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Chen X, Yang Y, Sun S, Liu Q, Yang Y, Jiang L. CX3C chemokine: Hallmarks of fibrosis and ageing. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107348. [PMID: 39134186 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis refers to the progressive tissue lesion process characterized by excessive secretion and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormal fibrous tissue deposition distorts tissue architecture and leads to the progressive loss of organ function. Notably, fibrosis is one of the primary pathological appearances of many end stage illnesses, and is considered as a lethal threat to human health, especially in the elderly with ageing-related diseases. CX3C ligand 1 (CX3CL1) is the only member of chemokine CX3C and binds specifically to CX3C receptor 1 (CX3CR1). Different from other chemokines, CX3CL1 possesses both chemotactic and adhesive activity. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis involves in various physiological and pathological processes, and exerts a critical role in cells from the immune system, vascular system, and nervous system etc. Notably, increasing evidence has demonstrated that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling pathway is closely related to the pathological process of fibrosis in multiple tissue and organs. We reviewed the crucial role of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in fibrosis and ageing and systematically summarized the underlying mechanism, which offers prospective strategies of targeting CX3C for the therapy of fibrosis and ageing-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanning Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 227 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yiling Yang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China.
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2
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Bediwy EA, Elbeltagi R. Decoding the genetic landscape of autism: A comprehensive review. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13:98468. [PMID: 39350903 PMCID: PMC11438927 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i3.98468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms and genetic underpinnings. Recent advancements in genetic and epigenetic research have provided insights into the intricate mechanisms contributing to ASD, influencing both diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. AIM To explore the genetic architecture of ASD, elucidate mechanistic insights into genetic mutations, and examine gene-environment interactions. METHODS A comprehensive systematic review was conducted, integrating findings from studies on genetic variations, epigenetic mechanisms (such as DNA methylation and histone modifications), and emerging technologies [including Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 and single-cell RNA sequencing]. Relevant articles were identified through systematic searches of databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS Genetic studies have identified numerous risk genes and mutations associated with ASD, yet many cases remain unexplained by known factors, suggesting undiscovered genetic components. Mechanistic insights into how these genetic mutations impact neural development and brain connectivity are still evolving. Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, also play significant roles in ASD pathogenesis. Emerging technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 and advanced bioinformatics are advancing our understanding by enabling precise genetic editing and analysis of complex genomic data. CONCLUSION Continued research into the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of ASD is crucial for developing personalized and effective treatments. Collaborative efforts integrating multidisciplinary expertise and international collaborations are essential to address the complexity of ASD and translate genetic discoveries into clinical practice. Addressing unresolved questions and ethical considerations surrounding genetic research will pave the way for improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapies, ultimately enhancing outcomes for individuals affected by ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Alghrabia, Tanta 31511, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Muharraq, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Alghrabia, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Eman A Bediwy
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Algharbia, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Muharraq, Busiateen 15503, Bahrain
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Bivona G, Sammataro S, Ghersi G. Nucleic Acids-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis and Novel Molecules to Treat the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7893. [PMID: 39063135 PMCID: PMC11277093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia and affects million people worldwide, with a high social burden and considerable economic costs. AD diagnosis benefits from a well-established panel of laboratory tests that allow ruling-in patients, along with FDG and amyloid PET imaging tools. The main laboratory tests used to identify AD patients are Aβ40, Aβ42, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, phosphorylated Tau 181 (pTau181) and total Tau (tTau). Although they are measured preferentially in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), some evidence about the possibility for blood-based determination to enter clinical practice is growing up. Unfortunately, CSF biomarkers for AD and, even more, the blood-based ones, present a few flaws, and twenty years of research in this field did not overcome these pitfalls. The tale even worsens when the issue of treating AD is addressed due to the lack of effective strategies despite the many decades of attempts by pharmaceutic industries and scientists. Amyloid-based drugs failed to stop the disease, and no neuroinflammation-based drugs have been demonstrated to work so far. Hence, only symptomatic therapy is available, with no disease-modifying treatment on hand. Such a desolate situation fully justifies the active search for novel biomarkers to be used as reliable tests for AD diagnosis and molecular targets for treating patients. Recently, a novel group of molecules has been identified to be used for AD diagnosis and follow-up, the nuclei acid-based biomarkers. Nucleic acid-based biomarkers are a composite group of extracellular molecules consisting of DNA and RNA alone or in combination with other molecules, including proteins. This review article reports the main findings from the studies carried out on these biomarkers during AD, and highlights their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Selene Sammataro
- Department of Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Sun Z, Zhang X, So KF, Jiang W, Chiu K. Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:833. [PMID: 39062547 PMCID: PMC11274940 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, as resident macrophages in the central nervous system, play a multifunctional role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their clustering around amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits is a core pathological feature of AD. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) have revealed dynamic changes in microglial phenotypes over time and across different brain regions during aging and AD progression. As AD advances, microglia primarily exhibit impaired phagocytosis of Aβ and tau, along with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that damage synapses and neurons. Targeting microglia has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for AD. Treatment strategies involving microglia can be broadly categorized into two aspects: (1) enhancing microglial function: This involves augmenting their phagocytic ability against Aβ and cellular debris and (2) mitigating neuroinflammation: Strategies include inhibiting TNF-α signaling to reduce the neuroinflammatory response triggered by microglia. Clinical trials exploring microglia-related approaches for AD treatment have garnered attention. Additionally, natural products show promise in enhancing beneficial effects and suppressing inflammatory responses. Clarifying microglial dynamics, understanding their roles, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches will advance our fight against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Kai Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Amelimojarad M, Amelimojarad M, Cui X. The emerging role of brain neuroinflammatory responses in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1391517. [PMID: 39021707 PMCID: PMC11253199 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1391517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
As the most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurodegeneration and synaptic loss with an increasing prevalence in the elderly. Increased inflammatory responses triggers brain cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and accelerates the Aβ accumulation, tau protein hyper-phosphorylation leading to neurodegeneration. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the current understanding of how inflammation affects brain activity to induce AD pathology, the inflammatory biomarkers and possible therapies that combat inflammation for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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6
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AmeliMojarad M, AmeliMojarad M. The neuroinflammatory role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and their associated therapeutic targets. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14856. [PMID: 39031970 PMCID: PMC11259573 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main cause of dementia, is characterized by synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain are considered to be the initiating factors of AD. However, this hypothesis falls short of explaining many aspects of AD pathogenesis. Recently, there has been mounting evidence that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AD and causes neurodegeneration by over-activating microglia and releasing inflammatory mediators. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were used for searching and summarizing all the recent publications related to inflammation and its association with Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Our review shows how inflammatory dysregulation influences AD pathology as well as the roles of microglia in neuroinflammation, the possible microglia-associated therapeutic targets, top neuroinflammatory biomarkers, and anti-inflammatory drugs that combat inflammation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, microglial inflammatory reactions are important factors in AD pathogenesis and need to be discussed in more detail for promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika AmeliMojarad
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranIran
| | - Mandana AmeliMojarad
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Industrial and Environmental BiotechnologyNational Institute of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyTehranIran
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7
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Vinnakota JM, Adams RC, Athanassopoulos D, Schmidt D, Biavasco F, Zähringer A, Erny D, Schwabenland M, Langenbach M, Wenger V, Salié H, Cook J, Mossad O, Andrieux G, Dersch R, Rauer S, Duquesne S, Monaco G, Wolf P, Blank T, Häne P, Greter M, Becher B, Henneke P, Pfeifer D, Blazar BR, Duyster J, Boerries M, Köhler N, Chhatbar CM, Bengsch B, Prinz M, Zeiser R. Anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy induces central nervous system immune-related adverse events by microglia activation. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj9672. [PMID: 38865481 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj9672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cancer treatment with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy can cause central nervous system immune-related adverse events (CNS-irAEs). The role of microglia in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy-induced CNS-irAEs is unclear. We found that anti-PD-1 treatment of mice caused morphological signs of activation and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II up-regulation on microglia. Functionally, anti-PD-1 treatment induced neurocognitive deficits in mice, independent of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Instead, we found that microglia mediated these CNS-irAEs. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed major transcriptional changes in microglia upon anti-PD-1 treatment. The anti-PD-1 effects were mediated by anti-PD-1 antibodies interacting directly with microglia and were not secondary to peripheral T cell activation. Using a proteomics approach, we identified spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) as a potential target in activated microglia upon anti-PD-1 treatment. Syk inhibition reduced microglia activation and improved neurocognitive function without impairing anti-melanoma effects. Moreover, we analyzed CNS tissue from a patient cohort that had received anti-PD-1 treatment. Imaging mass cytometry revealed that anti-PD-1 treatment of patients was associated with increased surface marker expression indicative of microglia activation. In summary, we identified a disease-promoting role for microglia in CNS-irAEs driven by Syk and provide an inhibitor-based approach to interfere with this complication after anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaki Manoja Vinnakota
