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Shen H, Zhang T, Ji Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Chen X, Liang Q, Wu K, Li Y, Lu X, Cui L, Zhao B, Wang Y. GRK5 Deficiency in the Hippocampus Leads to Cognitive Impairment via Abnormal Microglial Alterations. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1547-1562. [PMID: 36525154 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
GRK5 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase family and is closely associated with heart and nervous system disease. It has been reported that GRK5 is closely related to cerebral nerve function and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biological function of GRK5 in the brain and the influence of GRK5 deficiency on cognitive dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. Here, we reported that mice with reduced GRK5 in the hippocampus exhibit cognitive impairment and some Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related molecular pathologies, such as significant neuronal damage and loss, enhanced tau protein phosphorylation, and increased levels of Aβ peptides in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, we observed that GRK5 is located in microglia and plays an essential role in maintaining the morphology and function of microglia. GRK5 deficiency elicits microglial morphology changes and proinflammatory-associated gene increases. In addition, transcriptional analysis of hippocampal tissues revealed striking changes in neuroactive ligand‒receptor interactions and TNF signaling in GRK5-deficient mice. In conclusion, our results further confirm the vital role of GRK5 in maintaining normal cognitive function in mice. This finding suggests a possible mechanism by which GRK5 maintains microglial homeostasis, and its loss may induce microglial function deficits and cause some AD-related molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuling Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiuhao Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kefeng Wu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen H, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Targeting GRK2 and GRK5 for treating chronic degenerative diseases: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Sun P, Li S, Li L. Understanding How Physical Exercise Improves Alzheimer’s Disease: Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Systems. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:869507. [PMID: 35663578 PMCID: PMC9158463 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.869507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the accumulation of proteinaceous aggregates and neurofibrillary lesions composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, respectively. It has long been known that dysregulation of cholinergic and monoaminergic (i.e., dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic) systems is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Abnormalities in neuronal activity, neurotransmitter signaling input, and receptor function exaggerate Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation. Maintenance of normal neurotransmission is essential to halt AD progression. Most neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-related drugs modulate the pathology of AD and improve cognitive function through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Exercise therapies provide an important alternative or adjunctive intervention for AD. Cumulative evidence indicates that exercise can prevent multiple pathological features found in AD and improve cognitive function through delaying the degeneration of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons; increasing levels of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine; and modulating the activity of certain neurotransmitter-related GPCRs. Emerging insights into the mechanistic links among exercise, the neurotransmitter system, and AD highlight the potential of this intervention as a therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Li,
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4
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Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1399-1410. [PMID: 34958040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high priority mission while searching for a disease modifying therapy for AD, a devastating major public health crisis. Clinical observations have identified a prodromal stage of AD for which the patients have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) though do not yet meet AD diagnostic criteria. As an identifiable transitional stage before the onset of AD, MCI should become the high priority target for AD prevention, assuming successful prevention of MCI and/or its conversion to AD also prevents the subsequent AD. By pulling this string, one demonstrated cause of amnestic MCI appears to be the deficiency of G protein-coupled receptor-5 (GRK5). The most compelling evidence is that GRK5 knockout (GRK5KO) mice naturally develop into aMCI during aging. Moreover, GRK5 deficiency was reported to occur during prodromal stage of AD in CRND8 transgenic mice. When a GRK5KO mouse was crossbred with Tg2576 Swedish amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse, the resulted double transgenic GAP mice displayed exaggerated behavioral and pathological changes across the spectrum of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GRK5 deficiency possesses unique features and advantage to serve as a prophylactic therapeutic target for MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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5
