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Antigen-Specific T Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Current Approaches and Future Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315122. [PMID: 36499448 PMCID: PMC9737069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a significant global health threat, appears to be an immune-related disease. Failure of effective immune responses in initial stages of infection may contribute to development of cytokine storm and systemic inflammation with organ damage, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Disease severity and the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the need for new preventative and therapeutic strategies to protect the immunocompromised population. Available data indicate that these people may benefit from adoptive transfer of allogeneic SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells isolated from convalescent individuals. This review first provides an insight into the mechanism of cytokine storm development, as it is directly related to the exhaustion of T cell population, essential for viral clearance and long-term antiviral immunity. Next, we describe virus-specific T lymphocytes as a promising and efficient approach for the treatment and prevention of severe COVID-19. Furthermore, other potential cell-based therapies, including natural killer cells, regulatory T cells and mesenchymal stem cells are mentioned. Additionally, we discuss fast and effective ways of producing clinical-grade antigen-specific T cells which can be cryopreserved and serve as an effective "off-the-shelf" approach for rapid treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in case of sudden patient deterioration.
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Inflammasome-Mediated Immunogenicity of Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030554. [PMID: 32971761 PMCID: PMC7565252 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern vaccines, adjuvants can be sophisticated immunological tools to promote robust and long-lasting protection against prevalent diseases. However, there is an urgent need to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in order to protect mankind from life-threatening diseases such as AIDS, malaria or, most recently, COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of vaccine adjuvants, which generally trigger the innate immune system to enhance signal transition to adaptive immunity, resulting in pathogen-specific protection. Thus, improved understanding of vaccine adjuvant mechanisms may aid in the design of “intelligent” vaccines to provide robust protection from pathogens. Various commonly used clinical adjuvants, such as aluminium salts, saponins or emulsions, have been identified as activators of inflammasomes - multiprotein signalling platforms that drive activation of inflammatory caspases, resulting in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the IL-1 family. Importantly, these cytokines affect the cellular and humoral arms of adaptive immunity, which indicates that inflammasomes represent a valuable target of vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we highlight the impact of different inflammasomes on vaccine adjuvant-induced immune responses regarding their mechanisms and immunogenicity. In this context, we focus on clinically relevant adjuvants that have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and also present various experimental adjuvants that activate the NLRP3-, NLRC4-, AIM2-, pyrin-, or non-canonical inflammasomes and could have the potential to improve future vaccines. Together, we provide a comprehensive overview on vaccine adjuvants that are known, or suggested, to promote immunogenicity through inflammasome-mediated signalling.
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Lee M, Wang C, Jin SW, Labrecque MP, Beischlag TV, Brockman MA, Choy JC. Expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to cytokines is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:278-287. [PMID: 30391674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and the regulation of gene expression by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are important for many aspects of human cell biology. However, little is known about whether iNOS expression is controlled by HIFs in human cells. Stimulation of A549 human lung epithelial cells with cytokines (TNF, IL-1 and IFNγ) increased the nuclear accumulation of HIF-1 in normoxic conditions. Activation of HIF-1 by hypoxia or CoCl2 was not sufficient to induce iNOS expression. However, pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1 reduced the induction of iNOS expression in A549 cells and primary human astrocytes. Moreover, elimination of HIF-1α expression and activity by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing significantly reduced the induction of human iNOS gene promoter, mRNA and protein expression by cytokine stimulation. Three putative hypoxia response elements (HRE) are present within the human iNOS gene promoter and elimination of an HRE at -4981 bp reduced the induction of human iNOS promoter activity in response to cytokine stimulation. These findings establish an important role for HIF-1α in the induction of human iNOS gene expression in response to cytokine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven W Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark P Labrecque
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy V Beischlag
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Brockman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Wang X, Li J, Liu D, Zhang L, Zhao B, Tang J, Yan M, Kong D, Jin X. Relationship between infiltrating lymphocytes in cancerous ascites and dysfunction of Cajal mesenchymal cells in the small intestine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:2201-2213. [PMID: 31938332 PMCID: PMC6958188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Malignant ascites changes the microenvironment of the peritoneal cavity and damages abdominal functional host cells such as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), causing gastrointestinal dysfunction and poor prognosis. Besides tumor cells, malignant ascites contains large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophagocytes. These inflammatory cells act as a 'double arrow' and it is not clear whether they cause injury to ICCs. Our study demonstrates the presence of T lymphocytes in malignant ascites and shows that these cells may have a critical role in inducing damage to ICC via Caspases and Fas/FasL. These inflammatory cells were contributory to gastric dysfunction in our GI tumor-induced ascites mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Duanyang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Baoshan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityDaqing, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Meisi Yan
