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Kasturi M, Mathur V, Gadre M, Srinivasan V, Vasanthan KS. Three Dimensional Bioprinting for Hepatic Tissue Engineering: From In Vitro Models to Clinical Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:21-52. [PMID: 37882981 PMCID: PMC10764711 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of functional organs is the holy grail of tissue engineering and the possibilities of repairing a partial or complete liver to treat chronic liver disorders are discussed in this review. Liver is the largest gland in the human body and plays a responsible role in majority of metabolic function and processes. Chronic liver disease is one of the leading causes of death globally and the current treatment strategy of organ transplantation holds its own demerits. Hence there is a need to develop an in vitro liver model that mimics the native microenvironment. The developed model should be a reliable to understand the pathogenesis, screen drugs and assist to repair and replace the damaged liver. The three-dimensional bioprinting is a promising technology that recreates in vivo alike in vitro model for transplantation, which is the goal of tissue engineers. The technology has great potential due to its precise control and its ability to homogeneously distribute cells on all layers in a complex structure. This review gives an overview of liver tissue engineering with a special focus on 3D bioprinting and bioinks for liver disease modelling and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Kasturi
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Vidhi Mathur
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Mrunmayi Gadre
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Varadharajan Srinivasan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kirthanashri S Vasanthan
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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2
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Wang J, Luo LZ, Liang DM, Guo C, Huang ZH, Jian XH, Wen J. Recent progress in understanding mitokines as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5416-5429. [PMID: 37637689 PMCID: PMC10450380 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i23.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and the leading contributor to cancer-related deaths. The progression and metastasis of HCC are closely associated with altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress response. Mitokines, soluble proteins produced and secreted in response to mitochondrial stress, play an essential immunomodulatory role. Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial treatment option for HCC. However, a positive response to therapy is typically dependent on the interaction of tumor cells with immune regulation within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, exploring the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms of mitokines in HCC is essential for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the association between HCC and the immune microenvironment and highlights recent progress in understanding the involvement of mitochondrial function in preserving liver function. In addition, a systematic review of mitokines-mediated immunomodulation in HCC is presented. Finally, the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of mitokines in HCC are prospected and summarized. Recent progress in mitokine research represents a new prospect for mitochondrial therapy. Considering the potential of mitokines to regulate immune function, investigating them as a relevant molecular target holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan-Zhu Luo
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dao-Miao Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Huang
- Children Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Jian
- Department of Anatomy, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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3
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Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockade regulates Klotho expression to induce TSC2-deficient cell death. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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4
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Guo Z, Wang Y, Wen X, Xu X, Yan L. β-Klotho Promotes the Development of Intrauterine Adhesions via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911294. [PMID: 36232594 PMCID: PMC9569898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) refers to injury to the basal layer of the endometrium, which can be caused by various factors. It is often accompanied by clinical symptoms such as abnormal menstruation, infertility, recurrent abortion, and periodic abdominal pain. In recent years, a number of studies have reported the effects of β-Klotho (KLB) on the occurrence and development of human tumors and fibrotic diseases, but its relationship with endometrial fibroblasts and endometrial fibrosis has not been elucidated. In this study, we compared the expression of KLB in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from patients with IUA and normal controls. We constructed animal and cell models of IUA and conducted expression verification and functional experiments on KLB. We found that the expression of KLB was significantly increased in the ESCs of IUA patients and rat models compared with the controls. The overexpression of KLB could promote the proliferation and fibrosis of ESCs. In addition, the overexpression of KLB activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in ESCs. Our study shows that KLB protein is highly expressed in the ESCs of patients with IUA and can enhance stromal cell proliferation and cell fibrosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, thus promoting the development of IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250000, China
- Correspondence:
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FGF/FGFR-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225796. [PMID: 34830951 PMCID: PMC8616288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Deregulation of the FGF/FGFR axis is associated with many types of cancer and contributes to the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of current treatment strategies. There are several mechanisms involved in this phenomenon, including cross-talks with other signaling pathways, avoidance of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, and initiation of EMT. Here, we provide an overview of current research and approaches focusing on targeting components of the FGFR/FGF signaling module to overcome drug resistance during anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Increased expression of both FGF proteins and their receptors observed in many cancers is often associated with the development of chemoresistance, limiting the effectiveness of currently used anti-cancer therapies. Malfunctioning of the FGF/FGFR axis in cancer cells generates a number of molecular mechanisms that may affect the sensitivity of tumors to the applied drugs. Of key importance is the deregulation of cell signaling, which can lead to increased cell proliferation, survival, and motility, and ultimately to malignancy. Signaling pathways activated by FGFRs inhibit apoptosis, reducing the cytotoxic effect of some anti-cancer drugs. FGFRs-dependent signaling may also initiate angiogenesis and EMT, which facilitates metastasis and also correlates with drug resistance. Therefore, treatment strategies based on FGF/FGFR inhibition (using receptor inhibitors, ligand traps, monoclonal antibodies, or microRNAs) appear to be extremely promising. However, this approach may lead to further development of resistance through acquisition of specific mutations, metabolism switching, and molecular cross-talks. This review brings together information on the mechanisms underlying the involvement of the FGF/FGFR axis in the generation of drug resistance in cancer and highlights the need for further research to overcome this serious problem with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Role of FGF15 in Hepatic Surgery in the Presence of Tumorigenesis: Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061421. [PMID: 34200439 PMCID: PMC8228386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic activity of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 (FGF15 in its rodent orthologue) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as the unsolved problem that ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury supposes in liver surgeries, are well known. However, it has been shown that FGF15 administration protects against liver damage and regenerative failure in liver transplantation (LT) from brain-dead donors without tumor signals, providing a benefit in avoiding IR injury. The protection provided by FGF15/19 is due to its anti-apoptotic and pro-regenerative properties, which make this molecule a potentially beneficial or harmful factor, depending on the disease. In the present review, we describe the preclinical models currently available to understand the signaling pathways responsible for the apparent controversial effects of FGF15/19 in the liver (to repair a damaged liver or to promote tumorigenesis). As well, we study the potential pharmacological use that has the activation or inhibition of FGF15/19 pathways depending on the disease to be treated. We also discuss whether FGF15/19 non-pro-tumorigenic variants, which have been developed for the treatment of liver diseases, might be promising approaches in the surgery of hepatic resections and LT using healthy livers and livers from extended-criteria donors.
