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Wagner WJ, Gross ML. Using mass spectrometry-based methods to understand amyloid formation and inhibition of alpha-synuclein and amyloid beta. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:782-825. [PMID: 36224716 PMCID: PMC10090239 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils, insoluble β-sheets structures that arise from protein misfolding, are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. Many small molecules have been investigated to prevent amyloid fibrils from forming; however, there are currently no therapeutics to combat these diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) is proving to be effective for studying the high order structure (HOS) of aggregating proteins and for determining structural changes accompanying protein-inhibitor interactions. When combined with native MS (nMS), gas-phase ion mobility, protein footprinting, and chemical cross-linking, MS can afford regional and sometimes amino acid spatial resolution of the aggregating protein. The spatial resolution is greater than typical low-resolution spectroscopic, calorimetric, and the traditional ThT fluorescence methods used in amyloid research today. High-resolution approaches can struggle when investigating protein aggregation, as the proteins exist as complex oligomeric mixtures of many sizes and several conformations or polymorphs. Thus, MS is positioned to complement both high- and low-resolution approaches to studying amyloid fibril formation and protein-inhibitor interactions. This review covers basics in MS paired with ion mobility, continuous hydrogen-deuterium exchange (continuous HDX), pulsed hydrogen-deuterium exchange (pulsed HDX), fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) and other irreversible labeling methods, and chemical cross-linking. We then review the applications of these approaches to studying amyloid-prone proteins with a focus on amyloid beta and alpha-synuclein. Another focus is the determination of protein-inhibitor interactions. The expectation is that MS will bring new insights to amyloid formation and thereby play an important role to prevent their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Wilhelmus MMM, Chouchane O, Loos M, Jongenelen CAM, Brevé JJP, Jonker A, Bol JGJM, Smit AB, Drukarch B. Absence of tissue transglutaminase reduces amyloid-beta pathology in APP23 mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12796. [PMID: 35141929 PMCID: PMC9304226 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by amyloid‐beta (Aβ) aggregates in the brain. Targeting Aβ aggregates is a major approach for AD therapies, although attempts have had little to no success so far. A novel treatment option is to focus on blocking the actual formation of Aβ multimers. The enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is abundantly expressed in the human brain and plays a key role in post‐translational modifications in Aβ resulting in covalently cross‐linked, stable and neurotoxic Aβ oligomers. In vivo absence of TG2 in the APP23 mouse model may provide evidence that TG2 plays a key role in development and/or progression of Aβ‐related pathology. Methods Here, we compared the effects on Aβ pathology in the presence or absence of TG2 using 12‐month‐old wild type, APP23 and a crossbreed of the TG2−/− mouse model and APP23 mice (APP23/TG2−/−). Results Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the number of Aβ deposits was significantly reduced in the absence of TG2 compared with age‐matched APP23 mice. To pinpoint possible TG2‐associated mechanisms involved in this observation, we analysed soluble brain Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42 and/or Aβ40/42 ratio, and mRNA levels of human APP and TG2 family members present in brain of the various mouse models. In addition, using immunohistochemistry, both beta‐pleated sheet formation in Aβ deposits and the presence of reactive astrocytes associated with Aβ deposits were analysed. Conclusions We found that absence of TG2 reduces the formation of Aβ pathology in the APP23 mouse model, suggesting that TG2 may be a suitable therapeutic target for reducing Aβ deposition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Osoul Chouchane
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Loos
- Sylics (Synaptologics BV), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M Jongenelen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allert Jonker
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Wilhelmus MMM, Tonoli E, Coveney C, Boocock DJ, Jongenelen CAM, Brevé JJP, Verderio EAM, Drukarch B. The Transglutaminase-2 Interactome in the APP23 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030389. [PMID: 35159198 PMCID: PMC8834516 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition in the brain is closely linked with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unfortunately, therapies specifically targeting Aβ deposition have failed to reach their primary clinical endpoints, emphasizing the need to broaden the search strategy for alternative targets/mechanisms. Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) catalyzes post-translational modifications, is present in AD lesions and interacts with AD-associated proteins. However, an unbiased overview of TG2 interactors is lacking in both control and AD brain. Here we aimed to identify these interactors using a crossbreed of the AD-mimicking APP23 mouse model with wild type and TG2 knock-out (TG2−/−) mice. We found that absence of TG2 had no (statistically) significant effect on Aβ pathology, soluble brain levels of Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42, and mRNA levels of TG family members compared to APP23 mice at 18 months of age. Quantitative proteomics and network analysis revealed a large cluster of TG2 interactors involved in synaptic transmission/assembly and cell adhesion in the APP23 brain typical of AD. Comparative proteomics of wild type and TG2−/− brains revealed a TG2-linked pathological proteome consistent with alterations in both pathways. Our data show that TG2 deletion leads to considerable network alterations consistent with a TG2 role in (dys)regulation of synaptic transmission and cell adhesion in APP23 brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Clare Coveney
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - David J. Boocock
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Cornelis A. M. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - John J. P. Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (E.T.); (C.C.); (D.J.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-115-8486628
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.M.M.W.); (C.A.M.J.); (J.J.P.B.); (B.D.)