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Guimarães TR, Swanson E, Kofler J, Thathiah A. G protein-coupled receptor kinases are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:942-957. [PMID: 34164834 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in amyloid plaques and intracellular aggregation and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although several kinases have been identified to contribute to the pathological phosphorylation of tau, kinase-targeted therapies for AD have not been successful in clinical trials. Critically, the kinases responsible for numerous identified tau phosphorylation sites remain unknown. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) have recently been implicated in phosphorylation of non-GPCR substrates, for example, tubulin and α-synuclein, and in neurological disorders, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, we investigated the involvement of GRKs in the pathophysiology of AD. METHODS We performed a comprehensive immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of the ubiquitously expressed GRKs, namely, GRK2, 3, 5 and 6, in postmortem human brain tissue of control subjects and AD patients. RESULTS GRKs display unique cell-type-specific expression patterns in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. Levels of GRKs 2, 5 and 6 are specifically decreased in the CA1 region of the AD hippocampus. Biochemical evidence indicates that the GRKs differentially associate with total, soluble and insoluble pools of tau in the AD brain. Complementary immunohistochemical studies indicate that the GRKs differentially colocalise with total tau, phosphorylated tau and NFTs. Notably, GRKs 3 and 5 also colocalise with amyloid plaques. CONCLUSION These studies establish a link between GRKs and the pathological phosphorylation and accumulation of tau and amyloid pathology in AD brains and suggest a novel role for these kinases in regulation of the pathological hallmarks of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Rafael Guimarães
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Swanson
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Hajjari SN, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Shanehbandi D, Teimourian S, Shahbazi A, Mehdizadeh M. MicroRNA-4422-5p as a Negative Regulator of Amyloidogenic Secretases: A Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2021; 463:108-115. [PMID: 33836245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-secretase (BACE1) and gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP) are pivotal enzymes in the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Beta-amyloid (Aß) formation is considered one of the main reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. In our preliminary study, a series of microRNAs (miRs) with possible interaction with BACE1 and/or GSAP was selected using computational analysis. Our results showed that miR-4422-5p had a reduced level in the serum of AD patients. In this study, the effect of miR-4422-5p using miR-4422-5p mimic and inhibitor on BACE1 and GSAP were investigated, and a probable novel early diagnostic marker for AD was introduced. The effect of miR-4422-5p interaction with BACE1 and GSAP was evaluated via in vitro experiments using dual-luciferase assays, western blotting, and Immunocytochemistry. Luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-4422-5p mimic suppresses BACE1 and GSAP expression by directly targeting the 3'UTR of BACE1 and GSAP mRNA in HEK293T cells. Also, western blotting and immunocytochemistry confirmed the regulatory role of miR-4422-5p mimic on BACE1 and GSAP genes. miR-4422-5p mimic significantly decreased BACE1 and GSAP protein expression in SH-SY5Y and A549 cells, respectively. Moreover, miR-4422-5p-inhibitor reversed the expression processes in both cell lines. Our data suggest that miR-4422-5p may be an important regulator of both BACE1 and GSAP genes and can represent a novel potential biomarker or therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Nazanin Hajjari
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Teimourian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Targeting GRK5 for Treating Chronic Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041920. [PMID: 33671974 PMCID: PMC7919044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors and they are responsible for the transduction of extracellular signals, regulating almost all aspects of mammalian physiology. These receptors are specifically regulated by a family of serine/threonine kinases, called GPCR kinases (GRKs). Given the biological role of GPCRs, it is not surprising that GRKs are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Particular importance is emerging for GRK5, which is a multifunctional protein, expressed in different cell types, and it has been found located in single or multiple subcellular compartments. For instance, when anchored to the plasma membrane, GRK5 exerts its canonical function, regulating GPCRs. However, under certain conditions (e.g., pro-hypertrophic stimuli), GRK5 translocates to the nucleus of cells where it can interact with non-GPCR-related proteins as well as DNA itself to promote “non-canonical” signaling, including gene transcription. Importantly, due to these actions, several studies have demonstrated that GRK5 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic-degenerative disorders. This is true in the cardiac cells, tumor cells, and neurons. For this reason, in this review article, we will inform the readers of the most recent evidence that supports the importance of targeting GRK5 to prevent the development or progression of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
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8
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Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GRKs as Modulators of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010052. [PMID: 33396400 PMCID: PMC7823573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A general model posits that GPCRs undergo two-step homologous desensitization: the active receptor is phosphorylated by kinases of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, whereupon arrestin proteins specifically bind active phosphorylated receptors, shutting down G protein-mediated signaling, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct signaling pathways via arrestin-based scaffolding. Here, we review the mechanisms of GRK-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, focusing on the diverse modes of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of receptor subtypes. The immediate signaling consequences of GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, such as arrestin recruitment, desensitization, and internalization/resensitization, are equally diverse, depending not only on the receptor subtype but also on phosphorylation by GRKs of select receptor residues. We discuss the signaling outcome as well as the biological and behavioral consequences of the GRK-dependent phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors where known.