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Chen T, Chen J, Zhao X, Zhou J, Sheng Q, Zhu L, Lv Z. βKlotho, a direct target of miR-206, contributes to the growth of hepatoblastoma through augmenting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1982-2004. [PMID: 34094665 PMCID: PMC8167675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most frequent pediatric liver malignancy. However, the treatment outcome for patients with advanced-stage HB remains unsatisfactory. Accumulating evidence indicates that βKlotho (KLB) acts as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene in a context-dependent manner. Despite this, the expression profile and effects of KLB on the growth of HB are still elusive. This study aimed to explore the effect of miR-206/KLB axis on HB growth. The expression of KLB was explored in HB cells (HepG2 and HuH6) and tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Besides, miR-206 expression was determined in HB cells and tissues using qPCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The prognostic value of KLB or miR-206 in our patients with HB was investigated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The biological effects of KLB or miR-206 on HB cells were identified in vitro. The proliferative effects of KLB on HuH6 cells were also investigated in vivo. Moreover, the mechanical signaling of KLB in HB was determined through bioinformatics analysis followed by experimental validation. The results showed a significant upregulation of KLB in HB tissues and cells. Elevated level of KLB was found to be significantly correlated with the aggressive phenotype and poor overall survival for children with HB. The in vitro function assay demonstrated that KLB knockdown promoted apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HB cells. Besides, KLB knockdown inhibited the proliferation of HuH6 cells in vivo, while KLB overexpression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, KLB was proved to be the direct target of miR-206. Low level of miR-206 served as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in children with HB. The overexpression of miR-206 negatively regulated the aggressive biological behaviors of HB cells, which was partially rescued by KLB overexpression. Mechanically, the miR-206/KLB axis played a vital role in HB growth through augmenting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. In conclusion, the data demonstrated that the miR-206/KLB axis might serve as an important biomarker/therapeutic target for HB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jianglong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhao Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - Zhibao Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
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8
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Zhou J, Ben S, Xu T, Xu L, Yao X. Serum β-klotho is a potential biomarker in the prediction of clinical outcomes among patients with NSCLC. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:3137-3150. [PMID: 34164204 PMCID: PMC8182533 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the β-klotho (KLB) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to determine its value as a novel molecular target for survival prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Methods The serum KLB concentrations in 50 patients with NSCLC and the 20 healthy persons were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The relationship between serum KLB level, including the level change after therapy, and the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The KLB expression in A549 cells was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The function of cells was revealed by in vitro studies. Results The concentrations of serum KLB in patients with NSCLC were obviously lower than those in healthy subjects. KLB expression was significantly increased in patients after chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted therapy. In addition, expression of KLB was positively related with PFS and OS. Compared with 16-human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the expression level of KLB was significantly decreased in A549 cells. Overexpression of KLB suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells, along with G1-to-S phase arrest and apoptosis induction. Conclusions KLB plays an anti-tumorigenic role in NSCLC. KLB may be a candidate target for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC and may serve a potentially significant role in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Suqin Ben
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kucukoglu O, Sowa JP, Mazzolini GD, Syn WK, Canbay A. Hepatokines and adipokines in NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2021; 74:442-457. [PMID: 33161047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in industrialised societies; this is likely secondary to the increasing burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and the metabolic syndrome. Cumulative studies suggest that NAFLD-related HCC may also develop in non-cirrhotic livers. However, prognosis and survival do not differ between NAFLD- or virus-associated HCC. Thus, research has increasingly focused on NAFLD-related risk factors to better understand the biology of hepatocarcinogenesis and to develop new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. One important aspect thereof is the role of hepatokines and adipokines in NAFLD/NASH-related HCC. In this review, we compile current data supporting the use of hepatokines and adipokines as potential markers of disease progression in NAFLD or as early markers of NAFLD-related HCC. While much work must be done to elucidate the mechanisms and interactions underlying alterations to hepatokines and adipokines, current data support the possible utility of these factors - in particular, angiopoietin-like proteins, fibroblast growth factors, and apelin - for detection or even as therapeutic targets in NAFLD-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kucukoglu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Guillermo Daniel Mazzolini
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET-Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires 999071, Argentina; Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Argentina
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Liver regeneration: biological and pathological mechanisms and implications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 32764740 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the only solid organ that uses regenerative mechanisms to ensure that the liver-to-bodyweight ratio is always at 100% of what is required for body homeostasis. Other solid organs (such as the lungs, kidneys and pancreas) adjust to tissue loss but do not return to 100% of normal. The current state of knowledge of the regenerative pathways that underlie this 'hepatostat' will be presented in this Review. Liver regeneration from acute injury is always beneficial and has been extensively studied. Experimental models that involve partial hepatectomy or chemical injury have revealed extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways that are used to return the liver to equivalent size and weight to those prior to injury. On the other hand, chronic loss of hepatocytes, which can occur in chronic liver disease of any aetiology, often has adverse consequences, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver neoplasia. The regenerative activities of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are typically characterized by phenotypic fidelity. However, when regeneration of one of the two cell types fails, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes function as facultative stem cells and transdifferentiate into each other to restore normal liver structure. Liver recolonization models have demonstrated that hepatocytes have an unlimited regenerative capacity. However, in normal liver, cell turnover is very slow. All zones of the resting liver lobules have been equally implicated in the maintenance of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte populations in normal liver.
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11
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Levine KM, Ding K, Chen L, Oesterreich S. FGFR4: A promising therapeutic target for breast cancer and other solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107590. [PMID: 32492514 PMCID: PMC7494643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway has long been known to cancer researchers because of its role in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of FGFR signaling is frequently reported in cancer studies, but most of these studies focus on FGFR1-3. However, there is growing evidence implicating an important and unique role of FGFR4 in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and resistance to anti-tumor therapy in multiple types of cancer. Importantly, there are several novel FGFR4-specific inhibitors in clinical trials, making FGFR4 an attractive target for further research. In this review, we focus on assessing the role of FGFR4 in cancer, with an emphasis on breast cancer. First, the structure, physiological functions and downstream signaling pathways of FGFR4 are introduced. Next, different mechanisms reported to cause aberrant FGFR4 activation and their functions in cancer are discussed, including FGFR4 overexpression, FGF ligand overexpression, FGFR4 somatic hotspot mutations, and the FGFR4 G388R single nucleotide polymorphism. Finally, ongoing and recently completed clinical trials targeting FGFRs in cancer are reviewed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of FGFR4 inhibition for the treatment of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Levine
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Ding
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Integrative Systems Biology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyuqin Chen
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Women's Research Institute, Magee-Women's Research Hospital of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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12
