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Mu Y, Wallenius A, Zang G, Zhu S, Rudolfsson S, Aripaka K, Bergh A, Mateus A, Landström M. The TβRI promotes migration and metastasis through thrombospondin 1 and ITGAV in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2024:10.1038/s41388-024-03165-3. [PMID: 39304722 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
TGFβ potently modifies the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is thought to favor tumor cell invasion. However, the mechanism whereby the cancer cells employ the ECM proteins to facilitate their motility is largely unknown. In this study we used RNA-seq and proteomic analysis to examine the proteins secreted by castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells upon TGFβ treatment and found that thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) was observed to be one of the predominant proteins. The CRISPR Cas9, or siRNA techniques was used to downregulate TGFβ type I receptor (TβRI) to interfere with TGFβ signaling in various cancer cells in vitro. The interaction of ECM proteins with the TβRI in the migratory prostate cancer cells in response to TGFβ1 was demonstrated by several different techniques to reveal that THBS1 mediates cell migration by interacting with integrin subunit alpha V (ITGAV) and TβRI. Deletion of TβRI or THBS1 in cancer cells prevented their migration and invasion. THBS1 belongs to a group of tumorigenic ECM proteins induced via TGFβ signaling in CRPC cells, and high expression of THBS1 in human prostate cancer tissues correlated with the degree of malignancy. TGFβ-induced production of THBS1 through TβRI facilitates the invasion and metastasis of CRPC cells as shown in vivo xenograft animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Mu
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Guangxiang Zang
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shaochun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Karthik Aripaka
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - André Mateus
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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2
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Jiang H, Fu CY. Identification of shared potential diagnostic markers in asthma and depression through bioinformatics analysis and machine learning. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112064. [PMID: 38608447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mounting evidence that asthma might exacerbate depression. We sought to examine candidates for diagnostic genes in patients suffering from asthma and depression. METHODS Microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database and used to screen for differential expressed genes(DEGs) in the SA and MDD datasets. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA) was used to identify the co-expression modules of SA and MDD. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operatoes(LASSO) and support vector machine(SVM) were used to determine critical biomarkers. Immune cell infiltration analysis was used to investigate the correlation between immune cell infiltration and common biomarkers of SA and MDD. Finally, validation of these analytical results was accomplished via the use of both in vivo and in vitro studies. RESULTS The number of DEGs that were included in the MDD dataset was 5177, whereas the asthma dataset had 1634 DEGs. The intersection of DEGs for SA and MDD included 351 genes, the strongest positive modules of SA and MDD was 119 genes, which played a function in immunity. The intersection of DEGs and modular hub genes was 54, following the analysis using machine learning algorithms,three hub genes were identified and employed to formulate a nomogram and for the evaluation of diagnostic effectiveness, which demonstrated a significant diagnostic value (area under the curve from 0.646 to 0.979). Additionally, immunocyte disorder was identified by immune infiltration. In vitro studies have revealed that STK11IP deficiency aggravated the LPS/IFN-γinduced up-regulation in M1 macrophage activation. CONCLUSION Asthma and MDD pathophysiology may be associated with alterations in inflammatory processes and immune pathways. Additionally, STK11IP may serve as a diagnostic marker for individuals with the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East hospital,School of Medicine, Tongji university, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Yong Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Runa F, Ortiz-Soto G, de Barros NR, Kelber JA. Targeting SMAD-Dependent Signaling: Considerations in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Solid Tumors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:326. [PMID: 38543112 PMCID: PMC10975212 DOI: 10.3390/ph17030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
SMADs are the canonical intracellular effector proteins of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β). SMADs translocate from plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus regulated by many SMAD-interacting proteins through phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications that govern their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and subsequent transcriptional activity. The signaling pathway of TGF-β/SMAD exhibits both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting phenotypes in epithelial-derived solid tumors. Collectively, the pleiotropic nature of TGF-β/SMAD signaling presents significant challenges for the development of effective cancer therapies. Here, we review preclinical studies that evaluate the efficacy of inhibitors targeting major SMAD-regulating and/or -interacting proteins, particularly enzymes that may play important roles in epithelial or mesenchymal compartments within solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Runa
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan A Kelber
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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Nadal E, Saleh M, Aix SP, Ochoa-de-Olza M, Patel SP, Antonia S, Zhao Y, Gueorguieva I, Man M, Estrem ST, Liu J, Avsar E, Lin WH, Benhadji KA, Gandhi L, Guba SC, Diaz IA. A phase Ib/II study of galunisertib in combination with nivolumab in solid tumors and non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:708. [PMID: 37507657 PMCID: PMC10386782 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this phase Ib/II open-label study, tumor immune suppression was targeted in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors and patients with recurrent/refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using galunisertib with nivolumab. METHODS Eligible patients were ≥ 18 years old, had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 1, and were treatment-naive for anti-programmed cell death-1, its ligand, or transforming growth factor β receptor 1 kinase inhibitors. Phase Ib was an open-label, dose-escalation assessment of the safety and tolerability of galunisertib with nivolumab in patients with advanced refractory solid tumors. Phase II evaluated the safety of galunisertib with nivolumab in NSCLC patients who had received prior platinum-based treatment but were immuno-oncology agent-naive. RESULTS This trial was conducted between October 2015 and August 2020. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in phase I. In the phase II NSCLC cohort (n = 25), patients received 150 mg twice daily galunisertib (14 days on/14 days off dosing schedule for all phases) plus nivolumab at 3 mg/kg (intravenously every 2 weeks). In this phase, the most frequent treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were pruritus (n = 9, 36%), fatigue (n = 8, 32%), and decreased appetite (n = 7, 28%). No grade 4 or 5 treatment-related AEs were observed. Six (24%) patients had confirmed partial response (PR) and 4 (16%) had stable disease; 1 additional patient had confirmed PR after initial pseudo-progression. The median duration of response was 7.43 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.75, NR). Among the 7 responders, including the delayed responder, 1 had high PD-L1 expression (≥ 50%). The median progression-free survival was 5.26 months (95% CI: 1.77, 9.20) and the median overall survival was 11.99 months (95% CI: 8.15, NR). Interferon gamma response genes were induced post-treatment and cell adhesion genes were repressed, although the association of these observations with tumor response and clinical outcomes was not statistically powered due to limited samples available. CONCLUSIONS The study met its primary endpoint as galunisertib combined with nivolumab was well tolerated. Preliminary efficacy was observed in a subset of patients in the Phase 2 NSCLC cohort. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02423343; 22.04.2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Nadal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Antonia
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yumin Zhao
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Michael Man
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Emin Avsar
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wen Hong Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Leena Gandhi
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Inmaculada Ales Diaz
- UGCI Oncología Médica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional Y Virgen de La Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
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5
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Liu A, Yu C, Qiu C, Wu Q, Huang C, Li X, She X, Wan K, Liu L, Li M, Wang Z, Chen Y, Hu F, Song D, Li K, Zhao C, Deng H, Sun X, Xu F, Lai S, Luo X, Hu J, Wang G. PRMT5 methylating SMAD4 activates TGF-β signaling and promotes colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2023; 42:1572-1584. [PMID: 36991117 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02674-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling can lead to a plethora of diseases, including cancer. Mutations and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of the partner of SMAD complexes contribute to the dysregulation of TGF-β signaling. Here, we reported a PTM of SMAD4, R361 methylation, that was critical for SMAD complexes formation and TGF-β signaling activation. Through mass spectrometric, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and immunofluorescent (IF) assays, we found that oncogene protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) interacted with SMAD4 under TGF-β1 treatment. Mechanically, PRMT5 triggered SMAD4 methylation at R361 and induced SMAD complexes formation and nuclear import. Furthermore, we emphasized that PRMT5 interacting and methylating SMAD4 was required for TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis, and SMAD4 R361 mutation diminished PRMT5 and TGF-β1-induced metastasis. In addition, highly expressed PRMT5 or high level of SMAD4 R361 methylation indicated worse outcomes in clinical specimens analysis. Collectively, our study highlights the critical interaction of PRMT5 and SMAD4 and the roles of SMAD4 R361 methylation for controlling TGF-β signaling during metastasis. We provided a new insight for SMAD4 activation. And this study indicated that blocking PRMT5-SMAD4 signaling might be an effective targeting strategy in SMAD4 wild-type CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Liu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Chengxin Yu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xiaowei She