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9
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Karthikeyan A, Senthil N, Min T. Nanocurcumin: A Promising Candidate for Therapeutic Applications. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:487. [PMID: 32425772 PMCID: PMC7206872 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa is an important medicinal plant and a spice in Asia. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a hydrophobic bioactive ingredient found in a rhizome of the C. longa. It has drawn immense attention in recent years for its variety of biological and pharmacological action. However, its low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and rapid metabolism represent major drawbacks for its successful therapeutic applications. Hence, researchers have attempted to enhance the biological and pharmacological activity of curcumin and overcome its drawbacks by efficient delivery systems, particularly nanoencapsulation. Research efforts so far and data from the available literature have shown a satisfactory potential of nanorange formulations of curcumin (Nanocurcumin), it increases all the biological and pharmacological benefits of curcumin, which was not significantly possible earlier. For the synthesis of nanocurcumin, an array of techniques has been developed and each technique has its own advantages and individual characteristics. The two most popular and effective techniques are ionic gelation and antisolvent precipitation. So far, many curcumin nanoformulations have been developed to enhance curcumin delivery, thereby overcoming the low therapeutic effects. However, most of the nanoformulation of curcumin remained at the concept level evidence, thus, several questions and challenges still exist to recommend the nanocurcumin as a promising candidate for therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the different curcumin nanoformulation and nanocurcumin implications for different therapeutic applications as well as the status of ongoing clinical trials and patents. We also discuss the research gap and future research directions needed to propose curcumin as a promising therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Natesan Senthil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Taesun Min
- Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI) and Jeju International Animal Research Center (JIA), Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
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10
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Hajjri SN, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mehrpour M, Moradi F, Shanehbandi D, Mehdizadeh M. Beta-Amyloid-Dependent miRNAs as Circulating Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease: a Preliminary Report. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:871-877. [PMID: 32306293 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered among the most reliable biomarkers to diagnose and predict Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to their regulatory nature. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the expression of miR4422 and miR3714, as the main regulators of GSAP and BACE1 expression, in AD patients compared with healthy subjects. Twenty patients with a mild to moderate AD (58-71 years old) and 15 healthy subjects (58-73 years old) participated in this study. The expression levels of miR4422 and miR3714 as the target genes and 5S rRNA and miRlet7a-5p as the reference genes were measured in the two groups. To compare the expression between the case and the control groups, the t test or the Wilcoxon test was used, based on the data distribution patterns. The efficiencies of amplification of the miR4422, miR3714, 5S rRNA, and miRlet7a-5p genes all were in the acceptable range. The mean miR4422-5S rRNA dCt value was significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.018). The relative fold change of the expression was 0.43. The mean miR4422-miRlet7a-5p dCt value (p = 0.41), the mean miR3714-5S rRNA dCt value (p = 0.10), and the mean miR3714-miRlet7a-5p dCt value (p = 0.063) were not significantly different between the two groups. We indicated that miR4422 could be a reliable biomarker for Alzheimer's diagnosis. It seems that the reduced expression of miR4422 that targets GSAP and BACE1 expression can lead to an increase in the formation of Aβ plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Nazanin Hajjri
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Mehrpour
- Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Sueishi T, Akasaki Y, Goto N, Kurakazu I, Toya M, Kuwahara M, Uchida T, Hayashida M, Tsushima H, Bekki H, Lotz MK, Nakashima Y. GRK5 Inhibition Attenuates Cartilage Degradation via Decreased NF-κB Signaling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:620-631. [PMID: 31696655 DOI: 10.1002/art.41152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NF-κB-dependent signaling is an important modulator in osteoarthritis (OA), and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) regulates the NF-κB pathway. This study was undertaken to investigate the functional involvement of GRK5 in OA pathogenesis. METHODS GRK5 expression in normal and OA human knee joints was analyzed immunohistochemically. Gain- or loss-of-function experiments were performed using human and mouse chondrocytes. OA was induced in GRK5-knockout mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus, and histologic examination was performed. OA was also induced in wild-type mice, which were then treated with an intraarticular injection of amlexanox, a selective GRK5 inhibitor, every 5 days for 8 weeks. RESULTS GRK5 protein expression was increased in human OA cartilage. In vitro, expression levels of OA-related factors and NF-κB transcriptional activation were down-regulated by suppression of the GRK5 gene in human OA chondrocytes (3.49-fold decrease in IL6 [P < 0.01], 2.43-fold decrease in MMP13 [P < 0.01], and 2.66-fold decrease in ADAMTS4 [P < 0.01]). Conversely, GRK5 overexpression significantly increased the expression of OA-related catabolic mediators and NF-κB transcriptional activation. On Western blot analysis, GRK5 deletion reduced IκBα phosphorylation (up to 4.4-fold decrease [P < 0.05]) and decreased p65 nuclear translocation (up to 6.4-fold decrease [P < 0.01]) in mouse chondrocytes. In vivo, both GRK5 deletion and intraarticular amlexanox protected mouse cartilage against OA. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GRK5 regulates cartilage degradation through a catabolic response mediated by NF-κB signaling, and is a potential target for OA treatment. Furthermore, amlexanox may be a major compound in relevant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sueishi
