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He H, Huang X, Wen C, Liu C, Jiang B, Huang Y, Su Y, Li W. A novel defensin-like peptide C-13326 possesses protective effect against multidrug-resistant Aeromonas schubertii in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate ♀ × Channa argus ♂). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13922. [PMID: 38204197 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a defensin-like antimicrobial peptide (C-13326 peptide) identified in Hermetia illucens could possess protective effect against multidrug-resistant Aeromonas schubertii in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate ♀ × Channa argus ♂). The cDNA of C-13326 peptide comprised 243 nucleotides encoding 80 amino acids, with six conserved cysteine residues and the classical CSαβ structure. The recombinant expression plasmid pPIC9K-C-13326 was constructed and transformed into GS115 Pichia pastoris, and the C-13326 peptide was expressed by induction with 1% methanol. The crude extract of C-13326 peptide was precipitated by ammonium sulfate, assayed by Braford method, detected by tricine-SDS-PAGE, evaluated by BandScan software and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The C-13326 peptide was shown to have inhibitory activity against the growth of multidrug-resistant A. schubertii DM210910 by using the minimum growth inhibitory concentration and Oxford cup method. In addition, scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that C-13326 peptide inhibited the growth of A. schubertii DM210910 by damaging the bacterial cell membrane. To explore the role of peptide C-13326 in vivo, hybrid snakehead was fed with peptide C-13326 as feed additives for 7 days. The results revealed that C-13326 peptide could significantly down-regulate the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α (p < .05), and significantly improved the survival rate of hybrid snakehead after challenging with A. schubertii DM210910. Therefore, the C-13326 peptide is a promising antimicrobial agent for A. schubertii treatment in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong He
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhi Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyi Wen
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlu Su
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Ghosh P, Chakraborty J. Exploring the role of symbiotic modifier peptidases in the legume - rhizobium symbiosis. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:147. [PMID: 38462552 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Legumes can establish a mutual association with soil-derived nitrogen-fixing bacteria called 'rhizobia' forming lateral root organs called root nodules. Rhizobia inside the root nodules get transformed into 'bacteroids' that can fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia for host plants in return for nutrients and shelter. A substantial 200 million tons of nitrogen is fixed annually through biological nitrogen fixation. Consequently, the symbiotic mechanism of nitrogen fixation is utilized worldwide for sustainable agriculture and plays a crucial role in the Earth's ecosystem. The development of effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is very specialized and requires coordinated signaling. A plethora of plant-derived nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR or NCR-like) peptides get actively involved in this complex and tightly regulated signaling process of symbiosis between some legumes of the IRLC (Inverted Repeat-Lacking Clade) and Dalbergioid clades and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Recent progress has been made in identifying two such peptidases that actively prevent bacterial differentiation, leading to symbiotic incompatibility. In this review, we outlined the functions of NCRs and two nitrogen-fixing blocking peptidases: HrrP (host range restriction peptidase) and SapA (symbiosis-associated peptidase A). SapA was identified through an overexpression screen from the Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 core genome, whereas HrrP is inherited extra-chromosomally. Interestingly, both peptidases affect the symbiotic outcome by degrading the NCR peptides generated from the host plants. These NCR-degrading peptidases can shed light on symbiotic incompatibility, helping to elucidate the reasons behind the inefficiency of nitrogen fixation observed in certain groups of rhizobia with specific legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwi Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Narajole Raj College, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721211, India.
| | - Joydeep Chakraborty
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Velayatipour F, Tarrahimofrad H, Zamani J, Fotouhi F, Aminzadeh S. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of AF-DP protein and in-silico approach of cell membrane disruption. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38319027 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2308763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Microbial resistance against common antibiotics has become one of the most serious threats to human health. The increasing statistics on this problem show the necessity of finding a way to deal with it. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides with unique properties and the capability of targeting a wide range of pathogens, have been considered as a potential for replacing common antibiotics. A small chitin-binding protein with anticandidal activity was isolated from Moringa oleifera seeds by Neto and colleagues in 2017, which very much resembled antimicrobial peptides. In this study, the antimicrobial protein 'AF-DP' was identified and characterized. AF-DP was heterologously expressed, purified, and characterized, and its 3D structure was predicted. Six molecular dynamic simulations were performed to investigate how the protein interacts with Gram-negative inner and outer, Gram-positive, fungal, cancerous, and normal mammalian membranes. Also, its antimicrobial and anticancer activity was assessed in vitro via minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and MTT assays, respectively. This protein with 111 amino acids and a total net charge (of 10.5) has been predicted to be mainly composed of alpha helix and random coils. Its MIC affecting the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans was 30 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml, respectively; AF-DP showed anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Scanning electron microscopic analysis confirmed the creation of pores and scratches on the surface of the bacterial membrane. The results of this research show that AF-DP can be a candidate for the production of new drugs as an AMP with antimicrobial activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Velayatipour
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aminzadeh
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Alhhazmi AA, Alluhibi SS, Alhujaily R, Alenazi ME, Aljohani TL, Al-Jazzar AAT, Aljabri AD, Albaqami R, Almutairi D, Alhelali LK, Albasri HM, Almutawif YA, Alturkostani MA, Almutairi AZ. Novel antimicrobial peptides identified in legume plant, Medicago truncatula. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0182723. [PMID: 38236024 PMCID: PMC10845954 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01827-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the major issues in healthcare today is antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a subclass of host defense peptides, have been suggested as a viable solution for the multidrug resistance problem. Legume plants express more than 700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides. Three NCR peptides (NCR094, NCR888, and NCR992) were predicted to have antimicrobial activity using in silico AMP prediction programs. This study focused on investigating the roles of the NCRs in antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm activity, followed by in vitro toxicity profiling. Different variants were synthesized, i.e., mutated and truncated derivatives. The effect on the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was monitored post-treatment, and survived cells were counted using an in vitro and ex vivo killing assay. The antibiofilm assay was conducted using subinhibitory concentrations of the NCRs and monitoring K. pneumoniae biomass, followed by crystal violet staining. The cytotoxicity profile was evaluated using erythrocyte hemolysis and leukemia (K562) cell line toxicity assays. Out of the NCRs, NCR094 and NCR992 displayed mainly in vitro and ex vivo bactericidal activity on K. pneumoniae. NCR094 wild type (WT) and NCR992 eradicated K. pneumoniae at different potency; NCR094 and NCR992 killed K. pneumoniae completely at 25 and 50 µM, respectively. However, both peptides in the wild type showed negligible bactericidal effect on MRSA in vitro and ex vivo. NCR094 and its derivatives relatively retained the antimicrobial activity on K. pneumoniae in vitro and ex vivo. NCR992 WT lost its antimicrobial activity on K. pneumoniae ex vivo, yet the different truncated and mutated variants retained some of the antimicrobial role ex vivo. All the different variants of NCR094 had no effect on MRSA in vitro and ex vivo. Similarly, NCR992's variants had a negligible bactericidal role on MRSA in vitro, yet the truncated variants had a significantly high bactericidal effect on MRSA ex vivo. NCR094.3 (cystine replacement variant) and NCR992.1 displayed significant antibiofilm activity more than 90%. NCR992.3 and NCR992.2 displayed more than 50% of antibiofilm activity. All the NCR094 forms had no toxicity, except NCR094.1 (49.38%, SD ± 3.46) and all NCR992 forms (63%-93%), which were above the cutoff (20%). Only NCR992.2 showed low toxicity on K562 (24.8%, SD ± 3.40), yet above the 20% cutoff. This study provided preliminary antimicrobial and safety data for the potential use of these peptides for therapeutical applications.IMPORTANCEThe discovery of new antibiotics is urgently needed, given the global expansion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the rising mortality rate. One of the initial lines of defense against microbial infections is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Plants can express hundreds of such AMPs as defensins and defensin-like peptides. The nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides are a class of defensin-like peptides that have evolved in rhizobial-legume symbioses. This study screened the antimicrobial activity of a subset of NCR sequences using online computational AMP prediction algorithms. Two novel NCRs, NCR094 and NCR992, with different variants were identified to exhibit antimicrobial activity with various potency on two problematic pathogens, K. pneumoniae and MRSA, using in vitro and ex vivo killing assays. Yet, one variant, NCR094.3, had no toxicity toward human cells and displayed antibiofilm activity, which make it a promising lead for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej A. Alhhazmi
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S. Alluhibi
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Alhujaily
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maymona E. Alenazi
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif L. Aljohani
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Anoud T. Al-Jazzar
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahaad D. Aljabri
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Albaqami
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Almutairi
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain K. Alhelali
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hibah M. Albasri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya A. Almutawif
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Ma H, Feng Y, Cao Q, Jia J, Ali M, Shah D, Meyers BC, He H, Zhang Y. Evolution of antimicrobial cysteine-rich peptides in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1517-1527. [PMID: 37378705 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We analyzed the evolutionary pattern of cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) to infer the relationship between CRP copy number and plant ecotype, and the origin of bi-domains CRPs. Plants produce cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) that have long-lasting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity to protect themselves from various groups of pathogens. We analyzed 240 plant genomes, ranging from algae to eudicots, and discovered that CRPs are widely distributed in plants. Our comparative genomics results revealed that CRP genes have been amplified through both whole genome and local tandem duplication. The copy number of these genes varied significantly across lineages and was associated with the plant ecotype. This may be due to their resistance to changing pathogenic environments. The conserved and lineage-specific CRP families contribute to diverse antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, we investigated the unique bi-domain CRPs that result from unequal crossover events. Our findings provide a unique evolutionary perspective on CRPs and insights into their antimicrobial and symbiosis characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Henan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Dilip Shah
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MI, 63132, USA
| | - Blake C Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MI, 63132, USA
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Hai He
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Macorano L, Binny TM, Spiegl T, Klimenko V, Singer A, Oberleitner L, Applegate V, Seyffert S, Stefanski A, Gremer L, Gertzen CGW, Höppner A, Smits SHJ, Nowack ECM. DNA-binding and protein structure of nuclear factors likely acting in genetic information processing in the Paulinella chromatophore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221595120. [PMID: 37364116 PMCID: PMC10319021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221595120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromatophores in Paulinella are evolutionary-early-stage photosynthetic organelles. Biological processes in chromatophores depend on a combination of chromatophore and nucleus-encoded proteins. Interestingly, besides proteins carrying chromatophore-targeting signals, a large arsenal of short chromatophore-targeted proteins (sCTPs; <90 amino acids) without recognizable targeting signals were found in chromatophores. This situation resembles endosymbionts in plants and insects that are manipulated by host-derived antimicrobial peptides. Previously, we identified an expanded family of sCTPs of unknown function, named here "DNA-binding (DB)-sCTPs". DB-sCTPs contain a ~45 amino acid motif that is conserved in some bacterial proteins with predicted functions in DNA processing. Here, we explored antimicrobial activity, DNA-binding capacity, and structures of three purified recombinant DB-sCTPs. All three proteins exhibited antimicrobial activity against bacteria involving membrane permeabilization, and bound to bacterial lipids in vitro. A combination of in vitro assays demonstrated binding of recombinant DB-sCTPs to chromatophore-derived genomic DNA sequences with an affinity in the low nM range. Additionally, we report the 1.2 Å crystal structure of one DB-sCTP. In silico docking studies suggest that helix α2 inserts into the DNA major grove and the exposed residues, that are highly variable between different DB-sCTPs, confer interaction with the DNA bases. Identification of photosystem II subunit CP43 as a potential interaction partner of one DB-sCTP, suggests DB-sCTPs to be involved in more complex regulatory mechanisms. We hypothesize that membrane binding of DB-sCTPs is related to their import into chromatophores. Once inside, they interact with the chromatophore genome potentially providing nuclear control over genetic information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Macorano
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Taniya M. Binny
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Spiegl
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Victoria Klimenko
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Singer
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linda Oberleitner
