1
|
Saillant V, Morey L, Lipuma D, Boëton P, Siponen M, Arnoux P, Lechardeur D. HssS activation by membrane heme defines a paradigm for two-component system signaling in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2024; 15:e0023024. [PMID: 38682935 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00230-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Strict management of intracellular heme pools, which are both toxic and beneficial, is crucial for bacterial survival during infection. The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus uses a two-component heme sensing system (HssRS), which counteracts environmental heme toxicity by triggering expression of the efflux transporter HrtBA. The HssS heme sensor is a HisKA-type histidine kinase, characterized as a membrane-bound homodimer containing an extracellular sensor and a cytoplasmic conserved catalytic domain. To elucidate HssS heme-sensing mechanism, a structural simulation of the HssS dimer based on Alphafold2 was docked with heme. In this model, a heme-binding site is present in the HssS dimer between the membrane and extracellular domains. Heme is embedded in the membrane bilayer with its two protruding porphyrin propionates interacting with two conserved Arg94 and Arg163 that are located extracellularly. Single substitutions of these arginines and two highly conserved phenylalanines, Phe25 and Phe128, in the predicted hydrophobic pocket limited the ability of HssS to induce HrtBA synthesis. Combination of the four substitutions abolished HssS activation. Wild-type (WT) HssS copurified with heme from Escherichia coli, whereas heme binding was strongly attenuated in the variants. This study gives evidence that exogenous heme interacts with HssS at the membrane/extracellular interface to initiate HssS activation and induce HrtBA-mediated heme extrusion from the membrane. This "gatekeeper" mechanism could limit intracellular diffusion of exogenous heme in S. aureus and may serve as a paradigm for how efflux transporters control detoxification of exogenous hydrophobic stressors.IMPORTANCEIn the host blood, pathogenic bacteria are exposed to the red pigment heme that concentrates in their lipid membranes, generating cytotoxicity. To overcome heme toxicity, Staphylococcus aureus expresses a membrane sensor protein, HssS. Activation of HssS by heme triggers a phosphotransfer mechanism leading to the expression of a heme efflux system, HrtBA. This detoxification system prevents intracellular accumulation of heme. Our structural and functional data reveal a heme-binding hydrophobic cavity in HssS within the transmembrane domains (TM) helices at the interface with the extracellular domain. This structural pocket is important for the function of HssS as a heme sensor. Our findings provide a new basis for the elucidation of pathogen-sensing mechanisms as a prerequisite to the discovery of inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Saillant
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Léo Morey
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Damien Lipuma
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boëton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marina Siponen
- Aix Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- Aix Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Delphine Lechardeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Wang Y, Wang W, Cao T, Zhang L, Wang Z, Chi X, Shi T, Wang H, He X, Liang M, Yang M, Jiang W, Lv D, Yu J, Zhu G, Xie Y, Gao B, Wang X, Liu X, Li Y, Ouyang L, Zhang J, Liu H, Li Z, Tong Y, Xia X, Tan GY, Zhang L. High-yield porphyrin production through metabolic engineering and biocatalysis. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02267-3. [PMID: 38839873 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Porphyrins and their derivatives find extensive applications in medicine, food, energy and materials. In this study, we produced porphyrin compounds by combining Rhodobacter sphaeroides as an efficient cell factory with enzymatic catalysis. Genome-wide CRISPRi-based screening in R. sphaeroides identifies hemN as a target for improved coproporphyrin III (CPIII) production, and exploiting phosphorylation of PrrA further improves the production of bioactive CPIII to 16.5 g L-1 by fed-batch fermentation. Subsequent screening and engineering high-activity metal chelatases and coproheme decarboxylase results in the synthesis of various metalloporphyrins, including heme and the anti-tumor agent zincphyrin. After pilot-scale fermentation (200 L) and setting up the purification process for CPIII (purity >95%), we scaled up the production of heme and zincphyrin through enzymatic catalysis in a 5-L bioreactor, with CPIII achieving respective enzyme conversion rates of 63% and 98% and yielding 10.8 g L-1 and 21.3 g L-1, respectively. Our strategy offers a solution for high-yield bioproduction of heme and other valuable porphyrins with substantial industrial and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengduo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuran Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mindong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Youyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaojun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Key Biosensor Laboratory of Shandong Province, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Gao-Yi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Filipek J, Chalaskiewicz K, Kosmider A, Nielipinski M, Michalak A, Bednarkiewicz M, Goslawski-Zeligowski M, Prucnal F, Sekula B, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ. Comprehensive structural overview of the C-terminal ligand-binding domains of the TetR family regulators. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108071. [PMID: 38401830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
TetR family regulators (TFRs) represent a large group of one-component bacterial signal transduction systems which recognize environmental signals, like the presence of antibiotics or other bactericidal compounds, and trigger the cell response by regulating the expression of genes that secure bacterial survival in harsh environmental conditions. TFRs act as homodimers, each protomer is composed of a conserved DNA-binding N-terminal domain (NTD) and a variable ligand-binding C-terminal domain (CTD). Currently, there are about 500 structures of TFRs available in the Protein Data Bank and one-fourth of them represent the structures of TFR-ligand complexes. In this review, we summarized information on the ligands interacting with TFRs and based on structural data, we compared the CTDs of the TFR family members, as well as their ligand-binding cavities. Additionally, we divided the whole TFR family, including more than half of a million sequences, into subfamilies according to calculated multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree. We also highlighted structural elements characteristic of some of the subfamilies. The presented comprehensive overview of the TFR CTDs provides good bases and future directions for further studies on TFRs that are not only important targets for battling multidrug resistance but also good candidates for many biotechnological approaches, like TFR-based biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Filipek
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Chalaskiewicz
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kosmider
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Nielipinski
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bednarkiewicz
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mieszko Goslawski-Zeligowski
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Filip Prucnal
- Biotechnology Students Association Ferment, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sekula
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland
| | - Agnieszka J Pietrzyk-Brzezinska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, Lodz 90-537, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du X, Liu N, Yan B, Li Y, Liu M, Huang Y. Proximity-based defensive mutualism between Streptomyces and Mesorhizobium by sharing and sequestering iron. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrad041. [PMID: 38366066 PMCID: PMC10881299 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in soil maintain intricate interactions among themselves, forming the soil microbiota that influences the rhizosphere microbiome and plant growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the soil microbial interactions remain unclear. Streptomyces and Mesorhizobium are commonly found in soil and serve as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Here, we identified an unprecedented interaction between the colonies of red-soil-derived Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.4098 and Mesorhizobium sp. BAC0120 and referred to it as "proximity-based defensive mutualism (PBDM)." We found that metabolite-mediated iron competition and sharing between the two microorganisms were responsible for PBDM. Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.4098 produced a highly diffusible siderophore, desferrioxamine, which made iron unavailable to co-cultured Mesorhizobium sp. BAC0120, thereby inhibiting its growth. Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.4098 also released poorly diffusible iron-porphyrin complexes, which could be utilized by Mesorhizobium sp. BAC0120, thereby restoring the growth of nearby Mesorhizobium sp. BAC0120. Furthermore, in ternary interactions, the PBDM strategy contributed to the protection of Mesorhizobium sp. BAC0120 close to Streptomyces sp. FXJ1.4098 from other microbial competitors, resulting in the coexistence of these two PGPR. A scale-up pairwise interaction screening suggested that the PBDM strategy may be common between Mesorhizobium and red-soil-derived Streptomyces. These results demonstrate the key role of iron in complex microbial interactions and provide novel insights into the coexistence of PGPR in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408, P. R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, BCEG Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., Beijing 100015, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Bingfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408, P. R. China