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Wang F, Li X, Wang C. Editorial: Resident and Ectopic FGF Signaling in Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:720. [PMID: 32984306 PMCID: PMC7479059 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Weaver MJ, McHenry SA, Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP, Davidson NO. Bile Acid Diarrhea and NAFLD: Shared Pathways for Distinct Phenotypes. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:493-503. [PMID: 32258945 PMCID: PMC7109338 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) and NAFLD are both common conditions that may be influenced by shared pathways of altered bile acid (BA) signaling and homeostatic regulation. Pathophysiological links between IBS-D and altered BA metabolism include altered signaling through the ileal enterokine and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) as well as increased circulating levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a metabolic intermediate that denotes increased hepatic BA production from cholesterol. Defective production or release of FGF19 is associated with increased BA production and BA diarrhea in some IBS-D patients. FGF19 functions as a negative regulator of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase; therefore, reduced serum FGF19 effectively de-represses hepatic BA production in a subset of IBS-D patients, causing BA diarrhea. In addition, FGF19 modulates hepatic metabolic homeostatic response signaling by means of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4/klotho beta receptor to activate cascades involved in hepatic lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and insulin sensitivity. Emerging evidence of low circulating FGF19 levels in subsets of patients with pediatric and adult NAFLD demonstrates altered enterohepatic BA homeostasis in NAFLD. Conclusion: Here we outline how understanding of shared pathways of aberrant BA homeostatic signaling may guide targeted therapies in some patients with IBS-D and subsets of patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Weaver
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | - Scott A. McHenry
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | - Gregory S. Sayuk
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
- U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsVA St. Louis Health Care SystemJohn Cochran DivisionSt. LouisMO
| | - C. Prakash Gyawali
- Division of GastroenterologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
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14
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Li F, Li Z, Han Q, Cheng Y, Ji W, Yang Y, Lu S, Xia W. Enhanced autocrine FGF19/FGFR4 signaling drives the progression of lung squamous cell carcinoma, which responds to mTOR inhibitor AZD2104. Oncogene 2020; 39:3507-3521. [PMID: 32111983 PMCID: PMC7176586 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer occurrence and associated mortality ranks top in all countries. Despite the rapid development of targeted and immune therapies, many patients experience relapse within a few years. It is urgent to uncover the mechanisms that drive lung cancer progression and identify novel molecular targets. Our group has previously identified FGF19 as a prognostic marker and potential driver gene of lung squamous cell carcinomas (LSQ) in Chinese smoking patients. However, the underlying mechanism of how FGF19 promotes the progression of LSQ remains unclear. In this study, we characterized and confirmed that FGF19 serves as an oncogenic driver in LSQ development and progression, and reported that the amplification and high expression of FGF19 in LSQ was significantly associated with poor overall and progression-free survival. A higher serum level of FGF19 was found in lung cancer patients, which could also serve as a novel diagnostic index to screen lung cancer. Overproduction of FGF19 in LSQ cells markedly promoted cell growth, progression and metastasis, while downregulating FGF19 effectively inhibited LSQ progression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, downregulating the receptor FGFR4 was also effective to suppress the growth and migration of LSQ cells. Since FGF19 could be induced by smoking or endoplasmic reticulum stress, to tackle the more malignant FGF19-overproducing LSQ, we reported for the first time that inhibiting mTOR pathway by using AZD2014 was effective and feasible. These findings have offered a new strategy by using anti-FGF19/FGFR4 therapy or mTOR-based therapy in FGF19-driven LSQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yirui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Li F, Li X, Li Z, Ji W, Lu S, Xia W. βKlotho is identified as a target for theranostics in non-small cell lung cancer. Theranostics 2019; 9:7474-7489. [PMID: 31695781 PMCID: PMC6831461 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a great challenge, calling for the identification of novel molecular targets with diagnostic/therapeutic value. Here, we sought to characterize the expression of βKlotho and its anti-tumor roles in NSCLC. Methods: The expression of βKlotho was examined in NSCLC cells and tissues by western blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining respectively. Biological roles of βKlotho were revealed by a series of functional in vitro and in vivo studies. Serum βKlotho concentrations of patients were measured using specific ELISA methods. Results: Serum βKlotho concentrations of NSCLC patients were significantly lower than the control group. Moreover, βKlotho expression was negatively associated with lymph node metastasis, overall survival and progression-free survival. Overexpression of βKlotho or exogenous βKlotho administration inhibited the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells, accompanied by induction of apoptosis, G1 to S phase arrest, and inactivation of ERK1/2, AKT and STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, βKlotho overexpression inhibited NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions: βKlotho serves as a novel target for theranostics in NSCLC, which has potential clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziming Li
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Ji
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Abstract
Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family play pleiotropic roles in cellular and metabolic homeostasis. During evolution, the ancestor FGF expands into multiple members by acquiring divergent structural elements that enable functional divergence and specification. Heparan sulfate-binding FGFs, which play critical roles in embryonic development and adult tissue remodeling homeostasis, adapt to an autocrine/paracrine mode of action to promote cell proliferation and population growth. By contrast, FGF19, 21, and 23 coevolve through losing binding affinity for extracellular matrix heparan sulfate while acquiring affinity for transmembrane α-Klotho (KL) or β-KL as a coreceptor, thereby adapting to an endocrine mode of action to drive interorgan crosstalk that regulates a broad spectrum of metabolic homeostasis. FGF19 metabolic axis from the ileum to liver negatively controls diurnal bile acid biosynthesis. FGF21 metabolic axes play multifaceted roles in controlling the homeostasis of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. FGF23 axes from the bone to kidney and parathyroid regulate metabolic homeostasis of phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone that are important for bone health and systemic mineral balance. The significant divergence in structural elements and multiple functional specifications of FGF19, 21, and 23 in cellular and organismal metabolism instead of cell proliferation and growth sufficiently necessitate a new unified and specific term for these three endocrine FGFs. Thus, the term "FGF Metabolic Axis," which distinguishes the unique pathways and functions of endocrine FGFs from other autocrine/paracrine mitogenic FGFs, is coined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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17
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Ji S, Liu Q, Zhang S, Chen Q, Wang C, Zhang W, Xiao C, Li Y, Nian C, Li J, Li J, Geng J, Hong L, Xie C, He Y, Chen X, Li X, Yin ZY, You H, Lin KH, Wu Q, Yu C, Johnson RL, Wang L, Chen L, Wang F, Zhou D. FGF15 Activates Hippo Signaling to Suppress Bile Acid Metabolism and Liver Tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2019; 48:460-474.e9. [PMID: 30745141 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The external factors that modulate Hippo signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that FGF15 activates Hippo signaling to suppress bile acid metabolism, liver overgrowth, and tumorigenesis. FGF15 is induced by FXR in ileal enterocytes in response to increased amounts of intestinal bile. We found that circulating enterohepatic FGF15 stimulates hepatic receptor FGFR4 to recruit and phosphorylate NF2, which relieves the inhibitory effect of Raf on the Hippo kinases Mst1/2, thereby switching FGFR4's role from pro-oncogenic to anti-tumor signaling. The activated Mst1/2 subsequently phosphorylates and stabilizes SHP to downregulate the key bile acid-synthesis enzyme Cyp7a1 expression, thereby limiting bile acid synthesis. In contrast, Mst1/2 deficiency impairs bile acid metabolism and remarkably increases Cyp7a1 expression and bile acid production. Importantly, pharmacological depletion of intestinal bile abrogates Mst1/2-mutant-driven liver overgrowth and oncogenesis. Therefore, FGF15-Hippo signaling along the gut-liver axis acts as a sensor of bile acid availability to restrain liver size and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325030, China
| | - Weiji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Cheng Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Junhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Lixin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Changchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Han You
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, TaoYuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; The Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lanfen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dawang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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18