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Kairui Wan
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Lang Liu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Mao Li
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Fuqing Hu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Da Song
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Kangdi Li
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Facility, Tsinghua University Technology Center for Protein Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Protein Chemistry and Proteomics Facility, Tsinghua University Technology Center for Protein Research, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Xuling Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Senyan Lai
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Xuelai Luo
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Junbo Hu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Guihua Wang
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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6
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Tzavlaki K, Ohata Y, Morén A, Watanabe Y, Eriksson J, Tsuchiya M, Kubo Y, Yamamoto K, Sellin ME, Kato M, Caja L, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The liver kinase B1 supports mammary epithelial morphogenesis by inhibiting critical factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:790-812. [PMID: 36791282 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) controls cellular metabolism and cell polarity across species. We previously established a mechanism for negative regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling by LKB1. The impact of this mechanism in the context of epithelial polarity and morphogenesis remains unknown. After demonstrating that human mammary tissue expresses robust LKB1 protein levels, whereas invasive breast cancer exhibits significantly reduced LKB1 levels, we focused on mammary morphogenesis studies in three dimensional (3D) acinar organoids. CRISPR/Cas9-introduced loss-of-function mutations of STK11 (LKB1) led to profound defects in the formation of 3D organoids, resulting in amorphous outgrowth and loss of rotation of young organoids embedded in matrigel. This defect was associated with an enhanced signaling by TGFβ, including TGFβ auto-induction and induction of transcription factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Protein marker analysis confirmed a more efficient EMT response to TGFβ signaling in LKB1 knockout cells. Accordingly, chemical inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor kinase largely restored the morphogenetic defect of LKB1 knockout cells. Similarly, chemical inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway or the TANK-binding kinase 1, or genetic silencing of the EMT factor SNAI1, partially restored the LKB1 knockout defect. Thus, LKB1 sustains mammary epithelial morphogenesis by limiting pathways that promote EMT. The observed downregulation of LKB1 expression in breast cancer is therefore predicted to associate with enhanced EMT induced by SNAI1 and TGFβ family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yae Ohata
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jens Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mitsuyasu Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Knockdown of RhoQ, a member of Rho GTPase, accelerates TGF-β-induced EMT in human lung adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101346. [PMID: 36120491 PMCID: PMC9474329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and the most common subtype of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma. RhoQ is a Rho family GTPase with primary sequence and structural similarities to Cdc42 and RhoJ. RhoQ is involved in neurite outgrowth via membrane trafficking and is essential for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mature adipocytes. However, the function of RhoQ in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. In this study, RhoQ siRNAs were introduced into A549 and PC-9 cells. Expression level of EMT-related genes and invasion ability were investigated using Western blot and transwell assay. To examine the relationship between RhoQ expression and prognosis of LUAD, Kaplan–Meier plotter was used. We discovered that suppressing RhoQ expression promoted TGF-β-mediated EMT and invasion in LUAD cell lines. Furthermore, RhoQ knockdown increased Smad3 phosphorylation and Snail expression, indicating that RhoQ was involved in TGF/Smad signaling during the EMT process. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier plotter analysis revealed that low RhoQ levels were associated with poor overall survival in patients with LUAD. In conclusion, these findings shed light on RhoQ's role as a negative regulator of TGF-β-mediated EMT in LUAD. Knockdown of RhoQ expression promoted TGF-β-mediated EMT and invasion in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. RhoQ knockdown increased Smad3 phosphorylation and Snail expression during the EMT process. Low RhoQ levels were associated with poor overall survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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8
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Liu X, Hao J, Wei P, Zhao X, Lan Q, Ni L, Chen Y, Bai X, Ni L, Dong C. SMAD4, activated by the TCR-triggered MEK/ERK signaling pathway, critically regulates CD8 + T cell cytotoxic function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo4577. [PMID: 35895826 PMCID: PMC9328680 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β is well known to restrain cytotoxic T cell responses to maintain self-tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. In this study, we have investigated the role of SMAD4, a core component in the TGF-β signaling pathway, in CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly, we found that SMAD4 was critical in promoting CD8+ T cell function in both tumor and infection models. SMAD4-mediated transcriptional regulation of CD8+ T cell activation and cytotoxicity was dependent on the T cell receptor (TCR) but not TGF-β signaling pathway. Following TCR activation, SMAD4 translocated into the nucleus, up-regulated genes encoding TCR signaling components and cytotoxic molecules in CD8+ T cells and thus reinforced T cell function. Biochemically, SMAD4 was directly phosphorylated by ERK at Ser367 residue following TCR activation. Our study thus demonstrates a critical yet unexpected role of SMAD4 in promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Liu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiuyan Lan
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongzhen Chen
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
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9
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Vora M, Mondal A, Jia D, Gaddipati P, Akel M, Gilleran J, Roberge J, Rongo C, Langenfeld J. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulation of AMPK and PI3K in lung cancer cells and C. elegans. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:76. [PMID: 35641992 PMCID: PMC9153151 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a phylogenetically conserved signaling pathway required for development that is aberrantly expressed in several age-related diseases including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Aberrant BMP signaling in mice leads to obesity, suggesting it may alter normal metabolism. The role of BMP signaling regulating cancer metabolism is not known. METHODS To examine BMP regulation of metabolism, C. elegans harboring BMP gain-of-function (gof) and loss-of-function (lof) mutations were examined for changes in activity of catabolic and anabolic metabolism utilizing Western blot analysis and fluorescent reporters. AMP activated kinase (AMPK) gof and lof mutants were used to examine AMPK regulation of BMP signaling. H1299 (LKB1 wild-type), A549 (LKB1 lof), and A549-LKB1 (LKB1 restored) lung cancer cell lines were used to study BMP regulation of catabolic and anabolic metabolism. Studies were done using recombinant BMP ligands to activate BMP signaling, and BMP receptor specific inhibitors and siRNA to inhibit signaling. RESULTS BMP signaling in both C. elegans and cancer cells is responsive to nutrient conditions. In both C. elegans and lung cancer cell lines BMP suppressed AMPK, the master regulator of catabolism, while activating PI3K, a regulator of anabolism. In lung cancer cells, inhibition of BMP signaling by siRNA or small molecules increased AMPK activity, and this increase was mediated by activation of LKB1. BMP2 ligand suppressed AMPK activation during starvation. BMP2 ligand decreased expression of TCA cycle intermediates and non-essential amino acids in H1299 cells. Furthermore, we show that BMP activation of PI3K is mediated through BMP type II receptor. We also observed feedback signaling, as AMPK suppressed BMP signaling, whereas PI3K increased BMP signaling. CONCLUSION These studies show that BMP signaling suppresses catabolic metabolism and stimulates anabolic metabolism. We identified feedback mechanisms where catabolic induced signaling mediated by AMPK negatively regulates BMP signaling, whereas anabolic signaling produces a positive feedback regulation of BMP signing through Akt. These mechanisms were conserved in both lung cancer cells and C. elegans. These studies suggest that aberrant BMP signaling causes dysregulation of metabolism that is a potential mechanism by which BMP promotes survival of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul Vora
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arindam Mondal
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Dongxuan Jia
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Pranya Gaddipati
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Moumen Akel
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - John Gilleran
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, RUBRIC, Office for Research, Rutgers Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jacques Roberge
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, RUBRIC, Office for Research, Rutgers Translational Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- Department of Genetics, The Waksman Institute, Rutgers the State University of NJ, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - John Langenfeld
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA.
