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Richaud M, Rasasombat S, Cuq P, Galas S, Marti-Mestres G. Water in cosmetics and Caenorhabditis elegans as an alternative model for lifespan assessment. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:96-105. [PMID: 37704396 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Water, often considered a fundamental component of life, is the most commonly used ingredient in the formulation of dermocosmetic products, with waterless products being the exception. Dermocosmetic products can contain anywhere from 50% to 85% water, which contributes to their texture and specific characteristics. The chemical composition of water varies depending on its origin and can be categorized as highly mineralized or low mineralized. These compositions could impact the water's efficacy in anti-aging applications. In this study, the objective is evaluating the anti-aging properties of highly and low mineralized water with the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. METHODS In this article, we employed the alternative model organism C. elegans to assess the impact of 5 branded waters, one physiological water and one ultra-pure water on the model's lifespan, using the survival medium conventionally used for C. elegans as a comparison. RESULTS Waters may have either a positive or a negative impact on the C. elegans lifespan expectancy. Our results indicate that only one of the water brands we assessed (Volvic®) had a significantly positive effect on worm longevity. In contrast, we found that two other brands (Hepar® and Contrex®) had a negative impact on the later stages of the worm's adulthood. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the impact of the brand water samples on lifespan expectancy varied depending on their physicochemical composition, in particular when ion concentrations were most extreme. CONCLUSION This study shows that the highly mineralized waters studied have a detrimental effect on the survival of C. elegans, and a preliminary test with ultra-pure water could not be completed due to its deleterious effect on the worms. This suggests the hypothesis that both highly mineralized and completely demineralized waters may not be the most suitable for skin formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Richaud
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah Rasasombat
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Cuq
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Galas
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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2
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Ogura Y, Kaneko R, Ujibe K, Wakamatsu Y, Hirata H. Loss of αklotho causes reduced motor ability and short lifespan in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15090. [PMID: 34301962 PMCID: PMC8302672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93909-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The klotho gene encodes a transmembrane protein αKlotho that interacts with a fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor in renal tubular epithelial cells and functions as a co-receptor for FGF23, which is an osteocytes-derived hormone. This bone-to-kidney signal promotes urinary phosphate excretion. Interestingly, αKlotho knockout mice show an accelerated aging and a shortened life span. Similarly, C. elegans lacking the αklotho homologue showed a short life span. However, the physiological basis of aging-related function of αklotho remain unclear. The αklotho-deficient vertebrate animals other than mice have been awaited as an alternative model of premature aging. We here employed zebrafish in our study and revealed that αklotho mutant zebrafish appeared to be normal at 3 months postfertilization (mpf) but eventually underwent premature death by 9 mpf, while normal zebrafish is known to survive for 42 months. We also assessed the motor ability of zebrafish in a forced swimming assay and found that αklotho mutant zebrafish displayed reduced swimming performance before their survival declined. A recent study also reported a similar finding that αklotho-deficient zebrafish exhibited a short life span and reduced spontaneous movements. Taken together, these results suggest that αKlotho mutant zebrafish show premature aging and are useful to investigate aging in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Ogura
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Kota Ujibe
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Yuma Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, 252-5258, Japan.
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3
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Tang J, Zhang JF, Yang RQ, Chen YL, Ni B. A conserved klo-1-mpk-1 pathway regulates autophagy and modulates longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:36-42. [PMID: 34034091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are six different longevity models in Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous studies have identified several convergence points, such as hlh-30, daf-16, and klf-3, required for lifespan extension in these longevity models. However, it is not clear whether there other such convergence points. In this study, based on analysis of transcriptome data, we found that the expression of klo-1/klotho was elevated in several longevity models. klo-1 was required for lifespan extension in the glp-1(e2141) and isp-1(qm150) mutants. klo-1 extended the lifespan of glp-1(e2141) and isp-1(qm150) worms by activating extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, klo-1 and mpk-1 (the homologous gene encoding ERK) regulated autophagy in glp-1(e2141) mutants, suggesting that klo-1 regulates lifespan by activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Jian-Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Rui-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yuan-Li Chen
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Baosen Ni
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Engineering, School of Chemistry, Biology & Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, China.