| | - Yisong Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schumacher MA, Lent N, Chen VB, Salinas R. Structures of the DarR transcription regulator reveal unique modes of second messenger and DNA binding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7239. [PMID: 37945601 PMCID: PMC10636190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial repressor, DarR, a TetR family regulator (TFR), was the first transcription regulator shown to bind c-di-AMP. However, the molecular basis for this interaction and the mechanism involved in DNA binding by DarR remain unknown. Here we describe DarR-c-di-AMP and DarR-DNA structures and complementary biochemical assays. The DarR-c-di-AMP structure reveals a unique effector binding site for a TFR, located between DarR dimer subunits. Strikingly, we show this motif also binds cAMP. The location of the adenine nucleotide binding site between subunits suggests this interaction may facilitate dimerization and hence DNA binding. Indeed, biochemical assays show cAMP enhances DarR DNA binding. Finally, DarR-DNA structures reveal a distinct TFR DNA-binding mechanism involving two interacting dimers on the DNA. Thus, the combined data unveil a newly described second messenger binding motif and DNA binding mode for this important family of regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Schumacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Nicholas Lent
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Vincent B Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Raul Salinas
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Wang Y, Wang M, Liu M, Cheng A. Heme acquisition and tolerance in Gram-positive model bacteria: An orchestrated balance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18233. [PMID: 37501967 PMCID: PMC10368836 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a nutrient, heme is important for various cellular processes of organism. Bacteria can obtain heme via heme biosynthesis or/and uptake of exogenous heme from the host. On the other side, absorption of excess heme is cytotoxic to bacteria. Thus, bacteria have developed systems to relieve heme toxicity and contribute to the maintenance of heme homeostasis. In the past decades, the mechanisms underlying heme acquisition and tolerance have been well studied in Gram-positive model bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and other Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we review the elaborate mechanisms by which these bacteria acquire heme and resist heme toxicity. Since both the heme utilization system and the heme tolerance system contribute to bacterial virulence, this review is not only helpful for a comprehensive understanding of the heme homeostasis mechanism in Gram-positive bacteria but also provides a theoretical basis for the development of antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Livestock Research, Mianyang 621023, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dje Kouadio DK, Wieringa F, Greffeuille V, Humblot C. Bacteria from the gut influence the host micronutrient status. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37366286 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2227888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies or "hidden hunger" remains a serious public health problem in most low- and middle-income countries, with severe consequences for child development. Traditional methods of treatment and prevention, such as supplementation and fortification, have not always proven to be effective and may have undesirable side-effects (i.e., digestive troubles with iron supplementation). Commensal bacteria in the gut may increase bioavailability of specific micronutrients (i.e., minerals), notably by removing anti-nutritional compounds, such as phytates and polyphenols, or by the synthesis of vitamins. Together with the gastrointestinal mucosa, gut microbiota is also the first line of protection against pathogens. It contributes to the reinforcement of the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and to a better absorption of micronutrients. However, its role in micronutrient malnutrition is still poorly understood. Moreover, the bacterial metabolism is also dependent of micronutrients acquired from the gut environment and resident bacteria may compete or collaborate to maintain micronutrient homeostasis. Gut microbiota composition can therefore be modulated by micronutrient availability. This review brings together current knowledge on this two-way relationship between micronutrients and gut microbiota bacteria, with a focus on iron, zinc, vitamin A and folate (vitamin B9), as these deficiencies are public health concerns in a global context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorgeles Kouakou Dje Kouadio
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Frank Wieringa
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Valérie Greffeuille
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| | - Christèle Humblot
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Montpellier, France, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Su H, Chen X, Chen S, Guo M, Liu H. Applications of the Whole-Cell System in the Efficient Biosynthesis of Heme. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098384. [PMID: 37176091 PMCID: PMC10179345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme has a variety of functions, from electronic reactions to binding gases, which makes it useful in medical treatments, dietary supplements, and food processing. In recent years, whole-cell system-based heme biosynthesis methods have been continuously explored and optimized as an alternative to the low-yield, lasting, and adverse ecological environment of chemical synthesis methods. This method relies on two biosynthetic pathways of microbial precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (C4, C5) and three known downstream biosynthetic pathways of heme. This paper reviews the genetic and metabolic engineering strategies for heme production in recent years by optimizing culture conditions and techniques from different microorganisms. Specifically, we summarized and analyzed the possibility of using biosensors to explore new strategies for the biosynthesis of heme from the perspective of synthetic biology, providing a new direction for future exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Su
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shijing Chen
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingzhang Guo
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu B, Yu H, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G, Lee SY, Zhao X. Whole-Cell P450 Biocatalysis Using Engineered Escherichia coli with Fine-Tuned Heme Biosynthesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205580. [PMID: 36526588 PMCID: PMC9951570 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
By exploiting versatile P450 enzymes, whole-cell biocatalysis can be performed to synthesize valuable compounds in Escherichia coli. However, the insufficient supply of heme limits the whole-cell P450 biocatalytic activity. Here a strategy for improving intracellular heme biosynthesis to enhance the catalytic efficiencies of P450s is reported. After comparing the effects of improving heme transport and biosynthesis on P450 activities, intracellular heme biosynthesis is optimized through the integrated expression of necessary synthetic genes at proper ratios and the assembly of rate-limiting enzymes using DNA-guided scaffolds. The intracellular heme level is fine-tuned by the combined use of mutated heme-sensitive biosensors and small regulatory RNA systems. The catalytic efficiencies of three different P450s, BM3, sca-2, and CYP105D7, are enhanced through fine-tuning heme biosynthesis for the synthesis of hydroquinone, pravastatin, and 7,3',4'-trihydroxyisoflavone as example products of chemical intermediate, drug, and natural product, respectively. This strategy of fine-tuned heme biosynthesis will be generally useful for developing whole-cell biocatalysts involving hemoproteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baodong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program)BioProcess Engineering Research CenterBioinformatics Research Center, and Institute for the BioCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonYuseong‐gu34141Republic of Korea
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of EducationSchool of BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Science Center for Future FoodsJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic BiotechnologyJiangnan University1800 Lihu RoadWuxiJiangsu214122China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu Y, Lechardeur D, Bernardet JF, Kerouault B, Guérin C, Rigaudeau D, Nicolas P, Duchaud E, Rochat T. Two functionally distinct heme/iron transport systems are virulence determinants of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Virulence 2022; 13:1221-1241. [PMID: 35880611 PMCID: PMC9331221 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have a critical impact on aquaculture, a sector that accounts for half of the human fish consumption. Flavobacterium psychrophilum (phylum Bacteroidetes) is responsible for bacterial cold-water disease in salmonids worldwide. The molecular factors involved in host invasion, colonization and haemorrhagic septicaemia are mostly unknown. In this study, we identified two new TonB-dependent receptors, HfpR and BfpR, that are required for adaptation to iron conditions encountered during infection and for virulence in rainbow trout. Transcriptional analyses revealed that their expression is tightly controlled and upregulated under specific iron sources and concentrations. Characterization of deletion mutants showed that they act without redundancy: BfpR is required for optimal growth in the presence of high haemoglobin level, while HfpR confers the capacity to acquire nutrient iron from haem or haemoglobin under iron scarcity. The gene hfpY, co-transcribed with hfpR, encodes a protein related to the HmuY family. We demonstrated that HfpY binds haem and contributes significantly to host colonization and disease severity. Overall, these results are consistent with a model in which both BfpR and Hfp systems promote haem uptake and respond to distinct signals to adapt iron acquisition to the different stages of pathogenesis. Our findings give insight into the molecular basis of pathogenicity of a serious pathogen belonging to the understudied family Flavobacteriaceae and point to the newly identified haem receptors as promising targets for antibacterial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Zhu
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Delphine Lechardeur
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Cyprien Guérin
- INRAE, MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Pierre Nicolas
- INRAE, MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zou ZP, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhou Y, Ye BC. Coupling split-lux cassette with a toggle switch in bacteria for ultrasensitive blood markers detection in feces and urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 214:114520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Growth fitness, heme uptake and genomic variants in mutants of oxygen-tolerant Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