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Akasaki
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Goto
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurakazu
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toya
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuwahara
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taisuke Uchida
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirofumi Bekki
- Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan, and Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California
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12
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Apostolakou AE, Baltoumas FA, Stravopodis DJ, Iconomidou VA. Extended Human G-Protein Coupled Receptor Network: Cell-Type-Specific Analysis of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling Pathways. J Proteome Res 2019; 19:511-524. [PMID: 31774292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate crucial physiological functions in humans, have been implicated in an array of diseases, and are therefore prime drug targets. GPCRs signal via a multitude of pathways, mainly through G-proteins and β-arrestins, to regulate effectors responsible for cellular responses. The limited number of transducers results in different GPCRs exerting control on the same pathway, while the availability of signaling proteins in a cell defines the result of GPCR activation. The aim of this study was to construct the extended human GPCR network (hGPCRnet) and examine the effect that cell-type specificity has on GPCR signaling pathways. To achieve this, protein-protein interaction data between GPCRs, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), Gα subunits, β-arrestins, and effectors were combined with protein expression data in cell types. This resulted in the hGPCRnet, a very large interconnected network, and similar cell-type-specific networks in which, distinct GPCR signaling pathways were formed. Finally, a user friendly web application, hGPCRnet ( http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/hGPCRnet ), was created to allow for the visualization and exploration of these networks and of GPCR signaling pathways. This work, and the resulting application, can be useful in further studies of GPCR function and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avgi E Apostolakou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Fotis A Baltoumas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Dimitrios J Stravopodis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Iconomidou
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15701 , Greece
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13
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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George C, Gontier G, Lacube P, François JC, Holzenberger M, Aïd S. The Alzheimer's disease transcriptome mimics the neuroprotective signature of IGF-1 receptor-deficient neurons. Brain 2017; 140:2012-2027. [PMID: 28595357 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal studies using post-mortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease evidenced aberrant insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling. Addressing causality, work in animal models recently demonstrated that long-term suppression of IGF1R signalling alleviates Alzheimer's disease progression and promotes neuroprotection. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we showed that genetically ablating IGF1R in neurons of the ageing brain efficiently protects from neuroinflammation, anxiety and memory impairments induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β oligomers. In our mutant mice, the suppression of IGF1R signalling also invariably led to small neuronal soma size, indicative of profound changes in cellular homeodynamics. To gain insight into transcriptional signatures leading to Alzheimer's disease-relevant neuronal defence, we performed genome-wide microarray analysis on laser-dissected hippocampal CA1 after neuronal IGF1R knockout, in the presence or absence of APP/PS1 transgenes. Functional analysis comparing neurons in early-stage Alzheimer's disease with IGF1R knockout neurons revealed strongly convergent transcriptomic signatures, notably involving neurite growth, cytoskeleton organization, cellular stress response and neurotransmission. Moreover, in Alzheimer's disease neurons, a high proportion of genes responding to Alzheimer's disease showed a reversed differential expression when IGF1R was deleted. One of the genes consistently highlighted in genome-wide comparison was the neurofilament medium polypeptide Nefm. We found that NEFM accumulated in hippocampus in the presence of amyloid pathology, and decreased to control levels under IGF1R deletion, suggesting that reorganized cytoskeleton likely plays a role in neuroprotection. These findings demonstrated that significant resistance of the brain to amyloid-β can be achieved lifelong by suppressing neuronal IGF1R and identified IGF-dependent molecular pathways that coordinate an intrinsic program for neuroprotection against proteotoxicity. Our data also indicate that neuronal defences against Alzheimer's disease rely on an endogenous gene expression profile similar to the neuroprotective response activated by genetic disruption of IGF1R signalling. This study highlights neuronal IGF1R signalling as a relevant target for developing Alzheimer's disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline George