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4
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Bourdon G, Froment P, Ducluzeau PH. [How a metabolic hormone, FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21) impacts reproduction]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:265-270. [PMID: 33739274 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity or insulin resistance are the major non-infectious diseases that continue to progress worldwide. They promote diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, but also lead to a decrease in fertility in both sexes. FGF21, discovered in the 2000s, is a hormone closely linked to the energy status and has the ability to decrease insulin resistance. Its action through the FGFR1c, 3c & 4 receptors modulates tissues involved in energy-related metabolism but also the brain and the gonads. Recent data favor a role of FGF21 in female and male fertility, but raise the question about the role of FGF21 on reproductive function. In this review, we have scanned the different FGF21 actions on the reproductive axis, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in case of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bourdon
- INRAe UMR85 Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Centre INRAE Val-de-Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRAe UMR85 Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Centre INRAE Val-de-Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre Henri Ducluzeau
- INRAe UMR85 Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Centre INRAE Val-de-Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France - Service d'endocrinologie-diabétologie-nutrition, CHU de Tours, 2 boulevard Tonnellé, 37044 Tours Cedex 9, France
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5
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Abstract
As multi-cellular organisms evolved from small clusters of cells to complex metazoans, biological tubes became essential for life. Tubes are typically thought of as mainly playing a role in transport, with the hollow space (lumen) acting as a conduit to distribute nutrients and waste, or for gas exchange. However, biological tubes also provide a platform for physiological, mechanical, and structural functions. Indeed, tubulogenesis is often a critical aspect of morphogenesis and organogenesis. C. elegans is made up of tubes that provide structural support and protection (the epidermis), perform the mechanical and enzymatic processes of digestion (the buccal cavity, pharynx, intestine, and rectum), transport fluids for osmoregulation (the excretory system), and execute the functions necessary for reproduction (the germline, spermatheca, uterus and vulva). Here we review our current understanding of the genetic regulation, molecular processes, and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis and morphogenesis of the epidermal, digestive and excretory systems in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Martha C Soto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
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6
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphotropic hormone that belongs to a subfamily of endocrine FGFs with evolutionarily conserved functions in worms and fruit flies. FAM20C phosphorylates FGF23 post-translationally, targeting it to proteolysis through subtilisin-like proprotein convertase FURIN, resulting in secretion of FGF23 fragments. O-glycosylation of FGF23 through GALNT3 appears to prevent proteolysis, resulting in secretion of biologically active intact FGF23. In the circulation, FGF23 may undergo further processing by plasminogen activators. Crystal structures show that the ectodomain of the cognate FGF23 receptor FGFR1c binds with the ectodomain of the co-receptor alpha-KLOTHO. The KLOTHO-FGFR1c double heterodimer creates a high-affinity binding site for the FGF23 C-terminus. The topology of FGF23 deviates from that of paracrine FGFs, resulting in poor affinity for heparan sulphate, which may explain why FGF23 diffuses freely in the bone matrix to enter the bloodstream following its secretion by cells of osteoblastic lineage. Intact FGF23 signalling by this canonical pathway activates FRS2/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK1/2. It reduces serum phosphate by inhibiting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis, suppressing intestinal phosphate absorption, and by downregulating the transporters NPT2a and NPT2c, suppressing phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubules. The physiological role of FGF23 fragments, which may be inhibitory, remains unclear. Pharmacological and genetic activation of canonical FGF23 signalling causes hypophosphatemic disorders, while its inhibition results in hyperphosphatemic disorders. Non-canonical FGF23 signalling through binding and activation of FGFR3/FGFR4/calcineurin/NFAT in an alpha-KLOTHO-independent fashion mainly occurs at extremely elevated circulating FGF23 levels and may contribute to mortality due to cardiovascular disease and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Lin J, Nie X, Xiong Y, Gong Z, Chen J, Chen C, Huang Y, Liu T. Fisetin regulates gut microbiota to decrease CCR9 +/CXCR3 +/CD4 + T-lymphocyte count and IL-12 secretion to alleviate premature ovarian failure in mice. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:203-247. [PMID: 32051749 PMCID: PMC7013230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are no studies reporting the efficacy of fisetin in premature ovarian failure (POF). In this study, using mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans models, we found that fisetin not only significantly reversed ovarian damage in POF mice, but also effectively increased C. elegans lifespan and fertility. Subsequently, we carried out 16S rRNA v3+v4 sequencing using fresh feces samples from each group of mice. Results showed that although there was no significant difference in the number of gut microbiomes between the different groups of mice, fisetin affected the diversity and distribution of gut microbiota in POF mice. Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed that in the gut of POF mice in the fisetin group, the bacterial count of uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae was significantly increased, while that of Akkermansia was significantly decreased. Finally, flow cytometry analysis showed that the numbers of CCR9+/CXCR3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of POF mice in the fisetin group were significantly reduced, along with the number of CD4+/interleukin (IL)-12+ cells. Therefore, our data suggested that fisetin regulates the distribution and bacterial counts of Akkermansia and uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiracea in POF mice, and reduces peripheral blood CCR9+/CXCR3+/CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and IL-12 secretion to regulate the ovarian microenvironment and reduce inflammation, thus exerting therapeutic effects against POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Lin
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Nie
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Zhangbin Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Jiulin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
| | | | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China
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8
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Xiao Z, King G, Mancarella S, Munkhsaikhan U, Cao L, Cai C, Quarles LD. FGF23 expression is stimulated in transgenic α-Klotho longevity mouse model. JCI Insight 2019; 4:132820. [PMID: 31801907 PMCID: PMC6962016 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations in transgenic α-Klotho (Kl) mice (KlTg) defined the antiaging role of soluble Klotho (sKL130). A genetic translocation that elevates sKL levels in humans is paradoxically associated with increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and the potential of both membrane KL (mKL135) and sKL130 to act as coreceptors for FGF23 activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). Neither FGF23 expression nor the contributions of FGF23, mKL135, and sKL130 codependent and independent functions have been investigated in KlTg mice. In the current study, we examined the effects of Kl overexpression on FGF23 levels and functions in KlTg mice. We found that mKL135 but not sKL130 stimulated FGF23 expression in osteoblasts, leading to elevated Fgf23 bone expression and circulating levels in KlTg mice. Elevated FGF23 suppressed 1,25(OH)2D and parathyroid hormone levels but did not cause hypophosphatemic rickets in KlTg mice. KlTg mice developed low aldosterone-associated hypertension but not left ventricular hypertrophy. Mechanistically, we found that mKL135 and sKL130 are essential cofactors for FGF23-mediated ERK activation but that they inhibited FGF23 stimulation of PLC-γ and PI3K/AKT signaling. Thus, increased longevity in KlTg mice occurs in the presence of excess FGF23 that interacts with mKL and sKL to bias FGFR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gwendalyn King
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Undral Munkhsaikhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chun Cai
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leigh Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Liu T, Liu Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Yu Z, Chen C, Lai L. miR-15b induces premature ovarian failure in mice via inhibition of α-Klotho expression in ovarian granulosa cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:383-392. [PMID: 31310795 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of epigenetics regulatory mechanisms of premature ovarian failure (POF) is still lacking. Here, we found that cyclophosphamide induced significantly decrease in α-Klotho (Kl) expression in mouse ovarian granulosa cells (mOGCs), suggesting that cyclophosphamide inhibited Kl expression. Cyclophosphamide also significantly accelerated ageing and led to a decline in the pregnancy rate of C. elegans. We subsequently noted that the pathological condition exhibited by Kl-/- mice was similar to that observed in cyclophosphamide-induced POF mice. Furthermore, the mOGCs in both types of mice showed significant signs of oxidative stress damage, including decreased SOD and ATP, increased ROS levels. Detailed analyses revealed that the decreased Kl expression led to the reduced expression of autophagy-related proteins in mOGCs, which resulted in decreased autophagy activity. Finally, we found that cyclophosphamide attenuated the autophagy function of mOGCs via upregulating microRNA-15b expression, which silenced the endogenous Kl mRNA expression and stimulated the activity of the downstream TGFβ1/Smad pathway. Therefore, we demonstrated that Kl was one of the key inhibitory factors in the development of POF. It elucidated the underlying epigenetic regulatory mechanism, whereby cyclophosphamide-dependent microRNA-15b inhibited Kl expression, leading to the reduced ability of mOGCs to induce autophagy and ROS scavenging, ultimately causing POF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yongyi Huang
- Shanghai Topbiox Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiulin Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Lingyun Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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10