13
|
Structural basis for heme detoxification by an ATP-binding cassette-type efflux pump in gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123385119. [PMID: 35767641 PMCID: PMC9271180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens acquire heme from the host hemoglobin as an iron nutrient for their virulence and proliferation in blood. Concurrently, they encounter cytotoxic-free heme that escapes the heme-acquisition process. To overcome this toxicity, many gram-positive bacteria employ an ATP-binding cassette heme-dedicated efflux pump, HrtBA in the cytoplasmic membranes. Although genetic analyses have suggested that HrtBA expels heme from the bacterial membranes, the molecular mechanism of heme efflux remains elusive due to the lack of protein studies. Here, we show the biochemical properties and crystal structures of Corynebacterium diphtheriae HrtBA, alone and in complex with heme or an ATP analog, and we reveal how HrtBA extracts heme from the membrane and releases it. HrtBA consists of two cytoplasmic HrtA ATPase subunits and two transmembrane HrtB permease subunits. A heme-binding site is formed in the HrtB dimer and is laterally accessible to heme in the outer leaflet of the membrane. The heme-binding site captures heme from the membrane using a glutamate residue of either subunit as an axial ligand and sequesters the heme within the rearranged transmembrane helix bundle. By ATP-driven HrtA dimerization, the heme-binding site is squeezed to extrude the bound heme. The mechanism sheds light on the detoxification of membrane-bound heme in this bacterium.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stasiuk R, Matlakowska R. Sedimentary Cobalt Protoporphyrin as a Potential Precursor of Prosthetic Heme Group for Bacteria Inhabiting Fossil Organic Matter-Rich Shale Rock. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1913. [PMID: 34944556 PMCID: PMC8699415 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that bacteria inhabiting shale rock affect the content of the sedimentary cobalt protoporphyrin present in it and can use it as a precursor for heme synthesis. To verify this hypothesis, we conducted qualitative and quantitative comparative analyses of cobalt protoporphyrin as well as heme, and heme iron in shale rock that were (i) inhabited by bacteria in the field, (ii) treated with bacteria in the laboratory, and with (iii) bacterial culture on synthetic cobalt protoporphyrin. Additionally, we examined the above-mentioned samples for the presence of enzymes involved in the heme biosynthesis and uptake as well as hemoproteins. We found depletion of cobalt protoporphyrin and a much higher heme concentration in the shale rock inhabited by bacteria in the field as well as the shale rock treated with bacteria in the laboratory. Similarly, we observed the accumulation of protoporphyrin in bacterial cells grown on synthetic cobalt protoporphyrin. We detected numerous hemoproteins in metaproteome of bacteria inhabited shale rock in the field and in proteomes of bacteria inhabited shale rock and synthetic cobalt protoporhyrin in the laboratory, but none of them had all the enzymes involved in the heme biosynthesis. However, proteins responsible for heme uptake, ferrochelatase and sirohydrochlorin cobaltochelatase/sirohydrochlorin cobalt-lyase were detected in all studied samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Matlakowska
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barger N, Oren I, Li X, Habib M, Daniel R. A Whole-Cell Bacterial Biosensor for Blood Markers Detection in Urine. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1132-1142. [PMID: 33908255 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The early detection of blood in urine (hematuria) can play a crucial role in the treatment of serious diseases (e.g., infections, kidney disease, schistosomiasis, and cancer). Therefore, the development of low-cost portable biosensors for blood detection in urine has become necessary. Here, we designed an ultrasensitive whole-cell bacterial biosensor interfaced with an optoelectronic measurement module for heme detection in urine. Heme is a red blood cells (RBCs) component that is liberated from lysed cells. The bacterial biosensor includes Escherichia coli cells carrying a heme-sensitive synthetic promoter integrated with a luciferase reporter (luxCDABE) from Photorhabdus luminescens. To improve the bacterial biosensor performance, we re-engineered the genetic structure of luxCDABE operon by splitting it into two parts (luxCDE and luxAB). The luxCDE genes were regulated by the heme-sensitive promoter, and the luxAB genes were regulated by either constitutive or inducible promoters. We examined the genetic circuit's performance in synthetic urine diluent supplied with heme and in human urine supplied with lysed blood. Finally, we interfaced the bacterial biosensor with a light detection setup based on a commercial optical measurement single-photon avalanche photodiode (SPAD). The whole-cell biosensor was tested in human urine with lysed blood, demonstrating a low-cost, portable, and easy-to-use hematuria detection with an ON-to-OFF ratio of 6.5-fold for blood levels from 5 × 104 to 5 × 105 RBC per mL of human urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Barger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ilan Oren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ximing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Mouna Habib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ramez Daniel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ko YJ, Kim M, You SK, Shin SK, Chang J, Choi HJ, Jeong WY, Lee ME, Hwang DH, Han SO. Animal-free heme production for artificial meat in Corynebacterium glutamicum via systems metabolic and membrane engineering. Metab Eng 2021; 66:217-228. [PMID: 33945844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, heme has attracted much attention as a main ingredient that mimics meat flavor in artificial meat in the food industry. Here, we developed Corynebacterium glutamicum capable of high-yield production of heme with systems metabolic engineering and modification of membrane surface. The combination of two precursor pathways based on thermodynamic information increased carbon flux toward heme and porphyrin intermediate biosynthesis. The co-overexpression of genes involved in a noncanonical downstream pathway and the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator DtxR significantly enhanced heme production. The overexpression of the putative heme exporters, knockout of heme-binding proteins, modification of the cell wall by chemical treatment, and reduction of intermediate UP III substantially improved heme secretion. The fed-batch fermentation showed a maximum heme titer of 309.18 ± 16.43 mg l-1, including secreted heme of 242.95 ± 11.45 mg l-1, a yield on glucose of 0.61 mmol mol-1, and productivity of 6.44 mg l-1h-1, which are the highest values reported to date. These results demonstrate that engineered C. glutamicum can be an attractive cell factory for animal-free heme production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kyou You
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu-Young Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeok Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ok Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nishinaga M, Sugimoto H, Nishitani Y, Nagai S, Nagatoishi S, Muraki N, Tosha T, Tsumoto K, Aono S, Shiro Y, Sawai H. Heme controls the structural rearrangement of its sensor protein mediating the hemolytic bacterial survival. Commun Biol 2021; 4:467. [PMID: 33850260 PMCID: PMC8044140 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemes (iron-porphyrins) are critical for biological processes in all organisms. Hemolytic bacteria survive by acquiring b-type heme from hemoglobin in red blood cells from their animal hosts. These bacteria avoid the cytotoxicity of excess heme during hemolysis by expressing heme-responsive sensor proteins that act as transcriptional factors to regulate the heme efflux system in response to the cellular heme concentration. Here, the underlying regulatory mechanisms were investigated using crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biochemical studies to understand the structural basis of the heme-responsive sensor protein PefR from Streptococcus agalactiae, a causative agent of neonatal life-threatening infections. Structural comparison of heme-free PefR, its complex with a target DNA, and heme-bound PefR revealed that unique heme coordination controls a >20 Å structural rearrangement of the DNA binding domains to dissociate PefR from the target DNA. We also found heme-bound PefR stably binds exogenous ligands, including carbon monoxide, a by-product of the heme degradation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nishinaga
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan ,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo Japan
| | - Yudai Nishitani
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan
| | - Seina Nagai
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XThe Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Norifumi Muraki
- grid.250358.90000 0000 9137 6732Institute of Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi Japan
| | - Takehiko Tosha
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan ,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XThe Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Aono
- grid.250358.90000 0000 9137 6732Institute of Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Shiro
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan
| | - Hitomi Sawai
