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Lei S, Meng Q, Liu Y, Liu Q, Dai A, Cai X, Wang MW, Zhou Q, Zhou H, Yang D. Distinct roles of the extracellular surface residues of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in β-arrestin 1/2 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 968:176419. [PMID: 38360293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a prime drug target for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The ligand initiated GLP-1R interaction with G protein has been well studied, but not with β-arrestin 1/2. Therefore, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), mutagenesis and an operational model were used to evaluate the roles of 85 extracellular surface residues on GLP-1R in β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment triggered by three representative GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1, exendin-4 and oxyntomodulin). Residues selectively regulated β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment for diverse ligands, and β-arrestin isoforms were identified. Mutation of residues K130-S136, L142 and Y145 on the transmembrane helix 1 (TM1)-extracellular domain (ECD) linker decreased β-arrestin 1 recruitment but increased β-arrestin 2 recruitment. Other extracellular loop (ECL) mutations, including P137A, Q211A, D222A and M303A selectively affected β-arrestin 1 recruitment while D215A, L217A, Q221A, S223A, Y289A, S301A, F381A and I382A involved more in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for the ligands. Oxyntomodulin engaged more broadly with GLP-1R extracellular surface to drive β-arrestin 1/2 recruitment than GLP-1 and exendin-4; I147, W214 and L218 involved in β-arrestin 1 recruitment, while L141, D215, L218, D293 and F381 in β-arrestin 2 recruitment for oxyntomodulin particularly. Additionally, the non-conserved residues on β-arrestin 1/2 C-domains contributed to interaction with GLP-1R. Further proteomic profiling of GLP-1R stably expressed cell line upon ligand stimulation with or without β-arrestin 1/2 overexpression demonstrated both commonly and biasedly regulated proteins and pathways associated with cognate ligands and β-arrestins. Our study offers valuable information about ligand induced β-arrestin recruitment mediated by GLP-1R and consequent intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yanyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiaofeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China.
| | - Hu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China.
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2
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Meireles FATP, Antunes D, Temerozo JR, Bou-Habib DC, Caffarena ER. PACAP key interactions with PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 identified by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:3128-3144. [PMID: 37216328 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2213349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) belongs to the glucagon/secretin family. PACAP interacts with the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor type 1 (PAC1) and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2), exhibiting functions in the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. This peptide is upregulated in numerous instances of brain injury, acting as a neuroprotective agent. It can also suppress HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in vitro. This work aimed to identify, in each peptide-receptor system, the most relevant residues for complex stability and interaction energy communication via Molecular Dynamics (MD), Free Energy calculations, and Protein-energy networks, thus revealing in detail the underlying mechanisms of activation of these receptors. Hydrogen bond formation, interaction energies, and computational alanine scanning between PACAP and its receptors showed that His1, Asp3, Arg12, Arg14, and Lys15 are crucial to the peptide's stability. Furthermore, several PACAP interactions with structurally conserved positions deemed necessary in GPCR B1 activation, including Arg2.60, Lys2.67, and Glu7.42, were significant for the peptide's stability within the receptors. According to the protein-energy network, the connection between Asp3 of PACAP and the receptors' conserved Arg2.60 represents a critical energy communication hub in all complexes. Additionally, the ECDs of the receptors were also found to function as energy communication hubs for PACAP. Although the overall binding mode of PACAP in the three receptors was found to be highly conserved, Arg12 and Tyr13 of PACAP were more prominent in complex with PAC1, while Ser2 of PACAP was with VPAC2. The detailed analyses performed in this work pave the way for using PACAP and its receptors as therapeutic targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Antunes
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Bioinnovations, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Raul Caffarena
- Computational Biophysics and Molecular Modeling Group, Scientific Computing Program/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Darbalaei S, Chang RL, Zhou QT, Chen Y, Dai AT, Wang MW, Yang DH. Effects of site-directed mutagenesis of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors on signal transduction activated by dual and triple agonists. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:421-433. [PMID: 35953646 PMCID: PMC9889767 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of one drug against multiple targets, known as unimolecular polypharmacology, offers the potential to improve efficacy while overcoming some adverse events associated with the treatment. This approach is best exemplified by targeting two or three class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, namely, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some of the dual and triple agonists have already shown initial successes in clinical trials, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their multiplexed pharmacology remain elusive. In this study we employed structure-based site-directed mutagenesis together with pharmacological assays to compare agonist efficacy across two key signaling pathways, cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2). Three dual agonists (peptide 15, MEDI0382 and SAR425899) and one triple agonist (peptide 20) were evaluated at GLP-1R and GCGR, relative to the native peptidic ligands (GLP-1 and glucagon). Our results reveal the existence of residue networks crucial for unimolecular agonist-mediated receptor activation and their distinct signaling patterns, which might be useful to the rational design of biased drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ru-Lue Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - An-Tao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - De-Hua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
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4
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Cary BP, Zhang X, Cao J, Johnson RM, Piper SJ, Gerrard EJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. New insights into the structure and function of class B1 GPCRs. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:492-517. [PMID: 36546772 PMCID: PMC10166269 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. Class B1 GPCRs constitute a subfamily of 15 receptors that characteristically contain large extracellular domains (ECDs) and respond to long polypeptide hormones. Class B1 GPCRs are critical regulators of homeostasis, and as such, many are important drug targets. While most transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs, are recalcitrant to crystallization, recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have facilitated a rapid expansion of the structural understanding of membrane proteins. As a testament to this success, structures for all the class B1 receptors bound to G proteins have been determined by cryo-EM in the past five years. Further advances in cryo-EM have uncovered dynamics of these receptors, ligands, and signalling partners. Here, we examine the recent structural underpinnings of the class B1 GPCRs with an emphasis on structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jianjun Cao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot J Gerrard
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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5
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Dynamics of GLP-1R peptide agonist engagement are correlated with kinetics of G protein activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:92. [PMID: 35013280 PMCID: PMC8748714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) has broad physiological roles and is a validated target for treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite recent advances in GLP-1R structure elucidation, detailed mechanistic understanding of how different peptides generate profound differences in G protein-mediated signalling is still lacking. Here we combine cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, receptor mutagenesis and pharmacological assays, to interrogate the mechanism and consequences of GLP-1R binding to four peptide agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, exendin-4 and exendin-P5. These data reveal that distinctions in peptide N-terminal interactions and dynamics with the GLP-1R transmembrane domain are reciprocally associated with differences in the allosteric coupling to G proteins. In particular, transient interactions with residues at the base of the binding cavity correlate with enhanced kinetics for G protein activation, providing a rationale for differences in G protein-mediated signalling efficacy from distinct agonists. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) can be targeted in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders. Here, the authors assess the molecular mechanisms of peptide agonists binding to GLP-1R and the responses elucidated by these ligands, including distinct kinetics of G protein activation.