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Liu Z, Zhang H, Ding S, Qi S, Liu S, Sun D, Dong W, Yin L, Li M, Zhao X, Lu J. βKlotho inhibits androgen/androgen receptor‑associated epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer through inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:217-225. [PMID: 29749458 PMCID: PMC6059743 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is reported to have intimate crosstalk with androgen receptor (AR) signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) and is known to be responsible for castration resistance. Fibroblast growth factor/receptor (FGF/FGFR) signaling is also involved in tumor progression and EMT in multiple tissues. Several studies have investigated the role of βKlotho, an FGF/FGFR signaling co-receptor in tumorigenesis. However, its role in PCa remains unknown. In the present study, the role of androgen in the EMT of PCa cells was examined by western blotting. The expression of βKlotho was examined in prostate cells and PCa tissues by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The biological role of βKlotho was revealed by a series of functional in vitro and in vivo studies. We determined that βKlotho expression was significantly decreased in PCa tissues compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues, and low βKlotho expression was associated with a high Gleason score of PCa. βKlotho overexpression inhibited the viability, migration, and androgen/AR-associated EMT of PCa cells through the inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling. Notably, βKlotho overexpression inhibited prostate tumor growth and EMT in vivo. Knockdown of βKlotho produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, βKlotho inhibits EMT and plays a tumor-suppressive role in PCa, linking FGF/FGFR/βKlotho signaling to the regulation of PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dingqi Sun
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Mingjiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xingbo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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19
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Li P, Zhao M, Qi X, Zhu X, Dai J. Downregulation of klotho β is associated with invasive ductal carcinoma progression. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7443-7448. [PMID: 29344186 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho β (KLB) is a single-pass transmembrane protein measuring 1,043 amino acids in length that shares 41.2% homology with klotho α (KLA). KLB is a co-receptor and key regulator of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) pathway. KLB interacts with FGFR4 to induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of hepatoma cells, and KLA has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer; however, little is known regarding the role of KLB in breast cancer. In the present study, through an immunohistochemical analysis of invasive ductal carcinoma tissue arrays, low KLB expression was identified in invasive ductal carcinoma samples compared with paired adjacent non-tumorous breast tissues (82 cases). In invasive ductal carcinoma tissues, KLB expression was negatively associated with pathological grade and lymph node metastasis. In 42 cases of paired microdissected breast specimens, the condition of the KLB gene allele was examined to determine the loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and selective LOH was identified at the KLB locus in 57.1% of primary tumors. These data suggest that KLB may be associated with the progression and metastasis of invasive ductal carcinoma, and therefore have clinical and therapeutic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Daxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xuegong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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20
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Xu EG, Mager EM, Grosell M, Hazard ES, Hardiman G, Schlenk D. Novel transcriptome assembly and comparative toxicity pathway analysis in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos and larvae exposed to Deepwater Horizon oil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44546. [PMID: 28295044 PMCID: PMC5353654 DOI: 10.1038/srep44546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil on morphology and function during embryonic development have been documented for a number of fish species, including the economically and ecologically important pelagic species, mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). However, further investigations on molecular events and pathways responsible for developmental toxicity have been largely restricted due to the limited molecular data available for this species. We sought to establish the de novo transcriptomic database from the embryos and larvae of mahi-mahi exposed to water accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) of two DWH oil types (weathered and source oil), in an effort to advance our understanding of the molecular aspects involved during specific toxicity responses. By high throughput sequencing (HTS), we obtained the first de novo transcriptome of mahi-mahi, with 60,842 assembled transcripts and 30,518 BLAST hits. Among them, 2,345 genes were significantly regulated in 96hpf larvae after exposure to weathered oil. With comparative analysis to a reference-transcriptome-guided approach on gene ontology and tox-pathways, we confirmed the novel approach effective for exploring tox-pathways in non-model species, and also identified a list of co-expressed genes as potential biomarkers which will provide information for the construction of an Adverse Outcome Pathway which could be useful in Ecological Risk Assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Departments of Medicine &Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Laboratory for Marine Systems Biology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu Z, Yu X, Du X, Li X. The Expressions of Klotho Family Genes in Human Ocular Tissues and in Anterior Lens Capsules of Age-Related Cataract. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:871-875. [PMID: 28095050 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1259421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Keratopathy, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Cataract, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Cataract, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Eye Bank, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Laboratory, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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22
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γKlotho is a novel marker and cell survival factor in a subset of triple negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2611-28. [PMID: 26556877 PMCID: PMC4823059 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, breast cancer mortality has declined. However, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a challenging problem mostly due to early recurrence and lack of molecularly driven treatments. There is a critical need to identify subgroups of TNBC with common molecular features that can be therapeutically targeted. Here we show that in contrast to Klotho and βKlotho, the third member of the Klotho protein family, γKlotho, is overexpressed in more than 60% of TNBCs and correlates with poorer disease progression. Furthermore, we find that γKlotho is expressed in a subset of TNBC cell lines promoting cell growth. Importantly, we demonstrate that in these cells γKlotho is necessary for cell survival and that its depletion leads to constitutive ERK activation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, we observe increased oxidative stress in γKlotho-depleted cells suggesting that γKlotho enables cancer cells to cope with an oxidative environment and that cells become dependent on its expression to maintain this survival advantage. These findings indicate that γKlotho might be a potential marker for patients that would benefit from treatments that alter oxidative stress and constitutes a novel drug target for a subset of TN breast cancers.
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23
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Li X, Wang C, Xiao J, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factors, old kids on the new block. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:155-67. [PMID: 26768548 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of cell intrinsic regulatory peptides that control a broad spectrum of cellular activities. The family includes canonic FGFs that elicit their activities by activating the FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase and non-canonic members that elicit their activities intracellularly and via FGFR-independent mechanisms. The FGF signaling axis is highly complex due to the existence of multiple isoforms of both ligands and receptors, as well as cofactors that include the chemically heterogeneous heparan sulfate (HS) cofactors, and in the case of endocrine FGFs, the Klotho coreceptors. Resident FGF signaling controls embryonic development, maintains tissue homeostasis, promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration, and regulates functions of multiple organs. However, ectopic or aberrant FGF signaling is a culprit for various diseases, including congenital birth defects, metabolic disorder, and cancer. The molecular mechanisms by which the specificity of FGF signaling is achieved remain incompletely understood. Since its application as a druggable target has been gradually recognized by pharmaceutical companies and translational researchers, understanding the determinants of FGF signaling specificity has become even more important in order to get into the position to selectively suppress a particular pathway without affecting others to minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wallace L McKeehan
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030-3303, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030-3303, United States.