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4
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Dietary Gluten and Neurodegeneration: A Case for Preclinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155407. [PMID: 32751379 PMCID: PMC7432597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily involves the intestinal tract, mounting evidence suggests that a sizeable number of patients exhibit neurological deficits. About 40% of the celiac patients with neurological manifestations have circulating antibodies against neural tissue transglutaminase-6 (tTG6). While early diagnosis and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) have been recommended to prevent neurological dysfunction, better therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the overall quality of life. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, presence of anti-tTG6 antibodies, and epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis. It is also possible that circulating or gut-derived extracellular structures and including biomolecular condensates and extracellular vesicles contribute to disease pathogenesis. There are several avenues for shaping the dysregulated gut homeostasis in individuals with CD, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and/or neurodegeneration. In addition to GFD and probiotics, nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, represent a new approach that could shape the host microbiome towards better prognostic outcomes. Finally, we provide a data-driven rationale for potential future pre-clinical research involving non-human primates (NHPs) to investigate the effect of nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, either alone or in combination with GFD to prevent/mitigate dietary gluten-induced neurodegeneration.
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Sze SK, JebaMercy G, Ngan SC. Profiling the 'deamidome' of complex biosamples using mixed-mode chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Methods 2020; 200:31-41. [PMID: 32418626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a spontaneous degenerative protein modification (DPM) that disrupts the structure and function of both endogenous proteins and various therapeutic agents. While deamidation has long been recognized as a critical event in human aging and multiple degenerative diseases, research progress in this field has been restricted by the technical challenges associated with studying this DPM in complex biological samples. Asparagine (Asn) deamidation generates L-aspartic acid (L-Asp), D-aspartic acid (D-Asp), L-isoaspartic acid (L-isoAsp) or D-isoaspartic acid (D-isoAsp) residues at the same position of Asn in the affected protein, but each of these amino acids displays similar hydrophobicity and cannot be effectively separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography. The Asp and isoAsp isoforms are also difficult to resolve using mass spectrometry since they have the same mass and fragmentation pattern in MS/MS. Moreover, the 13C peaks of the amidated peptide are often misassigned as monoisotopic peaks of the corresponding deamidated peptides in protein database searches. Furthermore, typical protein isolation and proteomic sample preparation methods induce artificial deamidation that cannot be distinguished from the physiological forms. To better understand the role of deamidation in biological aging and degenerative pathologies, new technologies are now being developed to address these analytical challenges, including mixed mode electrostatic-interaction modified hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (emHILIC). When coupled to high resolution, high accuracy tandem mass spectrometry this technology enables unprecedented, proteome-wide study of the 'deamidome' of complex samples. The current article therefore reviews recent advances in sample preparation methods, emHILIC-MS/MS technology, and MS instrumentation / data processing approaches to achieving accurate and reliable characterization of protein deamidation in complex biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Gnanasekaran JebaMercy
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - SoFong Cam Ngan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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6
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Tripathy D, Migazzi A, Costa F, Roncador A, Gatto P, Fusco F, Boeri L, Albani D, Juárez-Hernández JL, Musio C, Colombo L, Salmona M, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, Pennuto M, Basso M. Increased transcription of transglutaminase 1 mediates neuronal death in in vitro models of neuronal stress and Aβ1-42-mediated toxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104849. [PMID: 32222473 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. At the pre-symptomatic phase of the disease, the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) produces toxic peptides, called amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42). The downstream effects of Aβ 1-42 production are not completely uncovered. Here, we report the involvement of transglutaminase 1 (TG1) in in vitro AD models of neuronal toxicity. TG1 was increased at late stages of the disease in the hippocampus of a mouse model of AD and in primary cortical neurons undergoing stress. Silencing of TGM1 gene was sufficient to prevent Aβ-mediated neuronal death. Conversely, its overexpression enhanced cell death. TGM1 upregulation was mediated at the transcriptional level by an activator protein 1 (AP1) binding site that when mutated halted TGM1 promoter activation. These results indicate that TG1 acts downstream of Aβ-toxicity, and that its stress-dependent increase makes it suitable for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Tripathy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Alice Migazzi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Alessandro Roncador