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Gontier
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lacube
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe François
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Saba Aïd
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75012 Paris, France
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15
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yin M, Cai Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cao H, Chen T, Huang P, Mai H, Liu Z, Tao H, Zhao B, Cui L. The influence of two functional genetic variants of GRK5 on tau phosphorylation and their association with Alzheimer's disease risk. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72714-72726. [PMID: 29069820 PMCID: PMC5641163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our work explores the relationship between G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) single nucleotide polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease risk. We confirmed that GRK5 translocates from the cellular membrane to the cytosol in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease mice and that GRK5 deficiency promotes tau hyperphosphorylation, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Our results indicate that one functional variant, or mutant, of GRK5 (GRK5-Gln41Leu) decreased GRK5 translocation from the membrane to the cytoplasm and reduced tau hyperphosphorylation, whereas, another GRK5 mutant (GRK5-Arg304His) increased GRK5 translocation to the cytoplasm and promoted tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, case-control studies revealed that GRK5-Gln41Leu is associated with a lower risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Our findings suggest that the GRK5-Gln41Leu mutant may resist tau hyperphosphorylation by promoting GRK5 membrane stability and, in effect, may contribute to lower Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianghao Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingkang Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- Department of Chronic Disease, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingliang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Departments of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pengru Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Mai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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16
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Nanjidsuren T, Park CW, Sim BW, Kim SU, Chang KT, Kang MH, Min KS. GRK5-Knockout Mice Generated by TALEN-Mediated Gene Targeting. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:223-30. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1176032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsevelmaa Nanjidsuren
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Park
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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17
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He M, Singh P, Cheng S, Zhang Q, Peng W, Ding X, Li L, Liu J, Premont RT, Morgan D, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Leads to Selective Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuronal Vulnerability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26116. [PMID: 27193825 PMCID: PMC4872166 DOI: 10.1038/srep26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Why certain diseases primarily affect one specific neuronal subtype rather than another is a puzzle whose solution underlies the development of specific therapies. Selective basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurodegeneration participates in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the first recapitulation of the selective BFC neuronal loss that is typical of human AD in a mouse model termed GAP. We created GAP mice by crossing Tg2576 mice that over-express the Swedish mutant human β-amyloid precursor protein gene with G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) knockout mice. This doubly defective mouse displayed significant BFC neuronal loss at 18 months of age, which was not observed in either of the singly defective parent strains or in the wild type. Along with other supporting evidence, we propose that GRK5 deficiency selectively renders BFC neurons more vulnerable to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao He
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - XueFeng Ding
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Longxuan Li
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- The Johnnie B. Byrd Alzheimer's Center &Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Deptment of Molecular Pharmacology &Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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18
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Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Mahmoudi J, Babri S, Shanehbandi D. Selective activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by PHA-543613 improves Aβ25–35-mediated cognitive deficits in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 298:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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He M, Liu J, Cheng S, Xing Y, Suo WZ. Differentiation renders susceptibility to excitotoxicity in HT22 neurons. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1297-306. [PMID: 25206424 PMCID: PMC4107644 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.14.