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Violetta Applegate
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Seyffert
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7 Structural Biochemistry) and JuStruct Jülich Center of Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph G. W. Gertzen
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Höppner
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva C. M. Nowack
- Institute of Microbial Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225Düsseldorf, Germany
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Díaz-Puertas R, Adamek M, Mallavia R, Falco A. Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:350. [PMID: 37367675 DOI: 10.3390/md21060350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Díaz-Puertas
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Kumarswamyreddy N, Nakagawa A, Endo H, Shimotohno A, Torii KU, Bode JW, Oishi S. Chemical synthesis of the EPF-family of plant cysteine-rich proteins and late-stage dye attachment by chemoselective amide-forming ligations. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1422-1431. [PMID: 36544577 PMCID: PMC9709926 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical protein synthesis can provide well-defined modified proteins. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of plant-derived cysteine-rich secretory proteins and late-stage derivatization of the synthetic proteins. The syntheses were achieved with distinct chemoselective amide bond forming reactions - EPF2 by native chemical ligation (NCL), epidermal patterning factor (EPF) 1 by the α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation, and fluorescent functionalization of their folded variants by potassium acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) ligation. The chemically synthesized EPFs exhibit bioactivity on stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Comprehensive synthesis of EPF derivatives allowed us to identify suitable fluorescent variants for bioimaging of the subcellar localization of EPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandarapu Kumarswamyreddy
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology TirupatiTirupati517619Andhra PradeshIndia
| | - Ayami Nakagawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZürichZürich 8093Switzerland
| | - Shunsuke Oishi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya UniversityChikusa Nagoya 464-8602Japan
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Zhang Y, Gallant É, Park JD, Seyedsayamdost MR. The Small-Molecule Language of Dynamic Microbial Interactions. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:641-660. [PMID: 35679616 PMCID: PMC10171915 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-042722-091052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although microbes are routinely grown in monocultures in the laboratory, they are almost never encountered as single species in the wild. Our ability to detect and identify new microorganisms has advanced significantly in recent years, but our understanding of the mechanisms that mediate microbial interactions has lagged behind. What makes this task more challenging is that microbial alliances can be dynamic, consisting of multiple phases. The transitions between phases, and the interactions in general, are often mediated by a chemical language consisting of small molecules, also referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products. In this microbial lexicon, the molecules are like words and through their effects on recipient cells they convey meaning. The current review highlights three dynamic microbial interactions in which some of the words and their meanings have been characterized, especially those that mediate transitions in selected multiphasic associations. These systems provide insights into the principles that govern microbial symbioses and a playbook for interrogating similar associations in diverse ecological niches. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Étienne Gallant
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Jong-Duk Park
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; ,
| | - Mohammad R Seyedsayamdost
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; , .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; ,
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10
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Kumarswamyreddy N, Reddy DN, Robkis DM, Kamiya N, Tsukamoto R, Kanaoka MM, Higashiyama T, Oishi S, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of Torenia Plant Pollen Tube Attractant Proteins by KAHA Ligation. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:721-727. [PMID: 35755195 PMCID: PMC9175099 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of secreted cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) is a long-standing challenge due to protein aggregation and premature formation of inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonds. Chemical synthesis provides reduced CRPs with a higher purity, which is advantageous for folding and isolation. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of pollen tube attractant CRPs Torenia fournieri LURE (TfLURE) and Torenia concolor LURE (TcLURE) and their chimeric analogues via α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation. The bioactivity of chemically synthesized TfLURE protein was shown to be comparable to E. coli expressed recombinant protein through in vitro assay. The convergent protein synthesis approach is beneficial for preparing these small protein variants efficiently. A convergent chemical synthesis was established for Torenia plant pollen tube attractant proteins, LUREs and their chimeric analogues by KAHA ligation. The synthetic TfLURE showed comparable bioactivity with E.coli expressed recombinant protein.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandarapu Kumarswamyreddy
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 517506 India
| | - Damodara N Reddy
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - D Miklos Robkis
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Nao Kamiya
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-0602 Japan
| | - Ryoko Tsukamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-0602 Japan
| | - Masahiro M Kanaoka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-0602 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-0602 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Oishi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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11
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Wang J, Wei L, Yan L, Zheng H, Liu C, Zheng L. Effects of postharvest cysteine treatment on sensory quality and contents of bioactive compounds in goji fruit. Food Chem 2021; 366:130546. [PMID: 34273857 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of cysteine (Cys) treatments (0, 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.10%) on sensory quality and bioactive compounds in goji fruit stored at 4 °C and 90% RH for 10 d were investigated. Results indicated that 0.05% Cys treatment significantly reduced decay ratio and weight loss, and maintained total soluble solid content in goji fruit. Furthermore, 0.05% Cys treatment increased the contents of total phenolic, ascorbic acid and total glutathione, and the ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione, resulting in the higher antioxidant capacity. Determination of five free amino acids showed that 0.05% Cys treatment increased the Pro and Tau contents, while had no significant effect on the Cys, Glu and GABA contents. The increase in Tau content might be due to the up-regulation of two key genes involved in the Tau synthesis including CDO and CSAD. These findings suggested that Cys treatment could improve the storage quality in goji fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Liyang Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ling Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Huanhuan Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Research Laboratory of Agricultural Environment and Food Safety, Anhui Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System, Hefei 230009, China.
