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Chen Y, Mehmood K, Chang YF, Tang Z, Li Y, Zhang H. The molecular mechanisms of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis regulating chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. Life Sci 2023; 335:122243. [PMID: 37949211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis are major underlying factors in skeletal developmental disorders, including tibial dysplasia (TD), osteoarthritis (OA), chondrodysplasia (ACH), and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Understanding the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of these disorders is crucial for addressing orthopedic diseases resulting from impaired glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Glycosaminoglycan is a broad term that refers to the glycan component of proteoglycan macromolecules. It is an essential component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and plays a vital role in various biological processes, including gene transcription, signal transduction, and chondrocyte differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis plays a regulatory role in chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis by modulating various growth factors and signaling molecules. For instance, glycosaminoglycan is involved in mediating pathways such as Wnt, TGF-β, FGF, Ihh-PTHrP, and O-GlcNAc glycosylation, interacting with transcription factors SOX9, BMPs, TGF-β, and Runx2 to regulate chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. To propose innovative approaches for addressing orthopedic diseases caused by impaired glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, we conducted a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrocyte glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, which regulates chondrocyte differentiation and endochondral osteogenesis. Our analysis considers the role of genes, glycoproteins, and associated signaling pathways during chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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2
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Shen Q, Guo Y, Wang K, Zhang C, Ma Y. A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:7093. [PMID: 37894574 PMCID: PMC10609508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Changjiang Road 80, Nanyang 473004, China
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3
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Koh WS, Knudsen C, Izumikawa T, Nakato E, Grandt K, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toyoda H, Nakato H. Regulation of morphogen pathways by a Drosophila chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Windpipe. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260525. [PMID: 36897575 PMCID: PMC10113886 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogens provide quantitative and robust signaling systems to achieve stereotypic patterning and morphogenesis. Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of such regulatory feedback networks. In Drosophila, HSPGs serve as co-receptors for a number of morphogens, including Hedgehog (Hh), Wingless (Wg), Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Unpaired (Upd, or Upd1). Recently, Windpipe (Wdp), a chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan (CSPG), was found to negatively regulate Upd and Hh signaling. However, the roles of Wdp, and CSPGs in general, in morphogen signaling networks are poorly understood. We found that Wdp is a major CSPG with 4-O-sulfated CS in Drosophila. Overexpression of wdp modulates Dpp and Wg signaling, showing that it is a general regulator of HS-dependent pathways. Although wdp mutant phenotypes are mild in the presence of morphogen signaling buffering systems, this mutant in the absence of Sulf1 or Dally, molecular hubs of the feedback networks, produces high levels of synthetic lethality and various severe morphological phenotypes. Our study indicates a close functional relationship between HS and CS, and identifies the CSPG Wdp as a novel component in morphogen feedback pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seuk Koh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Collin Knudsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Eriko Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin Grandt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Hidenao Toyoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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4
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Francisco AB, Li J, Farghli AR, Kanke M, Shui B, Munn PR, Grenier JK, Soloway PD, Wang Z, Reid LM, Liu J, Sethupathy P. Chemical, Molecular, and Single-nucleus Analysis Reveal Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Aberrancy in Fibrolamellar Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:663-678. [PMID: 36923282 PMCID: PMC10010304 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is an aggressive liver cancer with no effective therapeutic options. The extracellular environment of FLC tumors is poorly characterized and may contribute to cancer growth and/or metastasis. To bridge this knowledge gap, we assessed pathways relevant to proteoglycans, a major component of the extracellular matrix. We first analyzed gene expression data from FLC and nonmalignant liver tissue (n = 27) to identify changes in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biosynthesis pathways and found that genes associated with production of chondroitin sulfate, but not other GAGs, are significantly increased by 8-fold. We then implemented a novel LC/MS-MS based method to quantify the abundance of different types of GAGs in patient tumors (n = 16) and found that chondroitin sulfate is significantly more abundant in FLC tumors by 6-fold. Upon further analysis of GAG-associated proteins, we found that versican (VCAN) expression is significantly upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels, the latter of which was validated by IHC. Finally, we performed single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing on FLC tumors (n = 3), which revealed for the first time the different cell types in FLC tumors and also showed that VCAN is likely produced not only from FLC tumor epithelial cells but also activated stellate cells. Our results reveal a pathologic aberrancy in chondroitin (but not heparan) sulfate proteoglycans in FLC and highlight a potential role for activated stellate cells. Significance This study leverages a multi-disciplinary approach, including state-of-the-art chemical analyses and cutting-edge single-cell genomic technologies, to identify for the first time a marked chondroitin sulfate aberrancy in FLC that could open novel therapeutic avenues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Francisco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jine Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alaa R Farghli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Bo Shui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Paul R Munn
- Genomics Innovation Hub, Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Genomics Innovation Hub, Biotechnology Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Paul D Soloway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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5
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Nadanaka S, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin Sulfates Control Invasiveness of the Basal-Like Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231 Through ROR1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:914838. [PMID: 35712490 PMCID: PMC9194504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.914838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular and cell surface chondroitin sulfates (CSs) regulate cancer cell properties, including proliferation and invasion. Thus, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying their roles in cancer. Although we have shown that CS has an inherent ability to enhance the invasive activity of the human triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we focused on receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) and dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (DKK1). MDA-MB-231 cells express high levels of ROR1; their invasive potential depends on ROR1 signaling. Although accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ROR1 is associated with aggressive breast-cancer phenotypes, the whole picture of its biological function remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined whether CS controls ROR1 function. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated that CSs were bound to ROR1 in the presence of WNT5A. The invasive activity of MDA-MB-231 cells enhanced by CSs was completely suppressed by ROR1 knockdown. In addition, knockdown of the CS biosynthetic enzymes CHST11 and CHST15 inhibited invasive activity, even in the presence of ROR1. These results suggest that CS is required to induce an ROR1-dependent, aggressive MDA-MB-231 phenotype. ROR1 signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), leading to increased invasive potential; moreover, exogenous CSs activated JNK. MDA-MB-231 cells express DKK1, a tumor suppressor factor that binds to CS, at high levels. Knockdown of DKK1 enhanced CS-stimulated tumor invasion activity of MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that DKK1 sequesters CS to block ROR1/JNK signaling. These results showed that CSs promotes cancer aggressiveness through the ROR1−JNK axis in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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6
