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de Souza Fonseca PA, Suárez-Vega A, Cánovas A. Unrevealing functional candidate genes for bovine fertility through RNA sequencing meta-analysis and regulatory elements networks of co-expressed genes and lncRNAs. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1361-1376. [PMID: 36001276 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high genetic heterogeneity and environmental effects of subfertility in livestock species make the elucidation of the genetic mechanisms associated with reproductive efficiency a difficult task. Network and co-expression network meta-analyses were applied alongside genetic variant calling and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) characterization to identify functionally relevant target genes and regulatory subnetworks associated with fertility in dairy cattle. In total, 505 lncRNAs (441 previously annotated in the bovine reference genome ARS-UCD 1.2 and 64 novel lncRNAs) were identified. Seven differentially expressed genes between high-fertile (HF) and sub-fertile (SF) Holstein cows were identified in the network meta-analysis (CA5A, ENSBTAG00000051149, ENSBTAG00000003272, DEFB7, DIO2, TRPV3, and COL4A4). Additionally, seven functional candidate differentially co-expressed (DcoExp) modules with a differential regulatory pattern (|z-score|>2) were identified between HF and SF cows. The functional candidate genes and DcoExp modules identified were associated with fertility relevant processes such as the regulation of embryonic implantation and proliferation, interaction and molecule transfer between the fetus and the cow, and the immune system. These results help to better understand the genetic mechanisms associated with reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle through the identification of potential biomarkers and genetic variants associated with differentially expressed regulatory gene and lncRNAs regulatory element networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Augusto de Souza Fonseca
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Hong Y, Shan S, Gu Y, Huang H, Zhang Q, Han Y, Dong Y, Liu Z, Huang M, Ren T. Malfunction of airway basal stem cells plays a crucial role in pathophysiology of tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1309. [PMID: 35288560 PMCID: PMC8921516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding disease-associated stem cell abnormality has major clinical implications for prevention and treatment of human disorders, as well as for regenerative medicine. Here we report a multifaceted study on airway epithelial stem cells in Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (TO), an under-detected tracheobronchial disorder of unknown etiology and lack of specific treatment. Epithelial squamous metaplasia and heterotopic bone formation with abnormal cartilage proliferation and calcium deposits are key pathological hallmarks of this disorder, but it is unknown whether they are coincident or share certain pathogenic mechanisms in common. By functional evaluation and genome-wide profiling at both transcriptional and epigenetic levels, we reveal a role of airway basal cells in TO progression by acting as a repository of inflammatory and TGFβ-BMP signals, which contributes to both epithelial metaplasia and mesenchymal osteo-chondrogenesis via extracellular signaling and matrix remodeling. Restoration of microenvironment by cell correction or local pathway intervention may provide therapeutic benefits. Tracheobronchopathia osteoplastica (TO), is an underreported affliction characterized by squamous metaplasia and heterotopic bone formation in trachea and bronchi. Here the authors apply functional, as well as genome-wide transcriptional and epigenetic profiling to identify airway basal cells dysfunction underlying TO.
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S. An Overview of in vivo Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate Revealed by Their Deficient Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:764781. [PMID: 34901009 PMCID: PMC8652114 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.764781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) are covalently attached to specific core proteins to form proteoglycans in their biosynthetic pathways. They are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases as well as sulfotransferases. Structural diversities of CS/DS and HS are essential for their various biological activities including cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with a variety of growth factors as well as cytokines. Studies using mice deficient in enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the CS/DS and HS chains of proteoglycans have demonstrated their essential functions. Chondroitin synthase 1-deficient mice are viable, but exhibit chondrodysplasia, progression of the bifurcation of digits, delayed endochondral ossification, and reduced bone density. DS-epimerase 1-deficient mice show thicker collagen fibrils in the dermis and hypodermis, and spina bifida. These observations suggest that CS/DS are essential for skeletal development as well as the assembly of collagen fibrils in the skin, and that their respective knockout mice can be utilized as models for human genetic disorders with mutations in chondroitin synthase 1 and DS-epimerase 1. This review provides a comprehensive overview of mice deficient in CS/DS biosyntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Dubail J, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasias With Multiple Dislocations Caused by Defects in Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:642097. [PMID: 34220933 PMCID: PMC8242584 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.642097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations form a group of severe disorders characterized by joint laxity and multiple dislocations, severe short stature of pre- and post-natal onset, hand anomalies, and/or vertebral anomalies. The majority of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations have been associated with mutations in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and transporters implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, long and unbranched polysaccharides composed of repeated disaccharide bond to protein core of proteoglycan. Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis is a tightly regulated process that occurs mainly in the Golgi and that requires the coordinated action of numerous enzymes and transporters as well as an adequate Golgi environment. Any disturbances of this chain of reactions will lead to the incapacity of a cell to construct correct glycanic chains. This review focuses on genetic and glycobiological studies of chondrodysplasias with multiple dislocations associated with glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis defects and related animal models. Strong comprehension of the molecular mechanisms leading to those disorders, mostly through extensive phenotypic analyses of in vitro and/or in vivo models, is essential for the development of novel biomarkers for clinical screenings and innovative therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Dubail
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Pour Les Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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5
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Yao B, Zhou Z, Zhang M, Leng X, Zhao D. Investigating the molecular control of deer antler extract on articular cartilage. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:8. [PMID: 33407721 PMCID: PMC7788833 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-020-02148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deer antler is considered as a precious traditional Chinese medicinal material and has been widely used to reinforce kidney's yang, nourish essence, and strengthen bone function. The most prominent bioactive components in deer antler are water-soluble proteins that play potential roles in bone formation and repair. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular control and therapeutic targets of deer antler extract (DAE) on articular cartilage. METHODS DAE was prepared as previously described. All rats were randomly divided into Blank group and DAE group (10 rats per group) after 7-day adaptive feeding. The rats in DAE group were orally administrated with DAE at a dose of 0.2 g/kg per day for 3 weeks, and the rats in Blank group were fed with drinking water. Total RNA was isolated from the articular cartilage of knee joints. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) experiment combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) verification assay was carried out to explore the molecular control and therapeutic targets of DAE on articular cartilage. RESULTS We demonstrated that DAE significantly increased the expression levels of functional genes involved in cartilage formation, growth, and repair and decreased the expression levels of susceptibility genes involved in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS DAE might serve as a candidate supplement for maintaining cartilage homeostasis and preventing cartilage degeneration and inflammation. These effects were possibly achieved by accelerating the expression of functional genes involved in chondrocyte commitment, survival, proliferation, and differentiation and suppressing the expression of susceptibility genes involved in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Thus, our findings will contribute towards deepening the knowledge about the molecular control and therapeutic targets of DAE on the treatment of cartilage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Yao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Zhenwei Zhou
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Innovation Practice Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Xiangyang Leng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
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Fonseca PAS, Suárez-Vega A, Marras G, Cánovas Á. GALLO: An R package for genomic annotation and integration of multiple data sources in livestock for positional candidate loci. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa149. [PMID: 33377911 PMCID: PMC7772745 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of high-throughput sequencing and genotyping methodologies has enabled the identification of thousands of genomic regions associated with several complex traits. The integration of multiple sources of biological information is a crucial step required to better understand patterns regulating the development of these traits. FINDINGS Genomic Annotation in Livestock for positional candidate LOci (GALLO) is an R package developed for the accurate annotation of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located in regions identified in common genomic analyses performed in livestock, such as genome-wide association studies and transcriptomics using RNA sequencing. Moreover, GALLO allows the graphical visualization of gene and QTL annotation results, data comparison among different grouping factors (e.g., methods, breeds, tissues, statistical models, studies), and QTL enrichment in different livestock species such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and chickens. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, GALLO is a useful package for annotation, identification of hidden patterns across datasets, and data mining previously reported associations, as well as the efficient examination of the genetic architecture of complex traits in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A S Fonseca
