting blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. During earlier studies we could show that the dihydrochalcone-type polyphenol phloretin attenuated 2-ClHDA-induced BBB dysfunction. To clarify the underlying mechanism(s) we now investigated the possibility of covalent adduct formation between 2-ClHDA and phloretin. Coincubation of 2-ClHDA and phloretin in phosphatidylcholine liposomes revealed a half-life of 2-ClHDA of approx. 120 min, decaying at a rate of 5.9 × 10−3 min−1. NMR studies and enthalpy calculations suggested that 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct formation occurs via electrophilic aromatic substitution followed by hemiacetal formation on the A-ring of phloretin. Adduct characterization by high-resolution mass spectroscopy confirmed these results. In contrast to 2-ClHDA, the covalent 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct was without adverse effects on MTT reduction (an indicator for metabolic activity), cellular adenine nucleotide content, and barrier function of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC). Of note, 2-ClHDA-phloretin adduct formation was also observed in BMVEC cultures. Intraperitoneal application and subsequent GC–MS analysis of brain lipid extracts revealed that phloretin is able to penetrate the BBB of C57BL/6J mice. Data of the present study indicate that phloretin scavenges 2-ClHDA, thereby attenuating 2-ClHDA-mediated brain endothelial cell dysfunction. We here identify a detoxification pathway for a prototypic chlorinated fatty aldehyde (generated via the MPO axis) that compromises BBB function in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Toma Glasnov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Flow Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Eibinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Seth Hallstrom
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nora Kogelnik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Malheiro AR, da Silva TF, Brites P. Plasmalogens and fatty alcohols in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:111-21. [PMID: 25432520 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a special class of ether-phospholipids, best recognized by their vinyl-ether bond at the sn-1 position of the glycerobackbone and by the observation that their deficiency causes rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). The complex plasmalogen biosynthetic pathway involves multiple enzymatic steps carried-out in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens resides in the formation of the fatty alcohol responsible for the formation of an intermediate with an alkyl-linked moiety. The regulation in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens also takes place at this step using a feedback mechanism to stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis. As such, fatty alcohols play a relevant role in the formation of ether-phospholipids. These advances in our understanding of complex lipid biosynthesis brought two seemingly distinct disorders into the spotlight. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is caused by defects in the microsomal fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) leading to the accumulation of fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes. In RCDP cells, the defect in plasmalogens is thought to generate a feedback signal to increase their biosynthesis, through the activity of fatty acid reductases to produce fatty alcohols. However, the enzymatic defects in either glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPAT) or alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) disrupt the biosynthesis and result in the accumulation of the fatty alcohols. A detailed characterization on the processes and enzymes that govern these intricate biosynthetic pathways, as well as, the metabolic characterization of defects along the pathway should increase our understanding of the causes and mechanisms behind these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Malheiro
- Lab Nerve Regeneration, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nishimukai M, Maeba R, Ikuta A, Asakawa N, Kamiya K, Yamada S, Yokota T, Sakakibara M, Tsutsui H, Sakurai T, Takahashi Y, Hui SP, Chiba H, Okazaki T, Hara H. Serum choline plasmalogens—those with oleic acid in sn− 2—are biomarkers for coronary artery disease. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
41
|
Wang WY, Albert CJ, Ford DA. Alpha-chlorofatty acid accumulates in activated monocytes and causes apoptosis through reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:526-32. [PMID: 24371082 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myeloperoxidase-enriched monocytes play important roles in inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that α-chlorofatty aldehydes are produced as a result of plasmalogen targeting by myeloperoxidase-derived hypochlorous acid in activated monocytes. Here, we show α-chlorofatty acid (α-ClFA), a stable metabolite of α-chlorofatty aldehydes, accumulates in activated monocytes and mediates the molecular effects of α-ClFA on monocytes/macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that α-ClFA is elevated 5-fold in phorbol myristate-stimulated human monocytes rising to ≈20 μmol/L when compared with unstimulated cells. Using human THP-1 monocytes and RAW 264.7 cells as in vitro models, we tested the hypothesis that α-ClFA is a cell death mediator that could potentially participate in pathophysiological roles of monocytes in diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Indeed, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid, the 16-carbon molecular species of α-ClFA, caused significant apoptosis of primary monocytes. Similarly, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid also caused apoptosis in THP-1 human monocytes and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages as determined by annexin V-propidium iodide staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, respectively. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid treatment also increased caspase-3 activity and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage in THP-1 cells. 2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid likely elicits apoptosis by increasing both reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress because antioxidants and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein block such induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The stable chlorinated lipid, α-ClFA, accumulates in activated primary human monocytes and elicits monocyte apoptosis through increased reactive oxygen species production and endoplasmic reticulum stress, providing a new insight into chlorinated lipids and monocytes in inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yi Wang
- From the Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mezzar S, de Schryver E, Van Veldhoven PP. RP-HPLC-fluorescence analysis of aliphatic aldehydes: application to aldehyde-generating enzymes HACL1 and SGPL1. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:573-82. [PMID: 24323699 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d044230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain aldehydes are commonly produced in various processes, such as peroxisomal α-oxidation of long-chain 3-methyl-branched and 2-hydroxy fatty acids and microsomal breakdown of phosphorylated sphingoid bases. The enzymes involved in the aldehyde-generating steps of these processes are 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1), respectively. In the present work, nonradioactive assays for these enzymes were developed employing the Hantzsch reaction. Tridecanal (C13-al) and heptadecanal (C17-al) were selected as model compounds and cyclohexane-1,3-dione as 1,3-diketone, and the fluorescent derivatives were analyzed by reversed phase (RP)-HPLC. Assay mixture composition, as well as pH and heating, were optimized for C13-al and C17-al. Under optimized conditions, these aldehydes could be quantified in picomolar range and different long-chain aldehyde derivatives were well resolved with a linear gradient elution by RP-HPLC. Aldehydes generated by recombinant enzymes could easily be detected via this method. Moreover, the assay allowed to document activity or deficiency in tissue homogenates and fibroblast lysates without an extraction step. In conclusion, a simple, quick, and cheap assay for the study of HACL1 and SGPL1 activities was developed, without relying on expensive mass spectrometric detectors or radioactive substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang WY, Albert CJ, Ford DA. Approaches for the analysis of chlorinated lipids. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:148-52. [PMID: 24056259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes are key cellular mediators of human diseases through their role in inflammation. Identifying unique molecules produced by leukocytes may provide new biomarkers and mechanistic insights into the role of leukocytes in disease. Chlorinated lipids are generated as a result of myeloperoxidase-containing leukocyte-derived hypochlorous acid targeting the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens. The initial product of this reaction is α-chlorofatty aldehyde. α-Chlorofatty aldehyde is both oxidized to α-chlorofatty acid and reduced to α-chlorofatty alcohol by cellular metabolism. This review focuses on the separation techniques and quantitative analysis for these chlorinated lipids. For α-chlorofatty acid, the negative charge of carboxylic acids is exploited to detect the chlorinated lipid species of these acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. In contrast, α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty alcohol are converted to pentafluorobenzyl oxime and pentafluorobenzoyl ester derivatives, which are detected by negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. These two detection methods coupled with the use of stable isotope internal standards and either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography provide highly sensitive analytical approaches to measure these novel lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Wang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kettle AJ, Albrett AM, Chapman AL, Dickerhof N, Forbes LV, Khalilova I, Turner R. Measuring chlorine bleach in biology and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:781-93. [PMID: 23872351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorine bleach, or hypochlorous acid, is the most reactive two-electron oxidant produced in appreciable amounts in our bodies. Neutrophils are the main source of hypochlorous acid. These champions of the innate immune system use it to fight infection but also direct it against host tissue in inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils contain a rich supply of the enzyme myeloperoxidase. It uses hydrogen peroxide to convert chloride to hypochlorous acid. SCOPE OF REVIEW We give a critical appraisal of the best methods to measure production of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils. Robust ways of detecting it inside neutrophil phagosomes where bacteria are killed are also discussed. Special attention is focused on reaction-based fluorescent probes but their visual charm is tempered by stressing their current limitations. