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Liu J, Tan X, Li L, Cao L, Zhou Y, Li H, Peng T. Protein expression of nucleolar protein 12 in the retina and its implication in protection of retina from UV irradiation damage. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:130. [PMID: 38467618 PMCID: PMC10928217 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleolar protein 12 (NOL12), one of the nucleolar proteins which are primarily expressed in the nucleolus and play key roles in RNA metabolism, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell survival, is widely expressed in various species and multiple organs. Although it has been reported that the mRNA of Drosophila NOL12 homolog viriato is expressed in the eyes of Drosophila, the protein expression of NOL12 in mammalian eyes remains to be elucidated. In this study, we showed through immunohistochemistry that NOL12 was present in the rat retina, with predominant distribution in the cytoplasm of the retinal neuronal cells. In the human retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb1, we found that altering NOL12 expression led to a change in WERI-Rb1 cell viability. Knocking down NOL12 expression decreased cell viability. In contrast, overexpressing NOL12 increased cell viability. Furthermore, increasing NOL12 expression inhibited ultraviolet (UV)-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrated that NOL12 may play an important protective role in retinal cells. In the WERI-Rb1 cells exposed to UV irradiation, we detected that NOL12 was degraded, but this degradation could be attenuated by a pan-Caspase inhibitor. Notably, the inhibitory effect of NOL12 against UV-induced apoptosis could be restrained by increasing the expression of ATR serine/threonine kinase (ATR), a kinase that, when activated by severe DNA damage, can result in apoptosis. We also found that upregulating NOL12 inhibited the activation of ATR caused by UV irradiation. Additionally, inhibiting ATR activity reduced apoptosis resulting from both silencing NOL12 expression and UV exposure. Thus, NOL12 may protect against UV irradiation-induced retinal damage by inhibiting ATR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Cao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Peng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Bratei AA, Stefan-van Staden RI. Correlations between MSH2 and MSH6 Concentrations in Different Biological Fluids and Clinicopathological Features in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patients and Their Contribution to Fast and Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3213. [PMID: 38137434 PMCID: PMC10741075 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human MutS homolog, hMSH2, is known to be involved in DNA mismatch repair and is responsible for maintaining the stability of the genome. When DNA damage occurs, MSH2 promotes cell apoptosis via the regulation of ATR/Chk2/p53 signal transduction, and MSH2 deficiency is also related to accelerated telomere shortening in humans. MSH2 missense mutations are involved in a defective DNA reparation process, and it can be implied in carcinogenesis, as it is already involved in well-known cancer-related syndromes such as Lynch syndrome. Human MSH6, which stands for mutS homolog 6, is a member of the MMR family that is responsible for the repair of post-replicative mismatched DNA bases. It is also one of the proteins with gene mutations that are associated with a high risk of developing Lynch syndrome, leading to a large series of tumors. (2) Methods: Patients and their clinical and pathological features were selected from the database of the project GRAPHSENSGASTROINTES and used accordingly, with ethics committee approval no. 32647/2018 awarded by the County Emergency Hospital from Targu-Mures. Analyses were conducted on whole blood, saliva, urine, and tumoral tissue samples using a stochastic method with stochastic microsensors. (3) Results: The results obtained using stochastic sensors were correlated with a series of macroscopic and microscopic pathological features for each sample type. Criteria or relationships were established for tumor location, vascular and perineural invasions, lymph node metastases, the presence of tumor deposits, and the presence of a mucus compound in the tumor mass. (4) Conclusions: The correlation between the concentrations of MSH2 in the four types of samples and the pathological features allowed for the fast characterization of a tumor, which can help surgeons and oncologists choose personalized treatments. Also, the colorectal tumor location was correlated with the concentration of MSH2 in whole blood, urine, and saliva. MSH6, which stands for mutS homolog 6, is not only useful in immunohistochemistry but in pathology practice as well. In this paper, the relationships between MSH6 levels in four biological fluids-whole blood, saliva, urine, and tissues-and tumor locations among the colorectal area, gross features, presence of a mucinous compound, molecular subtype, stroma features, and vascular invasions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Adrian Bratei
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu-Mures, 540139 Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhao JL, Yang J, Li K, Chen Y, Tang M, Zhu HL, Nie CL, Yuan Z, Zhao XY. Abrogation of ATR function preferentially augments cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in PTEN-deficient breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110740. [PMID: 37802411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeting replication stress response is currently emerging as new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, based on monotherapy and combination approaches. As a key sensor in response to DNA damage, ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related (ATR) kinase has become a potential therapeutic target as tumor cells are to rely heavily on ATR for survival. The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) plays a crucial role in maintaining chromosome integrity. Although ATR inhibition was recently confirmed to show a synergistic inhibitory effect in PTEN-deficient triple-negative breast cancer cells, the molecular mechanism needs to be further elucidated. Additionally, whether the PTEN-deficient breast cancer cells are more preferentially sensitized than PTEN-wild type breast cancer cells to cisplatin plus ATR inhibitor remains unanswered. We demonstrate PTEN dysfunction promotes the killing effect of ATR blockade through the use of RNA interference for PTEN and a highly selective ATR inhibitor VE-821, and certify that VE-821 (1.0 μmol/L) aggravates cytotoxicity of cisplatin on breast cancer cells, especially PTEN-null MDA-MB-468 cells which show more chemoresistance than PTEN-expressing MDA-MB-231 cells. The co-treatment with VE-821 and cisplatin significantly reduced cell viability and proliferative capacity compared with cisplatin mono-treatment (P < 0.05). The increased cytotoxic activity is tied to the enhanced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and consequently cell death due to the decrease in phosphorylation levels of checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 (CHK1/2), the reduction of radiation sensitive 51 (RAD51) foci and the increase in phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX (γ-H2AX) foci (P < 0.05) as well. Together, these findings suggest combination therapy of ATR inhibitor and cisplatin may offer a potential therapeutic strategy for breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mei Tang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hui-Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chun-Lai Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ecker V, Brandmeier L, Stumpf M, Giansanti P, Moreira AV, Pfeuffer L, Fens MHAM, Lu J, Kuster B, Engleitner T, Heidegger S, Rad R, Ringshausen I, Zenz T, Wendtner CM, Müschen M, Jellusova J, Ruland J, Buchner M. Negative feedback regulation of MAPK signaling is an important driver of chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113017. [PMID: 37792532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite available targeted treatments for the disease, drug-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) poses a clinical challenge. The objective of this study is to examine whether the dual-specific phosphatases DUSP1 and DUSP6 are required to negatively regulate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and thus counterbalance excessive MAPK activity. We show that high expression of DUSP6 in CLL correlates with poor clinical prognosis. Importantly, genetic deletion of the inhibitory phosphatase DUSP1 or DUSP6 and blocking DUSP1/6 function using a small-molecule inhibitor reduces CLL cell survival in vitro and in vivo. Using global phospho-proteome approaches, we observe acute activation of MAPK signaling by DUSP1/6 inhibition. This promotes accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and, thereby, DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in CLL cells. Finally, we observe that DUSP1/6 inhibition is particularly effective against treatment-resistant CLL and therefore suggest transient DUSP1/6 inhibition as a promising treatment concept to eliminate drug-resistant CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Ecker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Brandmeier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Stumpf
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Piero Giansanti
- TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Bavaria, Germany; Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry at the University hospital rechts der Isar (BayBioMS@MRI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aida Varela Moreira
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Pfeuffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel H A M Fens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Junyan Lu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Bavaria, Germany; Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry at the University hospital rechts der Isar (BayBioMS@MRI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heidegger
- TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Haematology, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Müschen
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Julia Jellusova