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, ONT, Canada
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, ONT, Canada
| | - Gabriele Marras
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, ONT, Canada
- The Semex Alliance, 5653 ON-6, Guelph N1G 3Z2, ONT, Canada
| | - Ángela Cánovas
- University of Guelph, Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph N1G 2W1, ONT, Canada
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Inada R, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Kadomatsu K, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M, Kusunoki S. Chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosyltransferase-1 knockout shows milder phenotype in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis than in wild type. Glycobiology 2020; 31:260-265. [PMID: 32839819 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are one of the main components in the extracellular matrix of the central nervous system. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), which is composed of major PGs. Similar to keratin sulfate (KS), another GAG, CS inhibits axon regeneration. However, the influence of these GAGs on the pathogenicity of neuroimmunological diseases is unclear. Here, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice lacking CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT1-KO), an important enzyme for CS synthesis. In our study, CSGalNAcT1-KO mice showed milder EAE symptoms than those in wild-type (WT) mice. The recall response of antigen-specific lymphocytes showed that CSGalNAcT1-KO-derived lymphocytes had a milder cell proliferation response than that in WT-derived lymphocytes. These results suggest that CS contributes toward the induction phase of EAE. We previously performed EAE experiments in GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferase KO (GlcNAc6ST-KO) and C6ST1-KO mice, which had reduced KS and reduced CS-C, respectively. EAE in CSGalNAcT1-KO mice was more similar to that in GlcNAc6ST-KO mice than in C6ST1-KO mice. In conclusion, the distinct GAG sugar chains are associated with severe or mild phenotypes of EAE and are therefore potential new therapeutic targets for neuroimmunological diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rino Inada
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kota Moriguchi
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
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Mizumoto S, Janecke AR, Sadeghpour A, Povysil G, McDonald MT, Unger S, Greber‐Platzer S, Deak KL, Katsanis N, Superti‐Furga A, Sugahara K, Davis EE, Yamada S, Vodopiutz J. CSGALNACT1-congenital disorder of glycosylation: A mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:655-667. [PMID: 31705726 PMCID: PMC7027858 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) comprise a large number of inherited metabolic defects that affect the biosynthesis and attachment of glycans. CDGs manifest as a broad spectrum of disease, most often including neurodevelopmental and skeletal abnormalities and skin laxity. Two patients with biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants and a mild skeletal dysplasia have been described previously. We investigated two unrelated patients presenting with short stature with advanced bone age, facial dysmorphism, and mild language delay, in whom trio-exome sequencing identified novel biallelic CSGALNACT1 variants: compound heterozygosity for c.1294G>T (p.Asp432Tyr) and the deletion of exon 4 that includes the start codon in one patient, and homozygosity for c.791A>G (p.Asn264Ser) in the other patient. CSGALNACT1 encodes CSGalNAcT-1, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. Biochemical studies demonstrated significantly reduced CSGalNAcT-1 activity of the novel missense variants, as reported previously for the p.Pro384Arg variant. Altered levels of chondroitin, dermatan, and heparan sulfate moieties were observed in patients' fibroblasts compared to controls. Our data indicate that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CSGALNACT1 disturb glycosaminoglycan synthesis and cause a mild skeletal dysplasia with advanced bone age, CSGALNACT1-CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Clinical Genetics Group, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics IMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Division of Human GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Azita Sadeghpour
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Gundula Povysil
- Institute of BioinformaticsJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Marie T. McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical GeneticsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Susanne Greber‐Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kristen L. Deak
- Department of PathologyDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Andrea Superti‐Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth Carolina
- Advanced Center for Translational and Genetic Medicine (ACT‐GeM), Stanley Manne Children's Research InstituteAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMeijo UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for PediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Ho CL. Comparative genomics reveals differences in algal galactan biosynthesis and related pathways in early and late diverging red algae. Genomics 2020; 112:1536-1544. [PMID: 31494197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Red algae are a major source of marine sulfated galactans. In this study, orthologs and inparalogs from seven red algae were analyzed and compared with the aim to discover differences in algal galactan biosynthesis and related pathways of these algae. Red algal orthologs for putative carbohydrate sulfotransferases were found to be prevalent in Porphyridium purpureum, Florideophytes and Bangiophytes, while red algal orthologs for putative chondroitin sulfate synthases, sulfurylases, and porphyranases /carrageenases were found exclusively in Florideophytes and Bangiophytes. The acquirement of these genes could have happened after the divergence from Cyanidiales red algae. Cyanidiales red algae were found to have more number and types of putative sulfate permeases, suggesting that these genes could have been acquired in adaptation to the environmental stresses and biogeochemistry of respective habitats. The findings of this study shed lights on the evolution of different homeostasis mechanisms by the early and late diverging red algal orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai-Ling Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Meyer R, Schacht S, Buschmann L, Begemann M, Kraft F, Haag N, Kochs A, Schulze A, Kurth I, Elbracht M. Biallelic CSGALNACT1-mutations cause a mild skeletal dysplasia. Bone 2019; 127:446-451. [PMID: 31325655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of skeletal disorders are manifold and affect, among others, enzymes of bone and connective tissue synthesis pathways. We present a twelve-year-old boy with a mild skeletal dysplasia, hypermobility of joints and axial malalignment of lower limbs and feet. Exome sequencing revealed a biallelic loss of function mutation in CSGALNACT1, which encodes chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 and plays a major role in the chondroitin sulfate chain biosynthesis and therefore in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Recently, the first case of a pediatric patient with a mild skeletal dysplasia due to a compound heterozygous large intragenic deletion and a damaging missense variant in CSGALNACT1 was reported. We here identify a second case and the first juvenile patient with a homozygous frameshift variant in CSGALNACT1 which corroborates its role in mild and non-progressive skeletal dysplasia with joint laxity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schacht
- Department for Radiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Buschmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - F Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N Haag
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kochs
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Dr. Kochs/Dr. Rode, Aachen, Germany
| | - A Schulze
- Department for Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - I Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Paganini C, Costantini R, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Bone and connective tissue disorders caused by defects in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis: a panoramic view. FEBS J 2019; 286:3008-3032. [PMID: 31286677 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides that constitute the carbohydrate moiety covalently attached to the protein core of proteoglycans, macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Several genetic disorders of bone and connective tissue are caused by mutations in genes encoding for glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases and transporters that are responsible for the synthesis of sulfated GAGs. Phenotypically, these disorders all reflect alterations in crucial biological functions of GAGs in the development, growth and homoeostasis of cartilage and bone. To date, up to 27 different skeletal phenotypes have been linked to mutations in 23 genes encoding for proteins involved in GAG biosynthesis. This review focuses on recent genetic, molecular and biochemical studies of bone and connective tissue disorders caused by GAG synthesis defects. These insights and future research in the field will provide a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and will pave the way for developing common therapeutic strategies that might be targeted to a range of individual phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Italy
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12
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Craniofacial abnormality with skeletal dysplasia in mice lacking chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17134. [PMID: 30459452 PMCID: PMC6244165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays an important part in organogenesis. To elucidate the roles of CS for craniofacial development, we analyzed the craniofacial morphology in CS N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (T1) gene knockout (KO) mice. T1KO mice showed the impaired intramembranous ossification in the skull, and the final skull shape of adult mice included a shorter face, higher and broader calvaria. Some of T1KO mice exhibited severe facial developmental defect, such as eye defects and cleft lip and palate, causing embryonic lethality. At the postnatal stages, T1KO mice with severely reduced CS amounts showed malocclusion, general skeletal dysplasia and skin hyperextension, closely resembling Ehlers-Danlos syndrome-like connective tissue disorders. The production of collagen type 1 was significantly downregulated in T1KO mice, and the deposition of CS-binding molecules, Wnt3a, was decreased with CS in extracellular matrices. The collagen fibers were irregular and aggregated, and connective tissues were dysorganized in the skin and calvaria of T1KO mice. These results suggest that CS regulates the shape of the craniofacial skeleton by modulating connective tissue organization and that the remarkable reduction of CS induces hypoplasia of intramembranous ossification and cartilage anomaly, resulting in skeletal dysplasia.