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rachael C Adams
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, 4006 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 4072 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dimitrios Athanassopoulos
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmidt
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Zähringer
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Schwabenland
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Langenbach
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Wenger
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrike Salié
- Department of Medicine II-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - James Cook
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Omar Mossad
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauer
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Duquesne
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Monaco
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Single-Cell Omics Platform Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Phillipp Wolf
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Häne
- Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Center for Pediatrics, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Köhler
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chintan M Chhatbar
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Neuro Modulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, a partnership between DKFZ and Medical Center - University of Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Szukiewicz D. CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)-CX3CR1 Axis in Inflammation-Induced Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4679. [PMID: 38731899 PMCID: PMC11083509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemotactic cytokine fractalkine (FKN, chemokine CX3CL1) has unique properties resulting from the combination of chemoattractants and adhesion molecules. The soluble form (sFKN) has chemotactic properties and strongly attracts T cells and monocytes. The membrane-bound form (mFKN) facilitates diapedesis and is responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion, especially by promoting the strong adhesion of leukocytes (monocytes) to activated endothelial cells with the subsequent formation of an extracellular matrix and angiogenesis. FKN signaling occurs via CX3CR1, which is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily. Signaling within the FKN-CX3CR1 axis plays an important role in many processes related to inflammation and the immune response, which often occur simultaneously and overlap. FKN is strongly upregulated by hypoxia and/or inflammation-induced inflammatory cytokine release, and it may act locally as a key angiogenic factor in the highly hypoxic tumor microenvironment. The importance of the FKN/CX3CR1 signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis results from its influence on cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. This review presents the role of the FKN signaling pathway in the context of angiogenesis in inflammation and cancer. The mechanisms determining the pro- or anti-tumor effects are presented, which are the cause of the seemingly contradictory results that create confusion regarding the therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Bettinetti-Luque M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Fuentes E, Andreo-Lopez J, Sanchez-Varo R, Garrido-Sánchez L, Gómez-Mediavilla Á, López MG, Garcia-Caballero M, Gutierrez A, Baglietto-Vargas D. Adipose tissue as a therapeutic target for vascular damage in Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:840-878. [PMID: 37706346 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in many metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the adipose tissue and the brain. However, the contribution of adipose tissue to the development of age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the adipose tissue modulates brain function through a range of endogenous biologically active factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the target areas in the brain or to regulate the function of the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we discuss the effects of several adipokines on the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, their contribution to the development of Alzheimer's disease and their therapeutic potential. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bettinetti-Luque
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Andreo-Lopez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ángela Gómez-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto Teófilo Hernando para la I+D de Fármacos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IIS-IP), Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia-Caballero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma BIONAND, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Velikic G, Maric DM, Maric DL, Supic G, Puletic M, Dulic O, Vojvodic D. Harnessing the Stem Cell Niche in Regenerative Medicine: Innovative Avenue to Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:993. [PMID: 38256066 PMCID: PMC10816024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine harnesses the body's innate capacity for self-repair to restore malfunctioning tissues and organs. Stem cell therapies represent a key regenerative strategy, but to effectively harness their potential necessitates a nuanced understanding of the stem cell niche. This specialized microenvironment regulates critical stem cell behaviors including quiescence, activation, differentiation, and homing. Emerging research reveals that dysfunction within endogenous neural stem cell niches contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies and impedes regeneration. Strategies such as modifying signaling pathways, or epigenetic interventions to restore niche homeostasis and signaling, hold promise for revitalizing neurogenesis and neural repair in diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Comparative studies of highly regenerative species provide evolutionary clues into niche-mediated renewal mechanisms. Leveraging endogenous bioelectric cues and crosstalk between gut, brain, and vascular niches further illuminates promising therapeutic opportunities. Emerging techniques like single-cell transcriptomics, organoids, microfluidics, artificial intelligence, in silico modeling, and transdifferentiation will continue to unravel niche complexity. By providing a comprehensive synthesis integrating diverse views on niche components, developmental transitions, and dynamics, this review unveils new layers of complexity integral to niche behavior and function, which unveil novel prospects to modulate niche function and provide revolutionary treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Velikic
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Dusan M. Maric
- Department for Research and Development, Clinic Orto MD-Parks Dr. Dragi Hospital, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Dusica L. Maric
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Supic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljan Puletic
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia;
| | - Oliver Dulic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (G.S.); (D.V.)
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Shen Z, Yang X, Lan Y, Chen G. The Neuro-Inflammatory Microenvironment: An Important Regulator of Stem Cell Survival in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:741-754. [PMID: 38489182 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive impairment due to excessive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Although decades of research efforts have been put into developing disease-modifying therapies for AD, no "curative" drug has been identified. As a central player in neuro-inflammation, microglia play a key role inbrain homeostasis by phagocytosing debris and regulating the balance between neurotoxic and neuroprotective events. Typically, the neurotoxic phenotype of activated microglia is predominant in the impaired microenvironment of AD. Accordingly, transitioning the activity state of microglia from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory can restore the disrupted homeostatic microenvironment. Recently, stem cell therapy holds great promise as a treatment for AD; however, the diminished survival of transplanted stem cells has resulted in a disappointing long-term outcome for this treatment. This article reviews the functional changes of microglia through the course of AD-associated homeostatic deterioration. We summarize the possible microglia-associated therapeutic targets including TREM2, IL-3Rα, CD22, C5aR1, CX3CR1, P2X7R, CD33, Nrf2, PPAR-γ, CSF1R, and NLRP3, each of which has been discussed in detail. The goal of this review is to put forth the notion that microglia could be targeted by either small molecules or biologics to make the brain microenvironment more amenable to stem cell implantation and propose a novel treatment strategy for future stem cell interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Clinical Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulong Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Key laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín J. Aging Microglia and Their Impact in the Nervous System. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:379-395. [PMID: 39207703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), playing key roles in its normal functioning, and as mediators for age-dependent changes of the CNS, condition at which they generate a hostile environment for neurons. Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) is a regulatory cytokine involved in immuneregulation and neuroprotection, affecting glial cell inflammatory activation, neuronal survival, and function. TGFβ1 signaling undergoes age-dependent changes affecting the regulation of microglial cells and can contribute to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter focuses on assessing the role of age-related changes on the regulation of microglial cells and their impact on neuroinflammation and neuronal function, for understanding age-dependent changes of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Faculty of Odontology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Mikosz A, Ni K, Gally F, Pratte KA, Winfree S, Lin Q, Echelman I, Wetmore B, Cao D, Justice MJ, Sandhaus RA, Maier L, Strange C, Bowler RP, Petrache I, Serban KA. Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits fractalkine-mediated monocyte-lung endothelial cell interactions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L711-L725. [PMID: 37814796 PMCID: PMC11068395 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00023.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by nonresolving inflammation fueled by breach in the endothelial barrier and leukocyte recruitment into the airspaces. Among the ligand-receptor axes that control leukocyte recruitment, the full-length fractalkine ligand (CX3CL1)-receptor (CX3CR1) ensures homeostatic endothelial-leukocyte interactions. Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure and respiratory pathogens increase expression of endothelial sheddases, such as a-disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase-domain 17 (ADAM17, TACE), inhibited by the anti-protease α-1 antitrypsin (AAT). In the systemic endothelium, TACE cleaves CX3CL1 to release soluble CX3CL1 (sCX3CL1). During CS exposure, it is not known whether AAT inhibits sCX3CL1 shedding and CX3CR1+ leukocyte transendothelial migration across lung microvasculature. We investigated the mechanism of sCX3CL1 shedding, its role in endothelial-monocyte interactions, and AAT effect on these interactions during acute inflammation. We used two, CS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models of acute inflammation in transgenic Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice and primary human endothelial cells and monocytes to study sCX3CL1-mediated CX3CR1+ monocyte adhesion and migration. We measured sCX3CL1 levels in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) of individuals with COPD. Both sCX3CL1 shedding and CX3CR1+ monocytes transendothelial migration were triggered by LPS and CS exposure in mice, and were significantly attenuated by AAT. The inhibition of monocyte-endothelial adhesion and migration by AAT was TACE-dependent. Compared with healthy controls, sCX3CL1 levels were increased in plasma and BALF of individuals with COPD, and were associated with clinical parameters of emphysema. Our results indicate that inhibition of sCX3CL1 as well as AAT augmentation may be effective approaches to decrease excessive monocyte lung recruitment during acute and chronic inflammatory states.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our novel findings that AAT and other inhibitors of TACE, the sheddase that controls full-length fractalkine (CX3CL1) endothelial expression, may provide fine-tuning of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis specifically involved in endothelial-monocyte cross talk and leukocyte recruitment to the alveolar space, suggests that AAT and inhibitors of sCX3CL1 signaling may be harnessed to reduce lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mikosz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Kevin Ni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Fabienne Gally