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24
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Kharitonenkov A, DiMarchi R. FGF21 Revolutions: Recent Advances Illuminating FGF21 Biology and Medicinal Properties. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:608-617. [PMID: 26490383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biology of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has evolved through its first decade at a revolutionary pace with dramatic refinements in this relatively short span of time. This field is poised now with a deeper understanding of its specific physiological role, pathological ramifications for its inappropriate function, and a much-enriched context of the complex hormonal network in which it serves to regulate metabolism. As a derivative of these discoveries, the application of FGF21 as a medicinal agent has emerged with structurally optimized protein-based analogs being preclinically explored in multiple species, and, more recently, through clinical studies. These novel findings set a foundation for ongoing inquiries that structure future research into this intriguing protein.
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25
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Xu P, Zhang Y, Wang W, Yuan Q, Liu Z, Rasoul LM, Wu Q, Liu M, Ye X, Li D, Ren G. Long-Term Administration of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Prevents Chemically-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3032-43. [PMID: 26003555 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we explored whether treatment with FGF-21 could prevent diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. METHODS & RESULTS Hepatoma was induced by injection of DEN every three days for 18 weeks. For the prophylactic experiment, mice were firstly injected with FGF-21 for 2 weeks, then FGF-21 was administered to the mice once daily in association with DEN injection till the end of the experiment. The hepatoma incidence of mice treated with FGF-21 was 13.3%, while the incidence of mice treated with saline was 61.5%. To understand the mechanisms, we compared the expression of βklotho (KLB) and oxidative stress level in the livers between the mice treated with FGF-21 and saline. We found that FGF-21 could suppress DEN-induced oxidative stress and up-regulate the expression of KLB in the livers. To confirm these results, we compared the expression of KLB in L02 cells stimulated with or without FGF-21. Besides, we established DEN-induced oxidative stress cell model to affirm the relationship between FGF-21 and DEN-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Results showed that FGF-21 increased the expression of KLB and diminished the DEN-induced oxidative stress in vitro in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of FGF-21 can prevent DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis via suppressing oxidative stress and increasing the expression of KLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Yuan
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihang Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lubna Muhi Rasoul
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.,College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Qiang Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Panera N, Ceccarelli S, Nobili V, Alisi A. Targeting FGF19 binding to its receptor system: a novel therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2015; 62:1324. [PMID: 25677789 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Panera
- Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ceccarelli
- Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Liver Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Heinzle C, Erdem Z, Paur J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Holzmann K, Grusch M, Berger W, Marian B. Is fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 a suitable target of cancer therapy? Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:2881-98. [PMID: 23944363 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their tyrosine kinase receptors (FGFR) support cell proliferation, survival and migration during embryonic development, organogenesis and tissue maintenance and their deregulation is frequently observed in cancer development and progression. Consequently, increasing efforts are focusing on the development of strategies to target FGF/FGFR signaling for cancer therapy. Among the FGFRs the family member FGFR4 is least well understood and differs from FGFRs1-3 in several aspects. Importantly, FGFR4 deletion does not lead to an embryonic lethal phenotype suggesting the possibility that its inhibition in cancer therapy might not cause grave adverse effects. In addition, the FGFR4 kinase domain differs sufficiently from those of FGFRs1-3 to permit development of highly specific inhibitors. The oncogenic impact of FGFR4, however, is not undisputed, as the FGFR4-mediated hormonal effects of several FGF ligands may also constitute a tissue-protective tumor suppressor activity especially in the liver. Therefore it is the purpose of this review to summarize all relevant aspects of FGFR4 physiology and pathophysiology and discuss the options of targeting this receptor for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Marian
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H15-44. [PMID: 25934099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00459.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), renin angiotensin system blockade (RAS-bl), and rapamycin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increase survival and retard aging across species. Previously, we have summarized CR and RAS-bl's converging effects, and the mitochondrial function changes associated with their physiological benefits. mTOR inhibition and enhanced sirtuin and KLOTHO signaling contribute to the benefits of CR in aging. mTORC1/mTORC2 complexes contribute to cell growth and metabolic regulation. Prolonged mTORC1 activation may lead to age-related disease progression; thus, rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition and CR may extend lifespan and retard aging through mTORC1 interference. Sirtuins by deacetylating histone and transcription-related proteins modulate signaling and survival pathways and mitochondrial functioning. CR regulates several mammalian sirtuins favoring their role in aging regulation. KLOTHO/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to control Ca(2+), phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, and their dysregulation may participate in age-related disease. Here we review how mTOR inhibition extends lifespan, how KLOTHO functions as an aging suppressor, how sirtuins mediate longevity, how vitamin D loss may contribute to age-related disease, and how they relate to mitochondrial function. Also, we discuss how RAS-bl downregulates mTOR and upregulates KLOTHO, sirtuin, and vitamin D receptor expression, suggesting that at least some of RAS-bl benefits in aging are mediated through the modulation of mTOR, KLOTHO, and sirtuin expression and vitamin D signaling, paralleling CR actions in age retardation. Concluding, the available evidence endorses the idea that RAS-bl is among the interventions that may turn out to provide relief to the spreading issue of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Wang C, Yang C, Chang JY, You P, Li Y, Jin C, Luo Y, Li X, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Hepatocyte FRS2α is essential for the endocrine fibroblast growth factor to limit the amplitude of bile acid production induced by prandial activity. Curr Mol Med 2015; 14:703-711. [PMID: 25056539 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140724095112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being positively regulated by prandial activity, bile acid production is also negatively controlled by the endocrine fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) or the mouse ortholog FGF15 from the ileum that represses hepatic cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) expression through activating FGF receptor four (FGFR4). However, how these two regulatory mechanisms interplay to control bile acid homeostasis in the body and the downstream pathways by which FGFR4 regulates Cyp7a1 expression are not fully understood. Here we report that hepatocyte FGFR substrate 2α (FRS2α), a scaffold protein essential for canonical FGFRs to activate the ERK and AKT pathways, was required for the regulation of bile acid production by the FGF15/19-FGFR4 signaling axis. This occurred through limiting the extent of increases in Cyp7a1 expression induced by prandial activity. Excess FGFR4 kinase activity reduced the amplitude of the increase whereas a lack of FGFR4 augmented the increase of Cyp7a1 expression in the liver. Ablation of Frs2α alleles in hepatocytes abrogated the regulation of Cyp7a1 expression by FGFR4. Together, the results demonstrate that FRS2α-mediated pathways are essential for the FGF15/FGF19-FGFR4 signaling axis to control bile acid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Chaofeng Yang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Yf Chang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Pan You
- Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshang Hospital, China
| | - Yue Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Chengliu Jin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wallace L McKeehan
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas