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Increased Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Response to Enriched Environment. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8496-8513. [PMID: 30126967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0632-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to specify the functional significance of CSPG in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using male mice. Here, we showed that neural stem cells and neuronal progenitors in the dentate gyrus were covered in part by CSPG. Pharmacological depletion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus reduced the densities of neuronal progenitors and newborn granule cells. 3D reconstruction of newborn granule cells showed that their maturation was inhibited by CSPG digestion. The novel object recognition test revealed that CSPG digestion caused cognitive memory impairment. Western blot analysis showed that expression of β-catenin in the dentate gyrus was decreased by CSPG digestion. The amount of CSPG in the dentate gyrus was increased by enriched environment (EE) and was decreased by forced swim stress. In addition, EE accelerated the recovery of CSPG expression in the dentate gyrus from the pharmacological depletion and promoted the restoration of granule cell production. Conversely, the densities of newborn granule cells were also decreased in mice that lacked chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGalNAcT1), a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and improve cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. These findings indicate that CSPG is involved in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG by CSGalNacT1 may mediate promotion of granule cell production and improvement of cognitive memory in response to EE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we specified the role of CSPG in adult neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus. Digestion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus impaired granule cell production and cognitive memory. Enriched environment (EE) promoted the recovery of CSPG expression and granule cell production from the CSPG digestion. Additionally, adult neurogenesis was impaired in mice that lacked a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that CSPG underlies adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG may mediate promotion of granule cell production in response to EE.
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Kesselmeier M, Pütter C, Volckmar AL, Baurecht H, Grallert H, Illig T, Ismail K, Ollikainen M, Silén Y, Keski-Rahkonen A, Bulik CM, Collier DA, Zeggini E, Hebebrand J, Scherag A, Hinney A. High-throughput DNA methylation analysis in anorexia nervosa confirms TNXB hypermethylation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:187-199. [PMID: 27367046 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are ideally suited to identify differentially methylated genes in response to starvation. METHODS We examined high-throughput DNA methylation derived from whole blood of 47 females with AN, 47 lean females without AN and 100 population-based females to compare AN with both controls. To account for different cell type compositions, we applied two reference-free methods (FastLMM-EWASher, RefFreeEWAS) and searched for consensus CpG sites identified by both methods. We used a validation sample of five monozygotic AN-discordant twin pairs. RESULTS Fifty-one consensus sites were identified in AN vs. lean and 81 in AN vs. population-based comparisons. These sites have not been reported in AN methylation analyses, but for the latter comparison 54/81 sites showed directionally consistent differential methylation effects in the AN-discordant twins. For a single nucleotide polymorphism rs923768 in CSGALNACT1 a nearby site was nominally associated with AN. At the gene level, we confirmed hypermethylated sites at TNXB. We found support for a locus at NR1H3 in the AN vs. lean control comparison, but the methylation direction was opposite to the one previously reported. CONCLUSIONS We confirm genes like TNXB previously described to comprise differentially methylated sites, and highlight further sites that might be specifically involved in AN starvation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kesselmeier
- a Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Carolin Pütter
- b Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- d Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology , University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Kiel, Kiel , Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- e Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology , Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,f German Center for Diabetes Research , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- e Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology , Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , Germany.,g Hannover Unified Biobank , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany.,h Institute of Human Genetics , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Khadeeja Ismail
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Miina Ollikainen
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Yasmina Silén
- i Department of Public Health , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | | | - Cynthia M Bulik
- j Department of Psychiatry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,k Department of Nutrition , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - David A Collier
- l Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London , London , UK.,m Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood Manor , Windlesham , UK
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- n Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus , Hinxton , Cambridge , UK
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - André Scherag
- a Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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15
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Shimbo M, Suzuki R, Fuseya S, Sato T, Kiyohara K, Hagiwara K, Okada R, Wakui H, Tsunakawa Y, Watanabe H, Kimata K, Narimatsu H, Kudo T, Takahashi S. Postnatal lethality and chondrodysplasia in mice lacking both chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 and -2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190333. [PMID: 29287114 PMCID: PMC5747463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. In cartilage, CS plays important roles as the main component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), existing as side chains of the major cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan. Six glycosyltransferases are known to coordinately synthesize the backbone structure of CS; however, their in vivo synthetic mechanism remains unknown. Previous studies have suggested that two glycosyltransferases, Csgalnact1 (t1) and Csgalnact2 (t2), are critical for initiation of CS synthesis in vitro. Indeed, t1 single knockout mice (t1 KO) exhibit slight dwarfism and a reduction in CS content in cartilage compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To reveal the synergetic roles of t1 and t2 in CS synthesis in vivo, we generated systemic single and double knockout (DKO) mice and cartilage-specific t1 and t2 double knockout (Col2-DKO) mice. DKO mice exhibited postnatal lethality, whereas t2 KO mice showed normal size and skeletal development. Col2-DKO mice survived to adulthood and showed severe dwarfism compared with t1 KO mice. Histological analysis of epiphyseal cartilage from Col2-DKO mice revealed disrupted endochondral ossification, characterized by drastic GAG reduction in the ECM. Moreover, DKO cartilage had reduced chondrocyte proliferation and an increased number of apoptotic chondrocytes compared with WT cartilage. Conversely, primary chondrocyte cultures from Col2-DKO knee cartilage had the same proliferation rate as WT chondrocytes and low GAG expression levels, indicating that the chondrocytes themselves had an intact proliferative ability. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of E18.5 cartilage showed that the expression levels of Col2a1 and Ptch1 transcripts tended to decrease in DKO compared with those in WT mice. The CS content in DKO cartilage was decreased compared with that in t1 KO cartilage but was not completely absent. These results suggest that aberrant ECM caused by CS reduction disrupted endochondral ossification. Overall, we propose that both t1 and t2 are necessary for CS synthesis and normal chondrocyte differentiation but are not sufficient for all CS synthesis in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shimbo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fuseya
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsue Kiyohara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kozue Hagiwara
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Wakui
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Master’s Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsunakawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Koji Kimata
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Glycoscience and Glycotechnology Research Group, Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (TK); (ST)
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Igarashi M, Takeuchi K, Sugiyama S. Roles of CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in regulation of CS synthesis, in neuronal regeneration and plasticity. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:77-83. [PMID: 28987564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharide units that are attached to core proteins, resulting in CS proteoglycans (CSPGs). In the mature brain, CS is concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are extracellular structures that surround synapses and regulate synaptic plasticity. In addition, CS is rapidly synthesized after CNS injury to create a physical and chemical barrier that inhibits axon growth. Most previous studies used a bacterial CS-degrading enzyme to investigate the physiological roles of CS. Recent studies have shown that CS is synthesized by more than 15 enzymes, all of which have been characterized in vitro. Here we focus on one of those enzymes, CSGalNAcT1 (T1). We produced T1 knockout mice (KO), which show extensive axon regeneration following spinal cord injury, as well as the loss of onset of ocular dominance plasticity. These results from T1KO mice suggest important roles for extracellular CS in the brain regarding neuronal plasticity and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Transdisciplinary Research Programs, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Yoshioka N, Miyata S, Tamada A, Watanabe Y, Kawasaki A, Kitagawa H, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M. Abnormalities in perineuronal nets and behavior in mice lacking CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Mol Brain 2017; 10:47. [PMID: 28982363 PMCID: PMC5629790 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an important glycosaminoglycan and is mainly found in the extracellular matrix as CS proteoglycans. In the brain, CS proteoglycans are highly concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround synapses and modulate their functions. To investigate the importance of CS, we produced and precisely examined mice that were deficient in the CS synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1 (T1KO). Biochemical analysis of T1KO revealed that loss of this enzyme reduced the amount of CS by approximately 50% in various brain regions. The amount of CS in PNNs was also diminished in T1KO compared to wild-type mice, although the amount of a major CS proteoglycan core protein, aggrecan, was not changed. In T1KO, we observed abnormalities in several behavioral tests, including the open-field test, acoustic startle response, and social preference. These results suggest that T1 is important for plasticity, probably due to regulation of CS-dependent PNNs, and that T1KO is a good model for investigation of PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamada