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10
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Quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses identify STK11IP as a lysosome-specific substrate of mTORC1 that regulates lysosomal acidification. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1760. [PMID: 35365663 PMCID: PMC8976005 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mTORC1 is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation. mTORC1 is activated on the lysosome surface. However, once mTORC1 is activated, it is unclear whether mTORC1 phosphorylates local lysosomal proteins to regulate specific aspects of lysosomal biology. Through cross-reference analyses of the lysosome proteome with the mTORC1-regulated phosphoproteome, we identify STK11IP as a lysosome-specific substrate of mTORC1. mTORC1 phosphorylates STK11IP at Ser404. Knockout of STK11IP leads to a robust increase of autophagy flux. Dephosphorylation of STK11IP at Ser404 represses the role of STK11IP as an autophagy inhibitor. Mechanistically, STK11IP binds to V-ATPase, and regulates the activity of V-ATPase. Knockout of STK11IP protects mice from fasting or Methionine/Choline-Deficient Diet (MCD)-induced fatty liver. Thus, our study demonstrates that STK11IP phosphorylation represents a mechanism for mTORC1 to regulate lysosomal acidification and autophagy, and points to STK11IP as a promising therapeutic target for the amelioration of diseases with aberrant autophagy signaling.
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11
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Modulating Tumor Microenvironment: A Review on STK11 Immune Properties and Predictive vs Prognostic Role for Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:96. [PMID: 34524570 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The quest for immunotherapy (IT) biomarkers is an element of highest clinical interest in both solid and hematologic tumors. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, besides PD-L1 expression evaluation with its intrinsic limitations, tissue and circulating parameters, likely portraying the tumor and its stromal/immune counterparts, have been proposed as potential predictors of IT responsiveness. STK11 mutations have been globally labeled as markers of IT resistance. After a thorough literature review, STK11 mutations condition the prognosis of NSCLC patients receiving ICI-containing regimens, implying a relevant biological and clinical significance. On the other hand, waiting for prospective and solid data, the putative negative predictive value of STK11 inactivation towards IT is sustained by less evidence. The physiologic regulation of multiple cellular pathways performed by STK11 likely explains the multifaceted modifications in tumor cells, stroma, and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) observed in STK11 mutant lung cancer, particularly explored in the molecular subgroup of KRAS co-mutation. IT approaches available thus far in NSCLC, mainly represented by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, are not promising in the case of STK11 inactivation. Perceptive strategies aimed at modulating the TIME, regardless of STK11 status or specifically addressed to STK11-mutated cases, will hopefully provide valid therapeutic options to be adopted in the clinical practice.
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12
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van de Vis RAJ, Moustakas A, van der Heide LP. NUAK1 and NUAK2 Fine-Tune TGF-β Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133377. [PMID: 34282782 PMCID: PMC8268639 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary TGF-β is a growth factor implicated in a plethora of processes and malignancies, which include cancer and fibrosis. Via binding to its receptor, TGF-β activates a complex intracellular signal transduction pathway, which is controlled by many forms of positive as well as negative feedback. The integrated sum of this feedback determines the outcome and cellular response to TGF-β. In this review, we discuss the role of NUAK1 and NUAK2, a subgroup of the 5′AMP-activated protein kinase family, in providing feedback on intracellular TGF-β signaling. In addition, we discuss how NUAKs mechanistically augment or attenuate the TGF-β response to steer the cell towards a specific output. Understanding the role of NUAKs may aid in developing specific therapeutic agents to combat TGF-β-dependent disease. Abstract Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a key role in governing various cellular processes, extending from cell proliferation and apoptosis to differentiation and migration. Due to this extensive involvement in the regulation of cellular function, aberrant TGF-β signaling is frequently implicated in the formation and progression of tumors. Therefore, a full understanding of the mechanisms of TGF-β signaling and its key components will provide valuable insights into how this intricate signaling cascade can shift towards a detrimental course. In this review, we discuss the interplay between TGF-β signaling and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related NUAK kinase family. We highlight the function and regulation of these kinases with focus on the pivotal role NUAK1 and NUAK2 play in regulating TGF-β signaling. Specifically, TGF-β induces the expression of NUAK1 and NUAK2 that regulates TGF-β signaling output in an opposite manner. Besides the focus on the TGF-β pathway, we also present a broader perspective on the expression and signaling interactions of the NUAK kinases to outline the broader functions of these protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinofke A. J. van de Vis
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Lars P. van der Heide
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-20-5257061
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13
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Nishimura S, Yashiro M, Sera T, Yamamoto Y, Kushitani Y, Sugimoto A, Kushiyama S, Togano S, Kuroda K, Okuno T, Murakami Y, Ohira M. Serine threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 mutation in sporadic scirrhous-type gastric cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1616-1623. [PMID: 32236518 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Scirrhous-type gastric carcinoma (SGC), which is characterized by the rapid proliferation of cancer cells accompanied by extensive fibrosis, shows extremely poor survival. A reason for the poor prognosis of SGC is that the driver gene responsible for SGC has not been identified. To identify the characteristic driver gene of SGC, we examined the genomic landscape of six human SGC cell lines of OCUM-1, OCUM-2M, OCUM-8, OCUM-9, OCUM-12 and OCUM-14, using multiplex gene panel testing by next-generation sequencing. In this study, the non-synonymous mutations of serine threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 (STK11/LKB1) gene were detected in OCUM-12, OCUM-2M and OCUM-14 among the six SGC cell lines. Capillary sequencing analysis confirmed the non-sense or missense mutation of STK11/LKB1 in the three cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that LKB1 expression was decreased in OCUM-12 cells and OCUM-14 cells harboring STK11/LKB1 mutation. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor significantly inhibited the proliferation of OCUM-12 and OCUM-14 cells. The correlations between STK11/LKB1 expression and clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer were examined using 708 primary gastric carcinomas by immunochemical study. The low STK11/LKB1 expression group was significantly associated with SGC, high invasion depth and frequent nodal involvement, in compared with the high STK11/LKB1 expression group. Collectively, our study demonstrated that STK11/LKB1 mutation might be responsible for the progression of SGC, and suggested that mTOR signaling by STK11/LKB1 mutation might be one of therapeutic targets for patients with SGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaaki Nishimura
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sera
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukako Kushitani
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kushiyama
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Togano
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okuno
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Ruebel ML, Zambelli F, Schall PZ, Barragan M, VandeVoort CA, Vassena R, Latham KE. Shared aspects of mRNA expression associated with oocyte maturation failure in humans and rhesus monkeys indicating compromised oocyte quality. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:137-149. [PMID: 33554756 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00155.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocyte maturation failure observed in assisted reproduction technology (ART) cycles can limit the number of quality oocytes obtained and present a pronounced barrier for some patients. The potential exists to use unmatured oocytes for ART through in vitro maturation. Understanding the molecular basis of oocyte maturation failure is pertinent to minimizing this loss of oocytes and considerations of whether such oocytes can be used safely for ART. We identified shared transcriptome abnormalities for rhesus monkey and human failed-to-mature (FTM) oocytes relative to healthy matured MII stage oocytes. We discovered that, although the number of shared affected genes was comparatively small, FTM oocytes in both species shared effects for several pathways and functions, including predicted activation of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) with additional effects on mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, transcription, nucleotide excision repair, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response, and cell viability. RICTOR emerged as a prominent upstream regulator with predicted inhibition across all analyses. Alterations in KDM5A, MTOR, MTORC1, INSR, CAB39L, and STK11 activities were implicated along with RICTOR in modulating mitochondrial activity and OxPhos. Defects in cell cycle progression were not a prominent feature of FTM oocytes. These results identify a common set of transcriptome abnormalities associated with oocyte maturation failure. While our results do not demonstrate causality, they indicate that fundamental aspects of cellular function are abnormal in FTM oocytes and raise significant concerns about the potential risks of using FTM oocytes for ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Ruebel