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Pamela Gatto
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Genetics of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - J Leon Juárez-Hernández
- Institute of Biophysics, Trento Unit, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), LabSSAH, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Carlo Musio
- Institute of Biophysics, Trento Unit, National Research Council (IBF-CNR), Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), LabSSAH, Via alla Cascata 56/C, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - M M Micha Wilhelmus
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute Lab of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Italy; Department of Biomedical sciences, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, TN, Italy.
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7
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Wilhelmus MMM, Jongenelen CA, Bol JGJM, Drukarch B. Interaction between tissue transglutaminase and amyloid-beta: Protein-protein binding versus enzymatic crosslinking. Anal Biochem 2020; 592:113578. [PMID: 31923381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-interaction, chaperone binding and posttranslational modification of amyloid-beta (Aβ) is essential in the initiation and propagation of Aβ aggregation. Aggregation results in insoluble Aβ deposits characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain lesions, i.e. senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes posttranslational modifications including the formation of covalent ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds (molecular crosslinks), and colocalizes with Aβ deposits in AD. Two independent groups recently found that apart from the induction of Aβ oligomerization, the blood-derived transglutaminase member FXIIIa forms stable protein-protein complexes with Aβ independent of the transamidation reaction. Here, we investigated whether also tTG forms rigid protein complexes with Aβ in the absence of catalytic activation. We found that both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are substrates for tTG-catalyzed crosslinking. In addition, in the absence of calcium or the presence of a peptidergic inhibitor of tTG, stable tTG-Aβ1-40 complexes were found. Interestingly, the stable complexes between tTG and Aβ1-40, were only found at 'physiological' concentrations of Aβ1-40. Together, our data suggest that depending on the Aβ species at hand, and on the concentration of Aβ, rigid protein-complexes are formed between tTG and Aβ1-40 without the involvement of the crosslinking reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A Jongenelen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Gallart-Palau X, Tan LM, Serra A, Gao Y, Ho HH, Richards AM, Kandiah N, Chen CP, Kalaria RN, Sze SK. Degenerative protein modifications in the aging vasculature and central nervous system: A problem shared is not always halved. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 53:100909. [PMID: 31116994 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging influences the pathogenesis and progression of several major diseases affecting both the cardiovascular system (CVS) and central nervous system (CNS). Defining the common molecular features that underpin these disorders in these crucial body systems will likely lead to increased quality of life and improved 'health-span' in the global aging population. Degenerative protein modifications (DPMs) have been strongly implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of several age-related diseases affecting the CVS and CNS, including atherosclerosis, heart disease, dementia syndromes, and stroke. However, these isolated findings have yet to be integrated into a wider framework, which considers the possibility that, despite their distinct features, CVS and CNS disorders may in fact be closely related phenomena. In this work, we review the current literature describing molecular roles of the major age-associated DPMs thought to significantly impact on human health, including carbamylation, citrullination and deamidation. In particular, we focus on data indicating that specific DPMs are shared between multiple age-related diseases in both CVS and CNS settings. By contextualizing these data, we aim to assist future studies in defining the universal mechanisms that underpin both vascular and neurological manifestations of age-related protein degeneration.