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Dan Kong
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
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Manku S, Wong W, Luo Z, Seidman MA, Alabdurubalnabi Z, Rey K, Enns W, Avina-Zubieta JA, Shojania K, Choy JC. IL-6 expression is correlated with increased T-cell proliferation and survival in the arterial wall in giant cell arteritis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2018; 33:55-61. [PMID: 29414433 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common vasculitis in adults affecting large and medium-sized arteries. IL-6 and T cell accumulation within the arterial wall contribute to the pathogenesis of GCA, and blockade of IL-6 activity is efficacious in its treatment. We examined the relationship between levels of IL-6 expression and immunological processes that control the expansion of T cells in GCA-positive temporal artery biopsies. CD4 T cells accumulated in clusters within the media and deep intima of all GCA lesions. There was a significant positive correlation between the expression of IL-6 mRNA and increased frequency of proliferating CD4 T cells. The expansion of T cells can be inhibited by T regs but IL-6 expression was not correlated with differences in T reg accumulation. Increased IL-6 levels were also significantly correlated with lower frequencies of CD4 T cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. In conclusion, IL-6 may contribute to the accumulation of CD4 T cells in GCA by supporting their proliferation and survival within the arterial wall through mechanisms that are independent of effects on local T reg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Manku
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wendy Wong
- Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zongshu Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Rey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Winnie Enns
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Antonio Avina-Zubieta
- Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kamran Shojania
- Arthritis Research Canada, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Choy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Noval Rivas M, Lee Y, Wakita D, Chiba N, Dagvadorj J, Shimada K, Chen S, Fishbein MC, Lehman TJA, Crother TR, Arditi M. CD8+ T Cells Contribute to the Development of Coronary Arteritis in the Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract-Induced Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:410-421. [PMID: 27696768 DOI: 10.1002/art.39939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease among children in developed countries. Coronary lesions in KD in humans are characterized by an increased presence of infiltrating CD3+ T cells; however, the specific contributions of the different T cell subpopulations in coronary arteritis development remain unknown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the function of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Treg cells, and natural killer (NK) T cells in the pathogenesis of KD. METHODS We addressed the function of T cell subsets in KD development by using a well-established murine model of Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD vasculitis. We determined which T cell subsets were required for development of KD vasculitis by using several knockout murine strains and depleting monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS LCWE-injected mice developed coronary lesions characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates. Frequently, this chronic inflammation resulted in complete occlusion of the coronary arteries due to luminal myofibroblast proliferation (LMP) as well as the development of coronary arteritis and aortitis. We found that CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, NK T cells, or Treg cells, were required for development of KD vasculitis. CONCLUSION The LCWE-induced murine model of KD vasculitis mimics many histologic features of the disease in humans, such as the presence of CD8+ T cells and LMP in coronary artery lesions as well as epicardial coronary arteritis. Moreover, CD8+ T cells functionally contribute to the development of KD vasculitis in this murine model. Therapeutic strategies targeting infiltrating CD8+ T cells might be useful in the management of KD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngho Lee
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daiko Wakita
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Norika Chiba
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Shuang Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Thomas J A Lehman
- Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | | | - Moshe Arditi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and University of California, Los Angeles
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Stacey MA, Clare S, Clement M, Marsden M, Abdul-Karim J, Kane L, Harcourt K, Brandt C, Fielding CA, Smith SE, Wash RS, Brias SG, Stack G, Notley G, Cambridge EL, Isherwood C, Speak AO, Johnson Z, Ferlin W, Jones SA, Kellam P, Humphreys IR. The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 prevents cytokine-driven CMV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1463-1474. [PMID: 28240600 PMCID: PMC5373880 DOI: 10.1172/jci84889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral restriction factor IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits cell entry of a number of viruses, and genetic diversity within IFITM3 determines susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Here, we used the murine CMV (MCMV) model of infection to determine that IFITM3 limits herpesvirus-associated pathogenesis without directly preventing virus replication. Instead, IFITM3 promoted antiviral cellular immunity through the restriction of virus-induced lymphopenia, apoptosis-independent NK cell death, and loss of T cells. Viral disease in Ifitm3-/- mice was accompanied by elevated production of cytokines, most notably IL-6. IFITM3 inhibited IL-6 production by myeloid cells in response to replicating and nonreplicating virus as well as following stimulation with the TLR ligands Poly(I:C) and CpG. Although IL-6 promoted virus-specific T cell responses, uncontrolled IL-6 expression in Ifitm3-/- mice triggered the loss of NK cells and subsequently impaired control of MCMV replication. Thus, IFITM3 represents a checkpoint regulator of antiviral immunity that controls cytokine production to restrict viral pathogenesis. These data suggest the utility of cytokine-targeting strategies in the treatment of virus-infected individuals with impaired IFITM3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Stacey
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Juneid Abdul-Karim