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanabe
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Experimental Animal Resource and Development, Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1103, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. .,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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18
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Chondroitin sulfate disaccharides modified the structure and function of the murine gut microbiome under healthy and stressed conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6783. [PMID: 28754911 PMCID: PMC5533764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) has been widely used for medical and nutraceutical purposes due to its roles in maintaining tissue structural integrity. We investigated if CS disaccharides may act as a bioactive compound and modulate gut microbial composition in mice. Our data show that CS disaccharides supplementation for 16 days significantly reduced blood LPS in the mice experiencing exhaustive exercise stress. CS disaccharides partially restored total fecal short-chain fatty acids from the level significantly repressed in mice under the stress. Our findings demonstrated that CS was likely butyrogenic and resulted in a significant increase in fecal butyrate concentration. CS disaccharides had a profound impact on gut microbial composition, affecting the abundance of 13.6% and 7.3% Operational Taxonomic Units in fecal microbial communities in healthy and stressed mice, respectively. CS disaccharides reduced the prevalence of inflammatory Proteobacteria. Together, our findings demonstrated that CS may ameliorate stress-induced intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, CS significantly increased intestinal Bacteroides acidifaciens population, indirectly exerting its immunomodulatory effect on the intestine. CS disaccharides had a significant impact on a broad range of biological pathways under stressed condition, such as ABC transporters, two-component systems, and carbohydrate metabolism. Our results will facilitate the development of CS as a bioactive nutraceutical.
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19
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Formation and remodeling of the brain extracellular matrix in neural plasticity: Roles of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017. [PMID: 28625420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is rich in glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan. These glycosaminoglycans are organized into either diffuse or condensed ECM. Diffuse ECM is distributed throughout the brain and fills perisynaptic spaces, whereas condensed ECM selectively surrounds parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons (PV cells) in mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). The brain ECM acts as a non-specific physical barrier that modulates neural plasticity and axon regeneration. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent progress in understanding of the molecular basis of organization and remodeling of the brain ECM, and the involvement of several types of experience-dependent neural plasticity, with a particular focus on the mechanism that regulates PV cell function through specific interactions between CS chains and their binding partners. We also discuss how the barrier function of the brain ECM restricts dendritic spine dynamics and limits axon regeneration after injury. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The brain ECM not only forms physical barriers that modulate neural plasticity and axon regeneration, but also forms molecular brakes that actively controls maturation of PV cells and synapse plasticity in which sulfation patterns of CS chains play a key role. Structural remodeling of the brain ECM modulates neural function during development and pathogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Genetic or enzymatic manipulation of the brain ECM may restore neural plasticity and enhance recovery from nerve injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Neuro-glycoscience, edited by Kenji Kadomatsu and Hiroshi Kitagawa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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20
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Genetic Otx2 mis-localization delays critical period plasticity across brain regions. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:680-688. [PMID: 28194008 PMCID: PMC5400722 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of non-cell autonomous Otx2 homeoprotein in postnatal mouse visual cortex (V1) has been implicated in both the onset and closure of critical period (CP) plasticity. Here, we show that a genetic point mutation in the glycosaminoglycan recognition motif of Otx2 broadly delays the maturation of pivotal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons not only in V1 but also in the primary auditory (A1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Consequently, not only visual, but also auditory plasticity is delayed, including the experience-dependent expansion of tonotopic maps in A1 and the acquisition of acoustic preferences in mPFC, which mitigates anxious behavior. In addition, Otx2 mis-localization leads to dynamic turnover of selected perineuronal net (PNN) components well beyond the normal CP in V1 and mPFC. These findings reveal widespread actions of Otx2 signaling in the postnatal cortex controlling the maturational trajectory across modalities. Disrupted PV+ network function and deficits in PNN integrity are implicated in a variety of psychiatric illnesses, suggesting a potential global role for Otx2 function in establishing mental health.
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21
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Elsafadi M, Manikandan M, Alajez NM, Hamam R, Dawud RA, Aldahmash A, Iqbal Z, Alfayez M, Kassem M, Mahmood A. MicroRNA-4739 regulates osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation of immortalized human bone marrow stromal cells via targeting LRP3. Stem Cell Res 2017; 20:94-104. [PMID: 28340487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory networks underlying lineage differentiation and fate determination of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC) is a prerequisite for their therapeutic use. The goal of the current study was to unravel the novel role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 3 (LRP3) in regulating the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of immortalized hBMSCs. Gene expression profiling revealed significantly higher LRP3 levels in the highly osteogenic hBMSC clone imCL1 than in the less osteogenic clone imCL2, as well as a significant upregulation of LRP3 during the osteogenic induction of the imCL1 clone. Data from functional and gene expression assays demonstrated the role of LRP3 as a molecular switch promoting hBMSC lineage differentiation into osteoblasts and inhibiting differentiation into adipocytes. Interestingly, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling identified miR-4739 as the most under-represented miRNA (-36.11 fold) in imCL1 compared to imCL2. The TargetScan prediction algorithm, combined with functional and biochemical assays, identified LRP3 mRNA as a novel target of miR-4739, with a single potential binding site for miR-4739 located in the LRP3 3' UTR. Regulation of LRP3 expression by miR-4739 was subsequently confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and luciferase assays. Over-expression of miR-4739 mimicked the effects of LRP3 knockdown on promoting adipogenic and suppressing osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Hence, we report for the first time a novel biological role for the LRP3/hsa-miR-4739 axis in balancing osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation of hBMSCs. Our data support the potential utilization of miRNA-based therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elsafadi
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowsparken 25.1, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Muthurangan Manikandan
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rimi Hamam
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Abu Dawud
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldahmash
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; Prince Naif Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of applied medical sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Alfayez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowsparken 25.1, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Karlsen TA, de Souza GA, Ødegaard B, Engebretsen L, Brinchmann JE. microRNA-140 Inhibits Inflammation and Stimulates Chondrogenesis in a Model of Interleukin 1β-induced Osteoarthritis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e373. [PMID: 27727249 PMCID: PMC5095680 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a serious disease of articular cartilage. The pathogenic factors contributing to this disorder are inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation and failure to rebuild the articular cartilage. Preclinical studies suggest that microRNA-140 may play a protective role in osteoarthritis development, but little is known about the mechanism by which this occurs. Here we present the results of forced expression of microRNA-140 in an in vitro model of osteoarthritis, evaluated by global proteomics analysis. We show that inflammation was reduced through the altered levels of multiple proteins involved in the nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 pathway. microRNA-140 upregulated many of the components involved in the synthesis of hyaline extracellular matrix and reduced the levels of aggrecanases and syndecan 4, thus potentially both increasing cartilage repair and reducing cartilage breakdown. These results show how forced expression of microRNA-140 is likely to counteract all three pathogenic processes, and support the idea that intra-articular injection of microRNA-140 may benefit patients suffering from early osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy A Karlsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn Ødegaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan E Brinchmann