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12
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Mandon K, Nazaret F, Farajzadeh D, Alloing G, Frendo P. Redox Regulation in Diazotrophic Bacteria in Interaction with Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060880. [PMID: 34070926 PMCID: PMC8226930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with a large number of microorganisms that greatly influence their growth and health. Among the beneficial microorganisms, rhizosphere bacteria known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria increase plant fitness by producing compounds such as phytohormones or by carrying out symbioses that enhance nutrient acquisition. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, either as endophytes or as endosymbionts, specifically improve the growth and development of plants by supplying them with nitrogen, a key macro-element. Survival and proliferation of these bacteria require their adaptation to the rhizosphere and host plant, which are particular ecological environments. This adaptation highly depends on bacteria response to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), associated to abiotic stresses or produced by host plants, which determine the outcome of the plant-bacteria interaction. This paper reviews the different antioxidant defense mechanisms identified in diazotrophic bacteria, focusing on their involvement in coping with the changing conditions encountered during interaction with plant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mandon
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Fanny Nazaret
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Davoud Farajzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz 5375171379, Iran;
- Center for International Scientific Studies and Collaboration (CISSC), Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran 158757788, Iran
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France; (K.M.); (F.N.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Isozumi N, Masubuchi Y, Imamura T, Mori M, Koga H, Ohki S. Structure and antimicrobial activity of NCR169, a nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptide of Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9923. [PMID: 33972675 PMCID: PMC8110993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A model legume, Medicago truncatula, has over 600 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides required for symbiosis with rhizobia. Among them, NCR169, an essential factor for establishing symbiosis, has four cysteine residues that are indispensable for its function. However, knowledge of NCR169 structure and mechanism of action is still lacking. In this study, we solved two NMR structures of NCR169 caused by different disulfide linkage patterns. We show that both structures have a consensus C-terminal β-sheet attached to an extended N-terminal region with dissimilar features; one moves widely, whereas the other is relatively stapled. We further revealed that the disulfide bonds of NCR169 contribute to its structural stability and solubility. Regarding the function, one of the NCR169 oxidized forms could bind to negatively charged bacterial phospholipids. Furthermore, the positively charged lysine-rich region of NCR169 may be responsible for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Sinorhizobium meliloti. This active region was disordered even in the phospholipid bound state, suggesting that the disordered conformation of this region is key to its function. Morphological observations suggested the mechanism of action of NCR169 on bacteria. The present study on NCR169 provides new insights into the structure and function of NCR peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Isozumi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yuya Masubuchi
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imamura
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308, Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohki
- Center for Nano Materials and Technology (CNMT), Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
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14
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Szerencsés B, Gácser A, Endre G, Domonkos I, Tiricz H, Vágvölgyi C, Szolomajer J, Howan DHO, Tóth GK, Pfeiffer I, Kondorosi É. Symbiotic NCR Peptide Fragments Affect the Viability, Morphology and Biofilm Formation of Candida Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073666. [PMID: 33915930 PMCID: PMC8037406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing rate of fungal infections causes global problems not only in human healthcare but agriculture as well. To combat fungal pathogens limited numbers of antifungal agents are available therefore alternative drugs are needed. Antimicrobial peptides are potent candidates because of their broad activity spectrum and their diverse mode of actions. The model legume Medicago truncatula produces >700 nodule specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides in symbiosis and many of them have in vitro antimicrobial activities without considerable toxicity on human cells. In this work we demonstrate the anticandidal activity of the NCR335 and NCR169 peptide derivatives against five Candida species by using the micro-dilution method, measuring inhibition of biofilm formation with the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) assay, and assessing the morphological change of dimorphic Candida species by microscopy. We show that both the N- and C-terminal regions of NCR335 possess anticandidal activity as well as the C-terminal sequence of NCR169. The active peptides inhibit biofilm formation and the yeast-hypha transformation. Combined treatment of C. auris with peptides and fluconazole revealed synergistic interactions and reduced 2-8-fold the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Our results demonstrate that shortening NCR peptides can even enhance and broaden their anticandidal activity and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Szerencsés
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.G.); (C.V.)
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.E.); (I.D.); (H.T.)
| | - Ildikó Domonkos
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.E.); (I.D.); (H.T.)
| | - Hilda Tiricz
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.E.); (I.D.); (H.T.)
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.G.); (C.V.)
| | - János Szolomajer
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (J.S.); (D.H.O.H.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Dian H. O. Howan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (J.S.); (D.H.O.H.); (G.K.T.)
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (J.S.); (D.H.O.H.); (G.K.T.)
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.G.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (É.K.)
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (G.E.); (I.D.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (É.K.)