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cordelia Brandt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A. Fielding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael S. Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Stack
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - George Notley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Cambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anneliese O. Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon A. Jones
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Graft-Derived IL-6 Amplifies Proliferation and Survival of Effector T Cells That Drive Alloimmune-Mediated Vascular Rejection. Transplantation 2016; 100:2332-2341. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Nabhani S, Ginzel S, Miskin H, Revel-Vilk S, Harlev D, Fleckenstein B, Hönscheid A, Oommen PT, Kuhlen M, Thiele R, Laws HJ, Borkhardt A, Stepensky P, Fischer U. Deregulation of Fas ligand expression as a novel cause of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease. Haematologica 2015; 100:1189-98. [PMID: 26113417 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.114967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome is frequently caused by mutations in genes involved in the Fas death receptor pathway, but for 20-30% of patients the genetic defect is unknown. We observed that treatment of healthy T cells with interleukin-12 induces upregulation of Fas ligand and Fas ligand-dependent apoptosis. Consistently, interleukin-12 could not induce apoptosis in Fas ligand-deficient T cells from patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. We hypothesized that defects in the interleukin-12 signaling pathway may cause a similar phenotype as that caused by mutations of the Fas ligand gene. To test this, we analyzed 20 patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome of unknown cause by whole-exome sequencing. We identified a homozygous nonsense mutation (c.698G>A, p.R212*) in the interleukin-12/interleukin-23 receptor-component IL12RB1 in one of these patients. The mutation led to IL12RB1 protein truncation and loss of cell surface expression. Interleukin-12 and -23 signaling was completely abrogated as demonstrated by deficient STAT4 phosphorylation and interferon γ production. Interleukin-12-mediated expression of membrane-bound and soluble Fas ligand was lacking and basal expression was much lower than in healthy controls. The patient presented with the classical symptoms of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome: chronic non-malignant, non-infectious lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, elevated numbers of double-negative T cells, autoimmune cytopenias, and increased levels of vitamin B12 and interleukin-10. Sanger sequencing and whole-exome sequencing excluded the presence of germline or somatic mutations in genes known to be associated with the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. Our data suggest that deficient regulation of Fas ligand expression by regulators such as the interleukin-12 signaling pathway may be an alternative cause of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schafiq Nabhani
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ginzel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Hagit Miskin
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Revel-Vilk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Harlev
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hönscheid
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prasad T Oommen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michaela Kuhlen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Thiele
- Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Laws
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lyday B, Chen T, Kesari S, Minev B. Overcoming tumor immune evasion with an unique arbovirus. J Transl Med 2015; 13:3. [PMID: 25592450 PMCID: PMC4307212 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining dendritic cell vaccination with the adjuvant effect of a strain of dengue virus may be a way to overcome known tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Dengue is unique among viruses as primary infections carry lower mortality than the common cold, but secondary infections carry significant risk of hypovolemic shock. While current immuno-therapies rely on a single axis of attack, this approach combines physiological (hyperthermic reduction of tumor perfusion), immunological (activation of effector cells of the adaptive and innate immune system), and apoptosis-inducing pathways (sTRAIL) to destroy tumor cells. The premise of using multiple mechanisms of action in synergy with a decline in the ability of the tumor cells to employ resistance methods suggests the potential of this combination approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Boris Minev
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Division of Neurosurgery, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
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11
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Li J, Li Y, Cao Y, Yuan M, Gao Z, Guo X, Zhu F, Wang Y, Xu J. Polycomb chromobox (Cbx) 7 modulates activation-induced CD4+ T cell apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:184-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Martin A, Tisch RM, Getts DR. Manipulating T cell-mediated pathology: Targets and functions of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Differences in plasma cytokine levels between elite kayakers and nonathletes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:370354. [PMID: 23781501 PMCID: PMC3678450 DOI: 10.1155/2013/370354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regular moderate exercise has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects that help prevent several chronic diseases. However, the effects of chronic training an elite athletes have not been the focus of much research. This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) in circulating peripheral blood (PB) between elite kayakers and nonathletes. Subjects were 13 elite male kayakers, aged 20.0 ± 3 years, with average body mass of 75.0 ± 7.9 kg and 177.3 ± 7.1 cm height and with a VO2max of 58.3 ± 7.8 mL·kg−1·min−1. The nonathletes were 7 men, aged 18.2 ± 1.1 years, body mass of 81.3 ± 13.8 kg, and 171.9 ± 4.5 cm height. Blood samples were collected after six weeks of offtraining and before the start of a new training season. PB leukocyte populations were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were quantified by ELISA. When nonathletes were compared with the kayakers, the latter exhibited lower plasma concentrations of IL-1β, IL-18, and IFN-γ as well as a lower concentration of IL-1ra. Positive correlations between IL-18 and B cells in the athletes were also found. These results seem to reinforce the anti-inflammatory role of regular training.