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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Wang L, Xue Y, Yang S, Bo T, Xu J, Wang W. Mismatch Repair Protein Msh2 Is Necessary for Macronuclear Stability and Micronuclear Division in Tetrahymena thermophila. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10559. [PMID: 37445734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a conserved mechanism that is primarily responsible for the repair of DNA mismatches during DNA replication. Msh2 forms MutS heterodimer complexes that initiate the MMR in eukaryotes. The function of Msh2 is less clear under different chromatin structures. Tetrahymena thermophila contains a transcriptionally active macronucleus (MAC) and a transcriptionally silent micronucleus (MIC) in the same cytoplasm. Msh2 is localized in the MAC and MIC during vegetative growth. Msh2 is localized in the perinuclear region around the MIC and forms a spindle-like structure as the MIC divides. During the early conjugation stage, Msh2 is localized in the MIC and disappears from the parental MAC. Msh2 is localized in the new MAC and new MIC during the late conjugation stage. Msh2 also forms a spindle-like structure with a meiotic MIC and mitotic gametic nucleus. MSH2 knockdown inhibits the division of MAC and MIC during vegetative growth and affects cellular proliferation. MSH2 knockdown mutants are sensitive to cisplatin treatment. MSH2 knockdown also affects micronuclear meiosis and gametogenesis during sexual development. Furthermore, Msh2 interacts with MMR-dependent and MMR-independent factors. Therefore, Msh2 is necessary for macronuclear stability, as well as micronuclear mitosis and meiosis in Tetrahymena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuhuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sitong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Guo L, Yu Z, Li Q, Liang X, Yang L. Correlation of MLH1 and MSH2 levels with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal cancer. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:1107-1116. [PMID: 36915797 PMCID: PMC10006755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the correlation of MLH1 and MSH2 expressions with clinicopathologic characteristics in colorectal cancer (CC). METHODS Clinical data, CC tissue, and paracancerous tissue from 88 patients treated in Baoji City People's Hospital from February 2015 to February 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. The relative expression levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in the tissues were measured with qRT-PCR, and the relationship of MLH1 and MSH2 with the pathological data of patients was analyzed. The value of MLH1 and MSH2 in the diagnosis of clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and degree of differentiation in CC patients was analyzed by receiver operating curve (ROC). Cox regression analysis was applied to identify factors affecting prognosis. RESULTS The relative expression levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in CC tissue were lower than those in paracancerous tissue (P < 0.001). Tumor node metastasis stage (III + IV), poor differentiation, and lymph node metastasis were significantly increased in patients with low MLH1 and MSH2 expressions (P < 0.05). The levels of MLH1 and MSH2 in CC tissue of patients at stage I with moderately- or well-differentiated non-metastatic disease were higher than those in patients at stage II-IV with poor differentiation and lymph node metastasis, showing a good predictive ability. The 5-year survival rate of patients with low MLH1 and MSH2 expressions was lower as compared to its counterpart (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The low expressions of MSH2 and MLH1 in CC tissue have a correlation with pathological characteristics and survival, so they can be used as auxiliary references for the prognosis in CC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Pathology Department, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang No. 10, Biyuan West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Yu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang No. 10, Biyuan West Road, Qindu District, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qin Li
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Baoji City People's Hospital No. 24 Xinhua Lane, Jinger Road, Weibin, Baoji 721000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Liang
- Oncology Surgery, Baoji City People's Hospital No. 24 Xinhua Lane, Jinger Road, Weibin, Baoji 721000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lindong Yang
- Department of Emergency, Baoji City People's Hospital No. 24 Xinhua Lane, Jinger Road, Weibin, Baoji 721000, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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p53: From Fundamental Biology to Clinical Applications in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091325. [PMID: 36138802 PMCID: PMC9495382 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary p53 tumour suppressor gene is the most altered in cancer. Several decades of research have established that it is of pivotal importance in prompting neoplastic phenomena, including cancer initiation and progression. However, it has crucial functions for cellular life. Knowledge and awareness about these multifaceted properties should be part of the cultural background of all scientists. In this review, we describe and discuss the multifaceted roles of p53, from its discovery to clinical applications in cancer therapy. Abstract p53 tumour suppressor gene is our major barrier against neoplastic transformation. It is involved in many cellular functions, including cell cycle arrest, senescence, DNA repair, apoptosis, autophagy, cell metabolism, ferroptosis, immune system regulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial function, global regulation of gene expression, miRNAs, etc. Its crucial importance is denounced by the high percentage of amino acid sequence identity between very different species (Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Rattus norvegicus, Danio rerio, Canis lupus familiaris, Gekko japonicus). Many of its activities allowed life on Earth (e.g., repair from radiation-induced DNA damage) and directly contribute to its tumour suppressor function. In this review, we provide paramount information on p53, from its discovery, which is an interesting paradigm of science evolution, to potential clinical applications in anti-cancer treatment. The description of the fundamental biology of p53 is enriched by specific information on the structure and function of the protein as well by tumour/host evolutionistic perspectives of its role.
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Acharya N, Singh KP. Recent advances in the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance and potential application of epigenetic therapeutics in chemorefractory renal cell carcinoma. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1575. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Acharya
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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Chen MY, Zeng YC, Zhao XH. Chemotherapy- and Immune-Related Gene Panel in Prognosis Prediction and Immune Microenvironment of SCLC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:893490. [PMID: 35784467 PMCID: PMC9240612 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.893490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly proliferative, invasive lung cancer with poor prognosis. Chemotherapy is still the standard first-line treatment for SCLC, but many patients relapse due to chemoresistance. Along with advances in immunology, it is essential to investigate potential indicators of the immune response and the prognosis of SCLC. Using bioinformatics analysis, we identified 313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SCLC and normal lung samples, and we found that four upregulated genes (TOP2A, CDKN2A, BIRC5, and MSH2) were associated with platinum resistance, while immune-related genes (HLA family genes) were downregulated in SCLC. Then, a prognostic prediction model was constructed for SCLC based on those genes. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that antigen presentation was weak in SCLC, and TOP2A expression was negatively correlated with CD8+ T cells, while HLA-ABC expression was positively correlated with M1 macrophages, memory B cells, and CD8+ T cells. We also found that TOP2A was related to poor prognosis and inversely correlated with HLA-ABC, which was verified with immunohistochemical staining in 151 SCLC specimens. Our study findings indicated that TOP2A may be a potential prognosis indicator and a target to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Breast Oncology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue-Can Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xi-He Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xi-He Zhao,
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10
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Yin Q, Zhao YJ, Ni WJ, Tang TT, Wang Y, Cao JY, Yin D, Wen Y, Li ZL, Zhang YL, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Lu XY, Zhang AQ, Gan WH, Lv LL, Liu BC, Wang B. MiR-155 deficiency protects renal tubular epithelial cells from telomeric and genomic DNA damage in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Theranostics 2022; 12:4753-4766. [PMID: 35832084 PMCID: PMC9254246 DOI: 10.7150/thno.72456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity is an important cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), limiting cisplatin application in cancer therapy. Growing evidence has suggested that genome instability, telomeric dysfunction, and DNA damage were involved in the tubular epithelial cells (TECs) damage in cisplatin-induced AKI (cAKI). However, the exact mechanism is largely unknown. Methods: We subjected miR-155-/- mice and wild-type controls, as well as HK-2 cells, to cAKI models. We assessed kidney function and injury with standard techniques. The cell apoptosis and DNA damage of TECs were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Telomeres were measured by the fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: The expression level of miR-155 was upregulated in cAKI. Inhibition of miR-155 expression protected cisplatin-induced AKI both in vivo and in vitro. Compared with wild-type mice, miR-155-/- mice had reduced mortality, improved renal function and pathological damage after cisplatin intervention. Moreover, inhibition of miR-155 expression attenuated TECs apoptosis and DNA damage. These protective effects were caused by increasing expression of telomeric repeat binding factor 1 (TRF1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12), thereby limiting the telomeric dysfunction and the genomic DNA damage in cAKI. Conclusion: We demonstrated that miR-155 deficiency could significantly attenuate pathological damage and mortality in cAKI through inhibition of TECs apoptosis, genome instability, and telomeric dysfunction, which is possibly regulated by the increasing expression of TRF1 and CDK12. This study will provide a new molecular strategy for the prevention of cAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jie Ni
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Cao
- Institute of Nephrology, Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Yin