- Department of Animal Science and Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Peter Z Schall
- Department of Animal Science and Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - Catherine A VandeVoort
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science and Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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15
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Tian M, Jiang X, Li X, Yang J, Zhang C, Zhang W. LKB1IP promotes pathological cardiac hypertrophy by targeting PTEN/Akt signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2517-2529. [PMID: 33486894 PMCID: PMC7933949 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Liver kinase B1 interacting protein 1 (LKB1IP) was identified as the binding protein of tumour suppressor LKB1. However, the role of LKB1IP in the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of LKB1IP in cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertrophic stimuli. We investigated the cardiac level of LKB1IP in samples from patients with heart failure and mice with cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol (ISO) or transverse aortic constriction (TAC). LKB1IP knockout mice were generated and challenged with ISO injection or TAC surgery. Cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis were then examined. LKB1IP expression was significantly up‐regulated on hypertrophic stimuli in both human and mouse cardiac samples. LKB1IP knockout markedly protected mouse hearts against ISO‐ or TAC‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. LKB1IP overexpression aggravated ISO‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and its inhibition attenuated hypertrophy in vitro. Mechanistically, LKB1IP activated Akt signalling by directly targeting PTEN and then inhibiting its phosphatase activity. In conclusion, LKB1IP may be a potential target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuxin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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16
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Chung WC, Challagundla L, Zhou Y, Li M, Atfi A, Xu K. Loss of Jag1 cooperates with oncogenic Kras to induce pancreatic cystic neoplasms. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 4:4/2/e201900503. [PMID: 33268505 PMCID: PMC7756968 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling exerts both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions in the pancreas. In this study, deletion of Jag1 in conjunction with oncogenic Kras G12D expression in the mouse pancreas induced rapid development of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and early stage pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm; however, culminating in cystic neoplasms rather than ductal adenocarcinoma. Most cystic lesions in these mice were reminiscent of serous cystic neoplasm, and the rest resembled intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Jag1 expression was lost or decreased in cystic lesions but retained in adenocarcinoma in these mice, so was the expression of Sox9. In pancreatic cancer patients, JAG1 expression is higher in cancerous tissue, and high JAG1 is associated with poor overall survival. Expression of SOX9 is correlated with JAG1, and high SOX9 is also associated with poor survival. Mechanistically, Jag1 regulates expression of Lkb1, a tumor suppressor involved in the development of pancreatic cystic neoplasm. Collectively, Jag1 can act as a tumor suppressor in the pancreas by delaying precursor lesions, whereas loss of Jag1 promoted a phenotypic switch from malignant carcinoma to benign cystic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Chung
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Lavanya Challagundla
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Keli Xu
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA .,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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17
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Tzavlaki K, Moustakas A. TGF-β Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030487. [PMID: 32210029 PMCID: PMC7175140 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors that regulate many aspects of physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β family members are also involved in pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie many diseases. Although the family comprises many factors, which exhibit cell type-specific and developmental stage-dependent biological actions, they all signal via conserved signaling pathways. The signaling mechanisms of the TGF-β family are controlled at the extracellular level, where ligand secretion, deposition to the extracellular matrix and activation prior to signaling play important roles. At the plasma membrane level, TGF-βs associate with receptor kinases that mediate phosphorylation-dependent signaling to downstream mediators, mainly the SMAD proteins, and mediate oligomerization-dependent signaling to ubiquitin ligases and intracellular protein kinases. The interplay between SMADs and other signaling proteins mediate regulatory signals that control expression of target genes, RNA processing at multiple levels, mRNA translation and nuclear or cytoplasmic protein regulation. This article emphasizes signaling mechanisms and the importance of biochemical control in executing biological functions by the prototype member of the family, TGF-β.
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18
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Kolliopoulos C, Raja E, Razmara M, Heldin P, Heldin CH, Moustakas A, van der Heide LP. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) induces NUAK kinase expression to fine-tune its signaling output. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4119-4136. [PMID: 30622137 PMCID: PMC6422081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling via SMAD proteins and protein kinase pathways up- or down-regulates the expression of many genes and thus affects physiological processes, such as differentiation, migration, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, during developmental or adult tissue homeostasis. We here report that NUAK family kinase 1 (NUAK1) and NUAK2 are two TGFβ target genes. NUAK1/2 belong to the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, whose members control central and protein metabolism, polarity, and overall cellular homeostasis. We found that TGFβ-mediated transcriptional induction of NUAK1 and NUAK2 requires SMAD family members 2, 3, and 4 (SMAD2/3/4) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities, which provided immediate and early signals for the transient expression of these two kinases. Genomic mapping identified an enhancer element within the first intron of the NUAK2 gene that can recruit SMAD proteins, which, when cloned, could confer induction by TGFβ. Furthermore, NUAK2 formed protein complexes with SMAD3 and the TGFβ type I receptor. Functionally, NUAK1 suppressed and NUAK2 induced TGFβ signaling. This was evident during TGFβ-induced epithelial cytostasis, mesenchymal differentiation, and myofibroblast contractility, in which NUAK1 or NUAK2 silencing enhanced or inhibited these responses, respectively. In conclusion, we have identified a bifurcating loop during TGFβ signaling, whereby transcriptional induction of NUAK1 serves as a negative checkpoint and NUAK2 induction positively contributes to signaling and terminal differentiation responses to TGFβ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Kolliopoulos
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and.,the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erna Raja
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masoud Razmara
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi Heldin
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and.,the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and.,the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden and .,the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars P van der Heide
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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ETS1 regulates Twist1 transcription in a Kras G12D/Lkb1 -/- metastatic lung tumor model of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:149-165. [PMID: 29909489 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Distinct members of the Ets family of transcription factors act as positive or negative regulators of genes involved in cellular proliferation, development, and tumorigenesis. In human lung cancer, increased ETS1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. We tested whether ETS1 contributes to lung tumorigenesis by binding to Twist1, a gene involved in tumor cell motility and dissemination. We used a mouse lung cancer model with metastasis driven by conditionally activated Kras and concurrent tumor suppressor Lkb1 loss (KrasG12D/ Lkb1-/- model) and a similar model of lung cancer that does not metastasize, driven by conditionally activated Kras alone (KrasG12D model). We show that Ets1 and Twist1 gene expression differs between KrasG12D tumors (low Ets1 and Twist1 expression) and KrasG12D/Lkb1-/- tumors (high Ets1 and Twist1 expression). In human lung tumors, ETS1 and TWIST1 expression positively correlates and low combined ETS1 and TWIST1 levels are associated with improved survival compared to high levels. Using mouse cell lines derived from KrasG12D and KrasG12D/Lkb1-/- mouse models and the human lung cancer (A549) cell line, we show that ETS1 regulates Twist1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm binding of ETS1 to the Twist1 promoter. Overexpression studies show that ETS1 transactivates Twist1 promoter activity in mouse and human cells. Silencing endogenous Ets1 by siRNA in mouse cell lines decreases Twist1 mRNA levels, decreases invasion, and increases cell growth. Ets1 and Twist1 are at the crossroad of several signaling pathways in cancer. Understanding their regulation may inform the development of therapies to impair lung tumor metastasis.