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Ma Z, Qu B, Zhong S, Yao L, Gao Z, Zhang S. Subtle Difference Generates Big Dissimilarity: Comparison of Enzymatic Activity in KL1 and KL2 Domains of Lancelet Klotho. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:448-462. [PMID: 31053952 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Klotho, a putative aging suppressor, shares sequence similarity with members of the glycosidase family 1. It has been identified in several vertebrate species, but only mouse Klotho has so far been proven to exhibit β-glucuronidase activity. Thus, the argument that Klotho from animals other than mouse has glycosidase activity remains open. Moreover, little information is available regarding the structure-activity relationship of Klotho. Here, we demonstrate the presence of a single klotho gene in the amphioxus Branchiostoma japonicum, Bjklotho, which possesses two tandem domains named BjKL1 and BjKL2, and each of them has two glutamic acid residues that have been shown to be involved in the catalytic activity of family 1 glycosidase. Enzymatic activity assays of the recombinant proteins BjKL1 and BjKL2 revealed that only BjKL2 displayed β-glucosidase activity, but BjKL1 did not. Structural analysis showed that there existed nine consecutive but not conserved residues in the β6α6 loop, which affects the conformational form in the entrance to the catalytic pocket of BjKL1 and BjKL2, thereby leading to a subtle difference in the enzyme-substrate binding and interaction. Furthermore, the substitution of the nine residues 354QNRVDPNDT362 in BjKL1 by the residues 884EDNVVVGAA892 in BjKL2 resulted in significant increase in β-glucosidase activity in the BjKL1 mutant. Our results indicate that BjKL2 possesses β-glucosidase, the first data as such in invertebrates. We also identify, for the first time, the residues 884EDNVVVGAA892 in BjKL2 a sequence critical and indispensable for glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Ma
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Ocean University of China, Room 213, Darwin Building, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Ocean University of China, Room 205, Ke Xue Guan, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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11
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Xu C, Messina A, Somm E, Miraoui H, Kinnunen T, Acierno J, Niederländer NJ, Bouilly J, Dwyer AA, Sidis Y, Cassatella D, Sykiotis GP, Quinton R, De Geyter C, Dirlewanger M, Schwitzgebel V, Cole TR, Toogood AA, Kirk JM, Plummer L, Albrecht U, Crowley WF, Mohammadi M, Tena-Sempere M, Prevot V, Pitteloud N. KLB, encoding β-Klotho, is mutated in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1379-1397. [PMID: 28754744 PMCID: PMC5623842 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic form of isolated gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency caused by mutations in > 30 genes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is the most frequently mutated gene in CHH and is implicated in GnRH neuron development and maintenance. We note that a CHH FGFR1 mutation (p.L342S) decreases signaling of the metabolic regulator FGF21 by impairing the association of FGFR1 with β‐Klotho (KLB), the obligate co‐receptor for FGF21. We thus hypothesized that the metabolic FGF21/KLB/FGFR1 pathway is involved in CHH. Genetic screening of 334 CHH patients identified seven heterozygous loss‐of‐function KLB mutations in 13 patients (4%). Most patients with KLB mutations (9/13) exhibited metabolic defects. In mice, lack of Klb led to delayed puberty, altered estrous cyclicity, and subfertility due to a hypothalamic defect associated with inability of GnRH neurons to release GnRH in response to FGF21. Peripheral FGF21 administration could indeed reach GnRH neurons through circumventricular organs in the hypothalamus. We conclude that FGF21/KLB/FGFR1 signaling plays an essential role in GnRH biology, potentially linking metabolism with reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hichem Miraoui
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tarja Kinnunen
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - James Acierno
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Bouilly
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yisrael Sidis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Cassatella
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerasimos P Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Quinton
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-on-Tyne, Newcastle-on Tyne, UK
| | - Christian De Geyter
- Clinic of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Dirlewanger
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Schwitzgebel
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Children's Hospital, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Trevor R Cole
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew A Toogood
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy Mw Kirk
- Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lacey Plummer
- National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - William F Crowley
- National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC/HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, JPARC, Lille, France.,FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology & Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Richtsmeier JT. A century of development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165:726-740. [PMID: 29574839 PMCID: PMC6007869 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Excretory System: A Model for Tubulogenesis, Cell Fate Specification, and Plasticity. Genetics 2017; 203:35-63. [PMID: 27183565 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular tubes (canal, duct, and pore), a secretory gland, and two associated neurons. Just as in more complex organs, cells of the excretory system must first adopt specific identities and then coordinate diverse processes to form tubes of appropriate topology, shape, connectivity, and physiological function. The unicellular topology of excretory tubes, their varied and sometimes complex shapes, and the dynamic reprogramming of cell identity and remodeling of tube connectivity that occur during larval development are particularly fascinating features of this organ. The physiological roles of the excretory system in osmoregulation and other aspects of the animal's life cycle are only beginning to be explored. The cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways used to build and shape excretory tubes appear similar to those used in both unicellular and multicellular tubes in more complex organs, such as the vertebrate vascular system and kidney, making this simple organ system a useful model for understanding disease processes.