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HT22 is an immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line that does not express cholinergic and glutamate receptors like mature hippocampal neurons in vivo. This in part prevents its use as a model for mature hippocampal neurons in memory-related studies. We now report that HT22 cells were appropriately induced to differentiate and possess properties similar to those of mature hippocampal neurons in vivo, such as becoming more glutamate-receptive and excitatory. Results showed that sensitivity of HT22 cells to glutamate-induced toxicity changed dramatically when comparing undifferentiated with differentiated cells, with the half-effective concentration for differentiated cells reducing approximately two orders of magnitude. Moreover, glutamate-induced toxicity in differentiated cells, but not undifferentiated cells, was inhibited by the N-methyl-D- aspartate receptor antagonists MK-801 and memantine. Evidently, differentiated HT22 cells expressed N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, while undifferentiated cells did not. Our experimental findings indicated that differentiation is important for immortalized cell lines to render post-mitotic neuronal properties, and that differentiated HT22 neurons represent a better model of hippocampal neurons than undifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China ; Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China ; Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, MO 64128, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, MO 64128, USA
| | - Yigang Xing
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, MO 64128, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66170, USA ; Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, KS 66170, USA
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20
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Beggiato S, Giuliani A, Sivilia S, Lorenzini L, Antonelli T, Imbimbo B, Giardino L, Calzà L, Ferraro L. CHF5074 and LY450139 sub-acute treatments differently affect cortical extracellular glutamate levels in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. Neuroscience 2014; 266:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Santulli G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and hypertension: molecular insights and pathophysiological mechanisms. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2013; 20:5-12. [PMID: 23532739 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-013-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors partake in the fine-tuning of arterial blood pressure. The heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the largest classes of cell-surface receptors. Further, ligands directed at GPCRs account for nearly 30 % of current clinical pharmaceutical agents available. Given the wide variety of GPCRs involved in blood pressure control, it is reasonable to speculate for a potential role of established intermediaries involved in the GPCR desensitization process, like the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), in the regulation of vascular tone. Of the seven mammalian GRKs, GRK2 seems to be the most relevant isoform at the cardiovascular level. This review attempts to assemble the currently available information concerning GRK2 and hypertension, opening new potential fields of translational investigation to treat this vexing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Packiriswamy N, Lee T, Raghavendra PB, Durairaj H, Wang H, Parameswaran N. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 mediates inflammation but does not regulate cellular infiltration or bacterial load in a polymicrobial sepsis model in mice. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:401-13. [PMID: 23485819 DOI: 10.1159/000347002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NFκB-dependent signaling is an important modulator of inflammation in several diseases including sepsis. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of the NFκB pathway. We hypothesized that GRK5 via NFκB regulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. To test this we utilized a clinically relevant polymicrobial sepsis model in mice that were deficient in GRK5. We subjected wild-type (WT) and GRK5 knockout (KO) mice to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis and assessed the various events in sepsis pathogenesis. CLP induced a significant inflammatory response in the WT and this was markedly attenuated in the KO mice. To determine the signaling mechanisms and the role of NFκB activation in sepsis-induced inflammation, we assessed the levels of IκBα phosphorylation and expression of NFκB-dependent genes in the liver in the two genotypes. Both IκBα phosphorylation and gene expression were significantly inhibited in the GRK5 KO compared to the WT mice. Interestingly, however, GRK5 did not modulate either immune cell infiltration (to the primary site of infection) or local/systemic bacterial load subsequent to sepsis induction. In contrast GRK5 deficiency significantly inhibited sepsis-induced plasma corticosterone levels and the consequent thymocyte apoptosis in vivo. Associated with these outcomes, CLP-induced mortality was significantly prevented in the GRK5 KO mice in the presence of antibiotics. Together, our studies demonstrate that GRK5 is an important regulator of inflammation and thymic apoptosis in polymicrobial sepsis and implicate GRK5 as a potential molecular target in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar Packiriswamy
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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23