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15
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Study on the Inhibitory Activity of a Synthetic Defensin Derived from Barley Endosperm against Common Food Spoilage Yeast. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010165. [PMID: 33396521 PMCID: PMC7794838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the food industry, food spoilage is a real issue that can lead to a significant amount of waste. Although current preservation techniques are being applied to reduce the occurrence of spoilage microorganisms, the problem persists. Food spoilage yeast are part of this dilemma, with common spoilers such as Zygosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Debaryomyces and Saccharomyces frequently encountered. Antimicrobial peptides derived from plants have risen in popularity due to their ability to reduce spoilage. This study examines the potential application of a synthetic defensin peptide derived from barley endosperm. Its inhibitory effect against common spoilage yeasts, its mechanisms of action (membrane permeabilisation and overproduction of reactive oxygen species), and its stability in different conditions were characterised. The safety of the peptide was evaluated through a haemolysis and cytotoxicity assay, and no adverse effects were found. Both assays were performed to understand the effect of the peptide if it were to be consumed. Its ability to be degraded by a digestive enzyme was also examined for its safety. Finally, the peptide was successfully applied to different beverages and maintained the same inhibitory effects in apple juice as was observed in the antiyeast assays, providing further support for its application in food preservation.
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16
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Study on the characterisation and application of synthetic peptide Snakin-1 derived from potato tubers – Action against food spoilage yeast. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Shwaiki LN, Arendt EK, Lynch KM. Anti-yeast activity and characterisation of synthetic radish peptides Rs-AFP1 and Rs-AFP2 against food spoilage yeast. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Lima RM, Kylarová S, Mergaert P, Kondorosi É. Unexplored Arsenals of Legume Peptides With Potential for Their Applications in Medicine and Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1307. [PMID: 32625188 PMCID: PMC7314904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During endosymbiosis, bacteria live intracellularly in the symbiotic organ of their host. The host controls the proliferation of endosymbionts and prevents their spread to other tissues and organs. In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis the major host effectors are secreted nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, produced exclusively in the symbiotic cells. NCRs have evolved in the Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade (IRLC) of the Leguminosae family. They are secreted peptides that mediate terminal differentiation of the endosymbionts, forming polyploid, non-cultivable cells with increased membrane permeability. NCRs form an extremely large family of peptides, which have four or six conserved cysteines but otherwise highly diverse amino acid sequences, resulting in a wide variety of anionic, neutral and cationic peptides. In vitro, many synthetic NCRs have strong antimicrobial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including the ESKAPE strains and pathogenic fungi. The spectra and minimal bactericidal and anti-fungal concentrations of NCRs differ, indicating that, in addition to their charge, the amino acid composition and sequence also play important roles in their antimicrobial activity. NCRs attack the bacteria and fungi at the cell envelope and membrane as well as intracellularly, forming interactions with multiple essential cellular machineries. NCR-like peptides with similar symbiotic functions as the NCRs also exist in other branches of the Leguminosae family. Thus, legumes provide countless and so far unexplored sources of symbiotic peptides representing an enormous resource of pharmacologically interesting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Lima
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Salome Kylarová
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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19
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Jenei S, Tiricz H, Szolomájer J, Tímár E, Klement É, Al Bouni MA, Lima RM, Kata D, Harmati M, Buzás K, Földesi I, Tóth GK, Endre G, Kondorosi É. Potent Chimeric Antimicrobial Derivatives of the Medicago truncatula NCR247 Symbiotic Peptide. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:270. [PMID: 32153547 PMCID: PMC7047876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the bacteria are converted into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. In many legume species, differentiation of the endosymbiotic bacteria is irreversible, culminating in definitive loss of their cell division ability. This terminal differentiation is mediated by plant peptides produced in the symbiotic cells. In Medicago truncatula more than ∼700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides are involved in this process. We have shown previously that NCR247 and NCR335 have strong antimicrobial activity on various pathogenic bacteria and identified interaction of NCR247 with many bacterial proteins, including FtsZ and several ribosomal proteins, which prevent bacterial cell division and protein synthesis. In this study we designed and synthetized various derivatives of NCR247, including shorter fragments and various chimeric derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of these peptides was tested on the ESKAPE bacteria; Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli as a member of Enterobacteriaceae and in addition Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. The 12 amino acid long C-terminal half of NCR247, NCR247C partially retained the antimicrobial activity and preserved the multitarget interactions with partners of NCR247. Nevertheless NCR247C became ineffective on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and L. monocytogenes. The chimeric derivatives obtained by fusion of NCR247C with other peptide fragments and particularly with a truncated mastoparan sequence significantly increased bactericidal activity and altered the antimicrobial spectrum. The minimal bactericidal concentration of the most potent derivatives was 1.6 μM, which is remarkably lower than that of most classical antibiotics. The killing activity of the NCR247-based chimeric peptides was practically instant. Importantly, these peptides had no hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity on human cells. The properties of these NCR derivatives make them promising antimicrobials for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Jenei
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hilda Tiricz
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Szolomájer
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Tímár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Klement
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Rui M Lima
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diána Kata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Harmati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Buzás
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Dilem Doğan Ş, Buran S, Gözde Gündüz M, Özkul C, Siva Krishna V, Sriram D. Synthesis of Disulfide-Bridged N-Phenyl-N'-(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl)urea Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activities. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900461. [PMID: 31557406 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new antimicrobial agents is extremely needed to overcome multidrug-resistant bacterial and tuberculosis infections. In the present study, eight novel substituted urea derivatives (10a-10h) containing disulfide bond were designed, synthesized and screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activities on standard strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to the obtained results, antibacterial effects of the compounds were found to be considerably better than their antimycobacterial activities along with their weak cytotoxic effects. Molecular docking studies were performed to gain insights into the antibacterial activity mechanism of the synthesized compounds. The interactions and the orientation of compound 10a (1,1'-((disulfanediylbis(methylene))bis(2,1-phenylene))bis(3-phenylurea)) were found to be highly similar to the original ligand within the binding pocket E. faecalis β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase III (FabH). Finally, a theoretical study was established to predict the physicochemical properties of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şengül Dilem Doğan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Buran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Miyase Gözde Gündüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceren Özkul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vagolu Siva Krishna