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Katherine A Pratte
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Seth Winfree
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Medicine, Fuzhou First Hospital Affiliated with Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Isabelle Echelman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Brianna Wetmore
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Danting Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Matthew J Justice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Robert A Sandhaus
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Lisa Maier
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Charlie Strange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Russell P Bowler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Karina A Serban
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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14
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Lv J, Shen X, Shen X, Zhao S, Xu R, Yan Q, Lu J, Zhu D, Zhao Y, Dong J, Wang J, Shen X. NPLC0393 from Gynostemma pentaphyllum ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in mice by targeting protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A phosphatase. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4771-4790. [PMID: 37434441 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with clinical hallmarks of progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Gynostemma pentaphyllum ameliorates cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we determine the effect of triterpene saponin NPLC0393 from G. pentaphyllum on AD-like pathology in 3×Tg-AD mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. NPLC0393 was administered daily in vivo by intraperitoneal injection for 3 months and its amelioration on the cognitive impairment in 3×Tg-AD mice was assessed by new object recognition (NOR), Y-maze, Morris water maze (MWM), and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests. The mechanisms were investigated by RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry techniques, while verified by the 3×Tg-AD mice with protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A) knockdown (KD) through brain-specific injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-ePHP-KD-PPM1A. NPLC0393 ameliorated AD-like pathology targeting PPM1A. It repressed microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation by reducing NLRP3 transcription during priming and promoting PPM1A binding to NLRP3 to disrupt NLRP3 assembly with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD and pro-caspase-1. Moreover, NPLC0393 suppressed tauopathy by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation through PPM1A/NLRP3/tau axis and promoting microglial phagocytosis of tau oligomers through PPM1A/nuclear factor-κB/CX3CR1 pathway. PPM1A mediates microglia/neurons crosstalk in AD pathology, whose activation by NPLC0393 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyi Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinya Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shimei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuying Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing, China
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15
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Eugenín J, Eugenín-von Bernhardi L, von Bernhardi R. Age-dependent changes on fractalkine forms and their contribution to neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1249320. [PMID: 37818457 PMCID: PMC10561274 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1249320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1), a member of the CX3C subfamily, contributes to neuron-glia interaction and the regulation of microglial cell activation. Fractalkine is expressed by neurons as a membrane-bound protein (mCX3CL1) that can be cleaved by extracellular proteases generating several sCX3CL1 forms. sCX3CL1, containing the chemokine domain, and mCX3CL1 have high affinity by their unique receptor (CX3CR1) which, physiologically, is only found in microglia, a resident immune cell of the CNS. The activation of CX3CR1contributes to survival and maturation of the neural network during development, glutamatergic synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, cognition, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory regulation in the adult brain. Indeed, the various CX3CL1 forms appear in some cases to serve an anti-inflammatory role of microglia, whereas in others, they have a pro-inflammatory role, aggravating neurological disorders. In the last decade, evidence points to the fact that sCX3CL1 and mCX3CL1 exhibit selective and differential effects on their targets. Thus, the balance in their level and activity will impact on neuron-microglia interaction. This review is focused on the description of factors determining the emergence of distinct fractalkine forms, their age-dependent changes, and how they contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in the balance among various fractalkine forms may be one of the mechanisms on which converge aging, chronic CNS inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Eugenín
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Kulczyńska-Przybik A, Dulewicz M, Doroszkiewicz J, Borawska R, Słowik A, Zetterberg H, Hanrieder J, Blennow K, Mroczko B. The Relationships between Cerebrospinal Fluid Glial (CXCL12, CX3CL, YKL-40) and Synaptic Biomarkers (Ng, NPTXR) in Early Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13166. [PMID: 37685973 PMCID: PMC10487764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to amyloid and tau pathology in the central nervous system (CNS), inflammatory processes and synaptic dysfunction are highly important mechanisms involved in the development and progression of dementia diseases. In the present study, we conducted a comparative analysis of selected pro-inflammatory proteins in the CNS with proteins reflecting synaptic damage and core biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). To our knowledge, no studies have yet compared CXCL12 and CX3CL1 with markers of synaptic disturbance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the early stages of dementia. The quantitative assessment of selected proteins in the CSF of patients with MCI, AD, and non-demented controls (CTRL) was performed using immunoassays (single- and multiplex techniques). In this study, increased CSF concentration of CX3CL1 in MCI and AD patients correlated positively with neurogranin (r = 0.74; p < 0.001, and r = 0.40; p = 0.020, respectively), ptau181 (r = 0.49; p = 0.040), and YKL-40 (r = 0.47; p = 0.050) in MCI subjects. In addition, elevated CSF levels of CXCL12 in the AD group were significantly associated with mini-mental state examination score (r = -0.32; p = 0.040). We found significant evidence to support an association between CX3CL1 and neurogranin, already in the early stages of cognitive decline. Furthermore, our findings indicate that CXCL12 might be a useful marker for tract severity of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Dulewicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Borawska
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Słowik
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1N 3AR, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792-2460, USA
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- SciLifeLab, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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17
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Sirkis DW, Warly Solsberg C, Johnson TP, Bonham LW, Sturm VE, Lee SE, Rankin KP, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Geier EG, Yokoyama JS. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals alterations in peripheral CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in familial tauopathy. Genome Med 2023; 15:53. [PMID: 37464408 PMCID: PMC10354988 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence from mouse models is beginning to elucidate the brain's immune response to tau pathology, but little is known about the nature of this response in humans. In addition, it remains unclear to what extent tau pathology and the local inflammatory response within the brain influence the broader immune system. METHODS To address these questions, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from carriers of pathogenic variants in MAPT, the gene encoding tau (n = 8), and healthy non-carrier controls (n = 8). Primary findings from our scRNA-seq analyses were confirmed and extended via flow cytometry, droplet digital (dd)PCR, and secondary analyses of publicly available transcriptomics datasets. RESULTS Analysis of ~ 181,000 individual PBMC transcriptomes demonstrated striking differential expression in monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in MAPT pathogenic variant carriers. In particular, we observed a marked reduction in the expression of CX3CR1-the gene encoding the fractalkine receptor that is known to modulate tau pathology in mouse models-in monocytes and NK cells. We also observed a significant reduction in the abundance of nonclassical monocytes and dysregulated expression of nonclassical monocyte marker genes, including FCGR3A. Finally, we identified reductions in TMEM176A and TMEM176B, genes thought to be involved in the inflammatory response in human microglia but with unclear function in peripheral monocytes. We confirmed the reduction in nonclassical monocytes by flow cytometry and the differential expression of select biologically relevant genes dysregulated in our scRNA-seq data using ddPCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that human peripheral immune cell expression and abundance are modulated by tau-associated pathophysiologic changes. CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in particular will be a focus of future work exploring the role of these peripheral signals in additional tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Caroline Warly Solsberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Transposon Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Zhou F, Sun Y, Xie X, Zhao Y. Blood and CSF chemokines in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:107. [PMID: 37291639 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokines, which are chemotactic inflammatory mediators involved in controlling the migration and residence of all immune cells, are closely associated with brain inflammation, recognized as one of the potential processes/mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment. We aim to determine the chemokines which are significantly altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), as well as the respective effect sizes, by performing a meta-analysis of chemokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood (plasma or serum). METHODS We searched three databases (Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane library) for studies regarding chemokines. The three pairwise comparisons were as follows: AD vs HC, MCI vs healthy controls (HC), and AD vs MCI. The fold-change was calculated using the ratio of mean (RoM) chemokine concentration for every study. Subgroup analyses were performed for exploring the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Of 2338 records identified from the databases, 61 articles comprising a total of 3937 patients with AD, 1459 with MCI, and 4434 healthy controls were included. The following chemokines were strongly associated with AD compared with HC: blood CXCL10 (RoM, 1.92, p = 0.039), blood CXCL9 (RoM, 1.78, p < 0.001), blood CCL27 (RoM, 1.34, p < 0.001), blood CCL15 (RoM, 1.29, p = 0.003), as well as CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.19, p < 0.001). In the comparison of AD with MCI, there was significance for blood CXCL9 (RoM, 2.29, p < 0.001), blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 0.77, p = 0.017), and blood CCL1 (RoM, 1.37, p < 0.001). Of the chemokines tested, blood CX3CL1 (RoM, 2.02, p < 0.001) and CSF CCL2 (RoM, 1.16, p = 0.004) were significant for the comparison of MCI with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines CCL1, CCL2, CCL15, CCL27, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CX3CL1 might be most promising to serve as key molecular markers of cognitive impairment, although more cohort studies with larger populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futao Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China.