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Nunes QM, Li Y, Sun C, Kinnunen TK, Fernig DG. Fibroblast growth factors as tissue repair and regeneration therapeutics. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1535. [PMID: 26793421 PMCID: PMC4715458 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell communication is central to the integration of cell function required for the development and homeostasis of multicellular animals. Proteins are an important currency of cell communication, acting locally (auto-, juxta-, or paracrine) or systemically (endocrine). The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family contributes to the regulation of virtually all aspects of development and organogenesis, and after birth to tissue maintenance, as well as particular aspects of organism physiology. In the West, oncology has been the focus of translation of FGF research, whereas in China and to an extent Japan a major focus has been to use FGFs in repair and regeneration settings. These differences have their roots in research history and aims. The Chinese drive into biotechnology and the delivery of engineered clinical grade FGFs by a major Chinese research group were important enablers in this respect. The Chinese language clinical literature is not widely accessible. To put this into context, we provide the essential molecular and functional background to the FGF communication system covering FGF ligands, the heparan sulfate and Klotho co-receptors and FGF receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinases. We then summarise a selection of clinical reports that demonstrate the efficacy of engineered recombinant FGF ligands in treating a wide range of conditions that require tissue repair/regeneration. Alongside, the functional reasons why application of exogenous FGF ligands does not lead to cancers are described. Together, this highlights that the FGF ligands represent a major opportunity for clinical translation that has been largely overlooked in the West.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M. Nunes
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tarja K. Kinnunen
- Department of Biology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Acromegaly is characterized by excessively high GH and IGF1 levels. Recent data suggest that soluble Klotho (sKlotho) is also elevated in patients with active acromegaly. sKlotho decreases towards normal following removal of the GH-producing pituitary adenoma. The Klotho gene was identified in mice following its accidental disruption by ectopic DNA. It is an ageing suppressor gene of restricted expression (mainly in kidneys, brain, and parathyroid and pituitary glands) encoding a transmembrane protein, mKlotho. mKlotho serves as a co-receptor in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signalling. FGF23 promotes urinary phosphate excretion and inhibits the synthesis of calcitriol. The ectodomain of mKlotho is enzymatically released to result in a humoral factor, sKlotho, which exerts systemic effects (on ion channels and signalling pathways), possibly by working as an enzyme that modifies glycans of cell surface glycoproteins. GH enhances renal phosphate reabsorption and calcitriol production, i.e. exerts effects in the proximal tubule opposing those attributed to mKlotho, and attenuates calciuria in the distal tubule similar to sKlotho. sKlotho can be measured in extracellular fluids (serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) by an ELISA. In line with predominant expression of Klotho in kidneys and choroid plexus, concentrations of sKlotho are particularly high in urine and CSF. Determination of sKlotho in serum and urine (both presumably reflecting GH action on the kidneys) could be used as a supplementary tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with acromegaly. The question arises whether GH exerts selected actions via modifying activities of Klotho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schmid
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, 9007 St Gallen, Switzerland Department of Neurosurgery, Clinic Hirslanden, Witellikerstrasse 40, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)-Ras-Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways control many aspects of C. elegans development and behavior. Studies in C. elegans helped elucidate the basic framework of the RTK-Ras-ERK pathway and continue to provide insights into its complex regulation, its biological roles, how it elicits cell-type appropriate responses, and how it interacts with other signaling pathways to do so. C. elegans studies have also revealed biological contexts in which alternative RTK- or Ras-dependent pathways are used instead of the canonical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera V Sundaram
- Dept. of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA.