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6
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Liu T, Ji RL, Tao YX. Naturally occurring mutations in G protein-coupled receptors associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108044. [PMID: 34822948 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of membrane receptors involved in the regulation of almost all known physiological processes. Dysfunctions of GPCR-mediated signaling have been shown to cause various diseases. The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two strongly associated disorders, is increasing worldwide, with tremendous economical and health burden. New safer and more efficacious drugs are required for successful weight reduction and T2DM treatment. Multiple GPCRs are involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in these GPCRs contribute to the development and progression of obesity and T2DM. Therefore, these receptors can be therapeutic targets for obesity and T2DM. Indeed some of these receptors, such as melanocortin-4 receptor and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, have provided important new drugs for treating obesity and T2DM. This review will focus on the naturally occurring mutations of several GPCRs associated with obesity and T2DM, especially incorporating recent large genomic data and insights from structure-function studies, providing leads for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ren-Lei Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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7
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Yuliantie E, van der Velden WJC, Labroska V, Dai A, Zhao F, Darbalaei S, Deganutti G, Xu T, Zhou Q, Yang D, Rosenkilde MM, Sexton PM, Wang MW, Wootten D. Insights into agonist-elicited activation of the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114715. [PMID: 34339714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) are part of the incretin system that regulates glucose homeostasis. A series of GIPR residues putatively important for ligand binding and receptor activation were mutated and pharmacologically evaluated using GIPR selective agonists in cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) and β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. The impact of mutation on ligand efficacy was determined by operational modelling of experimental data for each mutant, with results mapped onto the full-length, active-state GIPR structure. Two interaction networks, comprising transmembrane helix (TM) 7, TM1 and TM2, and extracellular loop (ECL) 2, TM5 and ECL3 were revealed, respectively. Both networks were critical for Gαs-mediated cAMP accumulation and the recruitment of β-arrestin 2, however, cAMP response was more sensitive to alanine substitution, with most mutated residues displaying reduced signaling. Unlike the other two assays, activation of ERK1/2 was largely independent of the network involving ECL2, TM5 and ECL3, indicating that pERK1/2 is at least partially distinct from Gαs or β-arrestin pathways and this network is also crucial for potential biased agonism at GIPR. Collectively, our work advances understanding of the structure-function relationship of GIPR and provides a framework for the design and/or interpretation of GIP analogues with unique signaling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Tongyang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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8
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Zhang X, Belousoff MJ, Liang YL, Danev R, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Structure and dynamics of semaglutide- and taspoglutide-bound GLP-1R-Gs complexes. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109374. [PMID: 34260945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) regulates insulin secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, and appetite and is an important target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Multiple GLP-1R agonists have entered into clinical trials, with some, such as semaglutide, progressing to approval. Others, including taspoglutide, failed due to the high incidence of side effects or insufficient efficacy. GLP-1R agonists have a broad spectrum of signaling profiles, but molecular understanding is limited by a lack of structural information on how different agonists engage with the GLP-1R. Here, we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures and cryo-EM 3D variability analysis of semaglutide- and taspoglutide-bound GLP-1R-Gs protein complexes. These reveal similar peptide interactions to GLP-1 but different motions within the receptor and bound peptides, providing insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R peptide engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, S402, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
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9
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Uba AI, Scorese N, Dean E, Liu H, Wu C. Activation Mechanism of Corticotrophin Releasing Factor Receptor Type 1 Elucidated Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1674-1687. [PMID: 33860667 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1R), a member of class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), is a good drug target for treating depression, anxiety, and other stress-related neurodisorders. However, there is no approved drug targeting the CRF1R to date, partly due to inadequate structural information and its elusive activation mechanism. Here, by use of the crystal structures of its transmembrane domain (TMD) and the N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) as a template, a full-length homology model of CRF1R was built and its complexes with peptide agonist urocortin 1 or small molecule antagonist CP-376395 were subjected to all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We observed well preserved helical contents in the TMD through simulations, while the transmembrane (TM) helices showed clear rearrangements. The TM rearrangement is especially pronounced for the TM6 in the agonist-bound CRF1R system. The observed conformational changes are likely due to breakage of interhelical/inter-regional hydrogen bonds in the TMD. Dynamical network analysis identifies communities with high connections to TM6. Simulations reveal three key residues, Y3566.53, Q3847.49, and L3957.60, which corroborate experimental mutagenesis data, implying the important roles in the receptor activation. The observed large-scale conformational changes are related to CRF1R activation by agonist binding, providing guidance for ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas Scorese
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Emily Dean
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Haiguang Liu
- Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Wu
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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10
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Zhang X, Belousoff MJ, Zhao P, Kooistra AJ, Truong TT, Ang SY, Underwood CR, Egebjerg T, Šenel P, Stewart GD, Liang YL, Glukhova A, Venugopal H, Christopoulos A, Furness SGB, Miller LJ, Reedtz-Runge S, Langmead CJ, Gloriam DE, Danev R, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists. Mol Cell 2020; 80:485-500.e7. [PMID: 33027691 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide drugs targeting class B1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can treat multiple diseases; however, there remains substantial interest in the development of orally delivered non-peptide drugs. Here, we reveal unexpected overlap between signaling and regulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 and GLP-1 that was not observed for another compound, CHU-128. Compounds from these patent series, including PF 06882961, are currently in clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes. High-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures reveal that the binding sites for PF 06882961 and GLP-1 substantially overlap, whereas CHU-128 adopts a unique binding mode with a more open receptor conformation at the extracellular face. Structural differences involving extensive water-mediated hydrogen bond networks could be correlated to functional data to understand how PF 06882961, but not CHU-128, can closely mimic the pharmacological properties of GLP-1. These findings will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of non-peptide agonists targeting class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Albert J Kooistra
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sheng Yu Ang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Petr Šenel
- Apigenex, Poděbradská 173/5, Prague 9 190 00, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hari Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, N415, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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11
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An C, Zhang K, Zhu W, Bi Y, Wu T, Tao C, Wang Y, Yang S. Molecular cloning, sequence characteristics, and tissue expression analysis of glucagon receptor gene in Bama minipig. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the glucagon receptor (GCGR) plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both pigs and humans exhibit significantly similar behaviors in their glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, the obtained Bama minipig GCGR coding sequence was 1437 bp encoding 479 amino acids (AA), which demonstrated higher sequence homology with humans than other species. It showed the highest expression profile in the liver, followed by the lung and kidney. In addition, the three-dimensional structure analysis showed that the porcine GCGR protein also had a classic sevenfold transmembrane region and a stalk region at the N-terminus for ligand binding. The stalk region of GCGR possessed five AA variations. The ligand binding pocket of GCGR has one AA variation in the key region, none of which affected the glucagon binding verified by the crystal structure mutagenesis in humans. There was no variation found in the region of membrane anchoring, hydrophobic bond, salt bridge, and hydrogen bond. However, the Gly40Ser mutation in mice resulted in major diseases, meaning that pigs are more suitable for the evaluation of GCGR-related drugs than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping An
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanzhen Bi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Davenport AP, Scully CCG, de Graaf C, Brown AJH, Maguire JJ. Advances in therapeutic peptides targeting G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:389-413. [PMID: 32494050 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of peptide-activated pathways causes a range of diseases, fostering the discovery and clinical development of peptide drugs. Many endogenous peptides activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - nearly 50 GPCR peptide drugs have been approved to date, most of them for metabolic disease or oncology, and more than 10 potentially first-in-class peptide therapeutics are in the pipeline. The majority of existing peptide therapeutics are agonists, which reflects the currently dominant strategy of modifying the endogenous peptide sequence of ligands for peptide-binding GPCRs. Increasingly, novel strategies are being employed to develop both agonists and antagonists, to both introduce chemical novelty and improve drug-like properties. Pharmacodynamic improvements are evolving to allow biasing ligands to activate specific downstream signalling pathways, in order to optimize efficacy and reduce side effects. In pharmacokinetics, modifications that increase plasma half-life have been revolutionary. Here, we discuss the current status of the peptide drugs targeting GPCRs, with a focus on evolving strategies to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Qin K, Zhang S, Wang J, Liu D, Xiang Y, Ji X, Wei Y. Screening GLP-1 Receptor Ligands from Natural Products in Herbs through High-Content Technique. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:445-454. [PMID: 31538889 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190919143735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE Screening of active components from a natural product, especially from a crude extract, is a great challenge. To avoid potential activity interference of the N-terminus modification in the most common constructs based on GCPRs labeled with GFP technology, a Cterminus tGFP-labeled hGLP-1 receptor containing recombinant cell line hGLP-1R-tGFP was constructed and tried to be used in the screening of natural products from Chinese herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GLP1 receptor gene was amplified and the inserts pCMV6-AC-tGFP and tGFP were fused at the C-terminus of GLP1 receptor to construct a recombinant plasmid. The recombinant was transfected into U2OS cell and selected with antibiotics and flow cytometry. The constructed cell line was named as hGLP-1R-tGFP cell line. The expression levels of GLP-1R-tGFP protein were confirmed by western-blot. The fluorescence imaging of re-distribution from diffusing to aggregate spots inside the cells was quantitated and analyzed by High Content Screening (HCS) assay. Meanwhile, the specificity, stability and C-terminus function of hGLP-1R-tGFP cell line were characterized. In order to allow the recombinant cell line of hGLP-1R-tGFP to be suitable in highcontent system of Arrayscan-infinity-700 in screening mode, several conditions have also been optimized. In the end, a total of 100 crude extract samples provided by the Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica have been screened with this method. RESULTS Upon the activation of GLP-1 receptors by Exendin 4, fluorescent patches appeared on the cell membrane and subsequently internalized to form fluorescent aggregates inside the cells under fluorescent microscopy examination. The agonistic activity, sensitivity and specificity of the formation of fluorescent aggregate spot in hGLP-1R-tGFP cells have been confirmed by the activation of GLP-1R using the GLP-1analogues. The agonistic effects of GLP-1 analogues are blocked by a GLP-1R antagonist, Exendin9-39. The downstream of GLP-1 pathway, the activation of adenylate cyclase and the raising of cellular cAMP levels, remained intact in these tGFP modified C-terminus GLP-1 receptor cells. Meanwhile, a total of 100 crude extract samples from Chinese herbs have been screened by this method to find new active ingredients. CONCLUSION Combined with High Content Screening image and data automatic acquisition processing, a new screening assay based on a recombinant U2OS cell line which GFP labeled at the C terminus of GLP1 receptor has been developed. GLP-1R agonist activity in extracts of Astragalus propinquus and Panax notoginseng from Chinese herbs has been determined by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhao Qin