| | - Yangyan Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Yushi Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
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19
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Zhang X, Subbanna S, Williams CRO, Canals-Baker S, Smiley JF, Wilson DA, Das BC, Saito M. Anti-inflammatory Action of BT75, a Novel RARα Agonist, in Cultured Microglia and in an Experimental Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1958-1970. [PMID: 36781685 PMCID: PMC10355192 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BT75, a boron-containing retinoid, is a novel retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α agonist synthesized by our group. Previous studies indicated that activation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling may attenuate progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presently, we aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of BT75 and explore the possible mechanism using cultured cells and an AD mouse model. Pretreatment with BT75 (1-25 µM) suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β in the culture medium of mouse microglial SIM-A9 cells activated by LPS. BMS195614, an RARα antagonist, partially blocked the inhibition of NO production by BT75. Moreover, BT75 attenuated phospho-Akt and phospho-NF-κB p65 expression augmented by LPS. In addition, BT75 elevated arginase 1, IL-10, and CD206, and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-6 formation in LPS-treated SIM-A9 cells, suggesting the promotion of M1-M2 microglial phenotypic polarization. C57BL/6 mice were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg) to provide an AD-like mouse model. BT75 (5 mg/kg) or the vehicle was intraperitoneally (ip) injected to icv-STZ mice once a day for 3 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that GFAP-positive cells and rod or amoeboid-like Iba1-positive cells, which increased in the hippocampal fimbria of icv-STZ mice, were reduced by BT75 treatment. Western blot results showed that BT75 decreased levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), GFAP, and phosphorylated Tau, and increased levels of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of icv-STZ mice. BT75 may attenuate neuroinflammation by affecting the Akt/NF-κB pathway and microglial M1-M2 polarization in LPS-stimulated SIM-A9 cells. BT75 also reduced AD-like pathology including glial activation in the icv-STZ mice. Thus, BT75 may be a promising anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent worthy of further AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Colin R O Williams
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Stefanie Canals-Baker
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar C Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Ni H, Ren J, Wang Q, Li X, Wu Y, Liu D, Wang J. Electroacupuncture at ST 36 ameliorates cognitive impairment and beta-amyloid pathology by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16755. [PMID: 37292305 PMCID: PMC10245255 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder leading to cognitive impairment in the elderly, and no effective treatment exists. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that physical therapy and electroacupuncture (EA) effectively improve spatial learning and memory abilities. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the effects of EA on AD pathology is largely unexplored. Acupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) has previously been shown to improve cognitive impairment in AD, but the mechanism is unclear. According to recent studies, EA drives the vagal-adrenal axis from the hindlimb ST 36 acupoint but not from the abdominal Tianshu (ST 25) to curb severe inflammation in mice. This study examined whether ST 36 acupuncture improves cognitive dysfunction in AD model mice by improving neuroinflammation and its underlying mechanism. Methods Male 5xFAD mice (aged 3, 6, and 9 months) were used as the AD animal model and were randomly divided into three groups: the AD model group (AD group), the electroacupuncture at ST 36 acupoint group (EA-ST 36 group), and the electroacupuncture at ST 25 acupoint group (EA-ST 25 group). Age-matched wild-type mice were used as the normal control (WT) group. EA (10 Hz, 0.5 mA) was applied to the acupoints on both sides for 15 min, 5 times per week for 4 weeks. Motor ability and cognitive ability were assessed by the open field test, the novel object recognition task, and the Morris water maze test. Thioflavin S staining and immunofluorescence were used to mark Aβ plaques and microglia. The levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in the hippocampus were assayed by Western blotting or qRT-PCR. Results EA at ST 36, but not ST 25, significantly improved motor function and cognitive ability and reduced both Aβ deposition and microglia and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in 5×FAD mice. Conclusion EA stimulation at ST 36 effectively improved memory impairment in 5×FAD mice by a mechanism that regulated microglia activation and alleviated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammatory response in the hippocampus. This study shows that ST 36 may be a specific acupoint to improve the condition of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoqi Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Qimeng Wang
- Department of Acupuncture, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xing Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Dezhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Endocrinology department of Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
- Department of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, China
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21
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Liu L, Kim S, Buckley MT, Reyes JM, Kang J, Tian L, Wang M, Lieu A, Mao M, Rodriguez-Mateo C, Ishak HD, Jeong M, Wu JC, Goodell MA, Brunet A, Rando TA. Exercise reprograms the inflammatory landscape of multiple stem cell compartments during mammalian aging. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:689-705.e4. [PMID: 37080206 PMCID: PMC10216894 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has the ability to rejuvenate stem cells and improve tissue regeneration in aging animals. However, the cellular and molecular changes elicited by exercise have not been systematically studied across a broad range of cell types in stem cell compartments. We subjected young and old mice to aerobic exercise and generated a single-cell transcriptomic atlas of muscle, neural, and hematopoietic stem cells with their niche cells and progeny, complemented by whole transcriptome analysis of single myofibers. We found that exercise ameliorated the upregulation of a number of inflammatory pathways associated with old age and restored aspects of intercellular communication mediated by immune cells within these stem cell compartments. Exercise has a profound impact on the composition and transcriptomic landscape of circulating and tissue-resident immune cells. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the coordinated responses of multiple aged stem cells and niche cells to exercise at the transcriptomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soochi Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jaime M Reyes
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jengmin Kang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Lieu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Mao
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Mateo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather D Ishak
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mira Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Greenstone Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Bivona G, Iemmolo M, Ghersi G. CX3CL1 Pathway as a Molecular Target for Treatment Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098230. [PMID: 37175935 PMCID: PMC10179163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a scourge for patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals due to the progressive character of the disease and the lack of effective treatments. AD is considered a proteinopathy, which means that aetiological and clinical features of AD have been linked to the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates throughout the brain, with Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau representing classical AD hallmarks. However, some other putative mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease have been proposed, including inflammation in the brain, microglia activation, impaired hippocampus neurogenesis and alterations in the production and release of neurotrophic factors. Among all, microglia activation and chronic inflammation in the brain gained some attention, with researchers worldwide wondering whether it is possible to prevent and stop, respectively, the onset and progression of the disease by modulating microglia phenotypes. The following key points have been established so far: (i) Aβ deposition in brain parenchyma represents repeated stimulus determining chronic activation of microglia; (ii) chronic activation and priming of microglia make these cells lose neuroprotective functions and favour damage and loss of neurons; (iii) quiescent status of microglia at baseline prevents chronic activation and priming, meaning that the more microglia are quiescent, the less they become neurotoxic. Many molecules are known to modulate the quiescent baseline state of microglia, attracting huge interest among scientists as to whether these molecules could be used as valuable targets in AD treatment. The downside of the coin came early with the observation that quiescent microglia do not display phagocytic ability, being unable to clear Aβ deposits since phagocytosis is crucial for Aβ clearance efficacy. A possible solution for this issue could be found in the modulation of microglia status at baseline, which could help maintain both neuroprotective features and phagocytic ability at the same time. Among the molecules known to influence the baseline status of microglia, C-X3-chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1), also known as Fractalkine (FKN), is one of the most investigated. FKN and its microglial receptor CX3CR1 are crucial players in the interplay between neurons and microglia, modulating the operation of some neural circuits and the efficacy and persistence of immune response against injury. In addition, CX3CL1 regulates synaptic pruning and plasticity in the developmental age and in adulthood, when it strongly impacts the hippocampus neurogenesis of the adult. CX3CL1 has an effect on Aβ clearance and tau phosphorylation, as well as in microglia activation and priming. For all the above, CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signalling has been widely studied in relation to AD pathogenesis, and its biochemical pathway could hide molecular targets for novel treatment strategies in AD. This review summarizes the possible role of CX3CL1 in AD pathogenesis and its use as a potential target for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilda Iemmolo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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23
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Baicalein ameliorates Alzheimer's disease via orchestration of CX3CR1/NF-κB pathway in a triple transgenic mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109994. [PMID: 37098656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease. Some studies have suggested that dysregulation of microglia activation and the resulting neuroinflammation play an important role in the development of AD pathology. Activated microglia have both M1 and M2 phenotypes and inhibition of M1 phenotype while stimulating M2 phenotype has been considered as a potential treatment for neuroinflammation-related diseases. Baicalein is a class of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other biological activities, but its role in AD and the regulation of microglia are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein on the activation of microglia in AD model mice and the related molecular mechanism. Our results showed that baicalein significantly improved the learning and memory ability and AD-related pathology of 3 × Tg-AD mice, inhibited the level of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, promoted the production of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10, and regulated the microglia phenotype through CX3CR1/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, baicalein can regulate the phenotypic transformation of activated microglia and reduce neuroinflammation through CX3CR1/NF-κB pathway, thereby improving the learning and memory ability of 3 × Tg-AD mice.