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Habuchi O. Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate. Glycobiology 2022; 32:664-678. [PMID: 35552694 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, three groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1) and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions, and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osami Habuchi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igayacho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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7
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Ida-Yonemochi H, Takeuchi K, Ohshima H. Role of chondroitin sulfate in the developmental and healing process of the dental pulp in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:133-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Salbach-Hirsch J, Rauner M, Hofbauer C, Hofbauer LC. New insights into the role of glycosaminoglycans in the endosteal bone microenvironment. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1415-1425. [PMID: 34323057 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The bone microenvironment is a complex tissue in which heterogeneous cell populations of hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin interact with environmental cues to maintain tissue integrity. Both cellular and matrix components are subject to physiologic challenges and can dynamically respond by modifying cell/matrix interactions. When either component is impaired, the physiologic balance is lost. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of how glycosaminoglycans - organic components of the bone extracellular matrix - influence the bone micromilieu. We point out how they interact with mediators of distinct signaling pathways such as the RANKL/OPG axis, BMP and WNT signaling, and affect the activity of bone remodeling cells within the endosteal niche summarizing their potential for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Salbach-Hirsch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Hofbauer
- NCT Dresden and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Center, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Kitazawa K, Nadanaka S, Kadomatsu K, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin 6-sulfate represses keratinocyte proliferation in mouse skin, which is associated with psoriasis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:114. [PMID: 33495490 PMCID: PMC7835381 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfates are implicated in epidermal biology, but functional significance of chondroitin sulfates remains unclear. Here, we report that chondroitin 6-sulfate is important for the maintenance of epidermal homeostasis. Mice deficient in chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C6st-1), which is involved in biosynthesis of chondroitin 6-sulfate, exhibited keratinocyte hyperproliferation and impaired skin permeability barrier function. Chondroitin 6-sulfate directly interacted with the EGF receptor and negatively controlled ligand-induced EGF receptor signaling. Normal function of hyperproliferative C6st-1-knockout mouse-derived keratinocytes was rescued by treatment with exogenous chondroitin 6-sulfate. Epidermal hyperplasia, induced using imiquimod, was more severe in C6st-1-knockout mice than in C6st-1 wild-type mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that chondroitin 6-sulfate represses keratinocyte proliferation in normal skin, and that the expression level of C6st-1 may be associated with susceptibility to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
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10
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Nadanaka S, Hashiguchi T, Kitagawa H. Aberrant glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by tumor suppressor EXTL2 deficiency promotes liver inflammation and tumorigenesis through Toll-like 4 receptor signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:8385-8401. [PMID: 32347583 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902076r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain proteoglycans, consisting of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, are among the many types of biomolecules that can function as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). We, therefore, hypothesized that the expression level and structural alteration of GAGs affect inflammation. We have previously reported that the effects on GAG biosynthesis caused by loss of the tumor suppressor gene exostosin-like 2 (Extl2) influence liver injury and regeneration processes. To examine how altered GAG biosynthesis may underscore the relationship between inflammation and tumorigenesis, we assessed its role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocarcinoma (HCC) induced by dietary obesity and insulin-resistance. We demonstrated that GAGs produced in the absence of EXTL2 act as DAMPs and directly input signals into cells via the Toll-like 4 receptor. In addition, the subsequent transcriptional activation of inflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokines by NF-κB contributes to injury- and inflammation-driven tumor promotion. Thus, dysregulated biosynthesis of GAGs is considered to increase the risk of HCC in a background of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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11
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Bachvarova V, Dierker T, Esko J, Hoffmann D, Kjellen L, Vortkamp A. Chondrocytes respond to an altered heparan sulfate composition with distinct changes of heparan sulfate structure and increased levels of chondroitin sulfate. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:43-59. [PMID: 32201365 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) regulates the activity of many signaling molecules critical for the development of endochondral bones. Even so, mice with a genetically altered HS metabolism display a relatively mild skeletal phenotype compared to the defects observed in other tissues and organs pointing to a reduced HS dependency of growth-factor signaling in chondrocytes. To understand this difference, we have investigated the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition in two mouse lines that produce either reduced levels of HS (Ext1gt/gt mice) or HS lacking 2-O-sulfation (Hs2st1-/- mice). Analysis by RPIP-HPLC revealed an increased level of sulfated disaccarides not affected by the mutation in both mouse lines indicating that chondrocytes attempt to restore a critical level of sulfation. In addition, in both mutant lines we also detected significantly elevated levels of CS. Size exclusion chromatography further demonstrated that Ext1gt/gt mutants produce more but shorter CS chains, while the CS chains produced by (Hs2st1-/- mice) mutants are of similar length to that of wild type littermates indicating that chondrocytes produce more rather than longer CS chains. Expression analysis revealed an upregulation of aggrecan, which likely carries most of the additionally produced CS. Together the results of this study demonstrate for the first time that not only a reduced HS synthesis but also an altered HS structure leads to increased levels of CS in mammalian tissues. Furthermore, as chondrocytes produce 100-fold more CS than HS the increased CS levels point to an active, precursor-independent mechanism that senses the quality of HS in a vast excess of CS. Interestingly, reducing the level of cell surface CS by chondroitinase treatment leads to reduced Bmp2 induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation. In addition, Erk phosphorylation is increased independent of Fgf18 treatment indicating that both, HS and CS, affect growth factor signaling in chondrocytes in distinct manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jeffrey Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD, United States.