- grid.266453.00000 0001 0724 9317Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Ako, Hyogo Japan ,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Herrin BE, Islam S, Rentschler KN, Pert LH, Kopanski SP, Wakeman CA. Haem toxicity provides a competitive advantage to the clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant phenotype. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167:001044. [PMID: 33749578 PMCID: PMC8289220 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms encounter toxicities inside the host. Many pathogens exist as subpopulations to maximize survivability. Subpopulations of Staphylococcus aureus include antibiotic-tolerant small colony variants (SCVs). These mutants often emerge following antibiotic treatment but can be present in infections prior to antibiotic exposure. We hypothesize that haem toxicity in the host selects for respiration-deficient S. aureus SCVs in the absence of antibiotics. We demonstrate that some but not all respiration-deficient SCV phenotypes are more protective than the haem detoxification system against transient haem exposure, indicating that haem toxicity in the host may contribute to the dominance of menaquinone-deficient and haem-deficient SCVs prior to antibiotic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Herrin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Shariful Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Lauren H. Pert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fu J, Hall S, Boon EM. Recent evidence for multifactorial biofilm regulation by heme sensor proteins NosP and H-NOX. CHEM LETT 2021; 50:1095-1103. [PMID: 36051866 PMCID: PMC9432776 DOI: 10.1246/cl.200945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Heme is involved in signal transduction by either acting as a cofactor of heme-based gas/redox sensors or binding reversely to heme-responsive proteins. Bacteria respond to low concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) to modulate group behaviors such as biofilms through the well-characterized H-NOX family and the newly discovered heme sensor protein NosP. NosP shares functional similarities with H-NOX as a heme-based NO sensor; both regulate two-component systems and/or cyclic-di-GMP metabolizing enzymes, playing roles in processes such as quorum sensing and biofilm regulation. Interestingly, aside from its role in NO signaling, recent studies suggest that NosP may also sense labile heme. In this Highlight Review, we briefly summarize H-NOX-dependent NO signaling in bacteria, then focus on recent advances in NosP-mediated NO signaling and labile heme sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Boon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Elizabeth M. Boon: Tel.: (631) 632-7945. Fax: (631) 632-7960.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A Novel Enterococcus faecalis Heme Transport Regulator (FhtR) Senses Host Heme To Control Its Intracellular Homeostasis. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03392-20. [PMID: 33531389 PMCID: PMC7858072 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03392-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a normal and harmless colonizer of the human intestinal flora can cause severe infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients, particularly those that have been heavily treated with antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that promote its resistance and its virulence. E. faecalis, which cannot synthesize heme, an essential but toxic metabolite, needs to scavenge this molecule from the host to respire and fight stress generated by oxidants. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal Gram-positive pathogen found in the intestines of mammals and is also a leading cause of severe infections occurring mainly among antibiotic-treated dysbiotic hospitalized patients. Like most intestinal bacteria, E. faecalis does not synthesize heme (in this report, heme refers to iron protoporphyrin IX regardless of the iron redox state). Nevertheless, environmental heme can improve E. faecalis fitness by activating respiration metabolism and a catalase that limits hydrogen peroxide stress. Since free heme also generates toxicity, its intracellular levels need to be strictly controlled. Here, we describe a unique transcriptional regulator, FhtR (named FhtR for faecalis heme transport regulator), which manages heme homeostasis by controlling an HrtBA-like efflux pump (named HrtBAEf for the HrtBA from E. faecalis). We show that FhtR, by managing intracellular heme concentration, regulates the functional expression of the heme-dependent catalase A (KatA), thus participating in heme detoxification. The biochemical features of FhtR binding to DNA, and its interaction with heme that induces efflux, are characterized. The FhtR-HrtBAEf system is shown to be relevant in a mouse intestinal model. We further show that FhtR senses heme from blood and hemoglobin but also from crossfeeding by Escherichia coli. These findings bring to light the central role of heme sensing by FhtR in response to heme fluctuations within the gastrointestinal tract, which allow this pathogen to limit heme toxicity while ensuring expression of an oxidative defense system.
Collapse
|
21
|
(p)ppGpp/GTP and Malonyl-CoA Modulate Staphylococcus aureus Adaptation to FASII Antibiotics and Provide a Basis for Synergistic Bi-Therapy. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03193-20. [PMID: 33531402 PMCID: PMC7858065 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human bacterial pathogen for which new inhibitors are urgently needed. Antibiotic development has centered on the fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway, which provides the building blocks for bacterial membrane phospholipids. Fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) enzymes are considered valid targets for antimicrobial drug development against the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. However, incorporation of host fatty acids confers FASII antibiotic adaptation that compromises prospective treatments. S. aureus adapts to FASII inhibitors by first entering a nonreplicative latency period, followed by outgrowth. Here, we used transcriptional fusions and direct metabolite measurements to investigate the factors that dictate the duration of latency prior to outgrowth. We show that stringent response induction leads to repression of FASII and phospholipid synthesis genes. (p)ppGpp induction inhibits synthesis of malonyl-CoA, a molecule that derepresses FapR, a key regulator of FASII and phospholipid synthesis. Anti-FASII treatment also triggers transient expression of (p)ppGpp-regulated genes during the anti-FASII latency phase, with concomitant repression of FapR regulon expression. These effects are reversed upon outgrowth. GTP depletion, a known consequence of the stringent response, also occurs during FASII latency, and is proposed as the common signal linking these responses. We next showed that anti-FASII treatment shifts malonyl-CoA distribution between its interactants FapR and FabD, toward FapR, increasing expression of the phospholipid synthesis genes plsX and plsC during outgrowth. We conclude that components of the stringent response dictate malonyl-CoA availability in S. aureus FASII regulation, and contribute to latency prior to anti-FASII-adapted outgrowth. A combinatory approach, coupling a (p)ppGpp inducer and an anti-FASII, blocks S. aureus outgrowth, opening perspectives for bi-therapy treatment.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seyoum Y, Baye K, Humblot C. Iron homeostasis in host and gut bacteria - a complex interrelationship. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-19. [PMID: 33541211 PMCID: PMC7872071 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1874855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most frequent nutritional deficiency in the world with an estimated 1.4 billion people affected. The usual way to fight iron deficiency is iron fortification, but this approach is not always effective and can have undesirable side effects including an increase in the growth and virulence of gut bacterial pathogens responsible for diarrhea and gut inflammation. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duodenum and is tightly regulated in mammals. Unabsorbed iron enters the colonic lumen where many microorganisms, referred to as gut microbiota, reside. Iron is essential for these bacteria, and its availability consequently affects this microbial ecosystem. The aim of this review is to provide further insights into the complex relationship between iron and gut microbiota. Given that overcoming anemia caused by iron deficiency is still a challenge today, gut microbiota could help identify more efficient ways to tackle this public health problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Seyoum
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Baye
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Christèle Humblot
- QualiSud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de la Réunion, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Verplaetse E, André-Leroux G, Duhutrel P, Coeuret G, Chaillou S, Nielsen-Leroux C, Champomier-Vergès MC. Heme Uptake in Lactobacillus sakei Evidenced by a New Energy Coupling Factor (ECF)-Like Transport System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02847-19. [PMID: 32680867 PMCID: PMC7480364 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02847-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus sakei is a nonpathogenic lactic acid bacterium and a natural inhabitant of meat ecosystems. Although red meat is a heme-rich environment, L. sakei does not need iron or heme for growth, although it possesses a heme-dependent catalase. Iron incorporation into L. sakei from myoglobin and hemoglobin was previously shown by microscopy and the L. sakei genome reveals the complete equipment for iron and heme transport. Here, we report the characterization of a five-gene cluster (from lsa1836 to lsa1840 [lsa1836-1840]) encoding a putative metal iron ABC transporter. Interestingly, this cluster, together with a heme-dependent catalase gene, is also conserved in other species from the meat ecosystem. Our bioinformatic analyses revealed that the locus might correspond to a complete machinery of an energy coupling factor (ECF) transport system. We quantified in vitro the intracellular heme in the wild type (WT) and in our Δlsa1836-1840 deletion mutant using an intracellular heme sensor and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for quantifying incorporated 57Fe heme. We showed that in the WT L. sakei, heme accumulation occurs rapidly and massively in the presence of hemin, while the deletion mutant was impaired in heme uptake; this ability was restored by in trans complementation. Our results establish the main role of the L. sakei Lsa1836-1840 ECF-like system in heme uptake. Therefore, this research outcome sheds new light on other possible functions of ECF-like systems.IMPORTANCELactobacillus sakei is a nonpathogenic bacterial species exhibiting high fitness in heme-rich environments such as meat products, although it does not need iron or heme for growth. Heme capture and utilization capacities are often associated with pathogenic species and are considered virulence-associated factors in the infected hosts. For these reasons, iron acquisition systems have been deeply studied in such species, while for nonpathogenic bacteria the information is scarce. Genomic data revealed that several putative iron transporters are present in the genome of the lactic acid bacterium L. sakei In this study, we demonstrate that one of them is an ECF-like ABC transporter with a functional role in heme transport. Such evidence has not yet been brought for an ECF; therefore, our study reveals a new class of heme transport system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Verplaetse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Philippe Duhutrel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gwendoline Coeuret