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of biomarker assays that capture the footprints of chlorine in various pathologies are evaluated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Detection of hypochlorous acid by purified peroxidases and isolated neutrophils is best achieved by measuring accumulation of taurine chloramine. Formation of hypochlorous acid inside neutrophil phagosomes can be tracked using mass spectrometric analysis of 3-chlorotyrosine and methionine sulfoxide in bacterial proteins, or detection of chlorinated fluorescein on ingestible particles. Reaction-based fluorescent probes can also be used to monitor hypochlorous acid during phagocytosis. Specific biomarkers of its formation during inflammation include 3-chlorotyrosine, chlorinated products of plasmalogens, and glutathione sulfonamide. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These methods should bring new insights into how chlorine bleach is produced by peroxidases, reacts within phagosomes to kill bacteria, and contributes to inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wacker BK, Albert CJ, Ford BA, Ford DA. Strategies for the analysis of chlorinated lipids in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:92-9. [PMID: 22713364 PMCID: PMC3636505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl reacts with the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens yielding α-chlorofatty aldehydes. These chlorinated aldehydes can be purified using thin-layer chromatography, which is essential for subsequent analysis of extracts from some tissues such as myocardium. The α-chlorofatty aldehyde 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA) is quantified after conversion to its pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivative using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and negative-ion chemical ionization detection. 2-ClHDA accumulates in activated human neutrophils and monocytes, as well as in atherosclerotic lesions and infarcted myocardium. Metabolites of 2-ClHDA have also been identified, including the oxidation product, 2-chlorohexadecanoic acid (2-ClHA), and the reduction product, 2-chlorohexadecanol. 2-ClHA can be quantified using LC-MS with selected reaction monitoring (SRM) detection. 2-ClHA can be ω-oxidized by hepatocytes and subsequently β-oxidized from the ω-end, leading to the production of the dicarboxylic acid, 2-chloroadipic acid. This dicarboxylic acid is excreted in the urine and can also be quantified using LC-MS methods with SRM detection. Quantitative analyses of these novel chlorinated lipids are essential to identify the role of these lipids in leukocyte-mediated injury and disease.
Collapse
|
46
|
Üllen A, Fauler G, Bernhart E, Nusshold C, Reicher H, Leis HJ, Malle E, Sattler W. Phloretin ameliorates 2-chlorohexadecanal-mediated brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1770-81. [PMID: 22982051 PMCID: PMC3485557 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), a chlorinated fatty aldehyde, is formed via attack on ether-phospholipids by hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that is generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of activated leukocytes. 2-ClHDA levels are elevated in atherosclerotic lesions, myocardial infarction, and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatory conditions are accompanied by accumulation of neutrophils (an ample source of myeloperoxidase) in the brain. Microvessel damage by inflammatory mediators and/or reactive oxidants can induce blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, a pathological condition leading to cerebral edema, brain hemorrhage, and neuronal death. In this in vitro study we investigated the impact of 2-ClHDA on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), which constitute the morphological basis of the BBB. We show that exogenously added 2-ClHDA is subject to rapid uptake and metabolism by BMVEC. Using C16 structural analogues of 2-ClHDA we found that the cytotoxic potential decreases in the following order: 2-ClHDA>hexadecanal>palmitic acid>2-ClHDA-dimethylacetal. 2-ClHDA induces loss of barrier function, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis via activation of caspase 3, and altered intracellular redox balance. Finally we investigated potential protective effects of several natural polyphenols on in vitro BBB function. Of the compounds tested, phloretin almost completely abrogated 2-ClHDA-induced BMVEC barrier dysfunction and cell death. These data suggest that 2-ClHDA has the potential to induce BBB breakdown under inflammatory conditions and that phloretin confers protection in this experimental setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Leis
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Fax: +43 316 380 9615.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schopfer FJ, Cipollina C, Freeman BA. Formation and signaling actions of electrophilic lipids. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5997-6021. [PMID: 21928855 PMCID: PMC3294277 DOI: 10.1021/cr200131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Chiara Cipollina
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Piazza Sett’Angeli 10, 90134 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Plasmalogens the neglected regulatory and scavenging lipid species. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:573-89. [PMID: 21723266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are a class of phospholipids carrying a vinyl ether bond in sn-1 and an ester bond in sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Although they are widespread in all tissues and represent up to 18% of the total phospholipid mass in humans, their physiological function is still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to give an overview over the current knowledge in plasmalogen biology and pathology with an emphasis on neglected aspects of their involvement in neurological and metabolic diseases. Furthermore a better understanding of plasmalogen biology in health and disease could also lead to the development of better diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for vascular and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, inflammation, neuro-degeneration and cancer.