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Vodopiutz J, Mizumoto S, Lausch E, Rossi A, Unger S, Janocha N, Costantini R, Seidl R, Greber-Platzer S, Yamada S, Müller T, Jilma B, Ganger R, Superti-Furga A, Ikegawa S, Sugahara K, Janecke AR. Chondroitin SulfateN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (CSGalNAcT-1) Deficiency Results in a Mild Skeletal Dysplasia and Joint Laxity. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:34-38. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Ekkehart Lausch
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Unit of Biochemistry; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Sheila Unger
- Department of Medical Genetics; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Janocha
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Rossella Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Unit of Biochemistry; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Greber-Platzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Rudolf Ganger
- Paediatric Department; Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising; Vienna Austria
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases; Center for Integrative Medical Sciences; RIKEN; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Pathobiochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Meijo University; Tempaku ku; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Andreas R. Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
- Division of Human Genetics; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck Austria
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24
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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25
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Chondroitin 6-Sulfation Regulates Perineuronal Net Formation by Controlling the Stability of Aggrecan. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1305801. [PMID: 27057358 PMCID: PMC4738747 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1305801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are lattice-like extracellular matrix structures composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). The appearance of PNNs parallels the decline of neural plasticity, and disruption of PNNs reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain. We previously reported that sulfation patterns of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains on CSPGs influenced the formation of PNNs and neural plasticity. However, the mechanism of PNN formation regulated by CS sulfation remains unknown. Here we found that overexpression of chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase-1 (C6ST-1), which catalyzes 6-sulfation of CS chains, selectively decreased aggrecan, a major CSPG in PNNs, in the aged brain without affecting other PNN components. Both diffuse and PNN-associated aggrecans were reduced by overexpression of C6ST-1. C6ST-1 increased 6-sulfation in both the repeating disaccharide region and linkage region of CS chains. Overexpression of 6-sulfation primarily impaired accumulation of aggrecan in PNNs, whereas condensation of other PNN components was not affected. Finally, we found that increased 6-sulfation accelerated proteolysis of aggrecan by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) protease. Taken together, our results indicate that sulfation patterns of CS chains on aggrecan influenced the stability of the CSPG, thereby regulating formation of PNNs and neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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26
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Hori H, Sasayama D, Teraishi T, Yamamoto N, Nakamura S, Ota M, Hattori K, Kim Y, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. Blood-based gene expression signatures of medication-free outpatients with major depressive disorder: integrative genome-wide and candidate gene analyses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18776. [PMID: 26728011 PMCID: PMC4700430 DOI: 10.1038/srep18776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microarray-based studies have investigated gene expression profiles in major depressive disorder (MDD), yet with highly variable findings. We examined blood-based genome-wide expression signatures of MDD, focusing on molecular pathways and networks underlying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and behaviours of hypothesis-driven, evidence-based candidate genes for depression. Agilent human whole-genome arrays were used to measure gene expression in 14 medication-free outpatients with MDD who were at least moderately ill and 14 healthy controls matched pairwise for age and sex. After filtering, we compared expression of entire probes between patients and controls and identified DEGs. The DEGs were evaluated by pathway and network analyses. For the candidate gene analysis, we utilized 169 previously prioritized genes and examined their case-control separation efficiency and correlational co-expression network in patients relative to controls. The 317 screened DEGs mapped to a significantly over-represented pathway, the "synaptic transmission" pathway. The protein-protein interaction network was also significantly enriched, in which a number of key molecules for depression were included. The co-expression network of candidate genes was markedly disrupted in patients. This study provided evidence for an altered molecular network along with several key molecules in MDD and confirmed that the candidate genes are worthwhile targets for depression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | | | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8553, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Higuchi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
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27
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Narimatsu H. Development of M2BPGi: a novel fibrosis serum glyco-biomarker for chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis diagnostics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:683-93. [PMID: 26394846 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1084874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins in the living body are glycoproteins, which present glycans linked on their surface. Glycan structures reflect the degree of cell differentiation or canceration and are cell specific. These characteristics are advantageous in the development of various disease biomarkers. Glycoprotein-based biomarkers (glyco-biomarkers) are developed by utilizing the specific changes in the glycan structure on a glycoprotein secreted from the diseased cells of interest. Therefore, quantification of the altered glycan structures is the key to developing a new glyco-biomarker. Glycoscience is a relatively new area of molecular science, and recent advancement of glycotechnologies is remarkable. In the author's institute, new glycoscience technologies have been designed to be efficiently utilized for the development of new diagnostic agents. This paper introduces a strategy for glyco-biomarker development, which was successfully applied in the development of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein M2BPGi, a liver fibrosis marker now commercially available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Narimatsu
- a Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
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28
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Wang X, Ning Y, Zhang F, Yu F, Tan W, Lei Y, Wu C, Zheng J, Wang S, Yu H, Li Z, Lammi MJ, Guo X. Gene expression signature in endemic osteoarthritis by microarray analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11465-81. [PMID: 25997002 PMCID: PMC4463711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD) is an endemic osteochondropathy with an unknown pathogenesis. Diagnosis of KBD is effective only in advanced cases, which eliminates the possibility of early treatment and leads to an inevitable exacerbation of symptoms. Therefore, we aim to identify an accurate blood-based gene signature for the detection of KBD. Previously published gene expression profile data on cartilage and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from adults with KBD were compared to select potential target genes. Microarray analysis was conducted to evaluate the expression of the target genes in a cohort of 100 KBD patients and 100 healthy controls. A gene expression signature was identified using a training set, which was subsequently validated using an independent test set with a minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) algorithm and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Fifty unique genes were differentially expressed between KBD patients and healthy controls. A 20-gene signature was identified that distinguished between KBD patients and controls with 90% accuracy, 85% sensitivity, and 95% specificity. This study identified a 20-gene signature that accurately distinguishes between patients with KBD and controls using peripheral blood samples. These results promote the further development of blood-based genetic biomarkers for detection of KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yujie Ning
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Fangfang Yu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Wuhong Tan
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Yanxia Lei
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Cuiyan Wu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jingjing Zheng
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Hanjie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, University of Umea, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Xiong Guo
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China.