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - Lena Kjellen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr 1-5,45117 Essen, Germany.
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12
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Li J, Han G, Ma M, Wei G, Shi X, Guo Z, Li T, Meng H, Cao Y, Liu X. Xanthan Gum Ameliorates Osteoarthritis and Mitigates Cartilage Degradation via Regulation of the Wnt3a/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7488-7498. [PMID: 31587011 PMCID: PMC6792505 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and inflammation. We have previously clarified that a xanthan gum (XG) preparation exerts ameliorating effect on a rabbit OA model by regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3, which are critical proteins in the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway. Thus, it is reasonable to predict that the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway is involved in the treatment of OA with XG. Material/Methods The effect of XG in OA model animals were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), Safranin O staining, and Fast Green staining. Articular cartilage degradation on the medial plateau sides was quantified using the modified Pritzker OARSI score. The levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in synovial fluid were determined with ELISA. The protective effect of XG in rat chondrocytes was assessed by CCK8 assay. Moreover, activation of the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway and the expression of MMP13, ADAMTS5, aggrecan, and collagen II under the influence of XG was measured by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Results Our results showed that XG reduced the OARSI score and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines in OA after intra-articular injection. XG acted on Wnt3a/β-catenin in ATDC5 cells in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited a protective effect. XG also decreased the expression of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 and rescued the inhibition of aggrecan and collagen II expression in SNP-stimulated chondrocytes. Conclusions These results indicate that the effects of XG are related to the Wnt3a/β-catenin pathway and XG suppresses matrix degradation by inhibiting the expression of MMPs and ADAMTS and promotes aggrecan and collagen II content in the ECM, indicating its favorable potential for use in OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Guanying Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Min Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Guohua Wei
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Tingting Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Hai Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yangyang Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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The roles of perineuronal nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix in neuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:451-465. [PMID: 31263252 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix (ECM) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-containing structures that surround the soma and dendrites of various mammalian neuronal cell types. PNNs appear during development around the time that the critical periods for developmental plasticity end and are important for both their onset and closure. A similar structure - the perinodal ECM - surrounds the axonal nodes of Ranvier and appears as myelination is completed, acting as an ion-diffusion barrier that affects axonal conduction speed. Recent work has revealed the importance of PNNs in controlling plasticity in the CNS. Digestion, blocking or removal of PNNs influences functional recovery after a variety of CNS lesions. PNNs have further been shown to be involved in the regulation of memory and have been implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders.
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Shida M, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate-D promotes neurite outgrowth by acting as an extracellular ligand for neuronal integrin αVβ3. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1319-1331. [PMID: 31181256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains are prominent extra/pericellular matrix components in the central nervous system (CNS) and can exert positive or negative regulatory effects on neurite outgrowth, depending on the CS structure and the amount. Despite the remarkable abilities of highly sulfated forms of CS chains to enhance neurite outgrowth, the neuronal recognition systems for such promotional CS chains, including CS-D polysaccharide, remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS We explored the molecular basis of the CS-D-mediated neurite extension using primary hippocampal neurons cultured on substrate precoated with CS-D polysaccharides, and evaluated functional involvement of a distinct integrin heterodimer as a novel neuronal CS receptor for CS-D. RESULTS We identified an extracellular matrix receptor, integrin αVβ3, as a functional receptor for CS-D. CS-D, but not CS-C (a precursor form of CS-D) showed significant binding affinity toward recombinant integrin αVβ3 heterodimer and activated intracellular signaling(s) involving focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src/Fyn kinase. Functional blockade of the respective players for integrin signaling abrogated the promotional effects of CS-D. We also found the existence of CS-D-induced integrin activation system in neuronal stem/progenitor cell population. CONCLUSIONS The neuronal cell surface integrin αVβ3 can function as a CS receptor for a highly sulfated CS subtype, CS-D. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our findings are the first to demonstrate that CS-dependent neurite outgrowth promotion is exerted via direct activation of specific integrin heterodimers on neuronal cell surfaces, providing new insights into understanding the CS-sensing machineries that regulate CNS development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Shida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Life and Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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15
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Craniofacial abnormality with skeletal dysplasia in mice lacking chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17134. [PMID: 30459452 PMCID: PMC6244165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays an important part in organogenesis. To elucidate the roles of CS for craniofacial development, we analyzed the craniofacial morphology in CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1) gene knockout (KO) mice. T1KO mice showed the impaired intramembranous ossification in the skull, and the final skull shape of adult mice included a shorter face, higher and broader calvaria. Some of T1KO mice exhibited severe facial developmental defect, such as eye defects and cleft lip and palate, causing embryonic lethality. At the postnatal stages, T1KO mice with severely reduced CS amounts showed malocclusion, general skeletal dysplasia and skin hyperextension, closely resembling Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-like connective tissue disorders. The production of collagen type 1 was significantly downregulated in T1KO mice, and the deposition of CS-binding molecules, Wnt3a, was decreased with CS in extracellular matrices. The collagen fibers were irregular and aggregated, and connective tissues were dysorganized in the skin and calvaria of T1KO mice. These results suggest that CS regulates the shape of the craniofacial skeleton by modulating connective tissue organization and that the remarkable reduction of CS induces hypoplasia of intramembranous ossification and cartilage anomaly, resulting in skeletal dysplasia.