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, 500078, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, 500078, Hyderabad, India
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21
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Moyer TB, Heil LR, Kirkpatrick CL, Goldfarb D, Lefever WA, Parsley NC, Wommack AJ, Hicks LM. PepSAVI-MS Reveals a Proline-rich Antimicrobial Peptide in Amaranthus tricolor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2744-2753. [PMID: 31557021 PMCID: PMC6874829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants are a rich source of antimicrobials; however, the bioactive peptide constituents of most ethnobotanical species remain largely unexplored. Herein, PepSAVI-MS, a mass spectrometry-based peptidomics pipeline, was implemented for antimicrobial peptide (AMP) discovery in the medicinal plant Amaranthus tricolor. This investigation revealed a novel 1.7 kDa AMP with strong activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, deemed Atr-AMP1. Initial efforts to determine the sequence of Atr-AMP1 utilized chemical derivatization and enzymatic digestion to provide information about specific residues and post-translational modifications. EThcD (electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation) produced extensive backbone fragmentation and facilitated de novo sequencing, the results of which were consistent with orthogonal characterization experiments. Additionally, multistage HCD (higher-energy collisional dissociation) facilitated discrimination between isobaric leucine and isoleucine. These results revealed a positively charged proline-rich peptide present in a heterogeneous population of multiple peptidoforms, possessing several post-translational modifications including a disulfide bond, methionine oxidation, and proline hydroxylation. Additional bioactivity screening of a simplified fraction containing Atr-AMP1 revealed activity against Staphylococcus aureus LAC, demonstrating activity against both a Gram-negative and a Gram-positive bacterial species unlike many known short chain proline-rich antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa B. Moyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
| | - Lilian R. Heil
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
| | - Christine L. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
| | - William A. Lefever
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina United States
| | - Nicole C. Parsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
| | - Andrew J. Wommack
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina United States
| | - Leslie M. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States
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Chakraborty S, Nguyen B, Wasti SD, Xu G. Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019. [PMID: 31450667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules2473081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Syed Danyal Wasti
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Plant Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase (LRR-RK): Structure, Ligand Perception, and Activation Mechanism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173081. [PMID: 31450667 PMCID: PMC6749341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, secreted peptides have been recognized as essential mediators of intercellular communication which governs plant growth, development, environmental interactions, and other mediated biological responses, such as stem cell homeostasis, cell proliferation, wound healing, hormone sensation, immune defense, and symbiosis, among others. Many of the known secreted peptide ligand receptors belong to the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (LRR-RK) family of membrane integral receptors, which contain more than 200 members within Arabidopsis making it the largest family of plant receptor kinases (RKs). Genetic and biochemical studies have provided valuable data regarding peptide ligands and LRR-RKs, however, visualization of ligand/LRR-RK complex structures at the atomic level is vital to understand the functions of LRR-RKs and their mediated biological processes. The structures of many plant LRR-RK receptors in complex with corresponding ligands have been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing new mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor kinase activation. In this review, we briefly elaborate the peptide ligands, and aim to detail the structures and mechanisms of LRR-RK activation as induced by secreted peptide ligands within plants.
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Nakajima T, Kawano Y, Ohtsu I, Maruyuama-Nakashita A, Allahham A, Sato M, Sawada Y, Hirai MY, Yokoyama T, Ohkama-Ohtsu N. Effects of Thiosulfate as a Sulfur Source on Plant Growth, Metabolites Accumulation and Gene Expression in Arabidopsis and Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1683-1701. [PMID: 31077319 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are considered to absorb sulfur from their roots in the form of sulfate. In bacteria like Escherichia coli, thiosulfate is a preferred sulfur source. It is converted into cysteine (Cys). This transformation consumes less NADPH and ATP than sulfate assimilation into Cys. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, thiosulfate promoted growth more than sulfate. In the present study, the availability of thiosulfate, the metabolite transformations and gene expressions it induces were investigated in Arabidopsis and rice as model dicots and monocots, respectively. In Arabidopsis, the thiosulfate-amended plants had lower biomass than those receiving sulfate when sulfur concentrations in the hydroponic medium were above 300 μM. In contrast, rice biomass was similar for plants raised on thiosulfate and sulfate at 300 μM sulfur. Therefore, both plants can use thiosulfate but it is a better sulfur source for rice. In both plants, thiosulfate levels significantly increased in roots following thiosulfate application, indicating that the plants absorbed thiosulfate into their root cells. Thiosulfate is metabolized in plants by a different pathway from that used for sulfate metabolism. Thiosulfate increases plant sulfide and cysteine persulfide levels which means that plants are in a more reduced state with thiosulfate than with sulfate. The microarray analysis of Arabidopsis roots revealed that 13 genes encoding Cys-rich proteins were upregulated more with thiosulfate than with sulfate. These results together with those of the widely targeted metabolomics analysis were used to proposes a thiosulfate assimilation pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Nakajima
- Graduate school of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohtsu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Alaa Allahham