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Lee HJ, Kang HJ, Kim KM, Yu ES, Kim KH, Kim SM, Kim TW, Shim JH, Lim YS, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor isotype expression and its association with overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol 2015; 21:60-70. [PMID: 25834803 PMCID: PMC4379198 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2015.21.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Fibroblast growth factor signaling is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) isotype expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and neighboring nonneoplastic liver tissue, and elucidate its prognostic implications. Methods Immunohistochemical staining of FGFR1, -2, -3, and -4 was performed in the HCCs and paired neighboring nonneoplastic liver tissue of 870 HCC patients who underwent hepatic resection. Of these, clinical data for 153 patients who underwent curative resection as a primary therapy were reviewed, and the relationship between FGFR isotype expression and overall survival was evaluated (development set). This association was also validated in 73 independent samples (validation set) by Western blot analysis. Results FGFR1, -2, -3, and -4 were expressed in 5.3%, 11.1%, 3.8%, and 52.7% of HCCs, respectively. Among the development set of 153 patients, FGFR2 positivity in HCC was associated with a significantly shorter overall survival (5-year survival rate, 35.3% vs. 61.8%; P=0.02). FGFR2 expression in HCC was an independent predictor of a poor postsurgical prognosis (hazard ratio, 2.10; P=0.02) in the development set. However, the corresponding findings were not statistically significant in the validation set. Conclusions FGFR2 expression in HCC could be a prognostic indicator of postsurgical survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Mo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sil Yu
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Kim
- Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Chu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung Sang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Liver Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abu-Elmagd M, Assidi M, Schulten HJ, Dallol A, Pushparaj PN, Ahmed F, Scherer SW, Al-Qahtani M. Individualized medicine enabled by genomics in Saudi Arabia. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S3. [PMID: 25951871 PMCID: PMC4315314 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomedical research sector in Saudi Arabia has recently received special attention from the government, which is currently supporting research aimed at improving the understanding and treatment of common diseases afflicting Saudi Arabian society. To build capacity for research and training, a number of centres of excellence were established in different areas of the country. Among these, is the Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, with its internationally ranked and highly productive team performing translational research in the area of individualized medicine. Here, we present a panorama of the recent trends in different areas of biomedical research in Saudi Arabia drawing from our vision of where genomics will have maximal impact in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We describe advances in a number of research areas including; congenital malformations, infertility, consanguinity and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, cancer and genomic classifications in Saudi Arabia, epigenetic explanations of idiopathic disease, and pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. We conclude that CEGMR will continue to play a pivotal role in advances in the field of genomics and research in this area is facing a number of challenges including generating high quality control data from Saudi population and policies for using these data need to comply with the international set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, P.O. Box 61519, Egypt
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- KACST Technology Innovation Centre in Personalized Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (CIPM), P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Peter Natesan Pushparaj
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Farid Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80216 Jeddah 21589, KSA
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Liu WY, Xie DM, Zhu GQ, Huang GQ, Lin YQ, Wang LR, Shi KQ, Hu B, Braddock M, Chen YP, Zheng MH. Targeting fibroblast growth factor 19 in liver disease: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:675-85. [PMID: 25547779 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.997711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a member of the hormone-like FGF family and has activity as an ileum-derived postprandial hormone. It shares high binding affinity with β-Klotho and together with the FGF receptor (FGFR) 4, is predominantly targeted to the liver. The main function of FGF19 in metabolism is the negative control of bile acid synthesis, promotion of glycogen synthesis, lipid metabolism and protein synthesis. AREAS COVERED Drawing on in vitro and in vivo studies, this review discusses FGF19 and some underlying mechanisms of action of FGF19 as an endocrine hormone in several liver diseases. The molecular pathway of the FGF19-FGFR4 axis in non-alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are discussed. Furthermore, definition of function and pharmacological effects of FGF19 for liver disease are also presented. EXPERT OPINION A series of studies have highlighted a crucial role of FGF19 in liver disease. However, the conclusions of these studies are partly paradoxical and controversial. An understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms which may explain inconsistent findings is especially important for consideration of potential biomarker strategies and an exploration of the putative therapeutic efficacy of FGF19 for human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yue Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Liver Research Center, Department of Infection and Liver Diseases , No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou 325000 , China +86 577 88078232 ; +86 577 88078262 ;
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Bowen WC, Michalopoulos AW, Orr A, Ding MQ, Stolz DB, Michalopoulos GK. Development of a chemically defined medium and discovery of new mitogenic growth factors for mouse hepatocytes: mitogenic effects of FGF1/2 and PDGF. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95487. [PMID: 24743506 PMCID: PMC3990636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically defined serum-free media for rat hepatocytes have been useful in identifying EGFR ligands and HGF/MET signaling as direct mitogenic factors for rat hepatocytes. The absence of such media for mouse hepatocytes has prevented screening for discovery of such mitogens for mouse hepatocytes. We present results obtained by designing such a chemically defined medium for mouse hepatocytes and demonstrate that in addition to EGFR ligands and HGF, the growth factors FGF1 and FGF2 are also important mitogenic factors for mouse hepatocytes. Smaller mitogenic response was also noticed for PDGF AB. Mouse hepatocytes are more likely to enter into spontaneous proliferation in primary culture due to activation of cell cycle pathways resulting from collagenase perfusion. These results demonstrate unanticipated fundamental differences in growth biology of hepatocytes between the two rodent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amantha W. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Q. Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Luo Y, Yang C, Ye M, Jin C, Abbruzzese JL, Lee MH, Yeung SCJ, McKeehan WL. Deficiency of metabolic regulator FGFR4 delays breast cancer progression through systemic and microenvironmental metabolic alterations. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:21. [PMID: 24279986 PMCID: PMC4178208 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine FGF21 and FGF19 target adipocytes and hepatocytes through betaKlotho (KLB) and FGFR tyrosine kinases effecting glucose, lipid and energy metabolism. Both factors alleviate obesity and metabolic abnormalities which are contributing factors to breast tumor progression. Genomic manipulation of hepatic FGFR4 has uncovered roles of endocrine FGF signaling in both metabolic and cellular homeostasis. Here we determined whether systemic and microenvironmental metabolic alterations caused by the FGFR4 deficiency affect tumorigenesis in breast where FGFR4 is negligible. Breast tumors were induced in the bigenic mice with ablation of FGFR4 and overexpression of TGFα that activates Her2 in the ductal and lobular epithelium surrounded by adipocytes. Mammary tumorigenesis and alterations in systemic and breast microenvironmental metabolic parameters and regulatory pathways were analyzed. RESULTS Ablation of FGFR4 had no effect on cellular homeostasis and Her2 activity of normal breast tissue. However, the absence of FGFR4 reduced TGFα-driven breast tumor incidence and progression and improved host survival. Notable increases in hepatic and serum FGF21, ileal FGF15/19, adiponectin and adipsin, and decreases in systemic Fetuin A, IGF-1, IGFBP-1, RBP4 and TIMP1 were observed. The ablation affected adipogenesis and secretory function of adipocytes as well as lipogenesis, glycolysis and energy homeostasis associated with the functions of mitochondria, ER and peroxisomes in the breast and tumor foci. Treatment with a chemical inhibitor of NAMPT involved in the pathways inhibited the growth and survival of breast tumor cells and tumor-initiating cell-containing spheres. The FGFR4 ablation also caused elevation of inflammatory factors in the breast. CONCLUSIONS Although the primary role of FGFR4 in metabolism occurs in hepatocytes, its ablation results in a net inhibitory effect on mammary tumor progression. We suggest that the tumor-delaying effect of FGFR4 deficiency may be in large part due to elevated anti-obesogenic FGF21 that triggers tumor-suppressing signals from both peripheral and breast adipocytes. The predominant changes in metabolic pathways suggested roles of metabolic effects from both peripheral and breast adipocytes on metabolic reprogramming in breast epithelial cells that contribute to the suppression of tumor progression. These results provide new insights into the contribution of systemic and microenvironmental metabolic effects controlled by endocrine FGF signaling to breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W, Holcombe Blvd,, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA.