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengting Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subhealth Intervention Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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14
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Wootten D, Miller LJ. Structural Basis for Allosteric Modulation of Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:89-107. [PMID: 31454292 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) provide multiple opportunities for targeted development of allosteric modulators. Given the pleiotropic signaling patterns emanating from these receptors in response to a variety of natural agonist ligands, modulators have the potential to sculpt the responses to meet distinct needs of different groups of patients. In this review, we provide insights into how this family of GPCRs differs from the rest of the superfamily, how orthosteric agonists bind and activate these receptors, the potential for allosteric modulators to interact with various regions of these targets, and the allosteric influence of endogenous proteins on the pharmacology of these receptors, all of which are important considerations when developing new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia; .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA;
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15
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Pham V, Zhu Y, Dal Maso E, Reynolds CA, Deganutti G, Atanasio S, Hick CA, Yang D, Christopoulos A, Hay DL, Furness SGB, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Deconvoluting the Molecular Control of Binding and Signaling at the Amylin 3 Receptor: RAMP3 Alters Signal Propagation through Extracellular Loops of the Calcitonin Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:183-197. [PMID: 32219220 PMCID: PMC7088965 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amylin is coexpressed with insulin in pancreatic islet β-cells and has potent effects on gastric emptying and food intake. The effect of amylin on satiation has been postulated to involve AMY3 receptors (AMY3R) that are heteromers of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (RAMP3). Understanding the molecular control of signaling through the AMY3R is thus important for peptide drug targeting of this receptor. We have previously used alanine scanning mutagenesis to study the contribution of the extracellular surface of the CTR to binding and signaling initiated by calcitonin (CT) and related peptides (Dal Maso, E., et al. (2019) The molecular control of calcitonin receptor signaling. ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2, 31-51). That work revealed ligand- and pathway-specific effects of mutation, with extracellular loops (ECLs) 2 and 3 particularly important in the distinct propagation of signaling mediated by individual peptides. In the current study, we have used equivalent alanine scanning of ECL2 and ECL3 of the CTR in the context of coexpression with RAMP3 to form AMY3Rs, to examine functional affinity and efficacy of peptides in cAMP accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (pERK). The effect of mutation was determined on representatives of the three major distinct classes of CT peptide, salmon CT (sCT), human CT (hCT), and porcine CT (pCT), as well as rat amylin (rAmy) or human α-CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide, hCGRP) whose potency is enhanced by RAMP interaction. We demonstrate that the dynamic nature of CTR ECL2 and ECL3 in propagation of signaling is fundamentally altered when complexed with RAMP3 to form the AMY3R, despite only having predicted direct interactions with ECL2. Moreover, the work shows that the role of these loops in receptor signaling is highly peptide dependent, illustrating that even subtle changes to peptide sequence may change signaling output downstream of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Pham
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yue Zhu
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Emma Dal Maso
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
| | - Silvia Atanasio
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
| | - Caroline A. Hick
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dehua Yang
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- The
University of Auckland, School of Biological
Sciences, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Seyedabadi M, Ghahremani MH, Albert PR. Biased signaling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): Molecular determinants of GPCR/transducer selectivity and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:148-178. [PMID: 31075355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) convey signals across membranes via interaction with G proteins. Originally, an individual GPCR was thought to signal through one G protein family, comprising cognate G proteins that mediate canonical receptor signaling. However, several deviations from canonical signaling pathways for GPCRs have been described. It is now clear that GPCRs can engage with multiple G proteins and the line between cognate and non-cognate signaling is increasingly blurred. Furthermore, GPCRs couple to non-G protein transducers, including β-arrestins or other scaffold proteins, to initiate additional signaling cascades. Receptor/transducer selectivity is dictated by agonist-induced receptor conformations as well as by collateral factors. In particular, ligands stabilize distinct receptor conformations to preferentially activate certain pathways, designated 'biased signaling'. In this regard, receptor sequence alignment and mutagenesis have helped to identify key receptor domains for receptor/transducer specificity. Furthermore, molecular structures of GPCRs bound to different ligands or transducers have provided detailed insights into mechanisms of coupling selectivity. However, receptor dimerization, compartmentalization, and trafficking, receptor-transducer-effector stoichiometry, and ligand residence and exposure times can each affect GPCR coupling. Extrinsic factors including cell type or assay conditions can also influence receptor signaling. Understanding these factors may lead to the development of improved biased ligands with the potential to enhance therapeutic benefit, while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, evidence for ligand-specific GPCR signaling toward different transducers or pathways is elaborated. Furthermore, molecular determinants of biased signaling toward these pathways and relevant examples of the potential clinical benefits and pitfalls of biased ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Education Development Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Albert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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17
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Glotfelty EJ, Delgado TE, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Karlsson TE, Mattson MP, Harvey BK, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Incretin Mimetics as Rational Candidates for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:66-91. [PMID: 31396586 PMCID: PMC6687335 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming an increasing public health issue. With an annually estimated 1.7 million TBIs in the United States (U.S) and nearly 70 million worldwide, the injury, isolated or compounded with others, is a major cause of short- and long-term disability and mortality. This, along with no specific treatment, has made exploration of TBI therapies a priority of the health system. Age and sex differences create a spectrum of vulnerability to TBI, with highest prevalence among younger and older populations. Increased public interest in the long-term effects and prevention of TBI have recently reached peaks, with media attention bringing heightened awareness to sport and war related head injuries. Along with short-term issues, TBI can increase the likelihood for development of long-term neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of literature supports the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon (Gcg) receptor (R) agonists, along with unimolecular combinations of these therapies, for their potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a variety of cellular and animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and acute cerebrovascular disorders (stroke). Mild or moderate TBI shares many of the hallmarks of these conditions; recent work provides evidence that use of these compounds is an effective strategy for its treatment. Safety and efficacy of many incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP) have been demonstrated in humans for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), making these compounds ideal for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of mild and moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E. Delgado
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Division
of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yu Luo
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lars Olson
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular
Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience
Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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18
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dal Maso E, Glukhova A, Zhu Y, Garcia-Nafria J, Tate CG, Atanasio S, Reynolds CA, Ramírez-Aportela E, Carazo JM, Hick CA, Furness SGB, Hay DL, Liang YL, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. The Molecular Control of Calcitonin Receptor Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:31-51. [PMID: 32219215 PMCID: PMC7088896 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.8b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor (CTR) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to the peptide hormone calcitonin (CT). CTs are clinically approved for the treatment of bone diseases. We previously reported a 4.1 Å structure of the activated CTR bound to salmon CT (sCT) and heterotrimeric Gs protein by cryo-electron microscopy (Liang, Y.-L., et al. Phase-plate cryo- EM structure of a class B GPCR-G protein complex. Nature 2017, 546, 118-123). In the current study, we have reprocessed the electron micrographs to yield a 3.3 Å map of the complex. This has allowed us to model extracellular loops (ECLs) 2 and 3, and the peptide N-terminus that previously could not be resolved. We have also performed alanine scanning mutagenesis of ECL1 and the upper segment of transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) and its extension into the receptor extracellular domain (TM1 stalk), with effects on peptide binding and function assessed by cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These data were combined with previously published alanine scanning mutagenesis of ECL2 and ECL3 and the new structural information to provide a comprehensive 3D map of the molecular surface of the CTR that controls binding and signaling of distinct CT and related peptides. The work highlights distinctions in how different, related, class B receptors may be activated. The new mutational data on the TM1 stalk and ECL1 have also provided critical insights into the divergent control of cAMP versus pERK signaling and, collectively with previous mutagenesis data, offer evidence that the conformations linked to these different signaling pathways are, in many ways, mutually exclusive. This study furthers our understanding of the complex nature of signaling elicited by GPCRs and, in particular, that of the therapeutically important class B subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma dal Maso
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Yue Zhu
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Javier Garcia-Nafria
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, U.K.