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20
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Skoulidis F, Goldberg ME, Greenawalt DM, Hellmann MD, Awad MM, Gainor JF, Schrock AB, Hartmaier RJ, Trabucco SE, Gay L, Ali SM, Elvin JA, Singal G, Ross JS, Fabrizio D, Szabo PM, Chang H, Sasson A, Srinivasan S, Kirov S, Szustakowski J, Vitazka P, Edwards R, Bufill JA, Sharma N, Ou SHI, Peled N, Spigel DR, Rizvi H, Aguilar EJ, Carter BW, Erasmus J, Halpenny DF, Plodkowski AJ, Long NM, Nishino M, Denning WL, Galan-Cobo A, Hamdi H, Hirz T, Tong P, Wang J, Rodriguez-Canales J, Villalobos PA, Parra ER, Kalhor N, Sholl LM, Sauter JL, Jungbluth AA, Mino-Kenudson M, Azimi R, Elamin YY, Zhang J, Leonardi GC, Jiang F, Wong KK, Lee JJ, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Wistuba II, Miller VA, Frampton GM, Wolchok JD, Shaw AT, Jänne PA, Stephens PJ, Rudin CM, Geese WJ, Albacker LA, Heymach JV. STK11/LKB1 Mutations and PD-1 Inhibitor Resistance in KRAS-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:822-835. [PMID: 29773717 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1044] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most common oncogenic driver in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAC). We previously reported that STK11/LKB1 (KL) or TP53 (KP) comutations define distinct subgroups of KRAS-mutant LUAC. Here, we examine the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in these subgroups. Objective response rates to PD-1 blockade differed significantly among KL (7.4%), KP (35.7%), and K-only (28.6%) subgroups (P < 0.001) in the Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C) cohort (174 patients) with KRAS-mutant LUAC and in patients treated with nivolumab in the CheckMate-057 phase III trial (0% vs. 57.1% vs. 18.2%; P = 0.047). In the SU2C cohort, KL LUAC exhibited shorter progression-free (P < 0.001) and overall (P = 0.0015) survival compared with KRASMUT;STK11/LKB1WT LUAC. Among 924 LUACs, STK11/LKB1 alterations were the only marker significantly associated with PD-L1 negativity in TMBIntermediate/High LUAC. The impact of STK11/LKB1 alterations on clinical outcomes with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors extended to PD-L1-positive non-small cell lung cancer. In Kras-mutant murine LUAC models, Stk11/Lkb1 loss promoted PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor resistance, suggesting a causal role. Our results identify STK11/LKB1 alterations as a major driver of primary resistance to PD-1 blockade in KRAS-mutant LUAC.Significance: This work identifies STK11/LKB1 alterations as the most prevalent genomic driver of primary resistance to PD-1 axis inhibitors in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Genomic profiling may enhance the predictive utility of PD-L1 expression and tumor mutation burden and facilitate establishment of personalized combination immunotherapy approaches for genomically defined LUAC subsets. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 822-35. ©2018 AACR.See related commentary by Etxeberria et al., p. 794This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mark M Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Laurie Gay
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Han Chang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neelesh Sharma
- Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Sai-Hong I Ou
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Nir Peled
- Thoracic Cancer Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petach Tiqwa, Israel.,Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Hira Rizvi
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Jimenez Aguilar
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett W Carter
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeremy Erasmus
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Darragh F Halpenny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrew J Plodkowski
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Niamh M Long
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Warren L Denning
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ana Galan-Cobo
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haifa Hamdi
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Taghreed Hirz
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pan Tong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pamela A Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Edwin R Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neda Kalhor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Sauter
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roxana Azimi
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yasir Y Elamin
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giulia C Leonardi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vassiliki A Papadimitrakopoulou
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Charles M Rudin
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research and Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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21
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Vanlandewijck M, Dadras MS, Lomnytska M, Mahzabin T, Lee Miller M, Busch C, Brunak S, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase SIK downregulates the polarity protein Par3. Oncotarget 2018; 9:5716-5735. [PMID: 29464029 PMCID: PMC5814169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) controls homeostasis and disease during embryonic and adult life. TGFβ alters epithelial cell differentiation by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which involves downregulation of several cell-cell junctional constituents. Little is understood about the mechanism of tight junction disassembly by TGFβ. We found that one of the newly identified gene targets of TGFβ, encoding the serine/threonine kinase salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK), controls tight junction dynamics. We provide bioinformatic and biochemical evidence that SIK can potentially phosphorylate the polarity complex protein Par3, an established regulator of tight junction assembly. SIK associates with Par3, and induces degradation of Par3 that can be prevented by proteasomal and lysosomal inhibition or by mutation of Ser885, a putative phosphorylation site on Par3. Functionally, this mechanism impacts on tight junction downregulation. Furthermore, SIK contributes to the loss of epithelial polarity and examination of advanced and invasive human cancers of diverse origin displayed high levels of SIK expression and a corresponding low expression of Par3 protein. High SIK mRNA expression also correlates with lower chance for survival in various carcinomas. In specific human breast cancer samples, aneuploidy of tumor cells best correlated with cytoplasmic SIK distribution, and SIK expression correlated with TGFβ/Smad signaling activity and low or undetectable expression of Par3. Our model suggests that SIK can act directly on the polarity protein Par3 to regulate tight junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vanlandewijck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mahsa Shahidi Dadras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta Lomnytska
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Academic Uppsala Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanzila Mahzabin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Lee Miller
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christer Busch
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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Dietrich JE, Adeyemi O, Hakim J, Santos X, Bercaw-Pratt JL, Bournat JC, Chen CH, Jorgez CJ. Paratubal Cyst Size Correlates With Obesity and Dysregulation of the Wnt Signaling Pathway. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2017; 30:571-577. [PMID: 28456695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Paratubal cysts (PTCs) occur in 7%-10% of women, regardless of age. Although common, PTCs often are found incidentally because of the potential for these cysts to be asymptomatic. The specific aims of the study were to determine if PTC number and size correlated with signs of hyperandrogenism and obesity, as well as to investigate the molecular profiles of these PTCs in samples derived from female adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A prospective cohort study was performed in a single children's hospital. Girls 18 years of age or younger who underwent surgery for PTC suspected on the basis of the presence of a persistent adnexal cyst on imaging or a concern for adnexal torsion involving a cyst were consented to participate in the study. RESULTS Nineteen patients met enrollment criteria with a mean age at menarche of 11.2 ± 1.3 years. Most of the patients (84%; n = 16/19) had adnexal torsion at the time of diagnosis of PTC. Irregular menses and hirsutism was found in 52.6% (n = 10/19) of the patients, among whom 36.8% (n = 7/19) were obese. The mean PTC size was 10.4 ± 4.3 cm with 57.9% (n = 11/19) of the cohort having more than 1 PTC. When patients were compared on the basis of their body mass index, the size of PTCs was significantly larger in the overweight/obese group. The wingless-type (WNT) signaling members catenin beta 1 (CTNBB1) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7A (WNT7A) were upregulated in 86% (n = 12/14) and 79% (n = 11/14) of the patients, respectively. WNT7A was significantly upregulated in girls with 1 cyst and low body mass index. CONCLUSION A correlation exists between obesity, cyst size, and hyperandrogenism. Activation of the WNT/CTNBB1 pathway via WNT7A might play a role in PTC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Dietrich
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Oluyemisi Adeyemi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Julie Hakim
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiomara Santos
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer L Bercaw-Pratt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan C Bournat
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ching H Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolina J Jorgez
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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23
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Naka K, Hirao A. Regulation of Hematopoiesis and Hematological Disease by TGF-β Family Signaling Molecules. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a027987. [PMID: 28193723 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the lifetime of an individual, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the homeostasis of normal hematopoiesis through the precise generation of mature blood cells. Numerous genetic studies in mice have shown that stem-cell quiescence is critical for sustaining primitive long-term HSCs in vivo. In this review, we first examine the crucial roles of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related signaling molecules in not only regulating the well-known cytostatic effects of these molecules but also governing the self-renewal capacity of HSCs in their in vivo microenvironmental niche. Second, we discuss the current evidence indicating that TGF-β signaling has a dual function in disorders of the hematopoietic system. In particular, we examine the paradox that, although intrinsic TGF-β signaling is essential for regulating the survival and resistance to therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stem cells, genetic changes that abrogate TGF-β signaling can lead to the development of several hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Naka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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24