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14
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Lee M, Choy JC. Positive feedback regulation of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by Ras protein S-nitrosylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15677-86. [PMID: 23599434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) regulates many aspects of physiology and pathology. The expression of iNOS needs to be tightly regulated to balance the broad ranging properties of NO. We have investigated the feedback regulation of cytokine-induced iNOS expression by NO in human cells. The pharmacological inhibition of iNOS activity reduced iNOS protein levels in response to cytokine stimulation in a human epithelial cell line (A549 cells) as well as in primary human astrocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. The addition of exogenous NO using a NO donor prevented the reduction in iNOS levels caused by blockade of iNOS activity. Examination of signaling pathways affected by iNOS indicated that NO S-nitrosylated Ras. Transfection of cells with a S-nitrosylation-resistant Ras mutant reduced iNOS protein levels, indicating a role for this Ras modification in the amplification of iNOS levels. Further, the induction of iNOS protein levels correlated with the late activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, and inhibition of these signaling molecules reduced iNOS levels. Altogether, our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory pathway that amplifies iNOS expression in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Potentiating functional antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immunity by a novel PD1 isoform-based fusion DNA vaccine. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1445-55. [PMID: 23587922 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and identifying new ways of mounting an effective CD8⁺ T cell immune response is important for eliminating infectious pathogens. Although upregulated programmed death-1 (PD1) in chronic infections (such as HIV-1 and tuberculosis) impedes T cell responses, blocking this PD1/PD-L pathway could functionally rescue the "exhausted" T cells. However, there exists a number of PD1 spliced variants with unknown biological function. Here, we identified a new isoform of human PD1 (Δ42PD1) that contains a 42-nucleotide in-frame deletion located at exon 2 domain found expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Δ42PD1 appears to function distinctly from PD1, as it does not engage PD-L1/PD-L2 but its recombinant form could induce proinflammatory cytokines. We utilized Δ42PD1 as an intramolecular adjuvant to develop a fusion DNA vaccine with HIV-1 Gag p24 antigen to immunize mice, which elicited a significantly enhanced level of anti-p24 IgG1/IgG2a antibody titers, and important p24-specific and tetramer⁺CD8⁺ T cells responses that lasted for ≥7.5 months. Furthermore, p24-specific CD8⁺ T cells remain functionally improved in proliferative and cytolytic capacities. Importantly, the enhanced antigen-specific immunity protected mice against pathogenic viral challenge and tumor growth. Thus, this newly identified PD1 variant (Δ42PD1) amplifies the generation of antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cell immunity when used in a DNA vaccine.
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Ben-Sasson SZ, Hogg A, Hu-Li J, Wingfield P, Chen X, Crank M, Caucheteux S, Ratner-Hurevich M, Berzofsky JA, Nir-Paz R, Paul WE. IL-1 enhances expansion, effector function, tissue localization, and memory response of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:491-502. [PMID: 23460726 PMCID: PMC3600912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that interleukin-1 (IL-1) enhances antigen-driven CD8 T cell responses. When administered to recipients of OT-I T cell receptor transgenic CD8 T cells specific for an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide, IL-1 results in an increase in the numbers of wild-type but not IL1R1−/− OT-I cells, particularly in spleen, liver, and lung, upon immunization with OVA and lipopolysaccharide. IL-1 administration also results in an enhancement in the frequency of antigen-specific cells that are granzyme B+, have cytotoxic activity, and/ or produce interferon γ (IFN-γ). Cells primed in the presence of IL-1 display enhanced expression of granzyme B and increased capacity to produce IFN-γ when rechallenged 2 mo after priming. In three in vivo models, IL-1 enhances the protective value of weak immunogens. Thus, IL-1 has a marked enhancing effect on antigen-specific CD8 T cell expansion, differentiation, migration to the periphery, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Z Ben-Sasson
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Rapidly generated multivirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes for the prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1622-32. [PMID: 22801446 PMCID: PMC3412490 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and fatal viral infections remain common after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and adenoviral antigens can treat infections that are impervious to conventional therapies, but broader implementation and extension to additional viruses is limited by competition between virus-derived antigens and time-consuming and laborious manufacturing procedures. We now describe a system that rapidly generates a single preparation of polyclonal (CD4+ and CD8+) CTLs that is consistently specific for 15 immunodominant and subdominant antigens derived from 7 viruses (EBV, CMV, Adenovirus (Adv), BK, human herpes virus (HHV)-6, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Influenza) that commonly cause post-transplant morbidity and mortality. CTLs can be rapidly produced (10 days) by a single stimulation of donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a peptide mixture spanning the target antigens in the presence of the potent prosurvival cytokines interleukin-4 (IL4) and IL7. This approach reduces the impact of antigenic competition with a consequent increase in the antigenic repertoire and frequency of virus-specific T cells. Our approach can be readily introduced into clinical practice and should be a cost-effective alternative to common antiviral prophylactic agents for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.
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