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16
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Lee SH, Singh I, Tisdale S, Abdel-Wahab O, Leslie CS, Mayr C. Widespread intronic polyadenylation inactivates tumour suppressor genes in leukaemia. Nature 2018; 561:127-131. [PMID: 30150773 PMCID: PMC6527314 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA mutations are known cancer drivers. Here we investigated whether mRNA events that are upregulated in cancer can functionally mimic the outcome of genetic alterations. RNA sequencing or 3'-end sequencing techniques were applied to normal and malignant B cells from 59 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)1-3. We discovered widespread upregulation of truncated mRNAs and proteins in primary CLL cells that were not generated by genetic alterations but instead occurred by intronic polyadenylation. Truncated mRNAs caused by intronic polyadenylation were recurrent (n = 330) and predominantly affected genes with tumour-suppressive functions. The truncated proteins generated by intronic polyadenylation often lack the tumour-suppressive functions of the corresponding full-length proteins (such as DICER and FOXN3), and several even acted in an oncogenic manner (such as CARD11, MGA and CHST11). In CLL, the inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes by aberrant mRNA processing is substantially more prevalent than the functional loss of such genes through genetic events. We further identified new candidate tumour-suppressor genes that are inactivated by intronic polyadenylation in leukaemia and by truncating DNA mutations in solid tumours4,5. These genes are understudied in cancer, as their overall mutation rates are lower than those of well-known tumour-suppressor genes. Our findings show the need to go beyond genomic analyses in cancer diagnostics, as mRNA events that are silent at the DNA level are widespread contributors to cancer pathogenesis through the inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Han Lee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Tisdale
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Mayr
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Biodiversity of CS–proteoglycan sulphation motifs: chemical messenger recognition modules with roles in information transfer, control of cellular behaviour and tissue morphogenesis. Biochem J 2018; 475:587-620. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate (CS) glycosaminoglycan chains on cell and extracellular matrix proteoglycans (PGs) can no longer be regarded as merely hydrodynamic space fillers. Overwhelming evidence over recent years indicates that sulphation motif sequences within the CS chain structure are a source of significant biological information to cells and their surrounding environment. CS sulphation motifs have been shown to interact with a wide variety of bioactive molecules, e.g. cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, morphogenetic proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, as well as structural components within the extracellular milieu. They are therefore capable of modulating a panoply of signalling pathways, thus controlling diverse cellular behaviours including proliferation, differentiation, migration and matrix synthesis. Consequently, through these motifs, CS PGs play significant roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, development, growth and disease. Here, we review (i) the biodiversity of CS PGs and their sulphation motif sequences and (ii) the current understanding of the signalling roles they play in regulating cellular behaviour during tissue development, growth, disease and repair.
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18
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Nadanaka S, Kinouchi H, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate-mediated N-cadherin/β-catenin signaling is associated with basal-like breast cancer cell invasion. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:444-465. [PMID: 29183998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis involves cancer cell invasion across basement membranes and interstitial tissues. The initial invasion step consists of adherence of the tumor cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and this binding transduces a variety of signals from the ECM to the tumor cell. Accordingly, it is critical to establish the mechanisms by which extracellular cues influence the intracellular activities that regulate tumor cell invasion. Here, we found that invasion of the basal-like breast cancer cell line BT-549 is enhanced by the ECM component chondroitin sulfates (CSs). CSs interacted with and induced proteolytic cleavage of N-cadherin in the BT-549 cells, yielding a C-terminal intracellular N-cadherin fragment that formed a complex with β-catenin. Of note, the cleavage of N-cadherin increased cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin levels; induced the matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) gene, a target of β-catenin nuclear signaling; and augmented the invasion potential of the cells. We also found that CS-induced N-cadherin proteolysis requires caveolae-mediated endocytosis. An inhibitor of that process, nystatin, blocked both the endocytosis and proteolytic cleavage of N-cadherin induced by CS and also suppressed BT-549 cell invasion. Knock-out of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1), a key CS biosynthetic enzyme, suppressed activation of the N-cadherin/β-catenin pathway through N-cadherin endocytosis and significantly decreased BT-549 cell invasion. These results suggest that CSs produced by C4ST-1 might be useful therapeutic targets in the management of basal-like breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kinouchi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Shida M, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. A characteristic chondroitin sulfate trisaccharide unit with a sulfated fucose branch exhibits neurite outgrowth-promoting activity: Novel biological roles of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:678-683. [PMID: 28450116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that consist of repeating disaccharide unit composed of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). CS chains are found throughout the pericellular and extracellular spaces and contribute to the formation of functional microenvironments for numerous biological events. However, their structure-function relations remain to be fully characterized. Here, a fucosylated CS (FCS) was isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Its promotional effects on neurite outgrowth were assessed by using isolated polysaccharides and the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide β-D-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) (1-4)[α-l-fucose (2,4-O-disulfate) (1-3)]-β-D-GlcA. FCS polysaccharides contained the E-type disaccharide unit GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) as a CS major backbone structure and carried distinct sulfated fucose branches. Despite their relatively lower abundance of E unit, FCS polysaccharides exhibited neurite outgrowth-promoting activity comparable to squid cartilage-derived CS-E polysaccharides, which are characterized by their predominant E units, suggesting potential roles of the fucose branch in neurite outgrowth. Indeed, the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide was as effective as CS-E tetrasaccharide in stimulating neurite elongation in vitro. In conclusion, FCS trisaccharide units with 2,4-O-disulfated fucose branches may provide new insights into understanding the structure-function relations of CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Shida
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Histone deacetylase-mediated regulation of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Chst11) gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:234-240. [PMID: 27751852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans are abundant extracellular and cell surface molecules that consist of a protein core to which highly sulfated CS chains are covalently attached. The CS backbone is composed of repeating disaccharide units [-GlcA-GalNAc-]n, and during synthesis the CS chains acquire structural variability due to the action of sulfotransferases. Specific sulfation patterns are recognized by a large variety of proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and extracellular matrix proteins, and these interactions regulate key events in development and normal physiology. Therefore, it is important to understand how gene expression of CS sulfotransferases is regulated. We previously found that Wnt signaling regulates the sulfation patterns of cell-associated CS chains by suppressing expression of chondroitin 4-O-sulfotaransferase-1 (C4ST-1), a CS biosynthetic enzyme. Here we investigated the mechanism underlying the regulation of C4ST-1 gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Although C4ST-1 mRNA of 3'-UTR contains three binding sites for microRNAs (miRNA), these miRNAs played little role in controlling C4ST-1 gene expression. In contrast, the suppression of C4ST-1 gene expression by Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be recovered by treatment with trichostatin A, but not with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. These results suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway controls C4ST-1 gene expression mainly through histone deacetylase.