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Cho H, Sengupta S, Jeon SSH, Hur W, Choi HG, Seo HS, Lee BJ, Kim JH, Chung M, Jeon NL, Kim ND, Sim T. Identification of the First Selective Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Inhibitor, a Reversible Version of L-783277. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1495-1508. [PMID: 28103025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized 1 (San78-130), a reversible version of L-783277, as a selective and potent ALK1 inhibitor. Our study showed that 1 possesses great kinase selectivity against a panel of 342 kinases and more potent activity against ALK1 than L-783277. Among the six ALK isotypes (ALK1-6), ALK1 is most significantly inhibited by compound 1. Compound 1 suppresses the BMP9-induced Smad1/5 pathway by mainly inhibiting ALK1 in C2C12 cells. Our molecular dynamics simulations suggest that H-bonding interaction between the C-4' hydroxyl group of 1 and Arg334 of ALK1 substantially contributes to the ALK1 inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first selective ALK1 inhibitor. Furthermore, compound 1 promoted angiogenesis in both endothelial tube formation and microfluidic chip based 3D angiogenesis assays, suggesting that 1 could be a lead compound for therapeutic angiogenesis agents. Our study may provide an insight into designing selective and potent inhibitors against ALK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandip Sengupta
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean S H Jeon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seog Seo
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital , 80 Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Lee
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital , 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , 103, Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital , 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , 103, Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhwan Chung
- Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu, Daegu 42019, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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25
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Raja E, Tzavlaki K, Vuilleumier R, Edlund K, Kahata K, Zieba A, Morén A, Watanabe Y, Voytyuk I, Botling J, Söderberg O, Micke P, Pyrowolakis G, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The protein kinase LKB1 negatively regulates bone morphogenetic protein receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1120-43. [PMID: 26701726 PMCID: PMC4811448 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase LKB1 regulates cell metabolism and growth and is implicated in intestinal and lung cancer. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling regulates cell differentiation during development and tissue homeostasis. We demonstrate that LKB1 physically interacts with BMP type I receptors and requires Smad7 to promote downregulation of the receptor. Accordingly, LKB1 suppresses BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation and affects BMP signaling in Drosophila wing longitudinal vein morphogenesis. LKB1 protein expression and Smad1 phosphorylation analysis in a cohort of non-small cell lung cancer patients demonstrated a negative correlation predominantly in a subset enriched in adenocarcinomas. Lung cancer patient data analysis indicated strong correlation between LKB1 loss-of-function mutations and high BMP2 expression, and these two events further correlated with expression of a gene subset functionally linked to apoptosis and migration. This new mechanism of BMP receptor regulation by LKB1 has ramifications in physiological organogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Raja
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Vuilleumier
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Edlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kaoru Kahata
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agata Zieba
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iryna Voytyuk
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Botling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Söderberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick Micke
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - George Pyrowolakis
- BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signaling Studies and Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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27
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Yang SH, Lin HY, Changou CA, Chen CH, Liu YR, Wang J, Jiang X, Luh F, Yen Y. Integrin β3 and LKB1 are independently involved in the inhibition of proliferation by lovastatin in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:362-73. [PMID: 26517522 PMCID: PMC4808004 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are one of the most difficult cancers to treat. In our study, Lovastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, demonstrated anticancer properties by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cell migration and cell adhesion. Lovastatin inhibited the expressions of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Furthermore, lovastatin inhibited the expressions of integrin β1 and integrin β3 but not integrin αv or integrin β5. While Lovastatin's inhibitory effects on TGFβ1, COX2, and ICAM-1 expression were independently controlled by the tumor suppressor LKB1, integrin β3 expression was not affected. Lovastatin's inhibitory effect on cell adhesion was associated with the decreased expression of integrin β3 and cell surface heterodimer integrin αvβ3. Quantitative real time PCR, fluorescent microscopy, and cell migration assays all confirmed that Lovastatin inhibits integrin αvβ3 downstream signaling including FAK activation, and β-catenin, vimentin, ZO-1, and β-actin. Overall, Lovastatin reduced tumor cell proliferation and migration by modifying the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion and other critical cellular processes. Our study highlights novel anti-cancer properties of Lovastatin and supports further exploration of statins in the context of cholangiocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun A Changou
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrated Laboratory, Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chen
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinghan Wang
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- The First Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Luh
- School of medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Sino-American Cancer Foundation, Arcadia, California, United States
| | - Yun Yen
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Zhang L, Erfle H, Harder N, Beneke J, Beil N, Bulkescher R, Rohr K, Keese M. High-Throughput RNAi Screening Identifies a Role for the Osteopontin Pathway in Proliferation and Migration of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 30:281-95. [PMID: 27095116 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding of the mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic regulation is critically important to identify novel candidates for future therapeutic intervention. While HTS approaches have recently been used to identify novel regulators in many cell lines, such as cancer cells and hematopoietic stem cells, no studies have so far systematically investigated the effect of gene inactivation on VSMCs with respect to cell survival and growth response. METHODS AND RESULTS 257 out of 2000 genes tested resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation in HaoSMCs. After pathway analysis, 38 significant genes were selected for further study. 23 genes were confirmed to inhibit proliferation, and 13 genes found to induce apoptosis in the synthetic phenotype. 11 genes led to an aberrant nuclear phenotype indicating a central role in cell mitosis. 4 genes affected the cell migration in synthetic HaoSMCs. Using computational biological network analysis, 11 genes were identified to have an indirect or direct interaction with the Osteopontin pathway. For 10 of those genes, levels of proteins downstream of the Osteopontin pathway were found to be down-regulated, using RNAi methodology. CONCLUSIONS A phenotypic high-throughput siRNA screen could be applied to identify genes relevant for the cell biology of HaoSMCs. Novel genes were identified which play a role in proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis and migration of HaoSMCs. These may represent potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Harder
- BioQuant and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beneke
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Beil
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Bulkescher
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, INF 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- BioQuant and IPMB, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Keese
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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29
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Shorning BY, Clarke AR. Energy sensing and cancer: LKB1 function and lessons learnt from Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:21-9. [PMID: 26877140 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe in this review increasing evidence that loss of LKB1 kinase in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) derails the existing natural balance between cell survival and tumour growth suppression. LKB1 deletion can plunge cells into an energy/oxidative stress-induced crisis which leads to the activation of alternative and often carcinogenic pathways to maintain cellular energy levels. It therefore appears that although LKB1 deficiency can suppress oncogenic transformation in the short term, it can ultimately lead to more progressed and malignant phenotypes by driving abnormal cell differentiation, genomic instability and increased tumour heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Y Shorning
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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30