| | - Christopher G. Tate
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, U.K.
| | - Silvia Atanasio
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K.
| | | | - Erney Ramírez-Aportela
- Biocomputing
Unit, National Center for Biotechnology
(CNB-CSIC), C/Darwin,
3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
| | - Jose-Maria Carazo
- Biocomputing
Unit, National Center for Biotechnology
(CNB-CSIC), C/Darwin,
3, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid Spain
| | - Caroline A. Hick
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- The
University of Auckland, School of Biological
Sciences, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The
National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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19
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Hart NJ, Weber C, Papas KK, Limesand SW, Vagner J, Lynch RM. Multivalent activation of GLP-1 and sulfonylurea receptors modulates β-cell second-messenger signaling and insulin secretion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C48-C56. [PMID: 30404557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Linking two pharmacophores that bind different cell surface receptors into a single molecule can enhance cell-targeting specificity to cells that express the complementary receptor pair. In this report, we developed and tested a synthetic multivalent ligand consisting of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) linked to glibenclamide (Glb) (GLP-1/Glb) for signaling efficacy in β-cells. Expression of receptors for these ligands, as a combination, is relatively specific to the β-cell in the pancreas. The multivalent GLP-1/Glb increased both intracellular cAMP and Ca2+, although Ca2+ responses were significantly depressed compared with the monomeric Glb. Moreover, GLP-1/Glb increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. However, unlike the combined monomers, GLP-1/Glb did not augment insulin secretion at nonstimulatory glucose concentrations in INS 832/13 β-cells or human islets of Langerhans. These data suggest that linking two binding elements, such as GLP-1 and Glb, into a single bivalent ligand can provide a unique functional agent targeted to β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Weber
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Josef Vagner
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ronald M Lynch
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona.,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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20
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Furness S, Christopoulos A, Sexton P, Wootten D. Differential engagement of polar networks in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor by endogenous variants of the glucagon-like peptide 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:223-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Lei S, Clydesdale L, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Yang D, Liang YL, Koole C, Zhao P, Coudrat T, Christopoulos A, Wang MW, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Two distinct domains of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor control peptide-mediated biased agonism. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9370-9387. [PMID: 29717000 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be differentially activated by ligands to generate multiple and distinct downstream signaling profiles, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B GPCR and a key drug target for managing metabolic disorders; however, its peptide agonists display biased signaling that affects their relative efficacies. In this study, we combined mutagenesis experiments and mapping of surface mutations onto recently described GLP-1R structures, which revealed two major domains in the GLP-1/GLP-1R/Gs protein active structure that are differentially important for both receptor quiescence and ligand-specific initiation and propagation of biased agonism. Changes to the conformation of transmembrane helix (TM) 5 and TM 6 and reordering of extracellular loop 2 were essential for the propagation of signaling linked to cAMP formation and intracellular calcium mobilization, whereas ordering and packing of residues in TMs 1 and 7 were critical for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK) activity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model of distinct peptide-receptor interactions that selectively control how these different signaling pathways are engaged. This work provides important structural insight into class B GPCR activation and biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Antao Dai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Lynn Liang
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- From the National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, .,the School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China, and.,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- the Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, .,the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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22
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Cao C, Zhang H, Yang Z, Wu B. Peptide recognition, signaling and modulation of class B G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:53-60. [PMID: 29567494 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets in many human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Peptide hormones bind to these receptors through interactions with both the extracellular domain and transmembrane domain. Despite remarkable advances in structural studies of GPCRs, structural characterization of the full-length class B receptors remains extremely challenging due to their conformational complexity. The recently solved structures of class B GPCRs reveal the structural basis of peptide ligand recognition and modulation mechanisms of small molecule allosteric modulators. Furthermore, these structures provide essential insights into molecular mechanisms of class B GPCR signal transduction and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Glukhova A, Furness SGB, Zhao P, Clydesdale L, Koole C, Truong TT, Thal DM, Lei S, Radjainia M, Danev R, Baumeister W, Wang MW, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Phase-plate cryo-EM structure of a biased agonist-bound human GLP-1 receptor-Gs complex. Nature 2018; 555:121-125. [PMID: 29466332 DOI: 10.1038/nature25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The class B glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) G protein-coupled receptor is a major target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Endogenous and mimetic GLP-1 peptides exhibit biased agonism-a difference in functional selectivity-that may provide improved therapeutic outcomes. Here we describe the structure of the human GLP-1 receptor in complex with the G protein-biased peptide exendin-P5 and a Gαs heterotrimer, determined at a global resolution of 3.3 Å. At the extracellular surface, the organization of extracellular loop 3 and proximal transmembrane segments differs between our exendin-P5-bound structure and previous GLP-1-bound GLP-1 receptor structure. At the intracellular face, there was a six-degree difference in the angle of the Gαs-α5 helix engagement between structures, which was propagated across the G protein heterotrimer. In addition, the structures differed in the rate and extent of conformational reorganization of the Gαs protein. Our structure provides insights into the molecular basis of biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lynn Liang
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Khoshouei
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Clydesdale
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tin T Truong
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Saifei Lei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,FEI, 5651 GG Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Radostin Danev
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Qin S, Meng M, Yang D, Bai W, Lu Y, Peng Y, Song G, Wu Y, Zhou Q, Zhao S, Huang X, McCorvy JD, Cai X, Dai A, Roth BL, Hanson MA, Liu ZJ, Wang MW, Stevens RC, Shui W. High-throughput identification of G protein-coupled receptor modulators through affinity mass spectrometry screening. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3192-3199. [PMID: 29732102 PMCID: PMC5916221 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04698g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput identification of GPCR modulators through affinity MS screening.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of cell surface proteins and thus constitute an important family of therapeutic targets. Therefore, significant effort has been put towards the identification of novel ligands that can modulate the activity of a GPCR target with high efficacy and selectivity. However, due to limitations inherent to the most common techniques for GPCR ligand discovery, there is a pressing need for more efficient and effective ligand screening methods especially for the identification of potential allosteric modulators. Here we present a high-throughput, label-free and unbiased screening approach for the identification of small molecule ligands towards GPCR targets based on affinity mass spectrometry. This new approach features the usage of target-expressing cell membranes rather than purified proteins for ligand screening and allows the detection of both orthosteric and allosteric ligands targeting specific GPCRs. Screening a small compound library with this approach led to the rapid discovery of an antagonist for the 5-HT receptor and four positive allosteric modulators for GLP-1 receptor that were not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qin
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Mengmeng Meng
- College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , 300071 , Tianjin , China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening , The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 201203 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Wenwen Bai
- College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , 300071 , Tianjin , China
| | - Yan Lu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China
| | - Yao Peng
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Gaojie Song
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology , Chapel Hill School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , NC 27599 Chapel Hill , USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Pharmacology , Chapel Hill School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , NC 27599 Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening , The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 201203 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening , The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 201203 , Shanghai , China .