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuo-Lin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Taizhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University (Taizhou People's Hospital), Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ai-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Hua Gan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Stefanou DT, Souliotis VL, Zakopoulou R, Liontos M, Bamias A. DNA Damage Repair: Predictor of Platinum Efficacy in Ovarian Cancer? Biomedicines 2021; 10:82. [PMID: 35052761 PMCID: PMC8773153 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the seventh most common type of cancer in women worldwide. Treatment for OC usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Platinum-based agents exert their cytotoxic action through development of DNA damage, including the formation of intra- and inter-strand cross-links, as well as single-nucleotide damage of guanine. Although these agents are highly efficient, intrinsic and acquired resistance during treatment are relatively common and remain a major challenge for platinum-based therapy. There is strong evidence to show that the functionality of various DNA repair pathways significantly impacts tumor response to treatment. Various DNA repair molecular components were found deregulated in ovarian cancer, including molecules involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), and base excision repair (BER), which can be possibly exploited as novel therapeutic targets and sensitive/effective biomarkers. This review attempts to summarize published data on this subject and thus help in the design of new mechanistic studies to better understand the involvement of the DNA repair in the platinum drugs resistance, as well as to suggest new therapeutic perspectives and potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra T. Stefanou
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vassilis L. Souliotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece;
| | - Roubini Zakopoulou
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Michalis Liontos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
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Analysis of the Expression and Prognostic Value of MSH2 in Pan-Cancer Based on Bioinformatics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9485273. [PMID: 34859104 PMCID: PMC8632401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9485273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), with the function of identifying mismatches and participating in DNA repair, is the “housekeeping gene” in the mismatch repair (MMR) system. MSH2 deficiency has been reported to enhance cancer susceptibility for the association of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. However, the expression and prognostic significance of MSH2 have not been studied from the perspective of pan-cancer. Methods The GTEx database was used to analyze the expression of MSH2 in normal tissues. The TCGA database was used to analyze the differential expression of MSH2 in pan-cancers. The prognostic value of MSH2 in pan-cancer was assessed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Spearman correlations were used to measure the relationship between the expression level of MSH2 in pan-cancer and the level of immune infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Results MSH2 is highly expressed in most type of cancers and significantly correlated with prognosis. In COAD, KIRC, LIHC, and SKCM, the expression of MSH2 was significantly positively correlated with the abundance of B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. In THCA, MSH2 expression correlated with CD8+T Cell showed a significant negative correlation. MSH2 had significantly negative correlations with stromal score and immune score in a variety of cancers and significantly correlated with TMB and MSI of a variety of tumors. Conclusions MSH2 may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and immune infiltration of cancer. MSH2 can emerge as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Gao S, Zhao X, Hou L, Ma R, Zhou J, Zhu MX, Pan SJ, Li Y. The interplay between SUMOylation and phosphorylation of PKCδ facilitates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. FEBS J 2021; 288:6447-6464. [PMID: 34089566 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the increase in the number of identified posttranslational modifications (PTMs) has substantially improved our knowledge about substrate site specificity of single PTMs, the fact that different types of PTMs can crosstalk and act in concert to exert important regulatory mechanisms for protein function has not gained much attention. Here, we show that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is SUMOylated at lysine 473 in its C-terminal catalytic domain, and the SUMOylation increases PKCδ stability by repressing its ubiquitination. In addition, we uncover a functional interplay between the phosphorylation and SUMOylation of PKCδ, which can strengthen each other through recruiting SUMO E2/E3 ligases and the PKCδ kinase, respectively, to the PKCδ complexes. We identified PIAS2β as the SUMO E3 ligase of PKCδ. More importantly, by enhancing PKCδ protein stability and its phosphorylation through an interdependent interplay of the PTMs, the SUMOylation of PKCδ promotes apoptotic cell death induced by H2 O2 . We conclude that SUMOylation represents an important regulatory mechanism of PKCδ PTMs for the kinase's function in oxidative cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siman Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiangteng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ruining Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Si-Jian Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Zhang H, Xiao X, Wei W, Huang C, Wang M, Wang L, He Y, Sun J, Jiang Y, Jiang G, Zhang X. CircLIFR synergizes with MSH2 to attenuate chemoresistance via MutSα/ATM-p73 axis in bladder cancer. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:70. [PMID: 33874956 PMCID: PMC8054397 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (CDDP) has become a standard-of-care treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), while chemoresistance remains a major challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are discrete functional entities. However, the regulatory functions as well as complexities of circRNAs in modulating CDDP-based chemotherapy in bladder cancer are yet to be well revealed. METHODS Through analyzing the expression profile of circRNAs in bladder cancer tissues, RNA FISH, circRNA pull-down assay, mass spectrometry analysis and RIP, circLIFR was identified and its interaction with MSH2 was confirmed. The effects of circLIFR and MSH2 on CDDP-based chemotherapy were explored by flow cytometry and rescue experiments. Co-IP and Western blot were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of circLIFR and MSH2. Biological implications of circLIFR and MSH2 in bladder cancer were implemented in tumor xenograft models and PDX models. RESULTS CircLIFR was downregulated in bladder cancer and expression was positively correlated with favorable prognosis. Moreover, circLIFR synergizing with MSH2, which was a mediator of CDDP sensitivity in bladder cancer cells, positively modulated sensitivity to CDDP in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circLIFR augmented the interaction between MutSα and ATM, ultimately contributing to stabilize p73, which triggered to apoptosis. Importantly, MIBC with high expression of circLIFR and MSH2 was more sensitive to CDDP-based chemotherapy in tumor xenograft models and PDX models. CONCLUSIONS CircLIFR could interact with MSH2 to positively modulate CDDP-sensitivity through MutSα/ATM-p73 axis in bladder cancer. CircLIFR and MSH2 might be act as promising therapeutic targets for CDDP-resistant bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xingyuan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanqiao He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yangkai Jiang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guosong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Bai L, Hirose T, Assi W, Wada S, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection Affects Host Gene Expression Associated with DNA Mismatch Repair. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110909. [PMID: 33143351 PMCID: PMC7694100 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis, a malignant form of B-cell lymphoma, and is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses. We investigated whether BLV infection affects host genes associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Next-generation sequencing of blood samples from five calves experimentally infected with BLV revealed the highest expression levels of seven MMR genes (EXO1, UNG, PCNA, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, and PMS2) at the point of peak proviral loads (PVLs). Furthermore, MMR gene expression was only upregulated in cattle with higher PVLs. In particular, the expression levels of MSH2, MSH3, and UNG positively correlated with PVL in vivo. The expression levels of all seven MMR genes in pig kidney-15 cells and the levels of PMS2 and EXO1 in HeLa cells also increased tendencies after transient transfection with a BLV infectious clone. Moreover, MMR gene expression levels were significantly higher in BLV-expressing cell lines compared with those in the respective parental cell lines. Expression levels of MSH2 and EXO1 in BLV-infected cattle with lymphoma were significantly lower and higher, respectively, compared with those in infected cattle in vivo. These results reveal that BLV infection affects MMR gene expression, offering new candidate markers for lymphoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wlaa Assi
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako 351-0198, Japan; (L.B.); (W.A.); (S.W.); (S.-n.T.)
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, Niiza 352-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-48-462-4418
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of cellular injury and repair has been extensively studied in acute kidney injury (AKI) for more than 70 years. Although a great deal of knowledge has been generated, a debate over the importance of repairing damaged cells versus replacing them by proliferation remains. In this issue of the JCI, Kishi et al. demonstrate that following kidney epithelial cell injury, DNA repair, rather than cell proliferation, plays the central role in recovery and longevity by minimizing apoptosis, G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and subsequent fibrosis. This has important therapeutic implications and highlights the need for more sensitive techniques to evaluate functional, structural, and molecular recovery following injury.