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Yang C, Lu W, Lin T, You P, Ye M, Huang Y, Jiang X, Wang C, Wang F, Lee MH, Yeung SCJ, Johnson RL, Wei C, Tsai RY, Frazier ML, McKeehan WL, Luo Y. Activation of Liver FGF21 in hepatocarcinogenesis and during hepatic stress. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:67. [PMID: 23590285 PMCID: PMC3637159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FGF21 is a promising intervention therapy for metabolic diseases as fatty liver, obesity and diabetes. Recent results suggest that FGF21 is highly expressed in hepatocytes under metabolic stress caused by starvation, hepatosteatosis, obesity and diabetes. Hepatic FGF21 elicits metabolic benefits by targeting adipocytes of the peripheral adipose tissue through the transmembrane FGFR1-KLB complex. Ablation of adipose FGFR1 resulted in increased hepatosteatosis under starvation conditions and abrogation of the anti-obesogenic action of FGF21. These results indicate that FGF21 may be a stress responsive hepatokine that targets adipocytes and adipose tissue for alleviating the damaging effects of stress on the liver. However, it is unclear whether hepatic induction of FGF21 is limited to only metabolic stress, or to a more general hepatic stress resulting from liver pathogenesis and injury. Methods In this survey-based study, we examine the nature of hepatic FGF21 activation in liver tissues and tissue sections from several mouse liver disease models and human patients, by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, protein chemistry, and reporter and CHIP assays. The liver diseases include genetic and chemical-induced HCC, liver injury and regeneration, cirrhosis, and other types of liver diseases. Results We found that mouse FGF21 is induced in response to chemical (DEN treatment) and genetic-induced hepatocarcinogenesis (disruptions in LKB1, p53, MST1/2, SAV1 and PTEN). It is also induced in response to loss of liver mass due to partial hepatectomy followed by regeneration. The induction of FGF21 expression is potentially under the control of stress responsive transcription factors p53 and STAT3. Serum FGF21 levels correlate with FGF21 expression in hepatocytes. In patients with hepatitis, fatty degeneration, cirrhosis and liver tumors, FGF21 levels in hepatocytes or phenotypically normal hepatocytes are invariably elevated compared to normal health subjects. Conclusion FGF21 is an inducible hepatokine and could be a biomarker for normal hepatocyte function. Activation of its expression is a response of functional hepatocytes to a broad spectrum of pathological changes that impose both cellular and metabolic stress on the liver. Taken together with our recent data, we suggest that hepatic FGF21 is a general stress responsive factor that targets adipose tissue for normalizing local and systemic metabolic parameters while alleviating the overload and damaging effects imposed by the pathogenic stress on the liver. This study therefore provides a rationale for clinical biomarker studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Yang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W, Holcombe Blvd,, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA
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Ye X, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Chen W, Hua X, Liu W, Yang Y, Chen G. βKlotho suppresses tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating Akt/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55615. [PMID: 23383245 PMCID: PMC3559476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
βKlotho is a regulator in multiple metabolic processes, while its role in cancer remains unclear. We found the expression of βKlotho was down-regulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues compared with that in paired adjacent non-tumourous liver tissues. Hepatoma cells also showed decreased expression of βKlotho compared with normal hepatocyte cells. Reintroduction of βKlotho into hepatoma cells inhibited their proliferation. The anti-proliferative effect of βKlotho might be linked with G1 to S phase arrest, which was mediated by Akt/GSK-3β/cyclin D1 signaling, since forced expression βKlotho reduced the phosphorylation level of Akt and GSK-3β and induced down-regulation of cyclin D1. Furthermore, βKlotho overexpression could inhibit tumorgenesis, while constitutively activated Akt could override the suppressive effects of βKlotho in vivo. These data suggest βKlotho suppresses tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuefeng Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (GC) (YY); (YY) (GC)
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Hepatology Laboratory, Hospital for Liver Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (GC) (YY); (YY) (GC)
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Yang C, Wang C, Ye M, Jin C, He W, Wang F, McKeehan WL, Luo Y. Control of lipid metabolism by adipocyte FGFR1-mediated adipohepatic communication during hepatic stress. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:94. [PMID: 23106963 PMCID: PMC3545967 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endocrine FGF19 and FGF21 exert their effects on metabolic homeostasis through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and co-factor betaKlotho (KLB). Ileal FGF19 regulates bile acid metabolism through specifically FGFR4-KLB in hepatocytes where FGFR1 is not significant. Both FGF19 and FGF21 activate FGFR1-KLB whose function predominates in adipocytes. Recent studies using administration of FGF19 and FGF21 and genetic ablation of KLB or adipocyte FGFR1 indicate that FGFR1-KLB mediates the response of adipocytes to both FGF21 and FGF19. Here we show that adipose FGFR1 regulates lipid metabolism through direct effect on adipose tissue and indirect effects on liver under starvation conditions that cause hepatic stress. Methods We employed adipocyte-specific ablations of FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes in mice, and analyzed metabolic consequences in adipose tissue, liver and systemic parameters under normal, fasting and starvation conditions. Results Under normal conditions, the ablation of adipose FGFR1 had little effect on adipocytes, but caused shifts in expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism. Starvation conditions precipitated a concurrent elevation of serum triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids, and increased hepatic steatosis and adipose lipolysis in the FGFR1-deficient mice. Little effect on glucose or ketone bodies due to the FGFR1 deficiency was observed. Conclusions Our results suggest an adipocyte-hepatocyte communication network mediated by adipocyte FGFR1 that concurrently dampens hepatic lipogenesis and adipocyte lipolysis. We propose that this serves overall to mete out and extend lipid reserves for neural fuels (glucose and ketone bodies), while at the same time governing extent of hepatosteatosis during metabolic extremes and other conditions causing hepatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Yang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 W, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030-3303, USA.