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology , Chapel Hill School of Medicine , University of North Carolina , NC 27599 Chapel Hill , USA
| | | | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening , The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 201203 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China.,School of Pharmacy , Fudan University , 201203 , Shanghai , China
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 201210 , Shanghai , China . .,School of Life Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , 201202 , Shanghai , China
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25
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Extracellular loops 2 and 3 of the calcitonin receptor selectively modify agonist binding and efficacy. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:214-244. [PMID: 29454620 PMCID: PMC5908784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Class B peptide hormone GPCRs are targets for the treatment of major chronic disease. Peptide ligands of these receptors display biased agonism and this may provide future therapeutic advantage. Recent active structures of the calcitonin (CT) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors reveal distinct engagement of peptides with extracellular loops (ECLs) 2 and 3, and mutagenesis of the GLP-1R has implicated these loops in dynamics of receptor activation. In the current study, we have mutated ECLs 2 and 3 of the human CT receptor (CTR), to interrogate receptor expression, peptide affinity and efficacy. Integration of these data with insights from the CTR and GLP-1R active structures, revealed marked diversity in mechanisms of peptide engagement and receptor activation between the CTR and GLP-1R. While the CTR ECL2 played a key role in conformational propagation linked to Gs/cAMP signalling this was mechanistically distinct from that of GLP-1R ECL2. Moreover, ECL3 was a hotspot for distinct ligand- and pathway-specific effects, and this has implications for the future design of biased agonists of class B GPCRs.
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26
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Karbasforooshan H, Karimi G. The role of SIRT1 in diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:190-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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27
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Characterization of signalling and regulation of common calcitonin receptor splice variants and polymorphisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 148:111-129. [PMID: 29277692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The calcitonin receptor (CTR) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor that is a therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercalcaemia of malignancy, Paget's disease and osteoporosis. In primates, the CTR is subject to alternative splicing, with a unique, primate-specific splice variant being preferentially expressed in reproductive organs, lung and kidney. In addition, humans possess a common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) encoding a proline/leucine substitution in the C-terminal tail. In low power studies, the leucine polymorphism has been associated with increased risk of osteoporosis in East Asian populations and, independently, with increased risk of kidney stone disease in a central Asian population. The CTR is pleiotropically coupled, though the relative physiological importance of these pathways is poorly understood. Using both COS-7 and HEK293 cells recombinantly expressing human CTR, we have characterized both splice variant and polymorphism dependent response to CTs from several species in key signalling pathways and competition binding assays. These data indicate that the naturally occurring changes to the intracellular face of CTR alter ligand affinity and signalling, in a pathway and agonist dependent manner. These results further support the potential for these primate-specific CTR variants to engender different physiological responses. In addition, we report that the CTR exhibits constitutive internalization, independent of splice variant and polymorphism and this profile is unaltered by peptide binding.
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28
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Burgueño J, Pujol M, Monroy X, Roche D, Varela MJ, Merlos M, Giraldo J. A Complementary Scale of Biased Agonism for Agonists with Differing Maximal Responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15389. [PMID: 29133887 PMCID: PMC5684405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling data in the literature from the recent years leave no doubt about the pluridimensional nature of G protein-coupled receptor function and the fact that some ligands can couple with different efficacies to the multiple pathways that a receptor can signal through, a phenomenon most commonly known as functional selectivity or biased agonism. Nowadays, transduction coefficients (log(τ/KA)), based on the Black and Leff operational model of agonism, are widely used to calculate bias. Nevertheless, combining both affinity and efficacy in a single parameter can result in compounds showing a defined calculated bias of one pathway over other though displaying varying experimental bias preferences. In this paper, we present a novel scale (log(τ)), that attempts to give extra substance to different compound profiles in order to better classify compounds and quantify their bias. The efficacy-driven log(τ) scale is not proposed as an alternative to the affinity&efficacy-driven log(τ/KA) scale but as a complement in those situations where partial agonism is present. Both theoretical and practical approaches using μ-opioid receptor agonists are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Burgueño
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery & Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pujol
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery & Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Monroy
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery & Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Roche
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.,Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS). Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery & Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Network Biomedical Research Center on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Woolley MJ, Simms J, Mobarec JC, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Conner AC. Understanding the molecular functions of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor using a comprehensive mutagenesis approach. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:39-49. [PMID: 28572046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) region is the most conserved of the three ECL domains in family B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and has a fundamental role in ligand binding and activation across the receptor super-family. ECL2 is fundamental for ligand-induced activation of the calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) receptor, a family B GPCR implicated in migraine and heart disease. In this study we apply a comprehensive targeted non-alanine substitution analysis method and molecular modelling to the functionally important residues of ECL2 to reveal key molecular interactions. We identified an interaction network between R274/Y278/D280/W283. These amino acids had the biggest reduction in signalling following alanine substitution analysis and comprise a group of basic, acidic and aromatic residues conserved in the wider calcitonin family of class B GPCRs. This study identifies key and varied constraints at each locus, including diverse biochemical requirements for neighbouring tyrosine residues and a W283H substitution that recovered wild-type (WT) signalling, despite the strictly conserved nature of the central ECL2 tryptophan and the catastrophic effects on signalling of W283A substitution. In contrast, while the distal end of ECL2 requires strict conservation of hydrophobicity or polarity in each position, mutation of these residues never has a large effect. This approach has revealed linked networks of amino acids, consistent with structural models of ECL2 and likely to represent a shared structural framework at an important ligand-receptor interface that is present across the family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Woolley
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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30
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Ramil CP, Dong M, An P, Lewandowski TM, Yu Z, Miller LJ, Lin Q. Spirohexene-Tetrazine Ligation Enables Bioorthogonal Labeling of Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13376-13386. [PMID: 28876923 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new bioorthogonal reactant pair, spiro[2.3]hex-1-ene (Sph) and 3,6-di(2-pyridyl)-s-tetrazine (DpTz), for the strain-promoted inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition, that is, tetrazine ligation, is reported. As compared to the previously reported strained alkenes such as trans-cyclooctene (TCO) and 1,3-disubstituted cyclopropene, Sph exhibits balanced reactivity and stability in tetrazine ligation with the protein substrates. A lysine derivative of Sph, SphK, was site-selectively incorporated into the extracellular loop regions (ECLs) of GCGR and GLP-1R, two members of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mammalian cells with the incorporation efficiency dependent on the location. Subsequent bioorthogonal reactions with the fluorophore-conjugated DpTz reagents afforded the fluorescently labeled GCGR and GLP-1R ECL mutants with labeling yield as high as 68%. A multitude of functional assays were performed with these GPCR mutants, including ligand binding, ligand-induced receptor internalization, and ligand-stimulated intracellular cAMP accumulation. Several positions in the ECL3s of GCGR and GLP-1R were identified that tolerate SphK mutagenesis and subsequent bioorthogonal labeling. The generation of functional, fluorescently labeled ECL3 mutants of GCGR and GLP-1R should allow biophysical studies of conformation dynamics of this important class of GPCRs in their native environment in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo P Ramil
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Peng An
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Tracey M Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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31