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Tian H, Yan L, Xiao-Fei L, Hai-Yan S, Juan C, Shan K. Hypermethylation of mismatch repair gene hMSH2 associates with platinum-resistant disease in epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:153. [PMID: 31666131 PMCID: PMC6822346 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One major reason of the high mortality of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is due to platinum-based chemotherapy resistance. Aberrant DNA methylation may be a potential mechanism underlying the development of platinum resistance in EOC. The purpose of this study is to discover potential aberrant DNA methylation that contributes to drug resistance. METHODS By initially screening of 16 platinum-sensitive/resistant samples from EOC patients with reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), the upstream region of the hMSH2 gene was discovered hypermethylated in the platinum-resistant group. The effect of hMSH2 methylation on the cellular response to cisplatin was explored by demethylation and knockdown assays in ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry was employed to examine the methylation levels of hMSH2 upstream region in additional 40 EOC patient samples. RT-qPCR and IHC assay was used to detect the hMSH2 mRNA and protein expression in extended 150 patients. RESULTS RRBS assay discovered an upstream region from - 1193 to - 1125 of hMSH2 was significant hypermethylated in resistant EOC patients (P = 1.06 × 10-14). In vitro analysis demonstrated that global demethylation increased cisplatin sensitivity along with a higher expression of the hMSH2 mRNA and protein. Knockdown hMSH2 reduced the cell sensitivity to cisplatin. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry assay validated the strong association of hypermethylation of hMSH2 upstream region with platinum resistance. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significantly negative connection between methylation level of hMSH2 upstream region and its expression. The Kaplan-Meier analyses showed the high methylation of hMSH2 promoter region, and its low expressions are associated with worse survival. In multivariable models, hMSH2 low expression was an independent factor predicting poor outcome (P = 0.03, HR = 1.91, 95%CI = 1.85-2.31). CONCLUSION The hypermethylation of hMSH2 upstream region is associated with platinum resistant in EOC, and low expression of hMSH2 may be an index for the poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medial University, Xingtai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Xiao-Fei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sun Hai-Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen Juan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kang Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hebei Medical University, Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Si W, Kang S, Sun H, Chen J, Cao S, Li Y. Genetic polymorphisms in hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes are associated with prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 29:1148-1155. [DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2019-000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveDNA mismatch repair deficiency is not only thought to promote tumorigenesis but is also suggested to be associated with platinum-based chemotherapy treatment. In this study, we investigated the effects of two genetic polymorphisms in the hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes on the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer and the clinical outcome of patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.MethodsA case-control study was performed in 536 epithelial ovarian cancer patients and 532 control women. Genotypes of two polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction method. Pearson Chi-square test was used to evaluate genotype distributions and allele frequencies in the patients and controls. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the effect of polymorphisms on patients’ prognoses.ResultsThe genotype and allele frequencies of the rs2303428 and rs1800734 polymorphisms were not significantly different between the case and control groups. Compared with wild homozygous genotype, the presence of variant alleles (heterozygous and variant homozygous genotypes) did not affect the risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer. However, survival analysis showed that the rs2303428 polymorphism was related to the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Compared with the TT genotype, patients carrying the C allele had a shorter progression-free survival during the 3- and 5-year follow-up (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.87 and HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.16, respectively). For the rs1800734 polymorphism, the A allele may significantly increase patients’ progression-free survival compared with the GG genotype in the 5-year follow-up (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.98).ConclusionOur research suggests that genetic polymorphisms in hMSH2 and hMLH1 may indicate the clinical progression of epithelial ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Gomes LR, Rocha CRR, Martins DJ, Fiore APZP, Kinker GS, Bruni-Cardoso A, Menck CFM. ATR mediates cisplatin resistance in 3D-cultured breast cancer cells via translesion DNA synthesis modulation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:459. [PMID: 31189884 PMCID: PMC6561919 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue architecture and cell–extracellular matrix (cell–ECM) interaction determine the organ specificity; however, the influences of these factors on anticancer drugs preclinical studies are highly neglected. For considering such aspects, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are relevant tools for accurate analysis of cellular responses to chemotherapy. Here we compared the MCF-7 breast cancer cells responses to cisplatin in traditional two-dimensional (2D) and in 3D-reconstituted basement membrane (3D-rBM) cell culture models. The results showed a substantial increase of cisplatin resistance mediated by 3D microenvironment. This phenotype was independent of p53 status and autophagy activity and was also observed for other cellular models, including lung cancer cells. Such strong decrease on cellular sensitivity was not due to differences on drug-induced DNA damage, since similar levels of γ-H2AX and cisplatin–DNA adducts were detected under both conditions. However, the processing of these cisplatin-induced DNA lesions was very different in 2D and 3D cultures. Unlike cells in monolayer, cisplatin-induced DNA damage is persistent in 3D-cultured cells, which, consequently, led to high senescence induction. Moreover, only 3D-cultured cells were able to progress through S cell cycle phase, with unaffected replication fork progression, due to the upregulation of translesion (TLS) DNA polymerase expression and activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway. Co-treatment with VE-821, a pharmacological inhibitor of ATR, blocked the 3D-mediated changes on cisplatin response, including low sensitivity and high TLS capacity. In addition, ATR inhibition also reverted induction of REV3L by cisplatin treatment. By using REV3L-deficient cells, we showed that this TLS DNA polymerase is essential for the cisplatin sensitization effect mediated by VE-821. Altogether, our results demonstrate that 3D-cell architecture-associated resistance to cisplatin is due to an efficient induction of REV3L and TLS, dependent of ATR. Thus co-treatment with ATR inhibitors might be a promising strategy for enhancement of cisplatin treatment efficiency in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rodrigues Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Davi Jardim Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Sarti Kinker
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cho SG, Xiao X, Wang S, Gao H, Rafikov R, Black S, Huang S, Ding HF, Yoon Y, Kirken RA, Yin XM, Wang HG, Dong Z. Bif-1 Interacts with Prohibitin-2 to Regulate Mitochondrial Inner Membrane during Cell Stress and Apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1174-1191. [PMID: 31126972 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion. During cell stress, mitochondrial dynamics shift to fission, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, membrane leakage, and apoptosis. Mitochondrial fragmentation requires the cleavage of both outer and inner membranes, but the mechanism of inner membrane cleavage is unclear. Bif-1 and prohibitin-2 may regulate mitochondrial dynamics. METHODS We used azide-induced ATP depletion to incite cell stress in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and renal proximal tubular cells, and renal ischemia-reperfusion to induce stress in mice. We also used knockout cells and mice to determine the role of Bif-1, and used multiple techniques to analyze the molecular interaction between Bif-1 and prohibitin-2. RESULTS Upon cell stress, Bif-1 translocated to mitochondria to bind prohibitin-2, resulting in the disruption of prohibitin complex and proteolytic inactivation of the inner membrane fusion protein OPA1. Bif-1-deficiency inhibited prohibitin complex disruption, OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis. Domain deletion analysis indicated that Bif-1 interacted with prohibitin-2 via its C-terminus. Notably, mutation of Bif-1 at its C-terminal tryptophan-344 not only prevented Bif-1/prohibitin-2 interaction but also reduced prohibitin complex disruption, OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, and apoptosis, supporting a pathogenic role of Bif-1/prohibitin-2 interaction. In mice, Bif-1 bound prohibitin-2 during renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, and Bif-1-deficiency protected against OPA1 proteolysis, mitochondrial fragmentation, apoptosis and kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that during cell stress, Bif-1 regulates mitochondrial inner membrane by interacting with prohibitin-2 to disrupt prohibitin complexes and induce OPA1 proteolysis and inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy
| | | | - Hua Gao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy
| | | | | | - Shang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Yisang Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Robert A Kirken
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, .,Medical Research Line, Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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21
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Gupta D, Heinen CD. The mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage response: Mechanisms and implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:60-69. [PMID: 30959407 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important role for the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in maintaining genomic stability is embodied in its conservation through evolution and the link between loss of MMR function and tumorigenesis. The latter is evident as inheritance of mutations within the major MMR genes give rise to the cancer predisposition condition, Lynch syndrome. Nonetheless, how MMR loss contributes to tumorigenesis is not completely understood. In addition to preventing the accumulation of mutations, MMR also directs cellular responses, such as cell cycle checkpoint or apoptosis activation, to different forms of DNA damage. Understanding this MMR-dependent DNA damage response may provide insight into the full tumor suppressing capabilities of the MMR pathway. Here, we delve into the proposed mechanisms for the MMR-dependent response to DNA damaging agents. We discuss how these pre-clinical findings extend to the clinical treatment of cancers, emphasizing MMR status as a crucial variable in selection of chemotherapeutic regimens. Also, we discuss how loss of the MMR-dependent damage response could promote tumorigenesis via the establishment of a survival advantage to endogenous levels of stress in MMR-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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22
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Sun L, Liu J, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Dong Z. Protective effect of the BET protein inhibitor JQ1 in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F469-F478. [PMID: 29767555 PMCID: PMC6172575 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00527.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a potent chemotherapy drug, cisplatin is also notorious for its side-effects including nephrotoxicity in kidneys, presenting a pressing need to identify renoprotective agents. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity involves epigenetic regulations, including changes in histone acetylation. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins are "readers" of the epigenetic code of histone acetylation. Here, we investigated the potential renoprotective effects of JQ1, a small molecule inhibitor of BET proteins. We show that JQ1 significantly ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice as indicated by the measurements of kidney function, histopathology, and renal tubular apoptosis. JQ1 also partially prevented the body weight loss during cisplatin treatment in mice. Consistently, JQ1 inhibited cisplatin-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells. Mechanistically, JQ1 suppressed cisplatin-induced phosphorylation or activation of p53 and Chk2, key events in DNA damage response. JQ1 also attenuated cisplatin-induced MAP kinase (p38, ERK1/2, and JNK) activation. In addition, JQ1 enhanced the expression of antioxidant genes including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1, while diminishing the expression of the nitrosative protein inducible nitric oxide synthase. JQ1 did not suppress cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A549 nonsmall cell lung cancer cells and AGS gastric cancer cells. These results suggest that JQ1 may protect against cisplatin nephrotoxicity by suppressing DNA damage response, p53, MAP kinases, and oxidative/nitrosative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Sun