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Kohler S, Tschopp O, Sze L, Neidert M, Bernays RL, Spanaus KS, Wiesli P, Schmid C. Monitoring for potential residual disease activity by serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and soluble Klotho in patients with acromegaly after pituitary surgery: is there an impact of the genomic deletion of exon 3 in the growth hormone receptor (d3-GHR) gene on "safe" GH cut-off values? Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:282-7. [PMID: 23648743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acromegaly is an illness usually defined by excessively high growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, the latter mainly reflecting GH action on the liver. IGF-1, also known as somatomedin C, mediates several actions of GH. The diagnosis and management of acromegaly is relatively straight forward, but long-term follow-up of patients can be difficult, as elevated IGF-1 levels can occur in the presence of apparently normalised GH levels and late recurrence of acromegaly may arise despite previous suppression on oral glucose tolerance testing. Data suggest this applies especially to patients in whom the GH receptor lacks exon 3. In such patients, GH may not always be a useful marker of disease, and traditional GH cut-offs may be misleading. Recent data suggest that soluble Klotho (sKlotho), besides and in addition to IGF-1, may help monitor the activity of GH-producing adenomas (presumably reflecting GH action on the kidneys) and may be a useful supplementary tool. METHODS GHR genotyping was performed in 112 patients with acromegaly. IGF-1 and sKlotho levels were measured in the sera of patients before and after transsphenoidal surgery, with emphasis on patients judged inconclusively cured by surgery or with small residual tumour masses shortly after surgery. Patients were assessed for recurrence of acromegaly with GH levels (random or nadir during an oGTT). RESULTS Of the 48 patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2009 and who had well-documented longer term follow-up at our institution, 29 had no biochemical evidence of residual disease activity after transsphenoidal surgery (marked reduction in IGF-1 and sKlotho levels, GH suppressible to <1 ng/ml) and were classified as in remission. 2 of these patients developed recurrent symptoms of acromegaly during follow-up with increasing levels of IGF-1 and sKlotho, and both patients were carriers of the d3-GHR genotype. CONCLUSIONS Acromegalic patients with the d3-GHR polymorphism might be - for a given low postsurgical GH level - at higher risk for recurrence and may require a lower GH nadir during oGTT to be classified as in remission. Soluble Klotho could be useful in the follow-up of acromegalic patients. The question arises whether sKlotho not only reflects the activity of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas but whether Klotho (ectodomain clipping?) could also mediate selected actions of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kohler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism for kidney research: from cilia to mechanosensation and longevity. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2011; 20:400-8. [PMID: 21537177 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e3283471a22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The introduction of Caenorhabditis elegans by Sydney Brenner to study 'how genes might specify the complex structures found in higher organisms' revolutionized molecular and developmental biology and pioneered a new research area to study organ development and cellular differentiation with this model organism. Here, we review the role of the nematode in renal research and discuss future perspectives for its use in molecular nephrology. RECENT FINDINGS Although C. elegans does not possess an excretory system comparable with the mammalian kidney, various studies have demonstrated the conserved functional role of kidney disease genes in C. elegans. The finding that cystic kidney diseases can be considered ciliopathies is based to a great extent on research studying their homologues in the nematode's ciliated neurons. Moreover, proteins of the kidney filtration barrier play important roles in both correct synapse formation, mechanosensation and signal transduction in the nematode. Intriguingly, the renal cell carcinoma disease gene product von-Hippel-Lindau protein was shown to regulate lifespan in the nematode. Last but not least, the worm's excretory system itself expresses genes involved in electrolyte and osmotic homeostasis and may serve as a valuable tool to study these processes on a molecular level. SUMMARY C. elegans has proven to be an incredibly powerful tool in studying various aspects of renal function, development and disease and will certainly continue to do so in the future.
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Identification and expression analysis of the zebrafish orthologue of Klotho. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:179-86. [PMID: 21725870 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Klotho is an aging suppressor gene. In mice, loss of Klotho function causes accelerated aging while increased Klotho expression increases longevity. This study aimed to identify and characterize the orthologue of Klotho in zebrafish, a powerful model organism for the investigation of development and human disease. Zebrafish klotho was identified by a bioinformatics approach, and cloning and sequencing of klotho cDNA confirmed the in silico analysis. The zebrafish Klotho protein has a structure similar to human and mouse Klotho, but it lacks an apparent secretory signal sequence. We can find no evidence of an alternative transcript isoform lacking the transmembrane domain coding sequence as seen in mammals. RT-PCR revealed the expression of klotho during embryonic development and in a wider variety of adult tissues than in mouse. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated the relative gene expression profile of zebrafish Klotho during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. In situ hybridization showed an apparently diffuse signal of klotho mRNA expression in the adult zebrafish testis.
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