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Seidel L, Zarzycka B, Zaidi SA, Katritch V, Coin I. Structural insight into the activation of a class B G-protein-coupled receptor by peptide hormones in live human cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28771403 PMCID: PMC5542768 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation mechanism of class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains largely unknown. To characterize conformational changes induced by peptide hormones, we investigated interactions of the class B corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1R) with two peptide agonists and three peptide antagonists obtained by N-truncation of the agonists. Surface mapping with genetically encoded photo-crosslinkers and pair-wise crosslinking revealed distinct footprints of agonists and antagonists on the transmembrane domain (TMD) of CRF1R and identified numerous ligand-receptor contact sites, directly from the intact receptor in live human cells. The data enabled generating atomistic models of CRF- and CRF(12-41)-bound CRF1R, further explored by molecular dynamics simulations. We show that bound agonist and antagonist adopt different folds and stabilize distinct TMD conformations, which involves bending of helices VI and VII around flexible glycine hinges. Conservation of these glycine hinges among all class B GPCRs suggests their general role in activation of these receptors. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27711.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Seidel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Zarzycka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Irene Coin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Woolley MJ, Simms J, Uddin S, Poyner DR, Conner AC. Relative Antagonism of Mutants of the CGRP Receptor Extracellular Loop 2 Domain (ECL2) Using a Truncated Competitive Antagonist (CGRP 8-37): Evidence for the Dual Involvement of ECL2 in the Two-Domain Binding Model. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3877-3880. [PMID: 28691801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is important for ligand interaction and drug discovery. ECL2 of the family B cardioprotective calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is required for cell signaling. Family B GPCR ligands have two regions; the N-terminus mediates receptor activation, and the remainder confers high-affinity binding. Comparing antagonism of CGRP8-37 at a number of point mutations of ECL2 of the CGRP receptor, we show that the ECL2 potentially facilitates interaction with up to the 18 N-terminal residues of CGRP. This has implications for understanding family B GPCR activation and for drug design at the CGRP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Woolley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University , Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Sifat Uddin
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University , Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K
| | - Alex C Conner
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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33
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Woolley MJ, Conner AC. Understanding the common themes and diverse roles of the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the GPCR super-family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:3-11. [PMID: 27899324 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular loops (ECLs) of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can bind directly to docked orthosteric or allosteric ligands, they can contain transient contact points for ligand entry into the transmembrane (TM) bundle and they can regulate the activation of the receptor signalling pathways. Of the three ECLs, ECL2 is the largest and most structurally diverse reflecting its functional importance. This has been shown through biochemical techniques and has been supported by the many subsequent crystal structures of GPCRs bound to both agonists and antagonists. ECL2 shares common structural features between (and sometimes across) receptor sub-families and can facilitate ligand entry to the TM core or act directly as a surface of the ligand-binding pocket. Structural similarities seem to underpin common binding mechanisms; however, where these exist, variations in primary sequence ensure ligand-binding specificity. This review will compare current understanding of the structural themes and main functional roles of ECL2 in ligand binding, activation and regulation of the major families of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Woolley
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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34
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Jazayeri A, Rappas M, Brown AJH, Kean J, Errey JC, Robertson NJ, Fiez-Vandal C, Andrews SP, Congreve M, Bortolato A, Mason JS, Baig AH, Teobald I, Doré AS, Weir M, Cooke RM, Marshall FH. Crystal structure of the GLP-1 receptor bound to a peptide agonist. Nature 2017; 546:254-258. [PMID: 28562585 DOI: 10.1038/nature22800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) regulates glucose homeostasis through the control of insulin release from the pancreas. GLP-1 peptide agonists are efficacious drugs for the treatment of diabetes. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of action of GLP-1 peptides, here we report the crystal structure of the full-length GLP-1 receptor bound to a truncated peptide agonist. The peptide agonist retains an α-helical conformation as it sits deep within the receptor-binding pocket. The arrangement of the transmembrane helices reveals hallmarks of an active conformation similar to that observed in class A receptors. Guided by this structural information, we design peptide agonists with potent in vivo activity in a mouse model of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Mathieu Rappas
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James Kean
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James C Errey
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Nathan J Robertson
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Cédric Fiez-Vandal
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Jonathan S Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Asma H Baig
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Iryna Teobald
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Andrew S Doré
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Malcolm Weir
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Robert M Cooke
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
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35
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Zhang Y, Sun B, Feng D, Hu H, Chu M, Qu Q, Tarrasch JT, Li S, Sun Kobilka T, Kobilka BK, Skiniotis G. Cryo-EM structure of the activated GLP-1 receptor in complex with a G protein. Nature 2017; 546:248-253. [PMID: 28538729 PMCID: PMC5587415 DOI: 10.1038/nature22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone with essential roles in regulating insulin secretion, carbohydrate metabolism and appetite. GLP-1 effects are mediated through binding to GLP-1R, a family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling primarily through the stimulatory G protein Gs. Family B GPCRs are important therapeutic targets, however our understanding of their mechanism of action is limited by the lack of structural information on activated and full-length receptors. Here we show the electron cryo-microscopy structure of the peptide-activated GLP-1R:Gs complex at near atomic resolution. The peptide is clasped between the N-terminal domain and transmembrane core of the receptor, further stabilized by extracellular loops. Conformational changes in the transmembrane domain result in a sharp kink in the middle of transmembrane helix 6, which pivots its intracellular half outward to accommodate the α5 helix of GαsRas. These results provide a structural framework for understanding family B receptor activation through hormone binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bingfa Sun
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth St, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Dan Feng
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth St, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Hongli Hu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Chu
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth St, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Qianhui Qu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Tarrasch
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shane Li
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth St, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | | | - Brian K Kobilka
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth St, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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36
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Koole C, Reynolds CA, Mobarec JC, Hick C, Sexton PM, Sakmar TP. Genetically encoded photocross-linkers determine the biological binding site of exendin-4 peptide in the N-terminal domain of the intact human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7131-7144. [PMID: 28283573 PMCID: PMC5409479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a key therapeutic target in the management of type II diabetes mellitus, with actions including regulation of insulin biosynthesis and secretion, promotion of satiety, and preservation of β-cell mass. Like most class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there is limited knowledge linking biological activity of the GLP-1R with the molecular structure of an intact, full-length, and functional receptor·ligand complex. In this study, we have utilized genetic code expansion to site-specifically incorporate the photoactive amino acid p-azido-l-phenylalanine (azF) into N-terminal residues of a full-length functional human GLP-1R in mammalian cells. UV-mediated photolysis of azF was then carried out to induce targeted photocross-linking to determine the proximity of the azido group in the mutant receptor with the peptide exendin-4. Cross-linking data were compared directly with the crystal structure of the isolated N-terminal extracellular domain of the GLP-1R in complex with exendin(9-39), revealing both similarities as well as distinct differences in the mode of interaction. Generation of a molecular model to accommodate the photocross-linking constraints highlights the potential influence of environmental conditions on the conformation of the receptor·peptide complex, including folding dynamics of the peptide and formation of dimeric and higher order oligomeric receptor multimers. These data demonstrate that crystal structures of isolated receptor regions may not give a complete reflection of peptide/receptor interactions and should be combined with additional experimental constraints to reveal peptide/receptor interactions occurring in the dynamic, native, and full-length receptor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koole
- From the Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hick
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- From the Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065,
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37
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Characterization of signal bias at the GLP-1 receptor induced by backbone modification of GLP-1. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 136:99-108. [PMID: 28363772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor that is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Activation of this receptor promotes insulin secretion and blood glucose regulation. The GLP-1R can initiate signaling through several intracellular pathways upon activation by GLP-1. GLP-1R ligands that preferentially stimulate subsets among the natural signaling pathways ("biased agonists") could be useful as tools for elucidating the consequences of specific pathways and might engender therapeutic agents with tailored effects. Using HEK-293 cells recombinantly expressing human GLP-1R, we have previously reported that backbone modification of GLP-1, via replacement of selected α-amino acid residues with β-amino acid residues, generates GLP-1 analogues with distinctive preferences for promoting G protein activation versus β-arrestin recruitment. Here, we have explored the influence of cell background across these two parameters and expanded our analysis to include affinity and other key signaling pathways (intracellular calcium mobilization and ERK phosphorylation) using recombinant human GLP-1R expressed in a CHO cell background, which has been used extensively to demonstrate biased agonism of GLP-1R ligands. The new data indicate that α/β-peptide analogues of GLP-1 exhibit a range of distinct bias profiles relative to GLP-1 and that broad assessment of signaling endpoints is required to reveal the spectrum of behavior of modified peptides. These results support the view that backbone modification via α→β amino acid replacement can enable rapid discovery of peptide hormone analogues that display substantial signal bias at a cognate GPCR.