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9
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Sivadó É, El Alaoui M, Kiraly R, Fesüs L, Delolme F, Page A, El Alaoui S. Optimised methods (SDS/PAGE and LC-MS) reveal deamidation in all examined transglutaminase-mediated reactions. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:396-404. [PMID: 30761263 PMCID: PMC6356169 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of structurally and functionally related enzymes that catalyse calcium‐dependent post‐translational modifications of proteins through protein–protein crosslinking, amine incorporation, or deamidation. For many years deamidation mediated by TGs was considered to be a side reaction, but recently substrate‐specific deamidations have been reported. Here we describe an optimised SDS/PAGE assay for the easy and rapid monitoring of the TG reaction with small peptides. The relative proportion of deamidation to transamidation was evaluated by densitometric analysis and confirmed by nano‐liquid chromatography–nano‐electrospray ionisation MS. We further investigated the effect of reaction conditions on transamidation and deamidation of TG1, TG2 and blood coagulation factor XIII A‐subunit (FXIII‐A) enzymes using a panel of glutamine‐containing peptide substrates. The ratio of transamidation to deamidation was enhanced at high excess of the acyl‐acceptor substrate and increasing pH. In addition, it was influenced by peptide substrates as well. Whereas deamidation was favoured at low cadaverine concentrations and acidic pH, no significant effect of calcium was observed on the ratio of transamidation/deamidation. Under our experimental conditions, deamidation always occurred in vitro even at high excess of the acyl‐acceptor substrate, and the reaction outcome was shifted to deamidation at neutral pH. Our results provide clear evidence of the deamidation in the TG reaction, and may serve as an important approach for in vivo analysis of deamidation to better understand the role of TGs in biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Sivadó
- Research Department Covalab S.A.S Lyon France
| | | | - Robert Kiraly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Fesüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Protein Science Facility SFR BioSciences CNRS UMS 3444 Inserm US 8 ENS UCBL Lyon France
| | - Adeline Page
- Protein Science Facility SFR BioSciences CNRS UMS 3444 Inserm US 8 ENS UCBL Lyon France
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
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11
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Wan W, He D, Xue Z, Zhang Z. Specific mutation of transglutaminase gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus H197 and characterization of microbial transglutaminase. J Biosci 2018; 42:537-546. [PMID: 29229872 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) gene (mtg) from Streptomyces hygroscopicus H197 strain was cloned by PCR and mutated by deleting a specific 84 bp fragment using overlapping extension PCR. The mutant MTG and the wild MTG genes expressed by recombinant plasmid pET32a+- mutant mtg and pET32a+ -mtg, respectively, and were harvested by alternating freeze-thaw steps and purified by Ni column. The purified mutant MTG and the wild MTG exhibited 0.22 U/mg and 0.16 U/mg activity, respectively, and 0.69 U/mg and 0.54 U/mg activity, respectively, after activated by trypsin. The molecular weight of mutant MTG was estimated as 67 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Both MTGs showed optimum activity at pH 6-8 for hydroxamate formation from N-CBZ-Gln-Gly and hydroxylamine, and exhibited higher stability at 40°C and 1-3% salinity. The two types of MTG were not stable in the presence of Zn(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), Fe(III), and Ag(I), suggesting that they could possess a thiol group. In addition, the mutant MTG and the wild MTG were strongly affected by ethanol. Furthermore, the mutant MTG was obviously (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) more stable than the wild MTG at 50°C and 60°C, at pH 4, 5, and 9, at 7 % and 9 % salinity, 30 % and 35 % ethanol concentration, and in the presence of Li(I) and Ag(I). The polyhydroxy compounds as protein stabilizers could elevate MTG stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wan
- South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wells EA, Anderson MA, Zeczycki TN. 15(V/K) kinetic isotope effect and steady-state kinetic analysis for the transglutaminase 2 catalyzed deamidation and transamidation reactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 643:57-61. [PMID: 29477769 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-dependent deamidation and transamidation activities of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are important to numerous physiological and pathological processes. Herein, we have examined the steady-state kinetics and 15(V/K) kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the TG2-catalyzed deamidation and transamidation of N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-l-Glutaminylglycine (Z-Gln-Gly) using putrescine as the acyl acceptor substrate. Kinetic parameters determined from initial velocity plots are consistent with previously proposed mechanisms. Significant differences in the 15(V/K) KIEs on NH3 release determined for the deamidation (0.2%) and the transamidation (2.3%) of Z-Gln-Gly suggest the rate-limiting steps of TG2 active site acylation are dependent on the presence of the acyl acceptor. We propose a plausible mechanistic explanation where substrate-induced conformational changes may play a role in promoting catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Mark A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.