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Xinzhou Zhang
- Key Renal Laboratory of Shenzhen, Department of Nephrology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
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23
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Fujii N. Potential Strategies to Target Protein-Protein Interactions in the DNA Damage Response and Repair Pathways. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9932-9959. [PMID: 28654754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses some insights about generating novel mechanistic inhibitors of the DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathways by focusing on protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of the key DDR components. General requirements for PPI strategies, such as selecting the target PPI site on the basis of its functionality, are discussed first. Next, on the basis of functional rationale and biochemical feasibility to identify a PPI inhibitor, 26 PPIs in DDR pathways (BER, MMR, NER, NHEJ, HR, TLS, and ICL repair) are specifically discussed for inhibitor discovery to benefit cancer therapies using a DNA-damaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Fujii
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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24
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Chen H, Wang L, Wang W, Cheng C, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Wang C, Miao X, Wang J, Wang C, Li J, Zheng L, Huang K. ELABELA and an ELABELA Fragment Protect against AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2694-2707. [PMID: 28583915 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the most common cause of AKI, which associates with high mortality and has no effective therapy. ELABELA (ELA) is a newly identified 32-residue hormone peptide highly expressed in adult kidney. To investigate whether ELA has protective effects on renal I/R injury, we administered the mature peptide (ELA32) or the 11-residue furin-cleaved fragment (ELA11) to hypoxia-reperfusion (H/R)-injured or adriamycin-treated renal tubular cells in vitro ELA32 and ELA11 significantly inhibited the elevation of the DNA damage response, apoptosis, and inflammation in H/R-injured renal tubular cells and suppressed adriamycin-induced DNA damage response. Similarly, overexpression of ELA32 or ELA11 significantly inhibited H/R-induced cell death, DNA damage response, and inflammation. Notably, treatment of mice with ELA32 or ELA11 but not an ELA11 mutant with a cysteine to alanine substitution at the N terminus (AE11C) inhibited I/R injury-induced renal fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and the DNA damage response and markedly reduced the renal tubular lesions and renal dysfunction. Together, our results suggest that ELA32 and ELA11 may be therapeutic candidates for treating AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | | | | | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Congyi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, and
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Jianshuang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
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25
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Rudolph C, Melau C, Nielsen JE, Vile Jensen K, Liu D, Pena-Diaz J, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Rasmussen LJ, Jørgensen A. Involvement of the DNA mismatch repair system in cisplatin sensitivity of testicular germ cell tumours. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:341-355. [PMID: 28536927 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) are highly sensitive to cisplatin-based chemotherapy, but patients with tumours containing differentiated teratoma components are less responsive to this treatment. The cisplatin sensitivity in TGCT has previously been linked to the embryonic phenotype in the majority of tumours, although the underlying mechanism largely remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system in the cisplatin sensitivity of TGCT. METHODS The expression pattern of key MMR proteins, including MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2, were investigated during testis development and in the pathogenesis of TGCT, including germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). The TGCT-derived cell line NTera2 was differentiated using retinoic acid (10 μM, 6 days) after which MMR protein expression and activity, as well as cisplatin sensitivity, were investigated in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Finally, the expression of MSH2 was knocked down by siRNA in NTera2 cells after which the effect on cisplatin sensitivity was examined. RESULTS MMR proteins were expressed in proliferating cells in the testes, while in malignant germ cells MMR protein expression was found to coincide with the expression of the pluripotency factor OCT4, with no or low expression in the more differentiated yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas and teratomas. In differentiated NTera2 cells we found a significantly (p < 0.05) lower expression of the MMR and pluripotency factors, as well as a reduced MMR activity and cisplatin sensitivity, compared to undifferentiated NTera2 cells. Also, we found that partial knockdown of MSH2 expression in undifferentiated NTera2 cells resulted in a significantly (p < 0.001) reduced cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSION This study reports, for the first time, expression of the MMR system in fetal gonocytes, from which GCNIS cells are derived. Our findings in primary TGCT specimens and TGCT-derived cells suggest that a reduced sensitivity to cisplatin in differentiated TGCT components could result from a reduced expression of MMR proteins, in particular MSH2 and MLH1, which are involved in the recognition of cisplatin adducts and in activation of the DNA damage response pathway to initiate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Rudolph
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Melau
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John E Nielsen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Vile Jensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dekang Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Pena-Diaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction (Rigshospitalet), Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Arora S, Huwe PJ, Sikder R, Shah M, Browne AJ, Lesh R, Nicolas E, Deshpande S, Hall MJ, Dunbrack RL, Golemis EA. Functional analysis of rare variants in mismatch repair proteins augments results from computation-based predictive methods. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:519-533. [PMID: 28494185 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1326439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer-predisposing Lynch Syndrome (LS) arises from germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, predominantly MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. A major challenge for clinical diagnosis of LS is the frequent identification of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in these genes, as it is often difficult to determine variant pathogenicity, particularly for missense variants. Generic programs such as SIFT and PolyPhen-2, and MMR gene-specific programs such as PON-MMR and MAPP-MMR, are often used to predict deleterious or neutral effects of VUS in MMR genes. We evaluated the performance of multiple predictive programs in the context of functional biologic data for 15 VUS in MLH1, MSH2, and PMS2. Using cell line models, we characterized VUS predicted to range from neutral to pathogenic on mRNA and protein expression, basal cellular viability, viability following treatment with a panel of DNA-damaging agents, and functionality in DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, benchmarking to wild-type MMR proteins. Our results suggest that the MMR gene-specific classifiers do not always align with the experimental phenotypes related to DDR. Our study highlights the importance of complementary experimental and computational assessment to develop future predictors for the assessment of VUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevani Arora
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Peter J Huwe
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Rahmat Sikder
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Manali Shah
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Amanda J Browne
- b Immersion Science Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Randy Lesh
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Emmanuelle Nicolas
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Sanat Deshpande
- b Immersion Science Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Michael J Hall
- c Department of Clinical Genetics , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Erica A Golemis
- a Molecular Therapeutics Program , Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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27
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Chang YW, Singh KP. Long-term exposure to estrogen enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy potentially through epigenetic mechanism in human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174227. [PMID: 28323900 PMCID: PMC5360320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the most common clinical option for treatment of breast cancer. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the age of breast cancer patients. Breast tissues are estrogen responsive and the levels of ovarian estrogen vary among the breast cancer patients primarily between pre- and post-menopausal age. Whether this age-dependent variation in estrogen levels influences the chemotherapeutic efficacy in breast cancer patients is not known. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of natural estrogen 17 beta-estradiol (E2) on the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in breast cancer cells. Estrogen responsive MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells were long-term exposed to 100 pg/ml estrogen, and using these cells the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin and cisplatin were determined. The result of cell viability and cell cycle analysis revealed increased sensitivities of doxorubicin and cisplatin in estrogen-exposed MCF-7 and T47D cells as compared to their respective control cells. Gene expression analysis of cell cycle, anti-apoptosis, DNA repair, and drug transporter genes further confirmed the increased efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in estrogen-exposed cells at molecular level. To further understand the role of epigenetic mechanism in enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy by estrogen, cells were pre-treated with epigenetic drugs, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine and Trichostatin A prior to doxorubicin and cisplatin treatments. The 5-aza-2 deoxycytidine pre-treatment significantly decreased the estrogen-induced efficacy of doxorubicin and cisplatin, suggesting the role of estrogen-induced hypermethylation in enhanced sensitivity of these drugs in estrogen-exposed cells. In summary, the results of this study revealed that sensitivity to chemotherapy depends on the levels of estrogen in breast cancer cells. Findings of this study will have clinical implications in selecting the chemotherapy strategies for treatment of breast cancer patients depending on the serum estrogen levels that varies among pre- and post-menopausal age of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kamaleshwar P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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DNA damage response in nephrotoxic and ischemic kidney injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:104-108. [PMID: 27984128 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage activates specific cell signaling cascades for DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and/or cell death. Recent studies have demonstrated DNA damage response (DDR) in experimental models of acute kidney injury (AKI). In cisplatin-induced AKI or nephrotoxicity, the DDR pathway of ATR/Chk2/p53 is activated and contributes to renal tubular cell apoptosis. In ischemic AKI, DDR seems more complex and involves at least the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, and p53; however, while ATM may promote DNA repair, p53 may trigger cell death. Targeting DDR for kidney protection in AKI therefore relies on a thorough elucidation of the DDR pathways in various forms of AKI.