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21
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Keratan Sulfate Regulates the Switch from Motor Neuron to Oligodendrocyte Generation During Development of the Mouse Spinal Cord. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:450-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Mechanistic and therapeutic overview of glycosaminoglycans: the unsung heroes of biomolecular signaling. Glycoconj J 2015; 33:1-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Molecular interactions between chondroitin-dermatan sulfate and growth factors/receptors/matrix proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:35-42. [PMID: 26164146 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent functional studies on chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate (CS-DS) demonstrated its indispensable roles in various biological events including brain development and cancer. CS-DS proteoglycans exert their physiological activity through interactions with specific proteins including growth factors, cell surface receptors, and matrix proteins. The characterization of these interactions is essential for regulating the biological functions of CS-DS proteoglycans. Although amino acid sequences on the bioactive proteins required for these interactions have already been elucidated, the specific saccharide sequences involved in the binding of CS-DS to target proteins have not yet been sufficiently identified. In this review, recent findings are described on the interaction between CS-DS and some proteins which are especially involved in the central nervous system and cancer development/metastasis.
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24
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Chondroitin sulfate-E mediates estrogen-induced osteoanabolism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8994. [PMID: 25759206 PMCID: PMC4355730 DOI: 10.1038/srep08994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related disorder of bone remodeling in which bone resorption outstrips bone matrix deposition. Although anticatabolic agents are frequently used as first-line therapies for osteoporosis, alternative anabolic strategies that can enhance anabolic, osteogenic potential are actively sought. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens, are bidirectional regulators for bone homeostasis; therefore, estrogen-mediated events are important potential targets for such anabolic therapies. Here, we show that estrogen-induced, osteoanabolic effects were mediated via enhanced production of chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E), which could act as an osteogenic stimulant in our cell-based system. Conversely, estrogen deficiency caused reduced expression of CS-E-synthesizing enzymes, including GalNAc4S-6ST, and led to decreased CS-E production in cultures of bone marrow cells derived from ovariectomized mice. Moreover, Galnac4s6st-deficient mice had abnormally low bone mass that resulted from impaired osteoblast differentiation. These results indicated that strategies aimed at boosting CS-E biosynthesis are promising alternative therapies for osteoporosis.
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25
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Nakamura J, Tetsukawa A, Fujiwara S. Chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferases are required for cell adhesion and morphogenesis in the Ciona intestinalis embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 57:58-67. [PMID: 25495122 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a carbohydrate component of proteoglycans. Several types of sulfotransferases determine the pattern of CS sulfation, and thus regulate the biological functions of proteoglycans. The protochordate ascidians are the closest relatives of vertebrates, but the functions of their sulfotransferases have not been investigated. Here, we show that two chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferases (C4STs) play important roles in the embryonic morphogenesis of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Ci-C4ST-like1 is predominantly expressed in the epidermis and muscle. Epidermal and muscle cells became spherical upon the injection of a Ci-C4ST-like1-specific morpholino oligo (MO), thus suggesting weakened cell adhesion. Co-injection of a Ci-C4ST-like1-expressing transgene rescued the phenotype, suggesting that the effects of the MO were specific. Ci-C4ST-like3 was expressed in the central nervous system, muscle, and mesenchyme. A specific MO appeared to affect cell adhesion in the epidermis and muscle. Convergent extension movement of notochordal cells was also impaired. Forced expression of Ci-C4ST-like3 restored normal morphogenesis, suggesting that the effects of the MO were specific. The present study suggests that Ci-C4ST-like1 and Ci-C4ST-like3 are required for cell adhesion mainly in the epidermis and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi, 780-8520, Japan
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26
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Bhattacharyya S, Feferman L, Tobacman JK. Regulation of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase (CHST11) expression by opposing effects of arylsulfatase B on BMP4 and Wnt9A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:342-52. [PMID: 25511584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this report, the gene regulatory mechanism by which decline in arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) reduces CHST11 (chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase; C4ST) mRNA expression in human colonic epithelial cells and in colonic epithelium of ARSB-deficient mice is presented. ARSB controls the degradation of chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) by removing the 4-sulfate group at the non-reducing end of the C4S chain, but has not previously been shown to affect C4S biosynthesis. The decline in CHST11 expression following ARSB reduction is attributable to effects of ARSB on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4, since BMP4 expression and secretion declined when ARSB was silenced. Inhibition of BMP4 by neutralizing antibody also reduced CHST11 expression. When C4S was more sulfated due to decline in ARSB, more BMP4 was sequestered