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13
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Identification of post-translational modifications of Aβ peptide in platelet membranes from patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurol Sci 2017; 383:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Citrullination and deamidation, which are aging-related posttranslational modifications, increase the number of negative charges on amyloid β-protein (Aβ) at neutral pH. We investigated the effects of these modifications on the fibrillation properties of Aβ. The Arg5→Cit modification of Aβ1-40 did not affect the fibrillation rate, and brought β-sheet structures unlike that in the Aβ1-40 fibril. The Asn27→Asp modification of Aβ1-40 stopped the fibrillation and induced the formation of aggregates that involved an anti-parallel β-sheet. Aβ1-42 with the Arg5→Cit modification showed increased solubility in aqueous media, and its fibril formation became slower than that of Aβ1-42. The modification did not change the parallel β-sheet structure of the fibrils. Aβ1-42 with the Asn27→Asp modification partially formed fibrils that involved the parallel β-sheet structure. Using the thioflavin T (ThT) assay, an increased fraction of the soluble oligomer of each Aβ analog was transiently detected during fibrillation. An increase in the number of negative charges at basic pH affected the aggregation properties of Aβ in a manner different from that with the modifications, suggesting that change in properties of the posttanslationally modified residues rather than the number of charges in the peptide was important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Osaki
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
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15
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Serra A, Gallart-Palau X, Wei J, Sze SK. Characterization of Glutamine Deamidation by Long-Length Electrostatic Repulsion-Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LERLIC-MS/MS) in Shotgun Proteomics. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10573-10582. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xavier Gallart-Palau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Juan Wei
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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16
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Rudinskiy N, Fuerer C, Demurtas D, Zamorano S, De Piano C, Herrmann AG, Spires-Jones TL, Oeckl P, Otto M, Frosch MP, Moniatte M, Hyman BT, Schmid AW. Amyloid‐beta oligomerization is associated with the generation of a typical peptide fragment fingerprint. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:996-1013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rudinskiy
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA USA
| | - Christophe Fuerer
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- School of Basic Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Zamorano
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Cyntia De Piano
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Abigail G. Herrmann
- Center for Cognitive and Neural Systems The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Centre for Dementia Prevention The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motorneurone Disease The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Center for Cognitive and Neural Systems The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Centre for Dementia Prevention The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motorneurone Disease The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology Ulm University Hospital Ulm Germany
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease Charlestown MA USA
| | - Marc Moniatte
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA USA
| | - Adrien W. Schmid
- School of Life Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne Switzerland
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17
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Wilhelmus MMM, de Jager M, Smit AB, van der Loo RJ, Drukarch B. Catalytically active tissue transglutaminase colocalises with Aβ pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20569. [PMID: 26837469 PMCID: PMC4738336 DOI: 10.1038/srep20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein deposition in the brain. Posttranslational modifications in Aβ play an important role in Aβ deposition. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme involved in posttranslational cross-linking of proteins. tTG levels and activity are increased in AD brains, and tTG is associated with Aβ deposits and lesion-associated astrocytes in AD cases. Furthermore, Aβ is a substrate of tTG-catalysed cross-linking. To study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology, we compared tTG distribution and activity in both the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 and APP23 mice models with human AD. Using immunohistochemistry, we found association of both tTG and in situ active tTG with Aβ plaques and vascular Aβ, in early and late stages of Aβ deposition. In addition, tTG staining colocalised with Aβ-associated reactive astrocytes. Thus, alike human AD cases, tTG was associated with Aβ depositions in these AD models. Although, distribution pattern and spatial overlay of both tTG and its activity with Aβ pathology was substantially different from human AD cases, our findings provide evidence for an early role of tTG in Aβ pathology. Yet, species differences should be taken into account when using these models to study the role of tTG in Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolinka J van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Jager M, Drukarch B, Hofstee M, Brevé J, Jongenelen CAM, Bol JGJM, Wilhelmus MMM. Tissue transglutaminase-catalysed cross-linking induces Apolipoprotein E multimers inhibiting Apolipoprotein E's protective effects towards amyloid-beta-induced toxicity. J Neurochem 2015; 134:1116-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hofstee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Micha M. M. Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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19