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29
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Izumikawa T, Sato B, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Igarashi M, Kitagawa H. GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate) is the preferred substrate for chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5438-48. [PMID: 25568321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficiency in chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 (ChGn-1) was previously shown to reduce the number of chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains, leading to skeletal dysplasias in mice, suggesting that ChGn-1 regulates the number of CS chains for normal cartilage development. Recently, we demonstrated that 2-phosphoxylose phosphatase (XYLP) regulates the number of CS chains by dephosphorylating the Xyl residue in the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans. However, the relationship between ChGn-1 and XYLP in controlling the number of CS chains is not clear. In this study, we for the first time detected a phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage structure, GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl(2-O-phosphate), in ChGn-1(-/-) growth plate cartilage but not in ChGn-2(-/-) or wild-type growth plate cartilage. In contrast, the truncated linkage tetrasaccharide GlcUAβ1-3Galβ1-3Galβ1-4Xyl was detected in wild-type, ChGn-1(-/-), and ChGn-2(-/-) growth plate cartilage. Consistent with the findings, ChGn-1 preferentially transferred N-acetylgalactosamine to the phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage in vitro. Moreover, ChGn-1 and XYLP interacted with each other, and ChGn-1-mediated addition of N-acetylgalactosamine was accompanied by rapid XYLP-dependent dephosphorylation during formation of the CS linkage region. Taken together, we conclude that the phosphorylated tetrasaccharide linkage is the preferred substrate for ChGn-1 and that ChGn-1 and XYLP cooperatively regulate the number of CS chains in growth plate cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Ban Sato
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Tamura
- the Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan, and
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- the Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences and Trans-disciplinary Program, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahi-machi, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan,
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30
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Tanaka M, Watanabe M, Yokomi I, Matsumoto N, Sudo K, Satoh H, Igarashi T, Seki A, Amano H, Ohura K, Ryu K, Shibata S, Nagayama M, Tanuma JI. Establishment of a novel dwarf rat strain: cartilage calcification insufficient (CCI) rats. Exp Anim 2014; 64:121-8. [PMID: 25736479 PMCID: PMC4427726 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats with dwarfism accompanied by skeletal abnormalities, such as shortness of the limbs, tail, and body (dwarf rats), emerged in a Jcl-derived Sprague-Dawley rat colony maintained at the Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine. Since the dwarfism was assumed to be due to a genetic mutation based on its frequency, we bred the dwarf rats and investigated their characteristics in order to identify the causative factors of their phenotypes and whether they could be used as a human disease model. One male and female that produced dwarf progeny were selected, and reproduction was initiated by mating the pair. The incidence of dwarfism was 25.8% among the resultant litter, and dwarfism occurred in both genders, suggesting that it was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. At 12 weeks of age, the body weights of the male and female dwarf rats were 40% and 57% of those of the normal rats, respectively. In soft X-ray radiographic and histological examinations, shortening and hypoplasia of the long bones, such as the tibia and femur, were observed, which were suggestive of endochondral ossification abnormalities. An immunohistochemical examination detected an aggrecan synthesis disorder, which might have led to delayed calcification and increased growth plate thickening in the dwarf rats. We hypothesized that the principal characteristics of the dwarf rats were systemically induced by insufficient cartilage calcification in their long bones; thus, we named them cartilage calcification insufficient (CCI) rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Tanaka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Junior College Division, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima 965-8570, Japan
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31
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Miyata S, Kitagawa H. Mechanisms for modulation of neural plasticity and axon regeneration by chondroitin sulphate. J Biochem 2014; 157:13-22. [PMID: 25381371 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs), consisting of core proteins linked to one or more chondroitin sulphate (CS) chains, are major extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the central nervous system (CNS). Multi-functionality of CSPGs can be explained by the diversity in structure of CS chains that undergo dynamic changes during development and under pathological conditions. CSPGs, together with other ECM components, form mesh-like structures called perineuronal nets around a subset of neurons. Enzymatic digestion or genetic manipulation of CSPGs reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain and improves regeneration of damaged axons after CNS injury. Recent studies have shown that CSPGs not only act as non-specific physical barriers that prevent rearrangement of synaptic connections but also regulate neural plasticity through specific interaction of CS chains with its binding partners in a manner that depends on the structure of the CS chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Yoshida CA, Kawane T, Moriishi T, Purushothaman A, Miyazaki T, Komori H, Mori M, Qin X, Hashimoto A, Sugahara K, Yamana K, Takada K, Komori T. Overexpression of Galnt3 in chondrocytes resulted in dwarfism due to the increase of mucin-type O-glycans and reduction of glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26584-26596. [PMID: 25107907 PMCID: PMC4176229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galnt3, UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3, transfers N-acetyl-D-galactosamine to serine and threonine residues, initiating mucin type O-glycosylation of proteins. We searched the target genes of Runx2, which is an essential transcription factor for chondrocyte maturation, in chondrocytes and found that Galnt3 expression was up-regulated by Runx2 and severely reduced in Runx2(-/-) cartilaginous skeletons. To investigate the function of Galnt3 in chondrocytes, we generated Galnt3(-/-) mice and chondrocyte-specific Galnt3 transgenic mice under the control of the Col2a1 promoter-enhancer. Galnt3(-/-) mice showed a delay in endochondral ossification and shortened limbs at embryonic day 16.5, suggesting that Galnt3 is involved in chondrocyte maturation. Galnt3 transgenic mice presented dwarfism, the chondrocyte maturation was retarded, the cell cycle in chondrocytes was accelerated, premature chondrocyte apoptosis occurred, and the growth plates were disorganized. The binding of Vicia villosa agglutinin, which recognizes the Tn antigen (GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr), was drastically increased in chondrocytes, and aggrecan (Acan) was highly enriched with Tn antigen. However, safranin O staining, which recognizes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and Acan were severely reduced. Chondroitin sulfate was reduced in amount, but the elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains had not been severely disturbed in the isolated GAGs. These findings indicate that overexpression of Galnt3 in chondrocytes caused dwarfism due to the increase of mucin-type O-glycans and the reduction of GAGs, probably through competition with xylosyltransferases, which initiate GAG chains by attaching O-linked xylose to serine residues, suggesting a negative effect of Galnt family proteins on Acan deposition in addition to the positive effect of Galnt3 on chondrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Andrea Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawane
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Anurag Purushothaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-0003, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan,; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-0003, Japan,; Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan, and
| | - Kei Yamana
- Teijin Institute for Biomedical Research, Teijin Ltd., Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan,.
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Yamaguchi T, Ikehara S, Nakanishi H, Ikehara Y. A genetically engineered mouse model developing rapid progressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Pathol 2014; 234:228-38. [PMID: 25042889 DOI: 10.1002/path.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The premalignant lesions of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), have a high frequency of mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS), and genetic alterations in the retinoblastoma (Rb)-E2 factor (E2F) and transformed 3T3 cell double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 pathways accelerate development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The viral oncoprotein SV40 large T antigen (TAg) can inhibit the effects of the Rb family of molecules and of p53 on these pathways, and targeted expression of TAg in mouse pancreas is associated with the development of endocrine or acinar cell tumours. In this study, to determine whether the viral oncoprotein promotes pancreatic duct carcinogenesis initiated by oncogenic KRAS, we generated mice expressing temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen (tsTAg) on pancreatic epithelial cells in the presence or absence of Kras(G12D) . Mice with pancreas-specific tsTAg expression developed acinar cell dysplasia by 22 weeks without PanIN formation, while mice expressing both tsTAg and Kras(G12D) developed highly aggressive adenocarcinoma with a ductal cell phenotype within a short period, and died within 3 weeks. The tumours resembled human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at the histological level, and oncogenic Kras and tsTAg synergistically activated E2f and Sre transcription in established PDAC cell lines. These results suggest that tsTAg synergistically promotes Kras(G12D) -associated PDAC formation, and our study identifies a new mouse model of PDAC that may allow a better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma, which shows a catastrophic clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamaguchi
- Molecular Medicine Team, Research Centre for Medical Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Metabolism of cartilage proteoglycans in health and disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:452315. [PMID: 25105124 PMCID: PMC4106107 DOI: 10.1155/2014/452315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage proteoglycans are extracellular macromolecules with complex structure, composed of a core protein onto which a variable number of glycosaminoglycan chains are attached. Their biosynthesis at the glycosaminoglycan level involves a great number of sugar transferases well-orchestrated in Golgi apparatus. Similarly, their degradation, either extracellular or intracellular in lysosomes, involves a large number of hydrolases. A deficiency or malfunction of any of the enzymes participating in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism may lead to severe disease state. This review summarizes the findings regarding this topic.