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38
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Graaf CD, Donnelly D, Wootten D, Lau J, Sexton PM, Miller LJ, Ahn JM, Liao J, Fletcher MM, Yang D, Brown AJH, Zhou C, Deng J, Wang MW. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:954-1013. [PMID: 27630114 PMCID: PMC5050443 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the action of GLP-1, a peptide hormone secreted from three major tissues in humans, enteroendocrine L cells in the distal intestine, α cells in the pancreas, and the central nervous system, which exerts important actions useful in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, including glucose homeostasis and regulation of gastric motility and food intake. Peptidic analogs of GLP-1 have been successfully developed with enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Physiologic and biochemical studies with truncated, chimeric, and mutated peptides and GLP-1R variants, together with ligand-bound crystal structures of the extracellular domain and the first three-dimensional structures of the 7-helical transmembrane domain of class B GPCRs, have provided the basis for a two-domain-binding mechanism of GLP-1 with its cognate receptor. Although efforts in discovering therapeutically viable nonpeptidic GLP-1R agonists have been hampered, small-molecule modulators offer complementary chemical tools to peptide analogs to investigate ligand-directed biased cellular signaling of GLP-1R. The integrated pharmacological and structural information of different GLP-1 analogs and homologous receptors give new insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R ligand selectivity and functional activity, thereby providing novel opportunities in the design and development of more efficacious agents to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dan Donnelly
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Denise Wootten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jesper Lau
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiayu Liao
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Madeleine M Fletcher
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dehua Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiejie Deng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
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Wootten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Koole C, Savage EE, Pabreja K, Simms J, Sridhar R, Furness SGB, Liu M, Thompson PE, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. The Extracellular Surface of the GLP-1 Receptor Is a Molecular Trigger for Biased Agonism. Cell 2017; 165:1632-1643. [PMID: 27315480 PMCID: PMC4912689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-directed signal bias offers opportunities for sculpting molecular events, with the promise of better, safer therapeutics. Critical to the exploitation of signal bias is an understanding of the molecular events coupling ligand binding to intracellular signaling. Activation of class B G protein-coupled receptors is driven by interaction of the peptide N terminus with the receptor core. To understand how this drives signaling, we have used advanced analytical methods that enable separation of effects on pathway-specific signaling from those that modify agonist affinity and mapped the functional consequence of receptor modification onto three-dimensional models of a receptor-ligand complex. This yields molecular insights into the initiation of receptor activation and the mechanistic basis for biased agonism. Our data reveal that peptide agonists can engage different elements of the receptor extracellular face to achieve effector coupling and biased signaling providing a foundation for rational design of biased agonists. Effect of mutation on affinity and efficacy of biased ligands mapped onto 3D models Biased agonists form distinct interactions with the GLP-1R extracellular surface Engagement of unique elements of the extracellular surface promotes biased agonism Insights into class B GPCR activation/biased agonism can aid rational drug design
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | | | - Kevin J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emilia E Savage
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kavita Pabreja
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Rohan Sridhar
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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40
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Matsoukas MT, Spyroulias GA. Dynamic properties of the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) and molecular determinants of GHRH binding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:1313-1322. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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An intrinsic agonist mechanism for activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor by its extracellular domain. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16042. [PMID: 27917297 PMCID: PMC5118412 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is a class B G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays key roles in glucose metabolism and is a major therapeutic target for diabetes. The classic two-domain model for class B GPCR activation proposes that the apo-state receptor is auto-inhibited by its extracellular domain, which physically interacts with the transmembrane domain. The binding of the C-terminus of the peptide hormone to the extracellular domain allows the N-terminus of the hormone to insert into the transmembrane domain to induce receptor activation. In contrast to this model, here we demonstrate that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor can be activated by N-terminally truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 or exendin-4 when fused to the receptor, raising the question regarding the role of N-terminal residues of peptide hormone in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation. Mutations of cysteine 347 to lysine or arginine in intracellular loop 3 transform the receptor into a G protein-biased receptor and allow it to be activated by a nonspecific five-residue linker that is completely devoid of exendin-4 or glucagon-like peptide-1 sequence but still requires the presence of an intact extracellular domain. Moreover, the extracellular domain can activate the receptor in trans in the presence of an intact peptide hormone, and specific mutations in three extracellular loops abolished this extracellular domain trans-activation. Together, our data reveal a dominant role of the extracellular domain in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation and support an intrinsic agonist model of the extracellular domain, in which peptide binding switches the receptor from the auto-inhibited state to the auto-activated state by releasing the intrinsic agonist activity of the extracellular domain.
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42
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Hager MV, Johnson LM, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Gellman SH. β-Arrestin-Biased Agonists of the GLP-1 Receptor from β-Amino Acid Residue Incorporation into GLP-1 Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14970-14979. [PMID: 27813409 PMCID: PMC5207657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) causes recruitment of multiple intracellular proteins, each of which can activate distinct signaling pathways. This complexity has engendered interest in agonists that preferentially stimulate subsets among the natural signaling pathways ("biased agonists"). We have examined analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) containing β-amino acid residues in place of native α residues at selected sites and found that some analogues differ from GLP-1 in terms of their relative abilities to promote G protein activation (as monitored via cAMP production) versus β-arrestin recruitment (as monitored via BRET assays). The α → β replacements generally cause modest declines in stimulation of cAMP production and β-arrestin recruitment, but for some replacement sets cAMP production is more strongly affected than is β-arrestin recruitment. The central portion of GLP-1 appears to be critical for achieving bias toward β-arrestin recruitment. These results suggest that backbone modification via α → β residue replacement may be a versatile source of agonists with biased GLP-1R activation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies V Hager
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
| | - Lisa M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706 United States
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43
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Tramutola A, Arena A, Cini C, Butterfield DA, Barone E. Modulation of GLP-1 signaling as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:59-75. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1246183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Cini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - D. Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences ‘A. Rossi-Fanelli’, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Santiago, Chile
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44
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Wootten D, Reynolds CA, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Furness SGB, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Key interactions by conserved polar amino acids located at the transmembrane helical boundaries in Class B GPCRs modulate activation, effector specificity and biased signalling in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 118:68-87. [PMID: 27569426 PMCID: PMC5063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Class B GPCRs can activate multiple signalling effectors with the potential to exhibit biased agonism in response to ligand stimulation. Previously, we highlighted key TM domain polar amino acids that were crucial for the function of the GLP-1 receptor, a key therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. Using a combination of mutagenesis, pharmacological characterisation, mathematical and computational molecular modelling, this study identifies additional highly conserved polar residues located towards the TM helical boundaries of Class B GPCRs that are important for GLP-1 receptor stability and/or controlling signalling specificity and biased agonism. This includes (i) three positively charged residues (R3.30227, K4.64288, R5.40310) located at the extracellular boundaries of TMs 3, 4 and 5 that are predicted in molecular models to stabilise extracellular loop 2, a crucial domain for ligand affinity and receptor activation; (ii) a predicted hydrogen bond network between residues located in TMs 2 (R2.46176), 6 (R6.37348) and 7 (N7.61406 and E7.63408) at the cytoplasmic face of the receptor that is important for stabilising the inactive receptor and directing signalling specificity, (iii) residues at the bottom of TM 5 (R5.56326) and TM6 (K6.35346 and K6.40351) that are crucial for receptor activation and downstream signalling; (iv) residues predicted to be involved in stabilisation of TM4 (N2.52182 and Y3.52250) that also influence cell signalling. Collectively, this work expands our understanding of peptide-mediated signalling by the GLP-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Kevin J Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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45