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de Jager M, Boot MV, Bol JGJM, Brevé JJP, Jongenelen CAM, Drukarch B, Wilhelmus MMM. The blood clotting Factor XIIIa forms unique complexes with amyloid-beta (Aβ) and colocalizes with deposited Aβ in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:255-72. [PMID: 25871449 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) characterized by accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein in blood vessel walls. CAA impairs vessel functioning, affects blood brain barrier integrity and accelerates cognitive decline of AD patients. Unfortunately, mechanisms underlying Aβ deposition in the vessel wall remain largely unknown. Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) is a blood-derived transglutaminase crucial in blood coagulation by cross-linking fibrin molecules. Evidence is mounting that blood-derived factors are present in CAA and may play a role in protein deposition in the vessel wall. We therefore investigated whether FXIIIa is present in CAA and if FXIIIa cross-link activity affects Aβ aggregation. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the distribution of FXIIIa, its activator thrombin and in situ FXIIIa activity in CAA in post-mortem AD tissue. We used surface plasmon resonance and Western blot analysis to study binding of FXIIIa to Aβ and the formation of FXIIIa-Aβ complexes, respectively. In addition, we studied cytotoxicity of FXIIIa-Aβ complexes to cerebrovascular cells. RESULTS FXIIIa, thrombin and in situ FXIIIa activity colocalize with the Aβ deposition in CAA. Furthermore, FXIIIa binds to Aβ with a higher binding affinity for Aβ1-42 compared with Aβ1-40 . Moreover, highly stable FXIIIa-Aβ complexes are formed independently of FXIIIa cross-linking activity that protected cerebrovascular cells from Aβ-induced toxicity in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that FXIIIa colocalizes with Aβ in CAA and that FXIIIa forms unique protein complexes with Aβ that might play an important role in Aβ deposition and persistence in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M V Boot
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J P Brevé
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A M Jongenelen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Drukarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Cellular Neuropharmacology Section, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Iwai K, Shibukawa Y, Yamazaki N, Wada Y. Transglutaminase 2-dependent deamidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promotes trophoblastic cell fusion. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4989-99. [PMID: 24375405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional protein as well as a classic glycolytic enzyme, and its pleiotropic functions are achieved by various post-translational modifications and the resulting translocations to intracellular compartments. In the present study, GAPDH in the plasma membrane of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells displayed a striking acidic shift in two-dimensional electrophoresis after cell-cell fusion induction by forskolin. This post-translational modification was deamidation of multiple glutaminyl residues, as determined by molecular mass measurement and tandem mass spectrometry of acidic GAPDH isoforms. Transglutaminase (TG) inhibitors prevented this acidic shift and reduced cell fusion. Knockdown of the TG2 gene by short hairpin RNA reproduced these effects of TG inhibitors. Various GAPDH mutants with replacement of different numbers (one to seven) of Gln by Glu were expressed in BeWo cells. These deamidated mutants reversed the suppressive effect of wild-type GAPDH overexpression on cell fusion. Interestingly, the mutants accumulated in the plasma membrane, and this accumulation was increased according to the number of Gln/Glu substitutions. Considering that GAPDH binds F-actin via an electrostatic interaction and that the cytoskeleton is rearranged in trophoblastic cell fusion, TG2-dependent GAPDH deamidation was suggested to participate in actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Iwai
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan and
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21