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Prinz RD, Willis CM, van Kuppevelt TH, Klüppel M. Biphasic role of chondroitin sulfate in cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92381. [PMID: 24667694 PMCID: PMC3965413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate is a critical component of proteoglycans on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. As such, chondroitin sulfate side chains and the sulfation balance of chondroitin play important roles in the control of signaling pathways, and have a functional importance in human disease. In contrast, very little is known about the roles of chondroitin sulfate molecules and sulfation patterns during mammalian development and cell lineage specification. Here, we report a novel biphasic role of chondroitin sulfate in the specification of the cardiac cell lineage during embryonic stem cell differentiation through modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Lineage marker analysis demonstrates that enzymatic elimination of endogenous chondroitin sulfates leads to defects specifically in cardiac differentiation. This is accompanied by a reduction in the number of beating cardiac foci. Mechanistically, we show that endogenous chondroitin sulfate controls cardiac differentiation in a temporal biphasic manner through inhibition of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, a known regulatory pathway for the cardiac lineage. Treatment with a specific exogenous chondroitin sulfate, CS-E, could mimic these biphasic effects on cardiac differentiation and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. These results establish chondroitin sulfate and its sulfation balance as important regulators of cardiac cell lineage decisions through control of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Our work suggests that targeting the chondroitin biosynthesis and sulfation machinery is a novel promising avenue in regenerative strategies after heart injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Prinz
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Willis
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Toin H. van Kuppevelt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Klüppel
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Michigami T. Current understanding on the molecular basis of chondrogenesis. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2014; 23:1-8. [PMID: 24532955 DOI: 10.1292/cpe.23.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Endochondral bone formation involves multiple steps, consisting of the condensation of
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation of
chondrocytes, and then mineralization. To date, various factors including transcription
factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell-cell and cell-matrix
interactions have been identified to regulate this sequential, complex process. Moreover,
recent studies have revealed that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play
roles in chondrogenesis. Defects in the regulators for the development of growth plate
cartilage often cause skeletal dysplasias and growth failure. In this review article, I
will describe the current understanding concerning the regulatory mechanisms underlying
chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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Ishimaru D, Sugiura N, Akiyama H, Watanabe H, Matsumoto K. Alterations in the chondroitin sulfate chain in human osteoarthritic cartilage of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:250-8. [PMID: 24280246 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the structure of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in cartilage is reflected by the degree of cartilage degeneration in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and to determine how CS biosynthesis affects cartilage degeneration. DESIGN Two osteoarthritic cartilage samples were obtained from medial femoral condyle (MFC) and lateral femoral condyle (LFC) of 24 knees with end-stage OA. The samples were assigned to two groups as follows: lesion and remote cartilage were adjacent to and remote from the osteoarthritic cartilage, respectively. Histological grade was determined according to the Mankin score. The CS concentration and chain length were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel filtration chromatography, respectively. Expression of the gene encoding CS glycosyltransferase was evaluated using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. These results were compared between lesion and remote cartilage. RESULTS The Mankin score indicated that lesion cartilage was more degraded compared with remote cartilage. Although the CS levels varied among individuals, the mean CS concentration and chain length were significantly lower and shorter in lesion cartilage than in remote cartilage, respectively (concentration: 12.04 vs 14.84 μg/mg wet weight, P = 0.021; chain length: 5.36 vs 6.19 kDa, P = 0.026). Three genes encoding CS glycosyltransferases (CHPF, CSGALNACT1, CSGALNACT2) were expressed at lower levels in lesion cartilage. CONCLUSIONS In the osteoarthritic knee, the CS concentration and chain length were reduced closer to the more degraded cartilage with decreasing CS glycosyltransferase gene expression. Inhibition of CS glycosyltransferase gene expression may reduce CS chain length, which may contribute to OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ishimaru
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - N Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
| | - H Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
| | - H Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
| | - K Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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Michigami T. Regulatory mechanisms for the development of growth plate cartilage. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4213-21. [PMID: 23640571 PMCID: PMC11113666 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, most of the skeleton is formed through endochondral ossification. Endochondral bone formation is a complex process involving the mesenchymal condensation of undifferentiated cells, the proliferation of chondrocytes and their differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes, and mineralization. This process is tightly regulated by various factors including transcription factors, soluble mediators, extracellular matrices, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Defects of these factors often lead to skeletal dysplasias and short stature. Moreover, there is growing evidence that epigenetic and microRNA-mediated mechanisms also play critical roles in chondrogenesis. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the regulators for the development of growth plate cartilage and their molecular mechanisms of action. A knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes will provide insights into future therapeutic options for skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Michigami
- Department of Bone and Mineral Research, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan,
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Mikami T, Kitagawa H. Biosynthesis and function of chondroitin sulfate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4719-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Izumikawa T, Saigoh K, Shimizu J, Tsuji S, Kusunoki S, Kitagawa H. A chondroitin synthase-1 (ChSy-1) missense mutation in a patient with neuropathy impairs the elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains initiated by chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4806-12. [PMID: 23811343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we identified two missense mutations in the chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 gene in patients with neuropathy. These mutations are associated with a profound decrease in chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 enzyme activity. Here, we describe a patient with neuropathy who is heterozygous for a chondroitin synthase-1 mutation. Chondroitin synthase-1 has two glycosyltransferase activities: it acts as a GlcUA and a GalNAc transferase and is responsible for adding repeated disaccharide units to growing chondroitin sulfate chains. METHODS Recombinant wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 enzyme and the F362S mutant were expressed. These enzymes and cells expressing them were then characterized. RESULTS The mutant chondroitin synthase-1 protein retained approximately 50% of each glycosyltransferase activity relative to the wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 protein. Furthermore, unlike chondroitin polymerase comprised of wild-type chondroitin synthase-1 protein, the non-reducing terminal 4-O-sulfation of GalNAc residues synthesized by chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 did not facilitate the elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains when chondroitin polymerase that consists of the mutant chondroitin synthase-1 protein was used as the enzyme source. CONCLUSIONS The chondroitin synthase-1 F362S mutation in a patient with neuropathy resulted in a decrease in chondroitin polymerization activity and the mutant protein was defective in regulating the number of chondroitin sulfate chains via chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1. Thus, the progression of peripheral neuropathies may result from defects in these regulatory systems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The elongation of chondroitin sulfate chains may be tightly regulated by the cooperative expression of chondroitin synthase-1 and chondroitin N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1 in peripheral neurons and peripheral neuropathies may result from synthesis of abnormally truncated chondroitin sulfate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Zheng J, Wu C, Ma W, Zhang Y, Hou T, Xu H, Wu S, Yao X, Guo X. Abnormal expression of chondroitin sulphate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 and Hapln-1 in cartilage with Kashin-Beck disease and primary osteoarthritis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 37:2051-9. [PMID: 23748413 PMCID: PMC3779571 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-1937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic degenerative osteoarthritis associated with extracellular matrix degradation. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the role of targeting genes in the pathogenesis of KBD and primary osteoarthritis (OA) involved in extracellular matrix degradation. Methods Agilent 44 K human whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect the gene expression in KBD and OA cartilage. The mRNA and protein expressions of CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 in chondrocytes were verified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot, and their expression in cartilage were verified with immunocytochemical analysis. Meanwhile, CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 protein levels in the selenium intervention group of KBD with different concentrations (0.25, 0.1and 0.05 μg/ml) were detected by western blot. Results CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 were down-regulated in KBD and OA at both mRNA and protein levels, and were increased in Se(Selenium) groups compared to KBD free-Se group. However, Wnt 3a, β-catenin and Runx-2 were up-regulated in OA and KBD at protein levels. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining showed that CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 were reduced in all zones of KBD and OA articular cartilage, but not significantly reduced in the up zone of OA articular cartilage. Conclusions The CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 were down-regulated in both KBD and OA cartilage. CSGalNAcT-1 may be involved in the damage of articular cartilage of KBD and OA by regulating Hapln-1 in the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. It was indicated that CSGalNAcT-1 and Hapln-1 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of KBD and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zheng
- Faculty of Public Health, Medicine College of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Trace elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
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Effect of Angelica sinensis Polysaccharides on Osteoarthritis In Vivo and In Vitro: A Possible Mechanism to Promote Proteoglycans Synthesis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:794761. [PMID: 23861713 PMCID: PMC3687727 DOI: 10.1155/2013/794761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (APS-3c) on rat osteoarthritis (OA) model in vivo and rat interleukin-1-beta- (IL-1β-) stimulated chondrocytes in vitro. APS-3c was administrated into rat OA knee joints and had protective effects on rat OA cartilage in vivo. Primary rat articular chondrocytes were cotreated with APS-3c and IL-1β
in vitro. 2~50 μg/mL APS-3c had no effect on chondrocytes viability, whereas it increased the proteoglycans (PGs) synthesis inhibited by IL-1β. Microarray analysis showed that the significant changes were concentrated in the genes which were involved in PGs synthesis. RT-PCR confirmed that treatment with APS-3c increased the mRNA expression of aggrecan and glycosyltransferases (GTs) inhibited by IL-1β but did not affect the mRNA expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. These results indicate that APS-3c can improve PGs synthesis of chondrocytes on rat OA model in vivo and IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes in vitro, which is due to the promotion of the expression of aggrecan and GTs involved in PGs synthesis but not the inhibition of the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. Our findings suggest the clinical relevance of APS-3c in the prospective of future alternative medical treatment for OA.