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Chaillou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Competitors versus Collaborators: Micronutrient Processing by Pathogenic and Commensal Human-Associated Gut Bacteria. Mol Cell 2020; 78:570-576. [PMID: 32442503 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Co-evolution of gut commensal bacteria and humans has ensured that the micronutrient needs of both parties are met. This minireview summarizes the known molecular mechanisms of iron, zinc, and B vitamin processing by human-associated bacteria, comparing gut pathogens and commensals, and highlights the tension between their roles as competitors versus collaborators with the human host.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang J, Wang Z, Su T, Sun H, Zhu Y, Qi Q, Wang Q. Tuning the Binding Affinity of Heme-Responsive Biosensor for Precise and Dynamic Pathway Regulation. iScience 2020; 23:101067. [PMID: 32371371 PMCID: PMC7200772 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current challenge for dynamic pathway control in metabolic engineering is enabling the components of the artificial regulatory system to be tunable. Here, we designed and built a heme-responsive regulatory system containing a heme biosensor HrtR and CRISPRi to regulate chemicals production while maintaining the intracellular heme homeostasis. A series of engineered biosensors with varied sensitivity and threshold were obtained by semi-rational design with site saturated mutation of HrtR. The modified metabolite-binding affinity of HrtR was confirmed by heme titration and molecular dynamic simulation. Dynamic regulation pattern of the system was validated by the fluctuation of gene expression and intracellular heme concentration. The efficiency of this regulatory system was proved by improving the 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) production to 5.35g/L, the highest yield in batch fermentation of Escherichia coli. This system was also successfully used in improving porphobilinogen (PBG) and porphyrins biosynthesis and can be applied in many other biological processes. Designed and built a heme-responsive regulatory system employing HrtR and CRISPRi Turning the binding affinity of HrtR by site saturation mutations Optimizing the system to achieve dynamic regulation of target genes The system was applied to the ALA, PBG, and porphyrins production
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Tianyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China; CAS Key Lab of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Barra M, Danino T, Garrido D. Engineered Probiotics for Detection and Treatment of Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:265. [PMID: 32296696 PMCID: PMC7137092 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory intestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have seen an increase in their prevalence in developing countries throughout the current decade. These are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, altered immune response, intestinal epithelium disruption and dysbiosis in the gut microbiome. Current therapies are mainly focused on treating symptoms and are often expensive and ineffective in the long term. Recently, there has been an increase in our understanding of the relevance of the gut microbiome and its impact on human health. Advances in the use of probiotics and synthetic biology have led to the development of intestinal biosensors, bacteria engineered to detect inflammation biomarkers, that work as diagnostic tools. Additionally, live biotherapeutics have been engineered as delivery vehicles to produce treatment in situ avoiding common complications and side effects of current therapies. These genetic constructs often express a therapeutic substance constitutively, but others could be regulated externally by specific substrates, making the production of their treatment more efficient. Additionally, certain probiotics detecting specific biomarkers in situ and responding by generating a therapeutic substance are beginning to be developed. While most studies are still in the laboratory stage, a few modified probiotics have been tested in humans. These advances indicate that live biotherapeutics could have great potential as new treatments for inflammatory intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Barra
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tal Danino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Syllwasschy BF, Beck MS, Družeta I, Hopp MT, Ramoji A, Neugebauer U, Nozinovic S, Menche D, Willbold D, Ohlenschläger O, Kühl T, Imhof D. High-affinity binding and catalytic activity of His/Tyr-based sequences: Extending heme-regulatory motifs beyond CP. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129603. [PMID: 32234408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & MOTIVATION Peptides and proteins can interact with heme through His, Tyr, or Cys in heme-regulatory motifs (HRMs). The Cys-Pro dipeptide is a well investigated HRM, but for His and Tyr such a distinct motif is currently unknown. In addition, many heme-peptide complexes, such as heme-amyloid β, can display a peroxidase-like activity, albeit there is little understanding of how the local primary and secondary coordination environment influences catalytic activity. We thus systematically evaluated a series of His- and Tyr-based peptides to identify sequence features for high-affinity heme binding and their impact on the catalytic activity of heme. METHODS We employed solid-phase peptide synthesis to produce 58 nonapeptides, which were investigated by UV/vis, resonance Raman, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. A chromogenic assay was used to determine the catalytic activity of the heme-peptide complexes. RESULTS Heme-binding affinity and binding mode were found to be dependent on the coordinating amino acid and spacer length between multiple potential coordination sites in a motif. In particular, HXH and HXXXH motifs showed strong heme binding. Analysis of the peroxidase-like activity revealed that some of these peptides and also HXXXY motifs enhance the catalytic activity of heme significantly. CONCLUSIONS We identify HXH, HXXXH, and HXXXY as potential new HRMs with functional properties. Several peptides displayed a strikingly high peroxidase-like activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identification of HRMs allows to discover yet unknown heme-regulated proteins, and consequently, enhances our current understanding of pathologies involving labile heme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Franz Syllwasschy
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steve Beck
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivona Družeta
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Thérèse Hopp
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anuradha Ramoji
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Senada Nozinovic
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Jülich Research Centre, Institute of Complex Systems - Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Physical Biology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Toni Kühl
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mitra A, Ko YH, Cingolani G, Niederweis M. Heme and hemoglobin utilization by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4260. [PMID: 31534126 PMCID: PMC6751184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but most iron in the human body is stored in heme within hemoglobin. Here, we demonstrate that the substrate-binding protein DppA of the inner membrane Dpp transporter is required for heme and hemoglobin utilization by Mtb. The 1.27 Å crystal structure of DppA shows a tetrapeptide bound in the protein core and a large solvent-exposed crevice for heme binding. Mutation of arginine 179 in this cleft eliminates heme binding to DppA and prevents heme utilization by Mtb. The outer membrane proteins PPE36 and PPE62 are also required for heme and hemoglobin utilization, indicating that these pathways converge at the cell surface of Mtb. Albumin, the most abundant blood protein, binds heme specifically and bypasses the requirements for PPE36, PPE62 and Dpp. Thus, our study reveals albumin-dependent and -independent heme uptake pathways, highlighting the importance of iron acquisition from heme for Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gaudu P, Yamamoto Y, Jensen PR, Hammer K, Lechardeur D, Gruss A. Genetics of Lactococci. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0035-2018. [PMID: 31298208 PMCID: PMC10957224 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0035-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is the best characterized species among the lactococci, and among the most consumed food-fermenting bacteria worldwide. Thanks to their importance in industrialized food production, lactococci are among the lead bacteria understood for fundamental metabolic pathways that dictate growth and survival properties. Interestingly, lactococci belong to the Streptococcaceae family, which includes food, commensal and virulent species. As basic metabolic pathways (e.g., respiration, metal homeostasis, nucleotide metabolism) are now understood to underlie virulence, processes elucidated in lactococci could be important for understanding pathogen fitness and synergy between bacteria. This chapter highlights major findings in lactococci and related bacteria, and covers five themes: distinguishing features of lactococci, metabolic capacities including the less known respiration metabolism in Streptococcaceae, factors and pathways modulating stress response and fitness, interbacterial dialogue via metabolites, and novel applications in health and biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, 034-8628, Aomori Japan
| | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karin Hammer