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29
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Abstract
The ATR (ATM and rad3-related) pathway is crucial for proliferation, responding to DNA replication stress and DNA damage. This critical signaling pathway is carefully orchestrated through a multistep process requiring initial priming of ATR prior to damage, recruitment of ATR to DNA damage lesions, activation of ATR signaling, and, finally, modulation of ATR activity through a variety of post-translational modifications. Following activation, ATR functions in several vital cellular processes, including suppression of replication origin firing, promotion of deoxynucleotide synthesis and replication fork restart, prevention of double-stranded DNA break formation, and avoidance of replication catastrophe and mitotic catastrophe. In many cancers, tumor cells have increased dependence on ATR signaling for survival, making ATR a promising target for cancer therapy. Tumor cells compromised in DNA repair pathways or DNA damage checkpoints, cells reliant on homologous recombination, and cells with increased replication stress are particularly sensitive to ATR inhibition. Understanding ATR signaling and modulation is essential to unraveling which tumors have increased dependence on ATR signaling as well as how the ATR pathway can best be exploited for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Yazinski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129;
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; .,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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30
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Abstract
The cells in the human body are continuously challenged by a variety of genotoxic attacks. Erroneous repair of the DNA can lead to mutations and chromosomal aberrations that can alter the functions of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, thus causing cancer development. As a central tumor suppressor, p53 guards the genome by orchestrating a variety of DNA-damage-response (DDR) mechanisms. Already early in metazoan evolution, p53 started controlling the apoptotic demise of genomically compromised cells. p53 plays a prominent role as a facilitator of DNA repair by halting the cell cycle to allow time for the repair machineries to restore genome stability. In addition, p53 took on diverse roles to also directly impact the activity of various DNA-repair systems. It thus appears as if p53 is multitasking in providing protection from cancer development by maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Williams
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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31
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Chatterjee N, Lin Y, Wilson JH. Mismatch repair enhances convergent transcription-induced cell death at trinucleotide repeats by activating ATR. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 42:26-32. [PMID: 27131875 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion beyond a certain threshold results in some 20 incurable neurodegenerative disorders where disease anticipation positively correlates with repeat length. Long TNRs typically display a bias toward further expansion during germinal transmission from parents to offspring, and then are highly unstable in somatic tissues of affected individuals. Understanding mechanisms of TNR instability will provide insights into disease pathogenesis. Previously, we showed that enhanced convergent transcription at long CAG repeat tracks induces TNR instability and cell death via ATR activation. Components of TC-NER (transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair) and RNaseH enzymes that resolve RNA/DNA hybrids oppose cell death, whereas the MSH2 component of MMR (mismatch repair) enhances cell death. The exact role of the MMR pathway during convergent transcription-induced cell death at CAG repeats is not well understood. In this study, we show that siRNA knockdowns of MMR components-MSH2, MSH3, MLHI, PMS2, and PCNA-reduce DNA toxicity. Furthermore, knockdown of MSH2, MLH1, and PMS2 significantly reduces the frequency of ATR foci formation. These observations suggest that MMR proteins activate DNA toxicity by modulating ATR foci formation during convergent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimrat Chatterjee
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yunfu Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - John H Wilson
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Mismatch Repair and Colon Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapies Explored. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:274-289. [PMID: 26970951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. In sporadic CRC, mutations frequently occur in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. In addition, germline MMR mutations have been linked to Lynch syndrome, the most common form of hereditary CRC. Although genetic mutations, diet, inflammation, and the gut microbiota can influence CRC, it is unclear how MMR deficiency relates to these factors to modulate disease. In this review, the association of MMR to the etiology of CRC is examined, particularly in the context of microRNAs (miRNAs), inflammation, and the microbiome. We also discuss the most current targeted therapies, methods of prevention, and molecular biomarkers against MMR-deficient CRC, all of which are encouraging advancements in the field.
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33
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Agarwal A, Dong Z, Harris R, Murray P, Parikh SM, Rosner MH, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:1288-99. [PMID: 26860342 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review the current evidence for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AKI, focusing on epithelial cell pathobiology and related cell-cell interactions, using ischemic AKI as a model. Highlighted are the clinical relevance of cellular and molecular targets that have been investigated in experimental models of ischemic AKI and how such models might be improved to optimize translation into successful clinical trials. In particular, development of more context-specific animal models with greater relevance to human AKI is urgently needed. Comorbidities that could alter patient susceptibility to AKI, such as underlying diabetes, aging, obesity, cancer, and CKD, should also be considered in developing these models. Finally, harmonization between academia and industry for more clinically relevant preclinical testing of potential therapeutic targets and better translational clinical trial design is also needed to achieve the goal of developing effective interventions for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Agarwal
- Division of Nephrology, and Nephrology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Raymond Harris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Murray
- Department of Medicine, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samir M Parikh
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mitchell H Rosner
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, and the Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Clinical Research, Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, San Bortolo Hospital, and the International Renal Research Institute, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
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34
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Grin I, Ishchenko AA. An interplay of the base excision repair and mismatch repair pathways in active DNA demethylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3713-27. [PMID: 26843430 PMCID: PMC4856981 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Active DNA demethylation (ADDM) in mammals occurs via hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by TET and/or deamination by AID/APOBEC family enzymes. The resulting 5mC derivatives are removed through the base excision repair (BER) pathway. At present, it is unclear how the cell manages to eliminate closely spaced 5mC residues whilst avoiding generation of toxic BER intermediates and whether alternative DNA repair pathways participate in ADDM. It has been shown that non-canonical DNA mismatch repair (ncMMR) can remove both alkylated and oxidized nucleotides from DNA. Here, a phagemid DNA containing oxidative base lesions and methylated sites are used to examine the involvement of various DNA repair pathways in ADDM in murine and human cell-free extracts. We demonstrate that, in addition to short-patch BER, 5-hydroxymethyluracil and uracil mispaired with guanine can be processed by ncMMR and long-patch BER with concomitant removal of distant 5mC residues. Furthermore, the presence of multiple mispairs in the same MMR nick/mismatch recognition region together with BER-mediated nick formation promotes proficient ncMMR resulting in the reactivation of an epigenetically silenced reporter gene in murine cells. These findings suggest cooperation between BER and ncMMR in the removal of multiple mismatches that might occur in mammalian cells during ADDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Grin
- Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Li Z, Pearlman AH, Hsieh P. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:94-101. [PMID: 26704428 PMCID: PMC4740233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in the DNA damage response (DDR) that triggers cell cycle arrest and, in some cases, apoptosis. Although the focus is on findings from mammalian cells, much has been learned from studies in other organisms including bacteria and yeast [1,2]. MMR promotes a DDR mediated by a key signaling kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), in response to various types of DNA damage including some encountered in widely used chemotherapy regimes. An introduction to the DDR mediated by ATR reveals its immense complexity and highlights the many biological and mechanistic questions that remain. Recent findings and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdao Li
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Alexander H Pearlman
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Peggy Hsieh
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA.