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Giuliani A, Beggiato S, Baldassarro VA, Mangano C, Giardino L, Imbimbo BP, Antonelli T, Calzà L, Ferraro L. CHF5074 restores visual memory ability and pre-synaptic cortical acetylcholine release in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. J Neurochem 2013; 124:613-20. [PMID: 23278303 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CHF5074, a new microglial modulator, attenuates memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. In this study, the effect of an acute or subacute CHF5074 treatment on in vivo novel object recognition test and on [³H]Acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA release in pre-plaque (7-month-old) Tg2576 mice have been compared with those induced by the γ-secretase inhibitor LY450139 (semagacestat). Vehicle-treated Tg2576 mice displayed an impairment of recognition memory compared with wild-type animals. This impairment was recovered in transgenic animals acutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg), while LY450139 (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) was ineffective. In frontal cortex synaptosomes from vehicle-treated Tg2576 mice, K⁺-evoked [³H]ACh release was lower than that measured in wild-type mice. This reduction was absent in transgenic animals subacutely treated with CHF5074 (30 mg/kg daily for 8 days), while it was slightly, not significantly, amplified by LY450139 (3 mg/kg daily for 8 days). There were no differences between the groups on spontaneous [³H]ACh release as well as spontaneous and K⁺-evoked GABA release. These results suggest that CHF5074 has beneficial effects on visual memory and cortical cholinergic dysfunctions in pre-plaque Tg2576 mice. Together with previous findings, these data suggest that CHF5074 could be a possible candidate for early Alzheimer's disease therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Giuliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Health Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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24
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Suo WZ. Accelerating Alzheimer’s pathogenesis by GRK5 deficiency via cholinergic dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2013.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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26
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Bosco D, Fava A, Plastino M, Montalcini T, Pujia A. Possible implications of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1807-21. [PMID: 21435176 PMCID: PMC3918038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) appears to be a significant risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) also have intense effects in the central nervous system (CNS), regulating key processes such as neuronal survival and longevity, as well as learning and memory. Hyperglycaemia induces increased peripheral utilization of insulin, resulting in reduced insulin transport into the brain. Whereas the density of brain insulin receptor decreases during age, IGF-1 receptor increases, suggesting that specific insulin-mediated signals is involved in aging and possibly in cognitive decline. Molecular mechanisms that protect CNS neurons against β-amyloid-derived-diffusible ligands (ADDL), responsible for synaptic deterioration underlying AD memory failure, have been identified. The protection mechanism does not involve simple competition between ADDLs and insulin, but rather it is signalling dependent down-regulation of ADDL-binding sites. Defective insulin signalling make neurons energy deficient and vulnerable to oxidizing or other metabolic insults and impairs synaptic plasticity. In fact, destruction of mitochondria, by oxidation of a dynamic-like transporter protein, may cause synapse loss in AD. Moreover, interaction between Aβ and τ proteins could be cause of neuronal loss. Hyperinsulinaemia as well as complete lack of insulin result in increased τ phosphorylation, leading to an imbalance of insulin-regulated τ kinases and phosphatates. However, amyloid peptides accumulation is currently seen as a key step in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammation interacts with processing and deposit of β-amyloid. Chronic hyperinsulinemia may exacerbate inflammatory responses and increase markers of oxidative stress. In addition, insulin appears to act as 'neuromodulator', influencing release and reuptake of neurotransmitters, and improving learning and memory. Thus, experimental and clinical evidence show that insulin action influences cerebral functions. In this paper, we reviewed several mechanisms by which insulin may affect pathophysiology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Bosco
- Department of Neuroscience, 'S. Giovanni di Dio' Hospital, Via Largo Bologna, Crotone, Italy.
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27
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Gurevich EV, Tesmer JJG, Mushegian A, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases: more than just kinases and not only for GPCRs. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:40-69. [PMID: 21903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) are best known for their role in homologous desensitization of GPCRs. GRKs phosphorylate activated receptors and promote high affinity binding of arrestins, which precludes G protein coupling. GRKs have a multidomain structure, with the kinase domain inserted into a loop of a regulator of G protein signaling homology domain. Unlike many other kinases, GRKs do not need to be phosphorylated in their activation loop to achieve an activated state. Instead, they are directly activated by docking with active GPCRs. In this manner they are able to selectively phosphorylate Ser/Thr residues on only the activated form of the receptor, unlike related kinases such as protein kinase A. GRKs also phosphorylate a variety of non-GPCR substrates and regulate several signaling pathways via direct interactions with other proteins in a phosphorylation-independent manner. Multiple GRK subtypes are present in virtually every animal cell, with the highest expression levels found in neurons, with their extensive and complex signal regulation. Insufficient or excessive GRK activity was implicated in a variety of human disorders, ranging from heart failure to depression to Parkinson's disease. As key regulators of GPCR-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, GRKs are emerging drug targets and promising molecular tools for therapy. Targeted modulation of expression and/or of activity of several GRK isoforms for therapeutic purposes was recently validated in cardiac disorders and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Preston Research Building, Rm. 454, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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