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The molecular basis of transient heme-protein interactions: analysis, concept and implementation. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181940. [PMID: 30622148 PMCID: PMC6356037 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deviant levels of available heme and related molecules can result from pathological situations such as impaired heme biosynthesis or increased hemolysis as a consequence of vascular trauma or bacterial infections. Heme-related biological processes are affected by these situations, and it is essential to fully understand the underlying mechanisms. While heme has long been known as an important prosthetic group of various proteins, its function as a regulatory and signaling molecule is poorly understood. Diseases such as porphyria are caused by impaired heme metabolism, and heme itself might be used as a drug in order to downregulate its own biosynthesis. In addition, heme-driven side effects and symptoms emerging from heme-related pathological conditions are not fully comprehended and thus impede adequate medical treatment. Several heme-regulated proteins have been identified in the past decades, however, the molecular basis of transient heme-protein interactions remains to be explored. Herein, we summarize the results of an in-depth analysis of heme binding to proteins, which revealed specific binding modes and affinities depending on the amino acid sequence. Evaluating the binding behavior of a plethora of heme-peptide complexes resulted in the implementation of a prediction tool (SeqD-HBM) for heme-binding motifs, which eventually led and will perspectively lead to the identification and verification of so far unknown heme-regulated proteins. This systematic approach resulted in a broader picture of the alternative functions of heme as a regulator of proteins. However, knowledge on heme regulation of proteins is still a bottomless barrel that leaves much scope for future research and development.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gomand F, Borges F, Burgain J, Guerin J, Revol-Junelles AM, Gaiani C. Food Matrix Design for Effective Lactic Acid Bacteria Delivery. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:285-310. [PMID: 30633562 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The range of foods featuring lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with potential associated health benefits has expanded over the years from traditional dairy products to meat, cereals, vegetables and fruits, chocolate, etc. All these new carriers need to be compared for their efficacy to protect, carry, and deliver LAB, but because of their profusion and the diversity of methods this remains difficult. This review points out the advantages and disadvantages of the main food matrix types, and an additional distinction between dairy and nondairy foods is made. The food matrix impact on LAB viability during food manufacturing, storage, and digestion is also discussed. The authors propose an ideal hypothetical food matrix that includes structural and physicochemical characteristics such as pH, water activity, and buffering capacities, all of which need to be taken into account when performing LAB food matrix design. Guidelines are finally provided to optimize food matrix design in terms of effective LAB delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gomand
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - F Borges
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - J Burgain
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - J Guerin
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | | | - C Gaiani
- LIBio, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shimizu T, Lengalova A, Martínek V, Martínková M. Heme: emergent roles of heme in signal transduction, functional regulation and as catalytic centres. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5624-5657. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of unprecedented functions of exchangeable/labile heme and heme proteins including transcription, DNA binding, protein kinase activity, K+ channel functions, cis–trans isomerization, N–N bond formation, and other functions are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Lengalova
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Martínková
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dos Santos PT, Larsen PT, Menendez-Gil P, Lillebæk EMS, Kallipolitis BH. Listeria monocytogenes Relies on the Heme-Regulated Transporter hrtAB to Resist Heme Toxicity and Uses Heme as a Signal to Induce Transcription of lmo1634, Encoding Listeria Adhesion Protein. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3090. [PMID: 30619169 PMCID: PMC6305404 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For pathogenic bacteria, host-derived heme represents an important metabolic cofactor and a source for iron. However, high levels of heme are toxic to bacteria. We have previously shown that excess heme has a growth-inhibitory effect on the Gram-positive foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, and we have learned that the LhrC1-5 family of small RNAs, together with the two-component system (TCS) LisRK, play a role in the adaptation of L. monocytogenes to heme stress conditions. However, a broader knowledge on how this pathogen responds to heme toxicity is still lacking. Here, we analyzed the global transcriptomic response of L. monocytogenes to heme stress. We found that the response of L. monocytogenes to excess heme is multifaceted, involving various strategies acting to minimize the toxic effects of heme. For example, heme exposure triggers the SOS response that deals with DNA damage. In parallel, L. monocytogenes shuts down the transcription of genes involved in heme/iron uptake and utilization. Furthermore, heme stress resulted in a massive increase in the transcription of a putative heme detoxification system, hrtAB, which is highly conserved in Gram-positive bacteria. As expected, we found that the TCS HssRS is required for heme-mediated induction of hrtAB and that a functional heme efflux system is essential for L. monocytogenes to resist heme toxicity. Curiously, the most highly up-regulated gene upon heme stress was lmo1634, encoding the Listeria adhesion protein, LAP, which acts to promote the translocation of L. monocytogenes across the intestinal barrier. Additionally, LAP is predicted to act as a bifunctional acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase. Surprisingly, a mutant lacking lmo1634 grows well under heme stress conditions, showing that LAP is not required for L. monocytogenes to resist heme toxicity. Likewise, a functional ResDE TCS, which contributes to heme-mediated expression of lmo1634, is not required for the adaptation of L. monocytogenes to heme stress conditions. Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the strategies employed by L. monocytogenes to resist heme toxicity. Our findings indicate that L. monocytogenes is using heme as a host-derived signaling molecule to control the expression of its virulence genes, as exemplified by lmo1634.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pernille Tholund Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pilar Menendez-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knippel RJ, Zackular JP, Moore JL, Celis AI, Weiss A, Washington MK, DuBois JL, Caprioli RM, Skaar EP. Heme sensing and detoxification by HatRT contributes to pathogenesis during Clostridium difficile infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007486. [PMID: 30576368 PMCID: PMC6303022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium that infects the colon, causing symptoms ranging from infectious diarrhea to fulminant colitis. In the last decade, the number of C. difficile infections has dramatically risen, making it the leading cause of reported hospital acquired infection in the United States. Bacterial toxins produced during C. difficile infection (CDI) damage host epithelial cells, releasing erythrocytes and heme into the gastrointestinal lumen. The reactive nature of heme can lead to toxicity through membrane disruption, membrane protein and lipid oxidation, and DNA damage. Here we demonstrate that C. difficile detoxifies excess heme to achieve full virulence within the gastrointestinal lumen during infection, and that this detoxification occurs through the heme-responsive expression of the heme activated transporter system (HatRT). Heme-dependent transcriptional activation of hatRT was discovered through an RNA-sequencing analysis of C. difficile grown in the presence of a sub-toxic concentration of heme. HatRT is comprised of a TetR family transcriptional regulator (hatR) and a major facilitator superfamily transporter (hatT). Strains inactivated for hatR or hatT are more sensitive to heme toxicity than wild-type. HatR binds heme, which relieves the repression of the hatRT operon, whereas HatT functions as a heme efflux pump. In a murine model of CDI, a strain inactivated for hatT displayed lower pathogenicity in a toxin-independent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that HatR senses intracellular heme concentrations leading to increased expression of the hatRT operon and subsequent heme efflux by HatT during infection. These results describe a mechanism employed by C. difficile to relieve heme toxicity within the host, and set the stage for the development of therapeutic interventions to target this bacterial-specific system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reece J. Knippel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Zackular
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Arianna I. Celis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. DuBois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mimee M, Nadeau P, Hayward A, Carim S, Flanagan S, Jerger L, Collins J, McDonnell S, Swartwout R, Citorik RJ, Bulović V, Langer R, Traverso G, Chandrakasan AP, Lu TK. An ingestible bacterial-electronic system to monitor gastrointestinal health. Science 2018; 360:915-918. [PMID: 29798884 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular monitoring in the gastrointestinal tract could offer rapid, precise disease detection and management but is impeded by access to the remote and complex environment. Here, we present an ingestible micro-bio-electronic device (IMBED) for in situ biomolecular detection based on environmentally resilient biosensor bacteria and miniaturized luminescence readout electronics that wirelessly communicate with an external device. As a proof of concept, we engineer heme-sensitive probiotic biosensors and demonstrate accurate diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding in swine. Additionally, we integrate alternative biosensors to demonstrate modularity and extensibility of the detection platform. IMBEDs enable new opportunities for gastrointestinal biomarker discovery and could transform the management and diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mimee
- Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Phillip Nadeau
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alison Hayward
- Division of Comparative Medicine, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean Carim