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Mergaert P. Role of antimicrobial peptides in controlling symbiotic bacterial populations. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:336-356. [PMID: 29393944 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been known for well over three decades as crucial mediators of the innate immune response in animals and plants, where they are involved in the killing of infecting microbes. However, AMPs have now also been found to be produced by eukaryotic hosts during symbiotic interactions with bacteria. These symbiotic AMPs target the symbionts and therefore have a more subtle biological role: not eliminating the microbial symbiont population but rather keeping it in check. The arsenal of AMPs and the symbionts' adaptations to resist them are in a careful balance, which contributes to the establishment of the host-microbe homeostasis. Although in many cases the biological roles of symbiotic AMPs remain elusive, for a number of symbiotic interactions, precise functions have been assigned or proposed to the AMPs, which are discussed here. The microbiota living on epithelia in animals, from the most primitive ones to the mammals, are challenged by a cocktail of AMPs that determine the specific composition of the bacterial community as well as its spatial organization. In the symbiosis of legume plants with nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria, the host deploys an extremely large panel of AMPs - called nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides - that drive the bacteria into a terminally differentiated state and manipulate the symbiont physiology to maximize the benefit for the host. The NCR peptides are used as tools to enslave the bacterial symbionts, limiting their reproduction but keeping them metabolically active for nitrogen fixation. In the nutritional symbiotic interactions of insects and protists that have vertically transmitted bacterial symbionts with reduced genomes, symbiotic AMPs could facilitate the integration of the endosymbiont and host metabolism by favouring the flow of metabolites across the symbiont membrane through membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Indrakumar S, Zalar M, Pohl C, Nørgaard A, Streicher W, Harris P, Golovanov AP, Peters GH. Conformational Stability Study of a Therapeutic Peptide Plectasin Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Combination with NMR. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4867-4877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Matja Zalar
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Christin Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Novozymes, Krogshoejvej 36, Bagsvaerd 2880, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Günther H.J. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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27
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Uchi N, Fukudome M, Nozaki N, Suzuki M, Osuki KI, Shigenobu S, Uchiumi T. Antimicrobial Activities of Cysteine-rich Peptides Specific to Bacteriocytes of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:155-160. [PMID: 30905896 PMCID: PMC6594739 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterial endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola. We previously reported seven cysteine-rich peptides in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and named them Bacteriocyte-specific Cysteine-Rich (BCR) peptides; these peptides are exclusively expressed in bacteriocytes, special aphid cells that harbor symbionts. Similar symbiotic organ-specific cysteine-rich peptides identified in the root nodules of leguminous plants are named Nodule-specific Cysteine-Rich (NCR) peptides. NCR peptides target rhizobia in the nodules and are essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. A BacA (membrane protein) mutant of Sinorhizobium is sensitive to NCR peptides and is unable to establish symbiosis. Based on the structural and expressional similarities between BCR peptides and NCR peptides, we hypothesized that aphid BCR peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity, similar to some NCR peptides. We herein synthesized BCR peptides and investigated their antimicrobial activities and effects on the bacterial membrane of Escherichia coli. The peptides BCR1, BCR3, BCR5, and BCR8 exhibited antimicrobial activities with increased membrane permeability. An sbmA mutant of E. coli, a homolog of bacA of S. meliloti, was more sensitive to BCR peptides than the wild type. Our results suggest that BCR peptides have properties that may be required to control the endosymbiont, similar to NCR peptides in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Uchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Narumi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Osuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | | | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
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28
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Farkas A, Pap B, Kondorosi É, Maróti G. Antimicrobial Activity of NCR Plant Peptides Strongly Depends on the Test Assays. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2600. [PMID: 30425705 PMCID: PMC6218624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis specific NCR247 and NCR335 cationic plant peptides of Medicago truncatula have been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbes. However, their antimicrobial efficiency is clearly limited by divalent cations. Here, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of NCR247 and NCR335 peptides were compared to those of the well-characterized peptide antibiotics polymyxin B and the aminoglycoside streptomycin on three model microbes, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as eukaryotic fungi. The aim of the study was to assess how the killing efficiency of these peptides depends on various, widely used antimicrobial susceptibility assays. Validated resazurin microdilution assay was used to determine minimal growth inhibitory concentrations in three general test media (MHB, MHBII and low-salt medium LSM). Bactericidal/fungicidal activities were determined by the commonly used drop plate assay. The natural plant peptides showed distinct characteristics, NCR247 had a generally high sensitivity for Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the medium, while NCR335 proved to be a robust and strong antimicrobial agent with comparable efficiency values to polymyxin B. Activity data were confirmed visually, both NCR247 and NCR335 treatments at minimal bactericidal concentrations induced complete disruption of the membranes and provoked cell lysis on all tested microorganisms as observed by scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Farkas
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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29
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Malkawi R, Iyer A, Parmar A, Lloyd DG, Leng Goh ET, Taylor EJ, Sarmad S, Madder A, Lakshminarayanan R, Singh I. Cysteines and Disulfide-Bridged Macrocyclic Mimics of Teixobactin Analogues and Their Antibacterial Activity Evaluation against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040183. [PMID: 30314324 PMCID: PMC6321233 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Teixobactin is a highly potent cyclic depsipeptide which kills a broad range of multi-drug resistant, Gram-positive bacteria, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) without detectable resistance. In this work, we describe the design and rapid synthesis of novel teixobactin analogues containing two cysteine moieties, and the corresponding disulfide-bridged cyclic analogues. These analogues differ from previously reported analogues, such as an Arg10-teixobactin, in terms of their macrocyclic ring size, and feature a disulfide bridge instead of an ester linkage. The new teixobactin analogues were screened against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, one teixobactin analogue containing all l-amino acid building blocks showed antibacterial activity against MRSA for the first time. Our data indicates that macrocyclisation of teixobactin analogues with disulfide bridging is important for improved antibacterial activity. In our work, we have demonstrated the unprecedented use of a disulfide bridge in constructing the macrocyclic ring of teixobactin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Malkawi
- School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Abhishek Iyer
- School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Anish Parmar
- School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Daniel G Lloyd
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Eunice Tze Leng Goh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Discovery Tower Level 6, 20 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Edward J Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Sarir Sarmad
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Discovery Tower Level 6, 20 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ishwar Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK.