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24
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Finneran D, Li Q, Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Kamath S, Dengler DG, Gordon MN, Jackson MR, Morgan D, Bickford PC, Smith LH, Nash KR. Concentration and proteolysis of CX3CL1 may regulate the microglial response to CX3CL1. Glia 2023; 71:245-258. [PMID: 36106533 PMCID: PMC9772123 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN) is a membrane-bound chemokine that can be cleaved by proteases such as ADAM 10, ADAM 17, and cathepsin S to generate soluble fragments. Studies using different forms of the soluble FKN yield conflicting results in vivo. These observations prompted us to investigate the function and pharmacology of two commonly used isoforms of FKN, a human full-length soluble FKN (sFKN), and a human chemokine domain only FKN (cdFKN). Both are prevalent in the literature and are often assumed to be functionally equivalent. We observed that recombinant sFKN and cdFKN exhibit similar potencies in a cell-based cAMP assay, but binding affinity for CX3CR1 was modestly different. There was a 10-fold difference in potency between sFKN and cdFKN when assessing their ability to stimulate β-arrestin recruitment. Interestingly, high concentrations of FKN, regardless of cleavage variant, were ineffective at reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation and may induce a pro-inflammatory response. This effect was observed in mouse and rat primary microglial cells as well as microglial cell lines. The inflammatory response was exacerbated in aged microglia, which is known to exhibit age-related inflammatory phenotypes. We observed the same effects in Cx3cr1-/- primary microglia and therefore speculate that an alternative FKN receptor may exist. Collectively, these data provide greater insights into the function and pharmacology of these common FKN reagents, which may clarify conflicting reports and urge greater caution in the selection of FKN peptides for use in in vitro and in vivo studies and the interpretation of results obtained using these differing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Finneran
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 400 Monroe Ave. NW, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Qingyou Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Meena S. Subbarayan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Siddharth Kamath
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Daniela G. Dengler
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sandford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marcia N. Gordon
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 400 Monroe Ave. NW, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Michael R. Jackson
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sandford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dave Morgan
- Michigan State University, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 400 Monroe Ave. NW, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Paula C. Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
- Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
- Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Layton H. Smith
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sandford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kevin R. Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
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25
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Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
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Bivona G, Iemmolo M, Agnello L, Lo Sasso B, Gambino CM, Giglio RV, Scazzone C, Ghersi G, Ciaccio M. Microglial Activation and Priming in Alzheimer's Disease: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010884. [PMID: 36614325 PMCID: PMC9820926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, having a remarkable social and healthcare burden worldwide. Amyloid β (Aβ) and protein Tau aggregates are disease hallmarks and key players in AD pathogenesis. However, it has been hypothesized that microglia can contribute to AD pathophysiology, as well. Microglia are CNS-resident immune cells belonging to the myeloid lineage of the innate arm of immunity. Under physiological conditions, microglia are in constant motion in order to carry on their housekeeping function, and they maintain an anti-inflammatory, quiescent state, with low expression of cytokines and no phagocytic activity. Upon various stimuli (debris, ATP, misfolded proteins, aggregates and pathogens), microglia acquire a phagocytic function and overexpress cytokine gene modules. This process is generally regarded as microglia activation and implies that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is counterbalanced by the synthesis and the release of anti-inflammatory molecules. This mechanism avoids excessive inflammatory response and inappropriate microglial activation, which causes tissue damage and brain homeostasis impairment. Once the pathogenic stimulus has been cleared, activated microglia return to the naïve, anti-inflammatory state. Upon repeated stimuli (as in the case of Aβ deposition in the early stage of AD), activated microglia shift toward a less protective, neurotoxic phenotype, known as "primed" microglia. The main characteristic of primed microglia is their lower capability to turn back toward the naïve, anti-inflammatory state, which makes these cells prone to chronic activation and favours chronic inflammation in the brain. Primed microglia have impaired defence capacity against injury and detrimental effects on the brain microenvironment. Additionally, priming has been associated with AD onset and progression and can represent a promising target for AD treatment strategies. Many factors (genetics, environmental factors, baseline inflammatory status of microglia, ageing) generate an aberrantly activated phenotype that undergoes priming easier and earlier than normally activated microglia do. Novel, promising targets for therapeutic strategies for AD have been sought in the field of microglia activation and, importantly, among those factors influencing the baseline status of these cells. The CX3CL1 pathway could be a valuable target treatment approach in AD, although preliminary findings from the studies in this field are controversial. The current review aims to summarize state of the art on the role of microglia dysfunction in AD pathogenesis and proposes biochemical pathways with possible targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilda Iemmolo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “P.Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Maria Gambino
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “P.Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “P.Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulio Ghersi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital “P.Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-1655-3296
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Huang Z. A Function of Amyloid-β in Mediating Activity-Dependent Axon/Synapse Competition May Unify Its Roles in Brain Physiology and Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:29-57. [PMID: 36710681 PMCID: PMC10023438 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) gives rise to amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AβPP, however, is also an ancient molecule dating back in evolution to some of the earliest forms of metazoans. This suggests a possible ancestral function that may have been obscured by those that evolve later. Based on literature from the functions of Aβ/AβPP in nervous system development, plasticity, and disease, to those of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) in bacterial competition as well as mechanisms of cell competition uncovered first by Drosophila genetics, I propose that Aβ/AβPP may be part of an ancient mechanism employed in cell competition, which is subsequently co-opted during evolution for the regulation of activity-dependent neural circuit development and plasticity. This hypothesis is supported by foremost the high similarities of Aβ to AMPs, both of which possess unique, opposite (i.e., trophic versus toxic) activities as monomers and oligomers. A large body of data further suggests that the different Aβ oligomeric isoforms may serve as the protective and punishment signals long predicted to mediate activity-dependent axonal/synaptic competition in the developing nervous system and that the imbalance in their opposite regulation of innate immune and glial cells in the brain may ultimately underpin AD pathogenesis. This hypothesis can not only explain the diverse roles observed of Aβ and AβPP family molecules, but also provide a conceptual framework that can unify current hypotheses on AD. Furthermore, it may explain major clinical observations not accounted for and identify approaches for overcoming shortfalls in AD animal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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McKee CG, Hoffos M, Vecchiarelli HA, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia: A pharmacological target for the treatment of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125982. [PMID: 36969855 PMCID: PMC10034122 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As individuals age, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), become less effective at preserving brain circuits. Increases in microglial inflammatory activity are thought to contribute to age-related declines in cognitive functions and to transitions toward mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As microglia possess receptors for communicating with the CNS environment, pharmacological therapies targeting these pathways hold potential for promoting homeostatic microglial functions within the aging CNS. Preclinical and early phase clinical trials investigating the therapeutic effects of pharmacological agents acting on microglia, including reactive oxygen species, TREM2, fractalkine signaling, the complement cascade, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, are currently underway; however, important questions remain unanswered. Current challenges include target selectivity, as many of the signaling pathways are expressed in other cell types. Furthermore, microglia are a heterogenous cell population with transcriptomic, proteomic, and microscopy studies revealing distinct microglial states, whose activities and abundance shift across the lifespan. For example, homeostatic microglia can transform into pathological states characterized by markers of oxidative stress. Selective pharmacological targeting aimed at limiting transitions to pathological states or promoting homeostatic or protective states, could help to avoid potentially harmful off-target effects on beneficial states or other cell types. In this mini-review we cover current microglial pathways of interest for the prevention and treatment of age-related cognitive decline and CNS disorders of aging focusing on MCI and AD. We also discuss the heterogeneity of microglia described in these conditions and how pharmacological agents could target specific microglial states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe G. McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Madison Hoffos
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marie-Ève Tremblay,