- Synthetic Biology Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Flanagan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Logan Jerger
- Synthetic Biology Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Division of Pediatric Gastroentrology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joy Collins
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shane McDonnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard Swartwout
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert J Citorik
- Microbiology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anantha P Chandrakasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Synthetic Biology Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Peherstorfer S, Brewitz HH, Paul George AA, Wißbrock A, Adam JM, Schmitt L, Imhof D. Insights into mechanism and functional consequences of heme binding to hemolysin-activating lysine acyltransferase HlyC from Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1964-1972. [PMID: 29908817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight regulation of heme homeostasis is a critical mechanism in pathogenic bacteria since heme functions as iron source and prosthetic group, but is also toxic at elevated concentrations. Hemolysin-activating lysine-acyltransferase (HlyC) from Escherichia coli is crucial for maturation of hemolysin A, which lyses several mammalian cells including erythrocytes liberating large amounts of heme for bacterial uptake. A possible impact and functional consequences of the released heme on events employing bacterial HlyC have remained unexplored. METHODS Heme binding to HlyC was investigated using UV/vis and SPR spectroscopy. Functional impact of heme association was examined using an in vitro hemolysis assay. The interaction was further studied by homology modeling, molecular docking and dynamics simulations. RESULTS We identified HlyC as potential heme-binding protein possessing heme-regulatory motifs. Using wild-type protein and a double alanine mutant we demonstrated that heme binds to HlyC via histidine 151 (H151). We could show further that heme inhibits the enzymatic activity of wild-type HlyC. Computational studies illustrated potential interaction sites in addition to H151 confirming the results from spectroscopy indicating more than one heme-binding site. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results reveal novel insights into heme-protein interactions and regulation of a component of the heme uptake system in one of the major causative agents of urinary tract infections in humans. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study points to a possible novel mechanism of regulation as present in many uropathogenic E. coli strains at an early stage of heme iron acquisition from erythrocytes for subsequent internalization by the bacterial heme-uptake machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Peherstorfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Düsseldorf, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Henning Brewitz
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ajay Abisheck Paul George
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Amelie Wißbrock
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Maria Adam
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Düsseldorf, 40255 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kok J, van Gijtenbeek LA, de Jong A, van der Meulen SB, Solopova A, Kuipers OP. The Evolution of gene regulation research in Lactococcus lactis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:S220-S243. [PMID: 28830093 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is a major microbe. This lactic acid bacterium (LAB) is used worldwide in the production of safe, healthy, tasteful and nutritious milk fermentation products. Its huge industrial importance has led to an explosion of research on the organism, particularly since the early 1970s. The upsurge in the research on L. lactis coincided not accidentally with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in these years. The development of methods to take out and re-introduce DNA in L. lactis, to clone genes and to mutate the chromosome in a targeted way, to control (over)expression of proteins and, ultimately, the availability of the nucleotide sequence of its genome and the use of that information in transcriptomics and proteomics research have enabled to peek deep into the functioning of the organism. Among many other things, this has provided an unprecedented view of the major gene regulatory pathways involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism and their overlap, and has led to the blossoming of the field of L. lactis systems biology. All of these advances have made L. lactis the paradigm of the LAB. This review will deal with the exciting path along which the research on the genetics of and gene regulation in L. lactis has trodden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke A van Gijtenbeek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd B van der Meulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Solopova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zotta T, Ricciardi A, Ianniello RG, Storti LV, Glibota NA, Parente E. Aerobic and respirative growth of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria: A screening study. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:117-127. [PMID: 30166132 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (76 strains) belonging to Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella species which are important in fermentation, spoilage or as probiotics were screened in a factorial experiment for their ability to grow, produce catalase and consume oxygen in aerobiosis or in anaerobiosis, with or without supplementation with hemin and/or menaquinone in a medium containing glucose as a carbohydrate source. Aerobiosis improved growth with a few exceptions. The effect of supplementation with heme and/or menaquinone was strain specific and clear evidence of heme-boosted respiration was found in some cases. Heme-catalase was produced by strains of L. brevis, W. minor and Leuc. mesenteroides; some strains of the latter species produced non-heme catalase. Shaken flasks experiments showed that aerobic growth resulted in increased maximum growth rate and in a limited increase in biomass. Heme supplementation during aerobic growth resulted in a further increase in growth rate and final biomass only for a few strains; this was often related to catalase, which was also responsible for increased tolerance of H2O2. In both experiments we found evidence of heme toxicity, especially in anaerobiosis and in absence of menaquinone. Dose response curves for aerobic growth in the presence of combinations of hemin and menaquinone were non-monotonic, with growth stimulation at low doses of heme (<2.5 mg/l) and toxicity at higher doses. Menaquinone at 0.25-8 mg/l increased growth stimulation and partially reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zotta
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione-CNR, Avellino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ricciardi
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Rocco G Ianniello
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Livia V Storti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Nicolas A Glibota
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Eugenio Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fojcik C, Arnoux P, Ouerdane L, Aigle M, Alfonsi L, Borezée-Durant E. Independent and cooperative regulation of staphylopine biosynthesis and trafficking by Fur and Zur. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:159-177. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Fojcik
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA, DRF, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance France
- CNRS, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance France
- Aix Marseille Université, UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales; Saint Paul-Lez-Durance 13108 France
| | - Laurent Ouerdane
- CNRS-UPPA, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-inorganique et Environnement, UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 2; Av. Angot 64053 Pau France
| | - Marina Aigle
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Laura Alfonsi
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Elise Borezée-Durant
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech; University Paris-Saclay; 78350 Jouy-en-Josas France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu J, Wang Z, Kandasamy V, Lee SY, Solem C, Jensen PR. Harnessing the respiration machinery for high-yield production of chemicals in metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis. Metab Eng 2017; 44:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
41
|
Brewitz HH, Hagelueken G, Imhof D. Structural and functional diversity of transient heme binding to bacterial proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:683-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
Visualization of the role of host heme on the virulence of the heme auxotroph Streptococcus agalactiae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40435. [PMID: 28091535 PMCID: PMC5238366 DOI: 10.1038/srep40435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is essential for several cellular key functions but is also toxic. Whereas most bacterial pathogens utilize heme as a metabolic cofactor and iron source, the impact of host heme during bacterial infection remains elusive. The opportunist pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae does not synthesize heme but still uses it to activate a respiration metabolism. Concomitantly, heme toxicity is mainly controlled by the HrtBA efflux transporter. Here we investigate how S. agalactiae manages heme toxicity versus benefits in the living host. Using bioluminescent bacteria and heme-responsive reporters for in vivo imaging, we show that the capacity of S. agalactiae to overcome heme toxicity is required for successful infection, particularly in blood-rich organs. Host heme is simultaneously required, as visualized by a generalized infection defect of a respiration-negative mutant. In S. agalactiae, HrtBA expression responds to an intracellular heme signal via activation of the two-component system HssRS. A hssRS promoter-driven intracellular luminescent heme sensor was designed to identify host compartments that supply S. agalactiae with heme. S. agalactiae acquires heme in heart, kidneys, and liver, but not in the brain. We conclude that S. agalactiae response to heme is organ-dependent, and its efflux may be particularly relevant in late stages of infection.