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Cui W, Yang X, Fang Y, Zhou S, Liu S, Du G, Du K, Chen J, Tao G, Zhou Z. Discovery of two transglutaminases derived from same zymogen for the Streptomyces hygroscopicus and analysis of their formation processes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1711-1717. [PMID: 23355183 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase (TGase) is secreted as a zymogen (Pro-TGase) and is then processed by removal of its N-terminal region through exogenous proteolytic activity. In this study it was discovered that the Pro-TGase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was also activated by its TGase (processed through exogenous proteolytic activity), resulting in a different active form. RESULTS The two TGases exhibited different ionic strengths, hydrophobicities, Km values and stabilities. Circular dichroism spectral analysis showed that the two enzymes had non-identical secondary structures, while liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis indicated that they differed in molecular mass by 111 Da. The formation of the TGase activated from Pro-TGase by TGase was delayed compared with that of TGase processed through exogenous proteolytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that the TGase activated from Pro-TGase by TGase did not activate Pro-TGase. CONCLUSION Two TGases derived from the same zymogen from S. hygroscopicus were discovered. These two active forms of TGase may be due to different activation processes: one of them is catalysed by its own active TGase, while the other is activated by an exogenous protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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22
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Lin JCY, Chou CC, Gao S, Wu SC, Khoo KH, Lin CH. An in Vivo Tagging Method Reveals that Ras Undergoes Sustained Activation upon Transglutaminase-Mediated Protein Serotonylation. Chembiochem 2013; 14:813-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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de Jager M, van der Wildt B, Schul E, Bol JGJM, van Duinen SG, Drukarch B, Wilhelmus MMM. Tissue transglutaminase colocalizes with extracellular matrix proteins in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1159-69. [PMID: 23122413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a key histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type (HCHWA-D). CAA is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) depositions and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in brain vessels and plays an important role in the development and progression of both AD and HCHWA-D. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) modulates the ECM by molecular cross-linking of ECM proteins. Here, we investigated the distribution pattern, cellular source, and activity of tTG in CAA in control, AD, and HCHWA-D cases. We observed increased tTG immunoreactivity and colocalization with Aβ in the vessel wall in early stage CAA, whereas in later CAA stages, tTG and its cross-links were present in halos enclosing the Aβ deposition. In CAA, tTG and its cross-links at the abluminal side of the vessel were demonstrated to be either of astrocytic origin in parenchymal vessels, of fibroblastic origin in leptomeningeal vessels, and of endothelial origin at the luminal side of the deposited Aβ. Furthermore, the ECM proteins fibronectin and laminin colocalized with the tTG-positive halos surrounding the deposited Aβ in CAA. However, we observed that in situ tTG activity was present throughout the vessel wall in late stage CAA. Together, our data suggest that tTG and its activity might play a differential role in the development and progression of CAA, possibly evolving from direct modulation of Aβ aggregation to cross-linking of ECM proteins resulting in ECM restructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Jager
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Bae N, Yang JW, Sitte H, Pollak A, Marquez J, Lubec G. An electrophoretic approach to screen for glutamine deamidation. Anal Biochem 2012; 428:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeitner TM, Battaile K, Cooper AJL. γ-Glutamylamines and neurodegenerative diseases. Amino Acids 2012; 44:129-42. [PMID: 22407484 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases catalyze the formation of γ-glutamylamines utilizing glutamyl residues and amine-bearing compounds such as lysyl residues and polyamines. These γ-glutamylamines can be released from proteins by proteases in an intact form. The free γ-glutamylamines can be catabolized to 5-oxo-L-proline and the free amine by γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase. Free γ-glutamylamines, however, accumulate in the CSF and affected areas of Huntington Disease brain. This observation suggests transglutaminase-derived γ-glutamylamines may play a more significant role in neurodegeneration than previously thought. The following monograph reviews the metabolism of γ-glutamylamines and examines the possibility that these species contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, USA.
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26
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Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Martin A, Giuliano A, Collaro D, De Vivo G, Sedia C, Serretiello E, Gentile V. Possible involvement of transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Amino Acids 2011; 44:111-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Liu S, Zhang D, Wang M, Cui W, Chen K, Liu Y, Du G, Chen J, Zhou Z. The pro-region of Streptomyces hygroscopicus transglutaminase affects its secretion by Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 324:98-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | | | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
| | | | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi; China
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