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Peña-Diaz J, Rasmussen LJ. Approaches to diagnose DNA mismatch repair gene defects in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 38:147-154. [PMID: 26708048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA repair pathway mismatch repair (MMR) is responsible for the recognition and correction of DNA biosynthetic errors caused by inaccurate nucleotide incorporation during replication. Faulty MMR leads to failure to address the mispairs or insertion deletion loops (IDLs) left behind by the replicative polymerases and results in increased mutation load at the genome. The realization that defective MMR leads to a hypermutation phenotype and increased risk of tumorigenesis highlights the relevance of this pathway for human disease. The association of MMR defects with increased risk of cancer development was first observed in colorectal cancer patients that carried inactivating germline mutations in MMR genes and the disease was named as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Currently, a growing list of cancers is found to be MMR defective and HNPCC has been renamed Lynch syndrome (LS) partly to include the associated risk of developing extra-colonic cancers. In addition, a number of non-hereditary, mostly epigenetic, alterations of MMR genes have been described in sporadic tumors. Besides conferring a strong cancer predisposition, genetic or epigenetic inactivation of MMR genes also renders cells resistant to some chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, diagnosis of MMR deficiency has important implications for the management of the patients, the surveillance of their relatives in the case of LS and for the choice of treatment. Some of the alterations found in MMR genes have already been well defined and their pathogenicity assessed. Despite this substantial wealth of knowledge, the effects of a large number of alterations remain uncharacterized (variants of uncertain significance, VUSs). The advent of personalized genomics is likely to increase the list of VUSs found in MMR genes and anticipates the need of diagnostic tools for rapid assessment of their pathogenicity. This review describes current tools and future strategies for addressing the relevance of MMR gene alterations in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña-Diaz
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Xiao G, Kue P, Bhosle R, Bargonetti J. Decarbamoyl mitomycin C (DMC) activates p53-independent ataxia telangiectasia and rad3 related protein (ATR) chromatin eviction. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:744-54. [PMID: 25565400 PMCID: PMC4418290 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2014.997517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstrand crosslinks induce DNA replication fork stalling that in turn activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint and DNA repair on nuclear chromatin. Mitomycin C (MC) and Decarbamoyl Mitomycin C (DMC) induce different types of DNA crosslinks with DMC being a more cytotoxic agent. We previously reported that the novel DMC induced β–interstrand DNA crosslinks induce a p53-independent form of cell death. The p53-independent DMC cytotoxicity associates with the activation, and subsequent depletion, of Chk1. In this study we further dissect the novel DMC signal transduction pathway and asked how it influences chromatin-associated proteins. We found that treatment with DMC, but not MC, stimulated the disassociation of ATR from chromatin and re-localization of ATR to the cytoplasm. The chromatin eviction of ATR was coupled with the formation of nuclear Rad51 foci and the phosphorylation of Chk1. Furthermore, DMC but not MC, activated expression of gadd45α mRNA. Importantly, knocking down p53 via shRNA did not inhibit the DMC-induced disassociation of ATR from chromatin or reduce the activation of transcription of gadd45α. Our results suggest that DMC induces a p53-independent disassociation of ATR from chromatin that facilitates Chk1 checkpoint activation and Rad51 chromatin recruitment. Our findings provide evidence that ATR chromatin eviction in breast cancer cells is an area of study that should be focused on for inducing p53-independent cell death.
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Key Words
- ATR
- ATR, Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 Related
- Cdc25, cell division cycle 25.
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- Chk1, checkpoint serine/threonine protein kinase 1
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DMC, Decarbamoyl Mitomycin C
- DOX, doxycycline
- HR, homologous recombination
- ICLs, interstrand cross-links
- MC, Mitomycin C
- NER, nuclear excision repair
- PCNA, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
- RPA, replication protein A
- TNBCs, triple negative breast cancers
- breast cancer
- cell death
- chromatin
- interstrand crosslink
- mitomycin C
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Xiao
- a Department of Biological Sciences; Hunter College and The Graduate Center Biology Program ; City University of New York ; New York , NY USA
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Zhu S, Pabla N, Tang C, He L, Dong Z. DNA damage response in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2197-205. [PMID: 26564230 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin and its derivatives are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. However, they have debilitating side effects in normal tissues and induce ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In kidneys, cisplatin preferentially accumulates in renal tubular cells causing tubular cell injury and death, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent studies have suggested that DNA damage and the associated DNA damage response (DDR) are an important pathogenic mechanism of AKI following cisplatin treatment. Activation of DDR may lead to cell cycle arrest and DNA repair for cell survival or, in the presence of severe injury, kidney cell death. Modulation of DDR may provide novel renoprotective strategies for cancer patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Navjotsingh Pabla
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Chengyuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Ponnusamy L, Mahalingaiah PKS, Singh KP. Chronic Oxidative Stress Increases Resistance to Doxorubicin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Renal Carcinoma Cells Potentially Through Epigenetic Mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:27-41. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Moriwaki T, Kato Y, Nakamura C, Ishikawa S, Zhang-Akiyama QM. A novel DNA damage response mediated by DNA mismatch repair in Caenorhabditis elegans: induction of programmed autophagic cell death in non-dividing cells. Genes Cancer 2015; 6:341-55. [PMID: 26413217 PMCID: PMC4575921 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) contributes to genome integrity by correcting errors of DNA polymerase and inducing cell death in response to DNA damage. Dysfunction of MMR results in increased mutation frequency and cancer risk. Clinical researches revealed that MMR abnormalities induce cancers of non-dividing tissues, such as kidney and liver. However, how MMR suppresses cancer in non-dividing tissues is not understood. To address that mechanism, we analyzed the roles of MMR in non-dividing cells using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), in which all somatic cells are non-dividing in the adult stage. In this study, we used stable MMR-mutant lines with a balancer chromosome. First, we confirmed that deficiency of MMR leads to resistance to various mutagens in C. elegans dividing cells. Next, we performed drug resistance assays, and found that MMR-deficient adult worms were resistant to SN1-type alkylating and oxidizing agents. In addition, dead cell staining and reporter assays of an autophagy-related gene demonstrated that the cell death was autophagic cell death. Interestingly, this autophagic cell death was not suppressed by caffeine, implying that MMR induces death of non-dividing cells in an atl-1-independent manner. Hence, we propose the hypothesis that MMR prevents cancers in non-dividing tissues by directly inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriwaki
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nakamura
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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The Mismatch-Binding Factor MutSβ Can Mediate ATR Activation in Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Mol Cell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Tsaalbi-Shtylik A, Ferrás C, Pauw B, Hendriks G, Temviriyanukul P, Carlée L, Calléja F, van Hees S, Akagi JI, Iwai S, Hanaoka F, Jansen JG, de Wind N. Excision of translesion synthesis errors orchestrates responses to helix-distorting DNA lesions. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:33-46. [PMID: 25869665 PMCID: PMC4395481 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201408017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to correcting mispaired nucleotides, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins have been implicated in mutagenic, cell cycle, and apoptotic responses to agents that induce structurally aberrant nucleotide lesions. Here, we investigated the mechanistic basis for these responses by exposing cell lines with single or combined genetic defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER), postreplicative translesion synthesis (TLS), and MMR to low-dose ultraviolet light during S phase. Our data reveal that the MMR heterodimer Msh2/Msh6 mediates the excision of incorrect nucleotides that are incorporated by TLS opposite helix-distorting, noninstructive DNA photolesions. The resulting single-stranded DNA patches induce canonical Rpa-Atr-Chk1-mediated checkpoints and, in the next cell cycle, collapse to double-stranded DNA breaks that trigger apoptosis. In conclusion, a novel MMR-related DNA excision repair pathway controls TLS a posteriori, while initiating cellular responses to environmentally relevant densities of genotoxic lesions. These results may provide a rationale for the colorectal cancer tropism in Lynch syndrome, which is caused by inherited MMR gene defects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Ferrás
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bea Pauw
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Giel Hendriks
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Leone Carlée
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Calléja
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine van Hees
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-0031, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo 171-0031, Japan
| | - Jacob G Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niels de Wind