Collapse
|
43
|
Choby JE, Skaar EP. Heme Synthesis and Acquisition in Bacterial Pathogens. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3408-28. [PMID: 27019298 PMCID: PMC5125930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens require the iron-containing cofactor heme to cause disease. Heme is essential to the function of hemoproteins, which are involved in energy generation by the electron transport chain, detoxification of host immune effectors, and other processes. During infection, bacterial pathogens must synthesize heme or acquire heme from the host; however, host heme is sequestered in high-affinity hemoproteins. Pathogens have evolved elaborate strategies to acquire heme from host sources, particularly hemoglobin, and both heme acquisition and synthesis are important for pathogenesis. Paradoxically, excess heme is toxic to bacteria and pathogens must rely on heme detoxification strategies. Heme is a key nutrient in the struggle for survival between host and pathogen, and its study has offered significant insight into the molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Choby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Franza T, Delavenne E, Derré-Bobillot A, Juillard V, Boulay M, Demey E, Vinh J, Lamberet G, Gaudu P. A partial metabolic pathway enables group b streptococcus to overcome quinone deficiency in a host bacterial community. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:81-91. [PMID: 27328751 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration metabolism in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is activated by exogenous heme and menaquinone. This capacity enhances resistance of GBS to acid and oxidative stress and improves its survival. In this work, we discovered that GBS is able to respire in the presence of heme and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA). DHNA is a biosynthetic precursor of demethylmenaquinone (DMK) in many bacterial species. A GBS gene (gbs1789) encodes a homolog of the MenA 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase enzyme, involved in the synthesis of demethylmenaquinone. In this study, we showed that gbs1789 is involved in the biosynthesis of long-chain demethylmenaquinones (DMK-10). The Δgbs1789 mutant cannot respire in the presence of heme and DHNA, indicating that endogenously synthesized DMKs are cofactors of the GBS respiratory chain. We also found that isoprenoid side chains from GBS DMKs are produced by the protein encoded by the gbs1783 gene, since this gene can complement an Escherichia coli ispB mutant defective for isoprenoids chain synthesis. In the gut or vaginal microbiote, where interspecies metabolite exchanges occur, this partial DMK biosynthetic pathway can be important for GBS respiration and survival in different niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Franza
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.
| | - Emilie Delavenne
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Aurélie Derré-Bobillot
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Vincent Juillard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Mylène Boulay
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | | | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, SMBP USR3149 CNRS, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gilles Lamberet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Philippe Gaudu
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu J, Chan SHJ, Brock-Nannestad T, Chen J, Lee SY, Solem C, Jensen PR. Combining metabolic engineering and biocompatible chemistry for high-yield production of homo-diacetyl and homo-(S,S)-2,3-butanediol. Metab Eng 2016; 36:57-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
46
|
Sachla AJ, Eichenbaum Z. The GAS PefCD exporter is a MDR system that confers resistance to heme and structurally diverse compounds. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:68. [PMID: 27095127 PMCID: PMC4837585 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the etiological agent of a variety of local and invasive infections as well as post-infection complications in humans. This β-hemolytic bacterium encounters environmental heme in vivo in a concentration that depends on the infection type and stage. While heme is a noxious molecule, the regulation of cellular heme levels and toxicity is underappreciated in GAS. We previously reported that heme induces three GAS genes that are similar to the pefRCD (porphyrin regulated efflux) genes from group B streptococcus. Here, we investigate the contributions of the GAS pef genes to heme management and physiology. Results In silico analysis revealed that the PefCD proteins entail a Class-1 ABC-type transporter with homology to selected MDR systems from Gram-positive bacteria. RT-PCR experiments confirmed that the pefRCD genes are transcribed to polycistronic mRNA and that a pefC insertion inactivation mutant lost the expression of both pefC and pefD genes. This mutant was hypersensitive to heme, exhibiting significant growth inhibition already in the presence of 1 μM heme. In addition, the pefC mutant was more sensitive to several drugs and nucleic acid dyes and demonstrated higher cellular accumulation of heme in comparison with the wild type and the complemented strains. Finally, the absence of the PefCD transporter potentiated the damaging effects of heme on GAS building blocks including lipids and DNA. Conclusion We show here that in GAS, the pefCD genes encode a multi-drug efflux system that allows the bacterium to circumvent the challenges imposed by labile heme. This is the first heme resistance machinery described in GAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita J Sachla
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA, 30302-4010, USA
| | - Zehava Eichenbaum
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA, 30302-4010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brewitz HH, Goradia N, Schubert E, Galler K, Kühl T, Syllwasschy B, Popp J, Neugebauer U, Hagelueken G, Schiemann O, Ohlenschläger O, Imhof D. Heme interacts with histidine- and tyrosine-based protein motifs and inhibits enzymatic activity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1343-53. [PMID: 27015758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of free organismal heme can either contribute to serious diseases or beneficially regulate important physiological processes. Research on transient binding to heme-regulatory motifs (HRMs) in proteins resulted in the discovery of numerous Cys-based, especially Cys-Pro (CP)-based motifs. However, the number of His- and Tyr-based protein representatives is comparatively low so far, which is in part caused by a lack of information regarding recognition and binding requirements. METHODS To understand transient heme association with such motifs on the molecular level, we analyzed a set of 44 His- and Tyr-based peptides using UV-vis, resonance Raman, cw-EPR and 2D NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS We observed similarities with Cys-based sequences with respect to their spectral behavior and complex geometries. However, significant differences regarding heme-binding affinities and sequence requirements were also found. Compared to Cys-based peptides and proteins all sequences investigated structurally display increased flexibility already in the free-state, which is also maintained upon heme association. The acquired knowledge allowed for identification and prediction of a His-based HRM in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli as potential heme-regulated protein. The enzyme's heme-interacting capability was studied, and revealed an inhibitory effect of heme on the protein activity with an IC50 value of 57.69±4.37 μM. CONCLUSIONS It was found that heme inhibits a bacterial protein carrying a potential His-based HRM. This finding brings microbial proteins more into focus of regulation by free heme. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding transient binding and regulatory action of heme with bacterial proteins, being crucial for survival, might promote new strategies for the treatment of bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Henning Brewitz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nishit Goradia
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Schubert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Galler
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Toni Kühl
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bioénergetique et Ingenierie des Protéines, UMR 7281, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Syllwasschy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53119 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Hagelueken
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Diana Imhof
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, 53119 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sheldon JR, Heinrichs DE. Recent developments in understanding the iron acquisition strategies of gram positive pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:592-630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
49
|
Muraki N, Kitatsuji C, Aono S. A new biological function of heme as a signaling molecule. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614501090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review presents a recent development of a new function of heme as a signaling molecule especially in the regulation of gene expression. Heme is biosynthesized as a prosthetic group for heme proteins, which play crucial roles for respiration, photosynthesis, and many other metabolic reactions. In some bacteria, exogenous heme molecules are used as a heme or an iron sources to be uptaken into cytoplasm. As free heme molecules are cytotoxic, the intracellular concentrations of biosynthesized or uptaken heme should be strictly controlled. In this mini-review, we summarize the biochemical and biophysical properties of the transcriptional regulators and heme-sensor proteins responsible for these regulatory systems to maintain heme homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Muraki
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience & Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kitatsuji
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience & Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Aono
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience & Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Busch AW, Montgomery BL. Interdependence of tetrapyrrole metabolism, the generation of oxidative stress and the mitigative oxidative stress response. Redox Biol 2015; 4:260-71. [PMID: 25618582 PMCID: PMC4315935 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are involved in light harvesting and light perception, electron-transfer reactions, and as co-factors for key enzymes and sensory proteins. Under conditions in which cells exhibit stress-induced imbalances of photosynthetic reactions, or light absorption exceeds the ability of the cell to use photoexcitation energy in synthesis reactions, redox imbalance can occur in photosynthetic cells. Such conditions can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with alterations in tetrapyrrole homeostasis. ROS accumulation can result in cellular damage and detrimental effects on organismal fitness, or ROS molecules can serve as signals to induce a protective or damage-mitigating oxidative stress signaling response in cells. Induced oxidative stress responses include tetrapyrrole-dependent and -independent mechanisms for mitigating ROS generation and/or accumulation. Thus, tetrapyrroles can be contributors to oxidative stress, but are also essential in the oxidative stress response to protect cells by contributing to detoxification of ROS. In this review, we highlight the interconnection and interdependence of tetrapyrrole metabolism with the occurrence of oxidative stress and protective oxidative stress signaling responses in photosynthetic organisms. Tetrapyrroles are involved in light sensing and oxidative stress mitigation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can form upon light exposure of free tetrapyrroles. Tetrapyrrole homeostasis must be tightly regulated to avoid oxidative stress. ROS can result in cellular damage or oxidative stress signaling in cells.
Collapse
|