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Rhodes LV, Tate CR, Hoang VT, Burks HE, Gilliam D, Martin EC, Elliott S, Miller DB, Buechlein A, Rusch D, Tang H, Nephew KP, Burow ME, Collins-Burow BM. Regulation of triple-negative breast cancer cell metastasis by the tumor-suppressor liver kinase B1. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e168. [PMID: 26436950 PMCID: PMC4632088 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11), has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many cancers including breast. Low LKB1 expression has been associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients, and we report here a significant association between loss of LKB1 expression and reduced patient survival specifically in the basal subtype of breast cancer. Owing to the aggressive nature of the basal subtype as evidenced by high incidences of metastasis, the purpose of this study was to determine if LKB1 expression could regulate the invasive and metastatic properties of this specific breast cancer subtype. Induction of LKB1 expression in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC)/triple-negative breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and BT-549, inhibited invasiveness in vitro and lung metastatic burden in an orthotopic xenograft model. Further analysis of BLBC cells overexpressing LKB1 by unbiased whole transcriptomics (RNA-sequencing) revealed striking regulation of metastasis-associated pathways, including cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, LKB1 overexpression inhibited EMT-associated genes (CDH2, Vimentin, Twist) and induced the epithelial cell marker CDH1, indicating reversal of the EMT phenotype in the MDA-MB-231 cells. We further demonstrated marked inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression and activity via regulation of c-Jun through inhibition of p38 signaling in LKB1-expressing cells. Taken together, these data support future development of LKB1 inducing therapeutics for the suppression of invasion and metastasis of BLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Rhodes
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C R Tate
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V T Hoang
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - H E Burks
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - D Gilliam
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - E C Martin
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - S Elliott
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - D B Miller
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - A Buechlein
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine and Simon Cancer Center, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - D Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine and Simon Cancer Center, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - H Tang
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine and Simon Cancer Center, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - K P Nephew
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M E Burow
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - B M Collins-Burow
- Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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31
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Liu S, Li C, Wang J. Role of Smad signaling in kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 47:1965-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Al-Rasheed NM, Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, Al-Amin MA, Al-Ajmi HN, Hasan IH, Mohamad RA, Sinjilawi NA. Renoprotective Effects of Fenofibrate via Modulation of LKB1/AMPK mRNA Expression and Endothelial Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Diabetic Nephropathy. Pharmacology 2015; 95:229-39. [PMID: 25967095 DOI: 10.1159/000381190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether the renoprotective effects of fenofibrate are mediated via attenuation of endothelial dysfunction and modulating the mRNA expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1) in rats with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg kg(-1)). Fenofibrate (100 mg kg(-1), p.o.) was given to diabetic rats daily for 12 weeks. Treatment with fenofibrate significantly improved the renal function as revealed by the significant reductions in urinary albumin excretion and serum levels of creatinine and urea, in addition to the significant increase in creatinine clearance compared with the diabetic control group. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage was ameliorated by treatment with fenofibrate as indicated by the significantly increased levels of glutathione and catalase together with the significant decrease in lipid peroxidation. Administration of fenofibrate caused significant increases in renal nitric oxide (NO) production and mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), AMPK and LKB1, reflecting improvement of endothelial function. Our results give further insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective role of fenofibrate in DN via modulation of AMPK, LKB1 and eNOS mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal M Al-Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Zhang YE, Newfeld SJ. Meeting report - TGF-β superfamily: signaling in development and disease. J Cell Sci 2014; 126:4809-13. [PMID: 24172535 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.142398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest advances on the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways were reported at the July 2013 FASEB Summer Research Conference 'The TGF-β Superfamily: Development and Disease'. The meeting was held in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA at 6700 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains. This was the seventh biannual meeting in the series. In attendance were investigators from a broad range of disciplines with a common interest in the mechanics of TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways, their normal developmental and homeostatic functions, and the diseases associated with pathway misregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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34
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Rubashkin M, Ou G, Weaver VM. Deconstructing signaling in three dimensions. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2078-90. [PMID: 24649923 PMCID: PMC3985742 DOI: 10.1021/bi401710d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cells in vivo exist within the context of a multicellular tissue, where their behavior is governed by homo- and heterotypic cell-cell interactions, the material properties of the extracellular matrix, and the distribution of various soluble and physical factors. Most methods currently used to study and manipulate cellular behavior in vitro, however, sacrifice physiological relevance for experimental expediency. The fallacy of such approaches has been highlighted by the recent development and application of three-dimensional culture models to cell biology, which has revealed striking phenotypic differences in cell survival, migration, and differentiation in genetically identical cells simply by varying culture conditions. These perplexing findings beg the question of what constitutes a three-dimensional culture and why cells behave so differently in two- and three-dimensional culture formats. In the following review, we dissect the fundamental differences between two- and three-dimensional culture conditions. We begin by establishing a basic definition of what "three dimensions" means at different biological scales and discuss how dimensionality influences cell signaling across different length scales. We identify which three-dimensional features most potently influence intracellular signaling and distinguish between conserved biological principles that are maintained across culture conditions and cellular behaviors that are sensitive to microenvironmental context. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art molecular tools amenable to the study of signaling in three dimensions under conditions that facilitate deconstruction of signaling in a more physiologically relevant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
G. Rubashkin
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Guanqing Ou
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Joint
Bioengineering Program, UC-Berkeley/UCSF, Center for Bioengineering
and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Departments
of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe
Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and
UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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35
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Korsse SE, Peppelenbosch MP, van Veelen W. Targeting LKB1 signaling in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:194-210. [PMID: 23287572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase LKB1 is a master kinase involved in cellular responses such as energy metabolism, cell polarity and cell growth. LKB1 regulates these crucial cellular responses mainly via AMPK/mTOR signaling. Germ-line mutations in LKB1 are associated with the predisposition of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome in which patients develop gastrointestinal hamartomas and have an enormously increased risk for developing gastrointestinal, breast and gynecological cancers. In addition, somatic inactivation of LKB1 has been associated with sporadic cancers such as lung cancer. The exact mechanisms of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression remain so far unidentified; however, the inability to activate AMPK and the resulting mTOR hyperactivation has been detected in PJS-associated lesions. Therefore, targeting LKB1 in cancer is now mainly focusing on the activation of AMPK and inactivation of mTOR. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies show encouraging results regarding these approaches, which have even progressed to the initiation of a few clinical trials. In this review, we describe the functions, regulation and downstream signaling of LKB1, and its role in hereditary and sporadic cancers. In addition, we provide an overview of several AMPK activators, mTOR inhibitors and additional mechanisms to target LKB1 signaling, and describe the effect of these compounds on cancer cells. Overall, we will explain the current strategies attempting to find a way of treating LKB1-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Korsse
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical University Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
TGF-β is well known to play a critical role in diabetic kidney disease, and ongoing clinical studies are testing the potential therapeutic promise of inhibiting TGF-β production and action. An aspect of TGF-β action that has not received much attention is its potential role in explaining sex-related proclivity for kidney disease. In this review, we discuss recent studies linking TGF-β signaling to sex-related effects in diabetic kidney disease and suggest targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie K Diamond-Stanic
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California San Diego/Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA 92093-0711, USA
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37