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Mizumoto S, Ikegawa S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes for sulfated glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:10953-61. [PMID: 23457301 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r112.437038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genetic disorders are caused by mutations in the genes encoding glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases, enzymes responsible for the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans, including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate. The phenotypes of these genetic disorders reflect disturbances in crucial biological functions of GAGs in human. Recent studies have revealed that mutations in genes encoding chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes cause various disorders of connective tissues. This minireview focuses on growing glycobiological studies of recently described genetic diseases caused by disturbances in biosynthetic enzymes for sulfated GAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
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de la Rica L, Urquiza JM, Gómez-Cabrero D, Islam ABMMK, López-Bigas N, Tegnér J, Toes REM, Ballestar E. Identification of novel markers in rheumatoid arthritis through integrated analysis of DNA methylation and microRNA expression. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:6-16. [PMID: 23306098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are complex disorders, whose etiopathology is attributed to a crosstalk between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Both variants of autoimmune susceptibility genes and environment are involved in the generation of aberrant epigenetic profiles in a cell-specific manner, which ultimately result in dysregulation of expression. Furthermore, changes in miRNA expression profiles also cause gene dysregulation associated with aberrant phenotypes. In rheumatoid arthritis, several cell types are involved in the destruction of the joints, synovial fibroblasts being among the most important. In this study we performed DNA methylation and miRNA expression screening of a set of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and compared the results with those obtained from osteoarthritis patients with a normal phenotype. DNA methylation screening allowed us to identify changes in novel key target genes like IL6R, CAPN8 and DPP4, as well as several HOX genes. A significant proportion of genes undergoing DNA methylation changes were inversely correlated with expression. miRNA screening revealed the existence of subsets of miRNAs that underwent changes in expression. Integrated analysis highlighted sets of miRNAs that are controlled by DNA methylation, and genes that are regulated by DNA methylation and are targeted by miRNAs with a potential use as clinical markers. Our study enabled the identification of novel dysregulated targets in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and generated a new workflow for the integrated analysis of miRNA and epigenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo de la Rica
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
The aggregating proteoglycans of the lectican family are important components of extracellular matrices. Aggrecan is the most well studied of these and is central to cartilage biomechanical properties and skeletal development. Key to its biological function is the fixed charge of the many glycosaminoglycan chains, that provide the basis for the viscoelastic properties necessary for load distribution over the articular surface. This review is focused on the globular domains of aggrecan and their role in anchoring the proteoglycans to other extracellular matrix components. The N-terminal G1 domain is vital in that it binds the proteoglycan to hyaluronan in ternary complex with link protein, retaining the proteoglycan in the tissue. The importance of the C-terminal G3 domain interactions has recently been emphasized by two different human hereditary disorders: autosomal recessive aggrecan-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and autosomal dominant familial osteochondritis dissecans. In these two conditions, different missense mutations in the aggrecan C-type lectin repeat have been described. The resulting amino acid replacements affect the ligand interactions of the G3 domain, albeit with widely different phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aspberg
- Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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49
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Ogawa H, Hatano S, Sugiura N, Nagai N, Sato T, Shimizu K, Kimata K, Narimatsu H, Watanabe H. Chondroitin sulfate synthase-2 is necessary for chain extension of chondroitin sulfate but not critical for skeletal development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43806. [PMID: 22952769 PMCID: PMC3429490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a linear polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-glucuronic acid residues, modified with sulfated residues at various positions. Based on its structural diversity in chain length and sulfation patterns, CS provides specific biological functions in cell adhesion, morphogenesis, neural network formation, and cell division. To date, six glycosyltransferases are known to be involved in the biosynthesis of chondroitin saccharide chains, and a hetero-oligomer complex of chondroitin sulfate synthase-1 (CSS1)/chondroitin synthase-1 and chondroitin sulfate synthase-2 (CSS2)/chondroitin polymerizing factor is known to have the strongest polymerizing activity. Here, we generated and analyzed CSS2−/− mice. Although they were viable and fertile, exhibiting no overt morphological abnormalities or osteoarthritis, their cartilage contained CS chains with a shorter length and at a similar number to wild type. Further analysis using CSS2−/− chondrocyte culture systems, together with siRNA of CSS1, revealed the presence of two CS chain species in length, suggesting two steps of CS chain polymerization; i.e., elongation from the linkage region up to Mr ∼10,000, and further extension. There, CSS2 mainly participated in the extension, whereas CSS1 participated in both the extension and the initiation. Our study demonstrates the distinct function of CSS1 and CSS2, providing a clue in the elucidation of the mechanism of CS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Ogawa
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sonoko Hatano
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sugiura
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Naoko Nagai
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Katsuji Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Kimata
- Research Complex for Medicine Frontiers, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kaji H, Shikanai T, Sasaki-Sawa A, Wen H, Fujita M, Suzuki Y, Sugahara D, Sawaki H, Yamauchi Y, Shinkawa T, Taoka M, Takahashi N, Isobe T, Narimatsu H. Large-scale Identification of N-Glycosylated Proteins of Mouse Tissues and Construction of a Glycoprotein Database, GlycoProtDB. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:4553-66. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300346c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaji
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Toshihide Shikanai
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Akiko Sasaki-Sawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Hongling Wen
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mika Fujita
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Suzuki
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugahara
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sawaki
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Takashi Shinkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Applied
Life Science,
United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu,
Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397,
Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical
Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central-2, Umezono 1-1-1,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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