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Nakamura M, Uehara Y, Asada M, Suzuki M, Imamura T. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan-assisted receptor specificity of human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 signaling in a mouse system is different from that in a human system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:321-30. [PMID: 23064887 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112463820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine action of human (h) intestine-derived fibroblast growth factor 19 (hFGF19) toward liver cells necessitates a highly specific recognition system. We previously reported that at physiological concentrations (~30 pM), hFGF19 requires sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) for its signaling via human FGF receptor 4 (hFGFR4) in the presence of a co-receptor, human βKlotho (hKLB), thus establishing specific targeting. Here we report that the specificity of hFGF19 signaling is greatly altered in a mouse model system. In in vitro cellular systems, at concentrations achievable in transgenic animals and in pharmacologic animal experiments (1-100 nM), hFGF19 activates mouse (m)FGFR1c, mFGFR2c, and mFGFR3c but not mFGFR4 in the presence of mKLB and nonheparin authentic sGAGs. Furthermore, in the presence of hepatic sGAGs or heparin, nanomolar hFGF19 activates mFGFR4, even in the absence of co-expressed mKLB. Taken together, these results indicate that the sGAG-assisted receptor specificity of hFGF19 signaling achieved in experimental mouse systems differs greatly from that in physiological human systems. This suggests the function and mechanism of hFGF19 signaling identified using mouse systems should be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Klotho coreceptors inhibit signaling by paracrine fibroblast growth factor 8 subfamily ligands. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1944-54. [PMID: 22451487 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06603-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently established that Klotho coreceptors associate with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs) to enable signaling by endocrine-acting FGFs. However, the molecular interactions leading to FGF-FGFR-Klotho ternary complex formation remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that in contrast to αKlotho, βKlotho binds its cognate endocrine FGF ligand (FGF19 or FGF21) and FGFR independently through two distinct binding sites. FGF19 and FGF21 use their respective C-terminal tails to bind to a common binding site on βKlotho. Importantly, we also show that Klotho coreceptors engage a conserved hydrophobic groove in the immunoglobulin-like domain III (D3) of the "c" splice isoform of FGFR. Intriguingly, this hydrophobic groove is also used by ligands of the paracrine-acting FGF8 subfamily for receptor binding. Based on this binding site overlap, we conclude that while Klotho coreceptors enhance binding affinity of FGFR for endocrine FGFs, they actively suppress binding of FGF8 subfamily ligands to FGFR.
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Poh W, Wong W, Ong H, Aung MO, Lim SG, Chua BT, Ho HK. Klotho-beta overexpression as a novel target for suppressing proliferation and fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:14. [PMID: 22439738 PMCID: PMC3361496 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We had previously demonstrated overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor-4 (FGFR4) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, additional molecular mechanisms resulting in amplified FGFR4 signaling in HCC remain under-studied. Here, we studied the mechanistic role of its co-receptor klotho-beta (KLB) in driving elevated FGFR4 activity in HCC progression. Results Quantitative real-time PCR analysis identified frequent elevation of KLB gene expression in HCC tumors relative to matched non-tumor tissue, with a more than two-fold increase correlating with development of multiple tumors in patients. KLB-silencing in Huh7 cells decreased cell proliferation and suppressed FGFR4 downstream signaling. While transient repression of KLB-FGFR4 signaling decreased protein expression of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a HCC diagnostic marker, prolonged inhibition enriched for resistant HCC cells exhibiting increased liver stemness. Conclusions Elevated KLB expression in HCC tissues provides further credence to the oncogenic role of increased FGFR4 signaling in HCC progression and represents a novel biomarker to identify additional patients amenable to anti-FGFR4 therapy. The restricted tissue expression profile of KLB, together with the anti-proliferative effect observed with KLB-silencing, also qualifies it as a specific and potent therapeutic target for HCC patients. The enrichment of a liver stem cell-like population in response to extended KLB-FGFR4 repression necessitates further investigation to target the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Poh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yang C, Jin C, Li X, Wang F, McKeehan WL, Luo Y. Differential specificity of endocrine FGF19 and FGF21 to FGFR1 and FGFR4 in complex with KLB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33870. [PMID: 22442730 PMCID: PMC3307775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that betaKlotho (KLB) and endocrine FGF19 and FGF21 redirect FGFR signaling to regulation of metabolic homeostasis and suppression of obesity and diabetes. However, the identity of the predominant metabolic tissue in which a major FGFR-KLB resides that critically mediates the differential actions and metabolism effects of FGF19 and FGF21 remain unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We determined the receptor and tissue specificity of FGF21 in comparison to FGF19 by using direct, sensitive and quantitative binding kinetics, and downstream signal transduction and expression of early response gene upon administration of FGF19 and FGF21 in mice. We found that FGF21 binds FGFR1 with much higher affinity than FGFR4 in presence of KLB; while FGF19 binds both FGFR1 and FGFR4 in presence of KLB with comparable affinity. The interaction of FGF21 with FGFR4-KLB is very weak even at high concentration and could be negligible at physiological concentration. Both FGF19 and FGF21 but not FGF1 exhibit binding affinity to KLB. The binding of FGF1 is dependent on where FGFRs are present. Both FGF19 and FGF21 are unable to displace the FGF1 binding, and conversely FGF1 cannot displace FGF19 and FGF21 binding. These results indicate that KLB is an indispensable mediator for the binding of FGF19 and FGF21 to FGFRs that is not required for FGF1. Although FGF19 can predominantly activate the responses of the liver and to a less extent the adipose tissue, FGF21 can do so significantly only in the adipose tissue and adipocytes. Among several metabolic and endocrine tissues, the response of adipose tissue to FGF21 is predominant, and can be blunted by the ablation of KLB or FGFR1. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that unlike FGF19, FGF21 is unable to bind FGFR4-KLB complex with affinity comparable to FGFR1-KLB, and therefore, at physiological concentration less likely to directly and significantly target the liver where FGFR4-KLB predominantly resides. However, both FGF21 and FGF19 have the potential to activate responses of primarily the adipose tissue where FGFR1-KLB resides.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Humans
- Klotho Proteins
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiprotein Complexes/genetics
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Yang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chengliu Jin
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wallace L. McKeehan
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- IBT Proteomics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongde Luo
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- IBT Proteomics and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Understanding the structure-function relationship between FGF19 and its mitogenic and metabolic activities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 728:195-213. [PMID: 22396171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0887-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
FGF19 differs from the classical FGFs in that it has a much-reduced heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding affinity that allows it to act as endocrine hormone. Although FGF19 regulates several different metabolic activities, it still activates downstream signaling pathways through FGF receptors, in a similar manner to that seen in classical FGFs. Aberrant FGF signaling has been implicated in tumor development, and mouse models have confirmed that FGF19 has the potential to induce hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment with anti-FGF19 antibody suppressed tumor progression in both FGF19 transgenic mice and colon cancer cell xenograft models. FGFR4, the predominant FGF receptor expressed in the liver, may play an important role in FGF19-mediated tumorigenesis. This review reports the current advances in understanding the structure-function relationship between FGF19 and its interactions with FGFRs, its physiological activities, and its differences from FGF21. The review also discusses strategies to separate the mitogenic and metabolic activities for the development of potential therapeutic molecules based on FGF19.
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