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Olivera Harris M, Kallenberger L, Artola Borán M, Enoiu M, Costanzo V, Jiricny J. Mismatch repair-dependent metabolism of O6-methylguanine-containing DNA in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 28:1-7. [PMID: 25697728 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of SN1-type alkylating agents such as N-methyl-N'-nitrosourea (MNU), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or the cancer chemotherapeutics temozolomide, dacarbazine and streptozotocin has been ascribed to the persistence of O(6)-methylguanine ((me)G) in genomic DNA. One hypothesis posits that (me)G toxicity is caused by futile attempts of the mismatch repair (MMR) system to process (me)G/C or (me)G/T mispairs arising during replication, while an alternative proposal suggests that the latter lesions activate DNA damage signaling, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis directly. Attempts to elucidate the molecular mechanism of (me)G-induced cell killing in vivo have been hampered by the fact that the above reagents induce several types of modifications in genomic DNA, which are processed by different repair pathways. In contrast, defined substrates studied in vitro did not undergo replication. We set out to re-examine this phenomenon in replication-competent Xenopus laevis egg extracts, using either phagemid substrates containing a single (me)G residue, or methylated sperm chromatin. Our findings provide further support for the futile cycling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olivera Harris
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lia Kallenberger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milica Enoiu
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM-European Institute of Oncology Campus, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Josef Jiricny
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yan J, Tang D. Prostate cancer stem-like cells proliferate slowly and resist etoposide-induced cytotoxicity via enhancing DNA damage response. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:132-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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45
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The dual-acting chemotherapeutic agent Alchemix induces cell death independently of ATM and p53. Oncogene 2014; 34:3336-48. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Ma Z, Wei Q, Dong G, Huo Y, Dong Z. DNA damage response in renal ischemia-reperfusion and ATP-depletion injury of renal tubular cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1088-96. [PMID: 24726884 PMCID: PMC4038345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion leads to acute kidney injury (AKI) that is characterized pathologically by tubular damage and cell death, followed by tubular repair, atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Recent work suggested the possible presence of DNA damage response (DDR) in AKI. However, the evidence is sketchy and the role and regulation of DDR in ischemic AKI remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated the induction of phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX, Chk2 and p53 during renal ischemia-reperfusion in mice, suggesting DDR in kidney tissues. DDR was also induced in vitro during the recovery or "reperfusion" of renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) after ATP depletion. DDR in RPTCs was abrogated by supplying glucose to maintain ATP via glycolysis, indicating that the DDR depends on ATP depletion. The DDR was also suppressed by the general caspase inhibitor z-VAD and the overexpression of Bcl-2, supporting a role of apoptosis-associated DNA damage in the DDR. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, suppressed the phosphorylation of ATM and p53 and, to a less extent, Chk2, but NAC increased the phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation of H2AX. Interestingly, NAC increased apoptosis, which may account for the observed H2AX activation. Ku55933, an ATM inhibitor, blocked ATM phosphorylation and ameliorated the phosphorylation of Chk2 and p53, but it increased H2AX phosphorylation and nuclear foci formation. Ku55933 also increased apoptosis in RPTCs following ATP depletion. The results suggest that DDR occurs during renal ischemia-reperfusion in vivo and ATP-depletion injury in vitro. The DDR is partially induced by apoptosis and oxidative stress-related DNA damage. ATM, as a sensor in the DDR, may play a cytoprotective role against tubular cell injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guie Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Reagents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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47
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Yan S, Sorrell M, Berman Z. Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3951-67. [PMID: 24947324 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, cells have evolved various DNA repair pathways to deal with oxidative DNA damage. DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, including ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 checkpoints, are also activated in oxidative stress to coordinate DNA repair, cell cycle progression, transcription, apoptosis, and senescence. Several studies demonstrate that DDR pathways can regulate DNA repair pathways. On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that DNA repair pathways may modulate DDR pathway activation as well. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of how various DNA repair and DDR pathways are activated in response to oxidative DNA damage primarily from studies in eukaryotes. In particular, we analyze the functional interplay between DNA repair and DDR pathways in oxidative stress. A better understanding of cellular response to oxidative stress may provide novel avenues of treating human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA,
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48
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Yang Y, Liu H, Liu F, Dong Z. Mitochondrial dysregulation and protection in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1249-56. [PMID: 24859930 PMCID: PMC4274771 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect of cisplatin in chemotherapy. Pathologically, cisplatin nephrotoxicity is characterized by cell injury and death in renal tubules. The research in the past decade has gained significant understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tubular cell death, revealing a central role of mitochondrial dysregulation. The pathological changes in mitochondria in cisplatin nephrotoxicity are mainly triggered by DNA damage response, pro-apoptotic protein attack, disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, and oxidative stress. As such, inhibitory strategies targeting these cytotoxic events may provide renal protection. Nonetheless, ideal approaches for renoprotection should not only protect kidneys but also enhance the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical college of Georgia at Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
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49
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Chen J, Miller BF, Furano AV. Repair of naturally occurring mismatches can induce mutations in flanking DNA. eLife 2014; 3:e02001. [PMID: 24843013 PMCID: PMC3999860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
'Normal' genomic DNA contains hundreds of mismatches that are generated daily by the spontaneous deamination of C (U/G) and methyl-C (T/G). Thus, a mutagenic effect of their repair could constitute a serious genetic burden. We show here that while mismatches introduced into human cells on an SV40-based episome were invariably repaired, this process induced mutations in flanking DNA at a significantly higher rate than no mismatch controls. Most mutations involved the C of TpC, the substrate of some single strand-specific APOBEC cytidine deaminases, similar to the mutations that can typify the 'mutator phenotype' of numerous tumors. siRNA knockdowns and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that TpC preferring APOBECs mediate the mutagenesis, and siRNA knockdowns showed that both the base excision and mismatch repair pathways are involved. That naturally occurring mispairs can be converted to mutators, represents an heretofore unsuspected source of genetic changes that could underlie disease, aging, and evolutionary change.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02001.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Section on Genomic Structure and Function, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Brendan F Miller
- Section on Genomic Structure and Function, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Anthony V Furano
- Section on Genomic Structure and Function, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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Gupte M, Tuck AN, Sharma VP, Williams KJ. Major differences between tumor and normal human cell fates after exposure to chemotherapeutic monofunctional alkylator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74071. [PMID: 24019948 PMCID: PMC3760805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major dilemma of cancer chemotherapy has always been a double-edged sword, producing resistance in tumor cells and life-threatening destruction of nontumorigenic tissue. Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor, with median survival at 14 months after surgery, radiation and temozolomide (monofunctional alkylator) therapy. Treatment failure is most often due to temozolomide-resistant tumor growth. The underlying basis for development of tumor cell resistance to temozolomide instead of death is not understood. Our current results demonstrate that both cervical carcinoma (HeLa MR) and glioblastoma (U251) tumor cells exposed to an equivalent chemotherapeutic concentration of a monofunctional alkylator undergo multiple cell cycles, maintenance of metabolic activity, and a prolonged time to death that involves accumulation of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) within the nucleus. A minority of the tumor cell population undergoes senescence, with minimal caspase cleavage. Surviving tumor cells are comprised of a very small subpopulation of individual cells that eventually resume proliferation, out of which resistant cells emerge. In contrast, normal human cells (MCF12A) exposed to a monofunctional alkylator undergo an immediate decrease in metabolic activity and subsequent senescence. A minority of the normal cell population undergoes cell death by the caspase cleavage pathway. All cytotoxic events occur within the first cell cycle in nontumorigenic cells. In summation, we have demonstrated that two different highly malignant tumor cell lines slowly undergo very altered cellular and temporal responses to chemotherapeutic monofunctional alkylation, as compared to rapid responses of normal cells. In the clinic, this produces resistance and growth of tumor cells, cytotoxicity of normal cells, and death of the patient.
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