by C4S in the cell membrane, and CHST11 expression declined. Exogenous recombinant BMP4, acting through a phospho-Smad3 binding site in the CHST11 promoter, increased the mRNA expression of CHST11. In contrast to the decline in BMP4 that followed decline in ARSB, Wnt9A mRNA expression was previously shown to increase when ARSB was silenced and C4S was more highly sulfated. Galectin-3 bound less to the more highly sulfated C4S, leading to increased nuclear translocation and enhanced galectin-3 interaction with Sp1 in the Wnt9A promoter. Silencing Wnt9A increased the expression of CHST11 in the colonic epithelial cells, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated enhancing effects of Wnt9A siRNA and exogenous BMP4 on the CHST11 promoter through the pSmad3 binding site. These findings suggest that cellular processes mediated by differential effects of Wnt9A and BMP4 can result from opposing effects on CHST11 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Leo Feferman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Joanne K Tobacman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Nakamura J, Yoshida K, Sasakura Y, Fujiwara S. Chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferases are required for morphogenesis of the notochord in the ascidian embryo. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1637-45. [PMID: 25298188 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated polysaccharide chain that binds to various core proteins to form proteoglycans. The amount and position of sulfate groups in CS are variable among different tissues, and are determined by specific sulfotransferases. Although the ascidians are the closest relatives of vertebrates, the functions of their sulfotransferases have not been studied. RESULTS The genome of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis contains eight genes encoding proteins similar to chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferases (C6STs), which appear to have independently diverged in the ascidian lineage during evolution. Among them, Ci-C6ST-like1 and Ci-C6ST-like7 were predominantly expressed in the developing notochord. In addition, they were weakly expressed in the neural tube. The disruption of either one of them affected the convergent extension movement of notochordal cells. Presumptive notochord cells coming from both sides of the embryo did not intercalate. The results suggest that both of them are necessary. In some cases, the anterior neural tube failed to close. Forced expression of Ci-C6ST-like1 or Ci-C6ST-like7 in the notochord restored the normal intercalation of notochordal cells, indicating that the effects of morpholino oligos are specific. CONCLUSIONS Ci-C6ST-like1 and Ci-C6ST-like7 are required for the morphogenesis of the notochord in the ascidian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Department of Applied Science, Kochi University, Kochi-shi, Kochi, Japan
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28
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Taniguchi M, Nadanaka S, Tanakura S, Sawaguchi S, Midori S, Kawai Y, Yamaguchi S, Shimada Y, Nakamura Y, Matsumura Y, Fujita N, Araki N, Yamamoto M, Oku M, Wakabayashi S, Kitagawa H, Yoshida H. TFE3 is a bHLH-ZIP-type transcription factor that regulates the mammalian Golgi stress response. Cell Struct Funct 2014; 40:13-30. [PMID: 25399611 DOI: 10.1247/csf.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi stress response is a mechanism by which, under conditions of insufficient Golgi function (Golgi stress), the transcription of Golgi-related genes is upregulated through an enhancer, the Golgi apparatus stress response element (GASE), in order to maintain homeostasis in the Golgi. The molecular mechanisms associated with GASE remain to be clarified. Here, we identified TFE3 as a GASE-binding transcription factor. TFE3 was phosphorylated and retained in the cytoplasm in normal growth conditions, whereas it was dephosphorylated, translocated to the nucleus and activated Golgi-related genes through GASE under conditions of Golgi stress, e.g. in response to inhibition of oligosaccharide processing in the Golgi apparatus. From these observations, we concluded that the TFE3-GASE pathway is one of the regulatory pathways of the mammalian Golgi stress response, which regulates the expression of glycosylation-related proteins in response to insufficiency of glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Taniguchi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo
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Chondroitin sulfate-E is a negative regulator of a pro-tumorigenic Wnt/beta-catenin-Collagen 1 axis in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103966. [PMID: 25090092 PMCID: PMC4121171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) is misregulated in many human cancers, including breast cancer. Cell-surface associated CS-E has been shown to have pro-tumorigenic functions, and pharmacological treatment with exogenous CS-E has been proposed to interfere with tumor progression mediated by endogenous CS-E. However, the effects of exogenous CS-E on breast cancer cell behavior, and the molecular mechanisms deployed by CS-E are not well understood. We show here that treatment with CS-E, but not other chondroitin forms, could interfere with the invasive protrusion formation and migration of breast cancer cells in three-dimensional organotypic cultures. Microarray analysis identified transcriptional programs controlled by CS-E in these cells. Importantly, negative regulation of the pro-metastatic extracellular matrix gene Col1a1 was required for the anti-migratory effects of exogenous CS-E. Knock-down of Col1a1 gene expression mimics the effects of CS-E treatment, while exposing cells to a preformed collagen I matrix interfered with the anti-migratory effects of CS-E. In addition, CS-E specifically interfered with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, a known pro-tumorigenic pathway. Lastly, we demonstrate that Col1a1 is a positively regulated target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in breast cancer cells. Together, our data identify treatment with exogenous CS-E as negative regulatory mechanism of breast cancer cell motility through interference with a pro-tumorigenic Wnt/beta-catenin - Collagen I axis.