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Wu Y, Eisel UL. Microglia-Astrocyte Communication in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:785-803. [PMID: 37638434 PMCID: PMC10578295 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes are regarded as active participants in the central nervous system under various neuropathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both microglia and astrocyte activation have been reported to occur with a spatially and temporarily distinct pattern. Acting as a double-edged sword, glia-mediated neuroinflammation may be both detrimental and beneficial to the brain. In a variety of neuropathologies, microglia are activated before astrocytes, which facilitates astrocyte activation. Yet reactive astrocytes can also prevent the activation of adjacent microglia in addition to helping them become activated. Studies describe changes in the genetic profile as well as cellular and molecular responses of these two types of glial cells that contribute to dysfunctional immune crosstalk in AD. In this paper, we construct current knowledge of microglia-astrocyte communication, highlighting the multifaceted functions of microglia and astrocytes and their role in AD. A thorough comprehension of microglia-astrocyte communication could hasten the creation of novel AD treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ulrich L.M. Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Goode-Romero G, Dominguez L. Computational study of the conformational ensemble of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) and its interactions with antagonist and agonist ligands. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 117:108278. [PMID: 35988439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), a member of the class A of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) superfamily, and its ligand fractalkine constitute an important biochemical axis that influence many cellular pathways involving homeostatic and inflammatory processes. They participate in the activation, chemotaxis and recruitment of multiple immunological cells such as microglia, macrophages and monocytes, and play a critical role in neuroinflammatory conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, in the recovery from central nervous system injuries, in several chronic, peripheral inflammatory entities and in some infective processes including HIV-AIDS. In this work we present the study of the CX3CR1 receptor employing extensive atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations with the aim to characterize the conformational ensemble of the receptor in the presence of its antagonist and agonist ligands. We analyzed the receptor conformational changes and described interactions within its key regions and the bounded ligands to identify their notable differences. Finally, we classify the features that would allow the identification of patterns that characterize a functional state to contribute to the understanding of the complexity of the GPCR superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Goode-Romero
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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Huang X, Wang YJ, Xiang Y. Bidirectional communication between brain and visceral white adipose tissue: Its potential impact on Alzheimer's disease. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104263. [PMID: 36122553 PMCID: PMC9490488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of axes between brain and abdominal organs have been reported, but the interaction between brain and visceral white adipose tissue (vWAT) remains unclear. In this review, we summarized human studies on the association between brain and vWAT, and generalized their interaction and the underlying mechanisms according to animal and cell experiments. On that basis, we come up with the concept of the brain-vWAT axis (BVA). Furthermore, we analyzed the potential mechanisms of involvement of BVA in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including vWAT-derived fatty acids, immunological properties of vWAT, vWAT-derived retinoic acid and vWAT-regulated insulin resistance. The proposal of BVA may expand our understanding to some extent of how the vWAT impacts on brain health and diseases, and provide a novel approach to study the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Miltefosine as a PPM1A activator improves AD-like pathology in mice by alleviating tauopathy via microglia/neurons crosstalk. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kim B, Vasanthakumar A, Li QS, Nudelman KN, Risacher SL, Davis JW, Idler K, Lee J, Seo SW, Waring JF, Saykin AJ, Nho K. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression identifies genes associated with biological aging in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12354. [PMID: 36187194 PMCID: PMC9489162 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The acceleration of biological aging is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify modules and dysregulated genesinvolved in biological aging in AD. Methods We performed WGCNA to identify modules associated with biological clocks and hub genes of the module with the highest module significance. In addition, we performed differential expression analysis and association analysis with AD biomarkers. Results WGCNA identified five modules associated with biological clocks, with the module designated as "purple" showing the strongest association. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the purple module was related to cell migration and death. Ten genes were identified as hub genes in purple modules, of which CX3CR1 was downregulated in AD and low levels of CX3CR1 expression were associated with AD biomarkers. Conclusion Network analysis identified genes associated with biological clocks, which suggests the genetic architecture underlying biological aging in AD. Highlights Examine links between Alzheimer's disease (AD) peripheral transcriptome and biological aging changes.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) found five modules related to biological aging.Among the hub genes of the module, CX3CR1 was downregulated in AD.The CX3CR1 expression level was associated with cognitive performance and brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo‐Hyun Kim
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Samsung Alzheimer Research CenterSamsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySHAISTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Qingqin S. Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic AreaJanssen Research & Development, LLCTitusvilleNew JerseyUSA
| | - Kelly N.H. Nudelman
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related DementiasIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | | | - Kenneth Idler
- Genomics Research CenterAbbVieNorth ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jong‐Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Samsung Alzheimer Research CenterSamsung Medical CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of NeurologySamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and TechnologySHAISTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for NeuroimagingDepartment of Radiology and Imaging SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Center for Computational Biology and BioinformaticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Pourhadi M, Zali H, Ghasemi R, Vafaei-Nezhad S. Promising Role of Oral Cavity Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6125-6140. [PMID: 35867205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have been regarded as the beneficial and available tools to treat various hereditary, multifactorial, acute, and chronic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells can be extracted from numerous sources for clinical purposes while oral cavity-derived mesenchymal stem cells seem to be more effective in neuroregeneration than other sources due to their similar embryonic origins to neuronal tissues. In various studies and different neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), oral cavity mesenchymal stem cells have been applied to prove their promising capacities in disease improvement. Moreover, oral cavity mesenchymal stem cells' secretion is regarded as a novel and practical approach to neuroregeneration; hence, extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially exosomes, may provide promising results to improve CNS defects. This review article focuses on how oral cavity-derived stem cells and their extracellular vesicles can improve neurodegenerative conditions and tries to show which molecules are involved in the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Pourhadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Vafaei-Nezhad
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1929-1951. [PMID: 35821178 PMCID: PMC9392685 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurogenerative disorder manifested by gradual memory loss and cognitive decline due to profound damage of cholinergic neurons. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are intracellular deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ). Mounting evidence indicates that intensified neuroinflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Chemokines serve as signaling molecules in immune cells but also in nerve cells. Under normal conditions, neuroinflammation plays a neuroprotective role against various harmful factors. However, overexpression of chemokines initiates disruption of the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, facilitating immune cells infiltration into the brain. Then activated adjacent glial cells–astrocytes and microglia, release massive amounts of chemokines. Prolonged inflammation loses its protective role and drives an increase in Aβ production and aggregation, impairment of its clearance, or enhancement of tau hyperphosphorylation, contributing to neuronal loss and exacerbation of AD. Moreover, chemokines can be further released in response to growing deposits of toxic forms of Aβ. On the other hand, chemokines seem to exert multidimensional effects on brain functioning, including regulation of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in regions responsible for memory and cognitive abilities. Therefore, underexpression or complete genetic ablation of some chemokines can worsen the course of AD. This review covers the current state of knowledge on the role of particular chemokines and their receptors in the development and progression of AD. Special emphasis is given to their impact on forming Aβ and NFTs in humans and in transgenic murine models of AD.
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Targeting Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Targets for Small Molecules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134124. [PMID: 35807370 PMCID: PMC9268715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common, progressive, and devastating neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Microglial dysregulation, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of AD. In the brain, microglia play roles as immune cells to provide protection against virus injuries and diseases. They have significant contributions in the development of the brain, cognition, homeostasis of the brain, and plasticity. Multiple studies have confirmed that uncontrolled microglial function can result in impaired microglial mitophagy, induced Aβ accumulation and tau pathology, and a chronic neuroinflammatory environment. In the brain, most of the genes that are associated with AD risk are highly expressed by microglia. Although it was initially regarded that microglia reaction is incidental and induced by dystrophic neurites and Aβ plaques. Nonetheless, it has been reported by genome-wide association studies that most of the risk loci for AD are located in genes that are occasionally uniquely and highly expressed in microglia. This finding further suggests that microglia play significant roles in early AD stages and they be targeted for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we have summarized the molecular pathogenesis of AD, microglial activities in the adult brain, the role of microglia in the aging brain, and the role of microglia in AD. We have also particularly focused on the significance of targeting microglia for the treatment of AD.
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Rajesh Y, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immune Cell Death in Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1885. [PMID: 35741014 PMCID: PMC9221514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that many of the brain's immunological cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are involved in AD pathogenesis. Cells of the innate immune system play an essential role in eliminating pathogens but also regulate brain homeostasis and AD. When activated, innate immune cells can cause programmed cell death through multiple pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. The cell death often results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines that propagate the innate immune response and can eliminate Aβ plaques and aggregated Tau proteins. However, chronic neuroinflammation, which can result from cell death, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and can worsen AD. Therefore, the innate immune response must be tightly balanced to appropriately clear these AD-related structural abnormalities without inducing chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss neuroinflammation, innate immune responses, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion as they relate to AD. Therapeutic strategies targeting these innate immune cell death mechanisms will be critical to consider for future preventive or palliative treatments for AD.