Collapse
|
49
|
Üllen A, Fauler G, Köfeler H, Waltl S, Nusshold C, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Leis HJ, Wintersperger A, Malle E, Sattler W. Mouse brain plasmalogens are targets for hypochlorous acid-mediated modification in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1655-65. [PMID: 20807565 PMCID: PMC4061399 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalogens, 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerophospholipids, are significant constituents of cellular membranes and are essential for normal brain development. Plasmalogens, which contain a vinyl ether bond at the sn-1 position, are preferential targets for hypochlorous acid (HOCl), generated by myeloperoxidase (MPO) from H(2)O(2) and chloride ions. Because MPO is implicated in neurodegeneration, this study pursued two aims: (i) to investigate the reactivity of mouse brain plasmalogens toward HOCl in vitro and (ii) to obtain in vivo evidence for MPO-mediated brain plasmalogen modification. Liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid linear ion trap-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed plasmalogen modification in mouse brain lipid extracts at lower HOCl concentrations as observed for diacylphospholipids, resulting in the generation of 2-chloro fatty aldehydes and lysophospholipids. Lysophosphatidylethanolamine accumulation was transient, whereas lysophosphatidylcholine species containing saturated acyl residues remained stable. In vivo, a single, systemic endotoxin injection resulted in upregulation of cerebral MPO mRNA levels to a range comparable to that observed for tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2. This inflammatory response was accompanied by a significant decrease in several brain plasmalogen species and concomitant in vivo generation of 2-chlorohexadecanal. The present findings demonstrate that activation of the MPO-H(2)O(2)-chloride system under neuroinflammatory conditions results in oxidative attack of the total cerebral plasmalogen pool. As this lipid class is indispensable for normal neuronal function, HOCl-mediated plasmalogen modification is likely to compromise normal synaptic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Üllen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Center of Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Waltl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Nusshold
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Helga Reicher
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Jörg Leis
- Research Unit of Osteology and Analytical Mass Spectrometry, University Children’s Hospital, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Wintersperger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Corresponding author. Fax: +43 316 380 9615.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ford DA. Lipid oxidation by hypochlorous acid: chlorinated lipids in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:835-852. [PMID: 21339854 PMCID: PMC3041592 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes, containing myeloperoxidase (MPO), produce the reactive chlorinating species, HOCl, and they have important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Leukocyte-derived HOCl can target primary amines, alkenes and vinyl ethers of lipids, resulting in chlorinated products. Plasmalogens are vinyl ether-containing phospholipids that are abundant in tissues of the cardiovascular system. The HOCl oxidation products derived from plasmalogens are α-chlorofatty aldehyde and unsaturated molecular species of lysophosphatidylcholine. α-chlorofatty aldehyde is the precursor of both α-chlorofatty alcohol and α-chlorofatty acid. Both α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty acid accumulate in activated neutrophils and have disparate chemotactic properties. In addition, α-chlorofatty aldehyde increases in activated monocytes, human atherosclerotic lesions and rat infarcted myocardium. This article addresses the pathways for the synthesis of these lipids and their biological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Room 325, Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA, Tel.: +1 314 977 9264, Fax: +1 314 977 9205
| |
Collapse
|