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Ghahhari NM, Ghahhari HM, Kadivar M. Could a Possible Crosstalk between AMPK and TGF-β Signaling Pathways Be a Key Player in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors? Oncol Res Treat 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000345131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Tanwar PS, Kaneko-Tarui T, Zhang L, Tanaka Y, Crum CP, Teixeira JM. Stromal liver kinase B1 [STK11] signaling loss induces oviductal adenomas and endometrial cancer by activating mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002906. [PMID: 22916036 PMCID: PMC3420942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations of the Liver Kinase b1 (LKB1/STK11) tumor suppressor gene have been linked to Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS), an autosomal-dominant, cancer-prone disorder in which patients develop neoplasms in several organs, including the oviduct, ovary, and cervix. We have conditionally deleted Lkb1 in Müllerian duct mesenchyme-derived cells of the female reproductive tract and observed expansion of the stromal compartment and hyperplasia and/or neoplasia of adjacent epithelial cells throughout the reproductive tract with paratubal cysts and adenomyomas in oviducts and, eventually, endometrial cancer. Examination of the proliferation marker phospho-histone H3 and mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway members revealed increased proliferation and mTORC1 activation in stromal cells of both the oviduct and uterus. Treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1 activity, decreased tumor burden in adult Lkb1 mutant mice. Deletion of the genes for Tuberous Sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) or Tsc2, regulators of mTORC1 that are downstream of LKB1 signaling, in the oviductal and uterine stroma phenocopies some of the defects observed in Lkb1 mutant mice, confirming that dysregulated mTORC1 activation in the Lkb1-deleted stroma contributes to the phenotype. Loss of PTEN, an upstream regulator of mTORC1 signaling, along with Lkb1 deletion significantly increased tumor burden in uteri and induced tumorigenesis in the cervix and vagina. These studies show that LKB1/TSC1/TSC2/mTORC1 signaling in mesenchymal cells is important for the maintenance of epithelial integrity and suppression of carcinogenesis in adjacent epithelial cells. Because similar changes in the stromal population are also observed in human oviductal/ovarian adenoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma patients, we predict that dysregulated mTORC1 activity by upstream mechanisms similar to those described in these model systems contributes to the pathogenesis of these human diseases. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome patients have autosomal dominant mutations in the LKB1/STK11 gene and are prone to developing cancer, predominantly in the intestinal tract but also in other tissues, including the reproductive tracts and gonads. To elucidate the mechanisms disrupted by the loss of LKB1 in the reproductive tract, we have developed a mouse model with deletion of Lkb1 specifically in stromal cells of gynecologic tissues. These mice show stromal cell expansion and develop oviductal adenomas and endometrial cancer. Deletion of either Tsc1 or Tsc2 genes, which are mutated in patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and whose protein products are indirect downstream targets of LKB1 signaling, resulted in some of the same defects observed in Lkb1 mutant mice. Activation of mammalian Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1), a common effector of disrupted LKB1, TSC1, and TSC2 signaling, was observed in all mutant tissues examined, suggesting that uninhibited mTORC1 activity is necessary for the phenotypes. Suppression of mTORC1 signaling by rapamycin reduced tumor burden in Lkb1 mutant mice, confirming the link between dysregulation of mTORC1 to development of the Lkb1 mutant phenotype and suggesting that therapeutic targeting of LKB1/TSC1/TSC2/mTORC1 signaling would benefit human Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis patients with reproductive tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep S. Tanwar
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tomoko Kaneko-Tarui
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - LiHua Zhang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Crum
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Teixeira
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu P, Liu J, Derynck R. Post-translational regulation of TGF-β receptor and Smad signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1871-84. [PMID: 22617150 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β family signaling through Smads is conceptually a simple and linear signaling pathway, driven by sequential phosphorylation, with type II receptors activating type I receptors, which in turn activate R-Smads. Nevertheless, TGF-β family proteins induce highly complex programs of gene expression responses that are extensively regulated, and depend on the physiological context of the cells. Regulation of TGF-β signaling occurs at multiple levels, including TGF-β activation, formation, activation and destruction of functional TGF-β receptor complexes, activation and degradation of Smads, and formation of Smad transcription complexes at regulatory gene sequences that cooperate with a diverse set of DNA binding transcription factors and coregulators. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of post-translational modifications and molecular interaction networks in the functions of receptors and Smads in TGF-β signal responses. These layers of regulation demonstrate how a simple signaling system can be coopted to exert exquisitely regulated, complex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Programs in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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40
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Abstract
The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) culprit kinase LKB1 phosphorylates and activates multiple intracellular kinases regulating cell metabolism and polarity. The relevance of each of these pathways is highly variable depending on the tissue type, but typically represents functions of differentiated cells. These include formation and maintenance of specialized cell compartments in nerve axons, swift refunneling of metabolites and restructuring of cell architecture in response to environmental cues in committed lymphocytes, and ensuring energy-efficient oxygen-based energy expenditure. Such features are often lost or reduced in cancer cells, and indeed LKB1 defects in PJS-associated and sporadic cancers and even the benign PJS polyps lead to differentiation defects, including expansion of partially differentiated epithelial cells in PJS polyps and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in carcinomas. This review focuses on the involvement of LKB1 in the differentiation of epithelial, mesenchymal, hematopoietic and germinal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Biocenter 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling regulates cell growth and differentiation of many different cell types and is widely involved in the regulation of homeostasis during both embryogenesis and adult life. Therefore, aberrant TGF-β family signal transduction is linked to congenital disorders, tumorigenicity, and fibrosis, which can be life-threatening. A specific receptor-ligand complex initiates transduction of TGF-β family signaling to the nucleus via intracellular signal molecules, mainly Smads, whereby a number of bioactivities such as wound healing, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are controlled. To avoid an excess of TGF-β family signaling in cells, the duration and intensity of the TGF-β family signal appear to be subject to elaborate regulation. In this paper, we describe recent advances in the understanding of how TGF-β family signals are perturbed and terminated to maintain homeostasis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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42
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Mu Y, Gudey SK, Landström M. Non-Smad signaling pathways. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:11-20. [PMID: 21701805 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key regulator of cell fate during embryogenesis and has also emerged as a potent driver of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor progression. TGFβ signals are transduced by transmembrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors (TβRI and TβRII, respectively). The activated TβR complex phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3, converting them into transcriptional regulators that complex with Smad4. TGFβ also uses non-Smad signaling pathways such as the p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to convey its signals. Ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and TGFβ-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) have recently been shown to be crucial for the activation of the p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. Other TGFβ-induced non-Smad signaling pathways include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR pathway, the small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42, and the Ras-Erk-MAPK pathway. Signals induced by TGFβ are tightly regulated and specified by post-translational modifications of the signaling components, since they dictate the subcellular localization, activity, and duration of the signal. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the field of TGFβ-induced responses by non-Smad signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Mu
- Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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Role of Smads in TGFβ signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:21-36. [PMID: 21643690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the prototype for a large family of pleiotropic factors that signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Important intracellular mediators of TGFβ signaling are members of the Smad family. Smad2 and 3 are activated by C-terminal receptor-mediated phosphorylation, whereafter they form complexes with Smad4 and are translocated to the nucleus where they, in cooperation with other transcription factors, co-activators and co-repressors, regulate the transcription of specific genes. Smads have key roles in exerting TGFβ-induced programs leading to cell growth arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The activity and stability of Smad molecules are carefully regulated by a plethora of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation and poly(ADP)-ribosylation. The Smad function has been shown to be perturbed in certain diseases such as cancer.
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Gao Y, Ge G, Ji H. LKB1 in lung cancerigenesis: a serine/threonine kinase as tumor suppressor. Protein Cell 2011; 2:99-107. [PMID: 21380642 PMCID: PMC4875258 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is featured with high mortality, with a 15% five-year survival rate worldwide. Genetic alterations, such as loss of function of tumor suppressor genes, frequently contribute to lung cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), as a serine/threonine kinase and tumor suppressor, is frequently mutated and inactivated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent studies have provided strong evidences that LKB1 loss promotes lung cancerigenesis process, especially lung cancer progression and metastasis. This review will summarize recent progress on how LKB1 modulates the process of lung cancerigenesis, emphasizing on LKB1 downstream signaling pathways and biological functions. We will further discuss the potential development of prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets in lung cancer clinic based on the molecular alteration associated with deregulated LKB1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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