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Banerjee J, Dorfman MD, Fasnacht R, Douglass JD, Wyse-Jackson AC, Barria A, Thaler JP. CX3CL1 Action on Microglia Protects from Diet-Induced Obesity by Restoring POMC Neuronal Excitability and Melanocortin System Activity Impaired by High-Fat Diet Feeding. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6380. [PMID: 35742824 PMCID: PMC9224384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both hypothalamic microglial inflammation and melanocortin pathway dysfunction contribute to diet-induced obesity (DIO) pathogenesis. Previous studies involving models of altered microglial signaling demonstrate altered DIO susceptibility with corresponding POMC neuron cytological changes, suggesting a link between microglia and the melanocortin system. We addressed this hypothesis using the specific microglial silencing molecule, CX3CL1 (fractalkine), to determine whether reducing hypothalamic microglial activation can restore POMC/melanocortin signaling to protect against DIO. We performed metabolic analyses in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice with targeted viral overexpression of CX3CL1 in the hypothalamus. Electrophysiologic recording in hypothalamic slices from POMC-MAPT-GFP mice was used to determine the effects of HFD feeding and microglial silencing via minocycline or CX3CL1 on GFP-labeled POMC neurons. Finally, mice with hypothalamic overexpression of CX3CL1 received central treatment with the melanocortin receptor antagonist SHU9119 to determine whether melanocortin signaling is required for the metabolic benefits of CX3CL1. Hypothalamic overexpression of CX3CL1 increased leptin sensitivity and POMC gene expression, while reducing weight gain in animals fed an HFD. In electrophysiological recordings from hypothalamic slice preparations, HFD feeding was associated with reduced POMC neuron excitability and increased amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Microglial silencing using minocycline or CX3CL1 treatment reversed these HFD-induced changes in POMC neuron electrophysiologic properties. Correspondingly, blockade of melanocortin receptor signaling in vivo prevented both the acute and chronic reduction in food intake and body weight mediated by CX3CL1. Our results show that suppressing microglial activation during HFD feeding reduces DIO susceptibility via a mechanism involving increased POMC neuron excitability and melanocortin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jineta Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
| | - Mauricio D. Dorfman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
| | - Rachael Fasnacht
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
| | - John D. Douglass
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
| | - Alice C. Wyse-Jackson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
| | - Andres Barria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Joshua P. Thaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.B.); (M.D.D.); (R.F.); (J.D.D.); (A.C.W.-J.)
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Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Favorable Cellular Target to Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6052932. [PMID: 35693110 PMCID: PMC9184163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6052932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells serve as molecular sensors of the brain that play a role in physiological and pathological conditions. Under normal physiology, microglia are primarily responsible for regulating central nervous system homeostasis through the phagocytic clearance of redundant protein aggregates, apoptotic cells, damaged neurons, and synapses. Furthermore, microglial cells can promote and mitigate amyloid β phagocytosis and tau phosphorylation. Dysregulation of the microglial programming alters cellular morphology, molecular signaling, and secretory inflammatory molecules that contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, microglia are considered primary sources of inflammatory molecules and can induce or regulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Interestingly, in AD, microglia play a double-edged role in disease progression; for instance, the detrimental microglial effects increase in AD while microglial beneficiary mechanisms are jeopardized. Depending on the disease stages, microglial cells are expressed differently, which may open new avenues for AD therapy. However, the disease-related role of microglial cells and their receptors in the AD brain remain unclear. Therefore, this review represents the role of microglial cells and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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Jiang M, Xie H, Zhang C, Wang T, Tian H, Lu L, Xu JY, Xu GT, Liu L, Zhang J. Enhancing fractalkine/CX3CR1 signalling pathway can reduce neuroinflammation by attenuating microglia activation in experimental diabetic retinopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1229-1244. [PMID: 35023309 PMCID: PMC8831940 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been extended from microvascular disease to neurovascular disease in which microglia activation plays a remarkable role. Fractalkine (FKN)/CX3CR1 is reported to regulate microglia activation in central nervous system diseases. To characterize the effect of FKN on microglia activation in DR, we employed streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, glyoxal‐treated R28 cells and hypoxia‐treated BV2 cells to mimic diabetic conditions and explored retinal neuronal apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the expressions of FKN, Iba‐1, TSPO, NF‐κB, Nrf2 and inflammation‐related cytokines. The results showed that FKN expression declined with diabetes progression and in glyoxal‐treated R28 cells. Compared with normal control, retinal microglia activation and inflammatory factors surged in both diabetic rat retinas and hypoxia‐treated microglia, which was largely dampened by FKN. The NF‐κB and Nrf2 expressions and intracellular ROS were up‐regulated in hypoxia‐treated microglia compared with that in normoxia control, and FKN significantly inhibited NF‐κB activation, activated Nrf2 pathway and decreased intracellular ROS. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that FKN deactivated microglia via inhibiting NF‐κB pathway and activating Nrf2 pathway, thus to reduce the production of inflammation‐related cytokines and ROS, and protect the retina from diabetes insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Tian
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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41
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Zhang G, Wang Z, Hu H, Zhao M, Sun L. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: A Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:749587. [PMID: 34899188 PMCID: PMC8651709 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.749587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common types of age-related dementia worldwide. In addition to extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, dysregulated microglia also play deleterious roles in the AD pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that unbridled microglial activity induces a chronic neuroinflammatory environment, promotes β-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology, and impairs microglia-associated mitophagy. Thus, targeting microglia may pave the way for new therapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough overview of the pathophysiological role of the microglia in AD and illustrates the potential avenues for microglia-targeted therapies, including microglial modification, immunoreceptors, and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiling Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Doroszkiewicz J, Mroczko P, Kulczyńska-Przybik A. Inflammation in the CNS - understanding various aspects of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:16-31. [PMID: 34856902 PMCID: PMC9127729 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211202143935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and deadly neurodegenerative disorder, and one of the most common causes of dementia in the world. Current, insufficiently sensitive and specific methods of early diagnosis and monitoring of this disease prompt a search for new tools. Numerous literature data indicate that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not limited to the neuronal compartment, but involves various immunological mechanisms. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a very important process in AD pathology. It seems to play pleiotropic roles, both neuroprotective as well as neurodegenerative, in the development of cognitive impairment depending on the stage of the disease. Mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory proteins could be considered biomarkers of disease progression. Therefore, the present review summarizes the role of some inflammatory molecules and their potential utility in the detection and monitoring of dementia severity. The paper also provides a valuable insight into new mechanisms leading to the development of dementia, which might be useful in discovering possible anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
| | - Piotr Mroczko
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Bialystok. Poland
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43
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Aubert A, Stüder F, Colombo BM, Mendoza-Parra MA. A Core Transcription Regulatory Circuitry Defining Microglia Cell Identity Inferred from the Reanalysis of Multiple Human Microglia Differentiation Protocols. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101338. [PMID: 34679401 PMCID: PMC8533937 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells in the brain involved in both homeostasis and injury/infection control, play a predominant role in neurodegenerative diseases. In vivo studies on microglia are limited due to the requirement of surgical intervention, which can lead to the destruction of the tissues. Over the last few years, multiple protocols-presenting a variety of strategies-have described microglia differentiation issued from human pluripotent stem cells. Herein, we have reanalyzed the transcriptomes released on six different microglia differentiation protocols and revealed a consensus core of master transcription regulatory circuitry defining microglia identity. Furthermore, we have discussed the major divergencies among the studied protocols and have provided suggestions to further enhance microglia differentiation assays.
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Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Bickford PC, Nash KR. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107989. [PMID: 34492237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation was initially thought of as a consequence of neurodegenerative disease pathology, but more recently it is becoming clear that it plays a significant role in the development and progression of disease. Thus, neuroinflammation is seen as a realistic and valuable therapeutic target for neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation can be modulated by neuron-glial signaling through various soluble factors, and one such critical modulator is Fractalkine or C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (CX3CL1). CX3CL1 is produced in neurons and is a unique chemokine that is initially translated as a transmembrane protein but can be proteolytically processed to generate a soluble chemokine. CX3CL1 has been shown to signal through its sole receptor CX3CR1, which is located on microglial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Although both the membrane bound and soluble forms of CX3CL1 appear to interact with CX3CR1, they do seem to have different signaling capabilities. It is believed that the predominant function of CX3CL1 within the CNS is to reduce the proinflammatory response and many studies have shown neuroprotective effects. However, in some cases CX3CL1 appears to be promoting neurodegeneration. This review focusses on presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex nature of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling in neurodegeneration and how it may present as a therapeutic in some neurodegenerative diseases but not others. The role of CX3CL1/CXCR1 is reviewed in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), ischemia, retinopathies, spinal cord and neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena S Subbarayan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Paula C Bickford
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA; Research Service, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA
| | - Kevin R Nash
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa FL-33612, USA.