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Nguyen ATN, Baltos JA, Thomas T, Nguyen TD, Muñoz LL, Gregory KJ, White PJ, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, May LT. Extracellular Loop 2 of the Adenosine A1 Receptor Has a Key Role in Orthosteric Ligand Affinity and Agonist Efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:703-714. [PMID: 27683014 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A1 G protein-coupled receptor (A1AR) is an important therapeutic target implicated in a wide range of cardiovascular and neuronal disorders. Although it is well established that the A1AR orthosteric site is located within the receptor's transmembrane (TM) bundle, prior studies have implicated extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) as having a significant role in contributing to orthosteric ligand affinity and signaling for various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We thus performed extensive alanine scanning mutagenesis of A1AR-ECL2 to explore the role of this domain on A1AR orthosteric ligand pharmacology. Using quantitative analytical approaches and molecular modeling, we identified ECL2 residues that interact either directly or indirectly with orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Discrete mutations proximal to a conserved ECL2-TM3 disulfide bond selectively affected orthosteric ligand affinity, whereas a cluster of five residues near the TM4-ECL2 juncture influenced orthosteric agonist efficacy. A combination of ligand docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis results suggested that the orthosteric agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine binds transiently to an extracellular vestibule formed by ECL2 and the top of TM5 and TM7, prior to entry into the canonical TM bundle orthosteric site. Collectively, this study highlights a key role for ECL2 in A1AR orthosteric ligand binding and receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T N Nguyen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Baltos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trayder Thomas
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toan D Nguyen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura López Muñoz
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T.N.N., J.-A.B., T.T., L.L.M, K.J.G, P.J.W, P.M.S, A.C., L.T.M), Monash e-Research Centre (T.D.N), and Department of Pharmacology (A.T.N.N, J.-A.B., K.J.G., P.M.S., A.C., L.T.M), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Watkins HA, Chakravarthy M, Abhayawardana RS, Gingell JJ, Garelja M, Pardamwar M, McElhinney JMWR, Lathbridge A, Constantine A, Harris PWR, Yuen TY, Brimble MA, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Woolley MJ, Conner AC, Pioszak AA, Reynolds CA, Hay DL. Receptor Activity-modifying Proteins 2 and 3 Generate Adrenomedullin Receptor Subtypes with Distinct Molecular Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11657-75. [PMID: 27013657 PMCID: PMC4882435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone with numerous effects in the vascular systems. AM signals through the AM1 and AM2 receptors formed by the obligate heterodimerization of a G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 and 3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3), respectively. These different CLR-RAMP interactions yield discrete receptor pharmacology and physiological effects. The effective design of therapeutics that target the individual AM receptors is dependent on understanding the molecular details of the effects of RAMPs on CLR. To understand the role of RAMP2 and -3 on the activation and conformation of the CLR subunit of AM receptors, we mutated 68 individual amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of CLR, a key region for activation of AM receptors, and determined the effects on cAMP signaling. Sixteen CLR mutations had differential effects between the AM1 and AM2 receptors. Accompanying this, independent molecular modeling of the full-length AM-bound AM1 and AM2 receptors predicted differences in the binding pocket and differences in the electrostatic potential of the two AM receptors. Druggability analysis indicated unique features that could be used to develop selective small molecule ligands for each receptor. The interaction of RAMP2 or RAMP3 with CLR induces conformational variation in the juxtamembrane region, yielding distinct binding pockets, probably via an allosteric mechanism. These subtype-specific differences have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at specific AM receptors and for understanding the mechanisms by which accessory proteins affect G protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | | | - Joseph J Gingell
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | - Meenakshi Pardamwar
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - James M W R McElhinney
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lathbridge
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Constantine
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W R Harris
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tsz-Ying Yuen
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - David R Poyner
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Woolley
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C Conner
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Debbie L Hay
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
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The glucagon like peptide 1 analogue, exendin-4, attenuates oxidative stress-induced retinal cell death in early diabetic rats through promoting Sirt1 and Sirt3 expression. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:203-11. [PMID: 27212443 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to further investigate the possible mechanisms by which the glucagon like peptide 1 analogue, exendin-4 (EX4), protects rat retinal cells at the early stage of diabetes. EX4 was injected intravitreally into normal and early-stage streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electroretinogram (ERG) were measured. Sirtuin (Sirt) mRNA and protein were analyzed. In retinas of diabetic rats 1 month after diabetes onset, cell death and ROS level increased significantly, and the b-wave amplitudes and OPs were significantly reduced. Four days after intravitreal EX4 treatment, retinal cell death and ROS level in retinas reduced significantly, and visual function was recovered. In the retinas of early-stage diabetic rats, the expressions of Sirt1 and Sirt3 were also found to be significantly decreased, and both were back to normal levels after intravitreal injection of EX4. In R28 cells, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased ROS and cell death and decreased Sirt1 and Sirt3. With the addition of EX4 into the culture system, the expressions of Sirt1 and Sirt3 were increased, and the H2O2-induced ROS and cell death were significantly reduced. These results confirm a mechanism for EX4 to protect retinal cells from diabetic damage and oxidative injury. EX4 reduces retinal cell death and ROS generation by upregulating Sirt1 and Sirt3 expressions in the retina of early-stage diabetic rats as well as in H2O2-treated R28 cells.
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Yang D, de Graaf C, Yang L, Song G, Dai A, Cai X, Feng Y, Reedtz-Runge S, Hanson MA, Yang H, Jiang H, Stevens RC, Wang MW. Structural Determinants of Binding the Seven-transmembrane Domain of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP-1R). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12991-3004. [PMID: 27059958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) belongs to the secretin-like (class B) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Members of the class B family are distinguished by their large extracellular domain, which works cooperatively with the canonical seven-transmembrane (7TM) helical domain to signal in response to binding of various peptide hormones. We have combined structure-based site-specific mutational studies with molecular dynamics simulations of a full-length model of GLP-1R bound to multiple peptide ligand variants. Despite the high sequence similarity between GLP-1R and its closest structural homologue, the glucagon receptor (GCGR), nearly half of the 62 stably expressed mutants affected GLP-1R in a different manner than the corresponding mutants in GCGR. The molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type and mutant GLP-1R·ligand complexes provided molecular insights into GLP-1R-specific recognition mechanisms for the N terminus of GLP-1 by residues in the 7TM pocket and explained how glucagon-mimicking GLP-1 mutants restored binding affinity for (GCGR-mimicking) GLP-1R mutants. Structural analysis of the simulations suggested that peptide ligand binding mode variations in the 7TM binding pocket are facilitated by movement of the extracellular domain relative to the 7TM bundle. These differences in binding modes may account for the pharmacological differences between GLP-1 peptide variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Yang
- From The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chris de Graaf
- the Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linlin Yang
- the Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gaojie Song
- the iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 99 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Antao Dai
- From The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- From The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- From The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Steffen Reedtz-Runge
- the Department of Protein Structure, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Malov 2760, Denmark
| | | | - Huaiyu Yang
- the Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- the Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- the iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 99 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China, the Bridge Institute, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, and
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- From The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China, the School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang Heng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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49
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Wootten D, Reynolds CA, Koole C, Smith KJ, Mobarec JC, Simms J, Quon T, Coudrat T, Furness SGB, Miller LJ, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. A Hydrogen-Bonded Polar Network in the Core of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Is a Fulcrum for Biased Agonism: Lessons from Class B Crystal Structures. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:335-47. [PMID: 26700562 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is a key target for treatments for type II diabetes and obesity. This receptor, like other class B GPCRs, displays biased agonism, though the physiologic significance of this is yet to be elucidated. Previous work has implicated R2.60(190), N3.43(240), Q7.49(394), and H6.52(363) as key residues involved in peptide-mediated biased agonism, with R2.60(190), N3.43(240), and Q7.49(394) predicted to form a polar interaction network. In this study, we used novel insight gained from recent crystal structures of the transmembrane domains of the glucagon and corticotropin releasing factor 1 (CRF1) receptors to develop improved models of the GLP-1 receptor that predict additional key molecular interactions with these amino acids. We have introduced E6.53(364)A, N3.43(240)Q, Q7.49(394)N, and N3.43(240)Q/Q7.49(394)N mutations to probe the role of predicted H-bonding and charge-charge interactions in driving cAMP, calcium, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. A polar interaction between E6.53(364) and R2.60(190) was predicted to be important for GLP-1- and exendin-4-, but not oxyntomodulin-mediated cAMP formation and also ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In contrast, Q7.49(394), but not R2.60(190)/E6.53(364) was critical for calcium mobilization for all three peptides. Mutation of N3.43(240) and Q7.49(394) had differential effects on individual peptides, providing evidence for molecular differences in activation transition. Collectively, this work expands our understanding of peptide-mediated signaling from the GLP-1 receptor and the key role that the central polar network plays in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Kevin J Smith
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Juan C Mobarec
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - John Simms
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Tezz Quon
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., C.K., T.Q., T.C., S.G.B.F., A.C., P.M.S.); School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK (C.A.R., K.J.S., J.C.M.); School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK (J.S.); and Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ (L.J.M.)
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