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31
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Mikami T, Kitagawa H. Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4719-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hayes AJ, Mitchell RE, Bashford A, Reynolds S, Caterson B, Hammond CL. Expression of glycosaminoglycan epitopes during zebrafish skeletogenesis. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:778-89. [PMID: 23576310 PMCID: PMC3698701 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish is an important developmental model. Surprisingly, there are few studies that describe the glycosaminoglycan composition of its extracellular matrix during skeletogenesis. Glycosaminoglycans on proteoglycans contribute to the material properties of musculo skeletal connective tissues, and are important in regulating signalling events during morphogenesis. Sulfation motifs within the chain structure of glycosaminoglycans on cell-associated and extracellular matrix proteoglycans allow them to bind and regulate the sequestration/presentation of bioactive signalling molecules important in musculo-skeletal development. RESULTS We describe the spatio-temporal expression of different glycosaminoglycan moieties during zebrafish skeletogenesis with antibodies recognising (1) native sulfation motifs within chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains, and (2) enzyme-generated neoepitope sequences within the chain structure of chondroitin sulfate (i.e., 0-, 4-, and 6-sulfated isoforms) and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We show that all the glycosaminoglycan moieties investigated are expressed within the developing skeletal tissues of larval zebrafish. However, subtle changes in their patterns of spatio-temporal expression over the period examined suggest that their expression is tightly and dynamically controlled during development. CONCLUSIONS The subtle differences observed in the domains of expression between different glycosaminoglycan moieties suggest differences in their functional roles during establishment of the primitive analogues of the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bashford
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Reynolds
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
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Nadanaka S, Zhou S, Kagiyama S, Shoji N, Sugahara K, Sugihara K, Asano M, Kitagawa H. EXTL2, a member of the EXT family of tumor suppressors, controls glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in a xylose kinase-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9321-33. [PMID: 23395820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.416909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant alleles of EXT1 or EXT2, two members of the EXT gene family, are causative agents in hereditary multiple exostoses, and their gene products function together as a polymerase in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate. EXTL2, one of three EXT-like genes in the human genome that are homologous to EXT1 and EXT2, encodes a transferase that adds not only GlcNAc but also N-acetylgalactosamine to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein linkage region via an α1,4-linkage. However, both the role of EXTL2 in the biosynthesis of GAGs and the biological significance of EXTL2 remain unclear. Here we show that EXTL2 transfers a GlcNAc residue to the tetrasaccharide linkage region that is phosphorylated by a xylose kinase 1 (FAM20B) and thereby terminates chain elongation. We isolated an oligosaccharide from the mouse liver, which was not detected in EXTL2 knock-out mice. Based on structural analysis by a combination of glycosidase digestion and 500-MHz (1)H NMR spectroscopy, the oligosaccharide was found to be GlcNAcα1-4GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate), which was considered to be a biosynthetic intermediate of an immature GAG chain. Indeed, EXTL2 specifically transferred a GlcNAc residue to a phosphorylated linkage tetrasaccharide, GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate). Remarkably, the phosphorylated linkage pentasaccharide generated by EXTL2 was not used as an acceptor for heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate polymerases. Moreover, production of GAGs was significantly higher in EXTL2 knock-out mice than in wild-type mice. These results indicate that EXTL2 functions to suppress GAG biosynthesis that is enhanced by a xylose kinase and that the EXTL2-dependent mechanism that regulates GAG biosynthesis might be a "quality control system" for proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Nadanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Mikami T, Koyama S, Yabuta Y, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate is a crucial determinant for skeletal muscle development/regeneration and improvement of muscular dystrophies. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:38531-42. [PMID: 23007393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.336925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle formation and regeneration require myoblast fusion to form multinucleated myotubes or myofibers, yet their molecular regulation remains incompletely understood. We show here that the levels of extra- and/or pericellular chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains in differentiating C2C12 myoblast culture are dramatically diminished at the stage of extensive syncytial myotube formation. Forced down-regulation of CS, but not of hyaluronan, levels enhanced myogenic differentiation in vitro. This characteristic CS reduction seems to occur through a cell-autonomous mechanism that involves HYAL1, a known catabolic enzyme for hyaluronan and CS. In vivo injection of a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme boosted myofiber regeneration in a mouse cardiotoxin-induced injury model and ameliorated dystrophic pathology in mdx muscles. Our data suggest that the control of CS abundance is a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of skeletal muscle injury and progressive muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahisa Mikami
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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35
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The effect of beta-xylosides on the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 139:59-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Willis CM, Klüppel M. Inhibition by chondroitin sulfate E can specify functional Wnt/β-catenin signaling thresholds in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37042-56. [PMID: 22915582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.391490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is frequently associated with human disease, including cancer, and thus represents a key therapeutic target. However, Wnt/β-catenin signaling also plays critical roles in many aspects of normal adult tissue homeostasis. The identification of mechanisms and strategies to selectively inhibit the disease-related functions of Wnt signaling, while preserving normal physiological functions, is in its infancy. Here, we report the identification of exogenous chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) as an inhibitor of specific molecular and biological outcomes of Wnt3a signaling in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. We demonstrate that CS-E can decrease Wnt3a signaling through the negative regulation of LRP6 receptor activation. However, this inhibitory effect of CS-E only affected Wnt3a-mediated induction, but not repression, of target gene expression. We went on to identify a critical Wnt3a signaling threshold that differentially affects target gene induction versus repression. This signaling threshold also controlled the effects of Wnt3a on proliferation and serum starvation-induced apoptosis. Limiting Wnt3a signaling to this critical threshold, either by CS-E treatment or by ligand dilution, interfered with Wnt3a-mediated stimulation of proliferation but did not impair Wnt3a-mediated reduction of serum starvation-induced apoptosis. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that both induction and repression of Wnt3a target genes in NIH3T3 cells require the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. Our data establish the feasibility of selective inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional programs and biological outcomes through the exploitation of intrinsic signaling thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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Koike T, Izumikawa T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin sulfate-E fine-tunes osteoblast differentiation via ERK1/2, Smad3 and Smad1/5/8 signaling by binding to N-cadherin and cadherin-11. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:523-9. [PMID: 22440395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation in the vertebrate skeleton occurs via the processes of endochondral and membranous ossification. Bone matrices contain chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains that regulate endochondral ossification. However, the function of CS in membranous ossification is unclear. Here, using preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells we demonstrate that chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) promotes osteoblast differentiation by binding to both N-cadherin and cadherin-11. Differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells exhibited an increase in the total amount of CS and of E-disaccharide units of CS over time. In addition, CS-E polysaccharide, but not CS-A polysaccharide, bound to N-cadherin and cadherin-11 and enhanced osteoblast differentiation. In contrast, osteoblast differentiation was inhibited in chondroitinase ABC-digested MC3T3-E1 cells. Notably, CS-E polysaccharide and hexasaccharide activated intracellular signaling during osteoblast differentiation in non-contacting MC3T3-E1 cells, decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and activated Smad3 and Smad1/5/8; these reactions were blocked by neutralizing antibodies against N-cadherin or cadherin-11, even though cell-cell adhesion is reported to be required for initiation of MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Furthermore, CS-E-unit overexpression in MC3T3-E1 cells increased adhesion of the cells to N-cadherin and cadherin-11, and promoted osteoblast differentiation. Collectively, these results suggest that CS-E is a selective ligand for the potential CS receptors, N-cadherin and cadherin-11, leading to osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Koike
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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Harterink M, Korswagen HC. Dissecting the Wnt secretion pathway: key questions on the modification and intracellular trafficking of Wnt proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 204:8-16. [PMID: 21439025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt family of signalling proteins has essential functions in development and adult tissue homoeostasis throughout the animal kingdom. Although signalling cascades triggered by Wnt proteins have been extensively studied, much remains to be learned about how Wnts are produced and secreted. Over the past few years, it has become clear that the secretion of Wnt proteins requires a specialized trafficking pathway. As this pathway has been discussed in two recent reviews (Lorenowicz & Korswagen 2009, Port & Basler 2010), we will focus our discussion on the key questions that need to be addressed to gain a more complete understanding of the mechanism and regulation of this essential secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harterink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bartus K, James ND, Bosch KD, Bradbury EJ. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans: key modulators of spinal cord and brain plasticity. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:5-17. [PMID: 21871887 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a family of inhibitory extracellular matrix molecules that are highly expressed during development, where they are involved in processes of pathfinding and guidance. CSPGs are present at lower levels in the mature CNS, but are highly concentrated in perineuronal nets where they play an important role in maintaining stability and restricting plasticity. Whilst important for maintaining stable connections, this can have an adverse effect following insult to the CNS, restricting the capacity for repair, where enhanced synapse formation leading to new connections could be functionally beneficial. CSPGs are also highly expressed at CNS injury sites, where they can restrict anatomical plasticity by inhibiting sprouting and reorganisation, curbing the extent to which spared systems may compensate for the loss function of injured pathways. Modification of CSPGs, usually involving enzymatic degradation of glycosaminoglycan chains from the CSPG molecule, has received much attention as a potential strategy for promoting repair following spinal cord and brain injury. Pre-clinical studies in animal models have demonstrated a number of reparative effects of CSPG modification, which are often associated with functional recovery. Here we discuss the potential of CSPG modification to stimulate restorative plasticity after injury, reviewing evidence from studies in the brain, the spinal cord and the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bartus
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Regulate Experience-Dependent Neuronal Plasticity. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2011. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.23.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Wnt signaling is one of the most important developmental signaling pathways that controls cell fate decisions and tissue patterning during early embryonic and later development. It is activated by highly conserved Wnt proteins that are secreted as palmitoylated glycoproteins and act as morphogens to form a concentration gradient across a developing tissue. Wnt proteins regulate transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes depending on the distance of their origin and activate distinct intracellular cascades, commonly referred to as canonical (β-catenin-dependent) and noncanonical (β-catenin-independent) pathways. Therefore, the secretion and the diffusion of Wnt proteins needs to be tightly regulated to induce short- and long-range downstream signaling. Even though the Wnt signaling cascade has been studied intensively, key aspects and principle mechanisms, such as transport of Wnt growth factors or regulation of signaling specificity between different Wnt pathways, remain unresolved. Here, we introduce basic principles of Wnt/Wg signal transduction and highlight recent discoveries, such as the involvement of vacuolar ATPases and vesicular acidification in Wnt signaling. We also discuss recent findings regarding posttranslational modifications of Wnts, trafficking through the secretory pathway and developmental consequences of impaired Wnt secretion. Understanding the detailed mechanism and regulation of Wnt protein secretion will provide valuable insights into many human diseases based on overactivated Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Buechling
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg
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