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Jeandet P, Behl T, Alexiou A, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:126-146. [PMID: 34525932 PMCID: PMC9199559 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid plaques. Growing evidence has suggested that AD pathogenesis is not only limited to the neuronal compartment but also strongly interacts with immunological processes in the brain. On the other hand, aggregated and misfolded proteins can bind with pattern recognition receptors located on astroglia and microglia and can, in turn, induce an innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators, ultimately playing a role in both the severity and the progression of the disease. It has been reported by genome-wide analysis that several genes which elevate the risk for sporadic AD encode for factors controlling the inflammatory response and glial clearance of misfolded proteins. Obesity and systemic inflammation are examples of external factors which may interfere with the immunological mechanisms of the brain and can induce disease progression. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and essential role of inflammatory signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, interfering with immune processes and modulation of risk factors may lead to future therapeutic or preventive AD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | | | - Maroua Jalouli
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 2770 Hebersham. Australia
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522. Egypt
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur. India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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Stothert AR, Kaur T. Innate Immunity to Spiral Ganglion Neuron Loss: A Neuroprotective Role of Fractalkine Signaling in Injured Cochlea. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:694292. [PMID: 34408629 PMCID: PMC8365835 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.694292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system dysregulation is increasingly being attributed to the development of a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases. This, in large part, is due to the delicate relationship that exists between neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the resident immune cells that aid in homeostasis and immune surveillance within a tissue. Classically, the inner ear was thought to be immune privileged due to the presence of a blood-labyrinth barrier. However, it is now well-established that both vestibular and auditory end organs in the inner ear contain a resident (local) population of macrophages which are the phagocytic cells of the innate-immune system. Upon cochlear sterile injury or infection, there is robust activation of these resident macrophages and a predominant increase in the numbers of macrophages as well as other types of leukocytes. Despite this, the source, nature, fate, and functions of these immune cells during cochlear physiology and pathology remains unclear. Migration of local macrophages and infiltration of bone-marrow-derived peripheral blood macrophages into the damaged cochlea occur through various signaling cascades, mediated by the release of specific chemical signals from damaged sensory and non-sensory cells of the cochlea. One such signaling pathway is CX3CL1-CX3CR1, or fractalkine (FKN) signaling, a direct line of communication between macrophages and sensory inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the cochlea. Despite the known importance of this neuron-immune axis in CNS function and pathology, until recently it was not clear whether this signaling axis played a role in macrophage chemotaxis and SGN survival following cochlear injury. In this review, we will explore the importance of innate immunity in neurodegenerative disease development, specifically focusing on the regulation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis, and present evidence for a role of FKN signaling in cochlear neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rigel Stothert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
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Lee B, Shin M, Park Y, Won SY, Cho KS. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115795. [PMID: 34071457 PMCID: PMC8198301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatments for most NDs. Meanwhile, numerous studies conducted on human and animal models over the past decades have showed that exercises had beneficial effects on NDs. Inter-tissue communication by myokine, a peptide produced and secreted by skeletal muscles during exercise, is thought to be an important underlying mechanism for the advantages. Here, we reviewed studies about the effects of myokines regulated by exercise on NDs and their mechanisms. Myokines could exert beneficial effects on NDs through a variety of regulatory mechanisms, including cell survival, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, proteostasis, oxidative stress, and protein modification. Studies on exercise-induced myokines are expected to provide a novel strategy for treating NDs, for which there are no adequate treatments nowadays. To date, only a few myokines have been investigated for their effects on NDs and studies on mechanisms involved in them are in their infancy. Therefore, future studies are needed to discover more myokines and test their effects on NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Myeongcheol Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngjae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
| | - So-Yoon Won
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.P.)
- Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (K.S.C.); Tel.: +82-10-3688-5474 (S.-Y.W.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3424 (K.S.C.)
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Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3015. [PMID: 34021136 PMCID: PMC8140091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well recognized, however their molecular and functional diversity remain unclear. Here, we isolated amyloid plaque-containing (using labelling with methoxy-XO4, XO4+) and non-containing (XO4−) microglia from an AD mouse model. Transcriptomics analysis identified different transcriptional trajectories in ageing and AD mice. XO4+ microglial transcriptomes demonstrated dysregulated expression of genes associated with late onset AD. We further showed that the transcriptional program associated with XO4+ microglia from mice is present in a subset of human microglia isolated from brains of individuals with AD. XO4− microglia displayed transcriptional signatures associated with accelerated ageing and contained more intracellular post-synaptic material than XO4+ microglia, despite reduced active synaptosome phagocytosis. We identified HIF1α as potentially regulating synaptosome phagocytosis in vitro using primary human microglia, and BV2 mouse microglial cells. Together, these findings provide insight into molecular mechanisms underpinning the functional diversity of microglia in AD. Microglia associated with Aβ plaques may have a distinct transcriptional signature compared to those in plaque-free areas of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models. Here the authors show that amyloid plaque phagocytosis is associated with a specific microglia transcriptional signature in a mouse model of AD.
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Tumpara S, Ballmaier M, Wrenger S, König M, Lehmann M, Lichtinghagen R, Martinez-Delgado B, Korenbaum E, DeLuca D, Jedicke N, Welte T, Fromme M, Strnad P, Stolk J, Janciauskiene S. Polymerization of misfolded Z alpha-1 antitrypsin protein lowers CX3CR1 expression in human PBMCs. eLife 2021; 10:64881. [PMID: 34002692 PMCID: PMC8205483 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression levels of CX3CR1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1) on immune cells have significant importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The factors implicated in the regulation of CX3CR1 and its specific ligand CX3CL1 (fractalkine) expression remain largely unknown. Recent studies provide evidence that host’s misfolded proteins occurring in the forms of polymers or amyloid fibrils can regulate CX3CR1 expression. Herein, a novel example demonstrates that polymers of human ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin (Z-AAT) protein, resulting from its conformational misfolding due to the Z (Glu342Lys) mutation in SERPINA1 gene, strongly lower CX3CR1 mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This parallels with increase of intracellular levels of CX3CR1 and Z-AAT proteins. Presented data indicate the involvement of the CX3CR1 pathway in the Z-AAT-related disorders and further support the role of misfolded proteins in CX3CR1 regulation. Proteins can lose their structure and form polymers because of mutations or changes in their immediate environment which can lead to cell damage and disease. Interestingly, polymers formed by a variety of proteins can reduce the levels of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1 for short) that controls the behaviour of immune cells and is implicated in a range of illnesses. Inherited ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a rare genetic condition that highly increases the risk of liver and lung diseases. This disorder is characterised by mutant alpha-1 antitrypsin proteins (AAT for short) reacting together to form polymers; yet it remains unclear how the polymers affect different cells or organs, and lead to diseases. To investigate this question, Tumpara et al. examined whether polymers of mutant AAT influence the level of the CX3CR1 protein in specific classes of immune cells. Experiments revealed that in people with AAT deficiency, certain blood immune cells express lower levels of CX3CR1. Regardless of age, clinical diagnosis, or treatment regimen, all individuals with ZZ alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency had AAT polymers circulating in their blood: the higher the levels of polymers measured, the lower the expression of CX3CR1 recorded in the specific immune cells. When Tumpara et al. added polymers of mutant AAT to the immune cells of healthy donors, the expression of CX3CR1 dropped in a manner dependent on the polymer concentration. According to microscopy data, AAT polymers occurred inside cells alongside the CX3CR1 protein, suggesting that the two molecular actors interact. In the future, new drugs that remove these polymers, either from inside cells or as they circulate in the body, could help patients suffering from conditions associated with this abnormal protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinu Tumpara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Wrenger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Health Carlos III, Center for Biomedical Research in the Network of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Elena Korenbaum
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David DeLuca
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Jedicke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Malin Fromme
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Member of European Reference Network LUNG, section Alpha-1-antitrypsin Deficiency, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sabina Janciauskiene
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Member of European Reference Network LUNG, section Alpha-1-antitrypsin Deficiency, Leiden, Netherlands
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Nanjundaiah S, Chidambaram H, Chandrashekar M, Chinnathambi S. Role of Microglia in Regulating Cholesterol and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:651-668. [PMID: 32468440 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, a principal constituent of the cell membrane, plays a crucial role in the brain by regulating the synaptic transmission, neuronal signaling, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Defects in the cholesterol trafficking are associated with enhanced generation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-β protein. Tau, a major microtubule-associated protein in the brain, is the key regulator of the mature neuron. Abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau hampers the major functions related to microtubule assembly by promoting neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments, twisted ribbons, and straight filaments. The observed pathological changes due to impaired cholesterol and Tau protein accumulation cause Alzheimer's disease. Thus, in order to regulate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, regulation of cholesterol metabolism, as well as Tau phosphorylation, is essential. The current review provides an overview of (1) cholesterol synthesis in the brain, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia; (2) the mechanism involved in modulating cholesterol concentration between the astrocytes and brain; (3) major mechanisms involved in the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and amyloid-β protein; and (4) microglial involvement in its regulation. Thus, the answering key questions will provide an in-depth information on microglia involvement in managing the pathogenesis of cholesterol-modulated hyperphosphorylated Tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Nanjundaiah
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Hariharakrishnan Chidambaram
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Madhura Chandrashekar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, MIT University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune, 412201, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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