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30
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Roblin G, Octave S, Faucher M, Fleurat-Lessard P, Berjeaud JM. Cysteine: A multifaceted amino acid involved in signaling, plant resistance and antifungal development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:77-89. [PMID: 29852365 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early effects induced by cysteine were monitored using the model of Mimosa pudica pulvinar cells. Rapid dose-dependent membrane depolarization (within seconds) and modification of proton secretion (within minutes) were triggered at cysteine concentrations higher than 0.1 mM. These effects did not result from a modification of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity nor from a protonophore effect as shown by assays on plasma membrane vesicles isolated from pulvinar tissues. In a 0.5-10 mM range, cysteine inhibited the ion-driven turgor-mediated seismonastic reaction of Mimosa pudica primary pulvini and the dark-induced movement of Cassia fasciculata leaflets. At concentrations higher than 1 mM, it induced a long-lasting leaflet necrosis dependent on the concentration and treatment duration. Electron microscopy showed that cysteine induced important damage in the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the M. pudica motor cell. Cysteine inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, from 0.5 to 20 mM, both the mycelial growth and the spore germination of the fungal pathogens Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum implicated in esca disease of grapevines. Using [35S] cysteine, we showed that the amino acid was absorbed following leaf spraying, translocated from leaves to other parts of grapevine cuttings and accumulated within trunks and roots. Therefore, cysteine showed relevant properties to be a candidate able to control fungal diseases either by acting as an early signal directing plant host reaction or/and by acting directly on fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Roblin
- Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, TSA51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Octave
- Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, TSA51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France; Current address: Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Mireille Faucher
- Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, TSA51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Pierrette Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, TSA51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Marc Berjeaud
- Université de Poitiers, Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, TSA51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France.
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Stonoha-Arther C, Wang D. Tough love: accommodating intracellular bacteria through directed secretion of antimicrobial peptides during the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:155-163. [PMID: 29778978 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis formed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant hosts mainly in the legume family involves a very intimate interaction. Within the symbiotic organ (the nodule) the bacteria are fully internalized by the host cell to become an intracellular organelle surrounded by a host-derived membrane. This arrangement is probably necessary for the efficient provision of energy and the sequestration of free oxygen molecules, two conditions required for sustained nitrogen fixation. Recent advances made in model legume species, such as Medicago truncatula, are beginning to uncover the genetic components allowing rhizobia to access the host cytoplasm and establish chronic intracellular infections without overt detrimental effects. It is now known that the rhizobial compartment in M. truncatula cells, the symbiosome, retains some features of the extracellular space as the target for a redirected host protein secretory pathway. A set of vesicle trafficking proteins function specifically in symbiotic cells to ensure the faithful delivery of secretory proteins to the intracellular bacteria, or bacteroid. This system is co-opted from the more ancient association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi found in most land plants, highlighting the evolutionary origin of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In some legume lineages, this heightened capability to process secretory proteins is needed to deliver a large number of symbiosis-specific antimicrobial peptides to the bacteria. Known as NCR peptides, these molecules transform bacteroids into a state of terminal differentiation, where the microbe loses its ability to proliferate outside their host. Numbering in their hundreds, these peptides manipulate various aspects of rhizobial biology, and affect the outcome of this symbiosis in complex ways. The extreme size of the NCR peptide family seems to be the result of an evolutionary conflict between the two partners to extract maximum benefit from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Wang
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Xue S, Biondi EG. Coordination of symbiosis and cell cycle functions in Sinorhizobium meliloti. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:691-696. [PMID: 29783033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic nitrogen fixing species Sinorhizobium meliloti represents a remarkable model system for the class Alphaproteobacteria, which includes genera such as Caulobacter, Agrobacterium and Brucella. It is capable of living free in the soil, and is also able to establish a complex symbiosis with leguminous plants, during which its cell cycle program is completely rewired presumably due, at least in part, to the action of peptides secreted by the plant. Here we will discuss how the cell cycle regulation works in S. meliloti and the kinds of molecular mechanisms that take place during the infection. We will focus on the complex regulation of the master regulator of the S. meliloti cell cycle, the response regulator CtrA, discussing its implication in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghong Xue
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IMM, LCB, 13009 Marseille, France
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Dal Mas C, Pinheiro D, Campeiro J, Mattei B, Oliveira V, Oliveira E, Miranda A, Perez K, Hayashi M. Biophysical and biological properties of small linear peptides derived from crotamine, a cationic antimicrobial/antitumoral toxin with cell penetrating and cargo delivery abilities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2340-2349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu X, Zhang H, Jiao H, Li L, Qiao X, Fabrice MR, Wu J, Zhang S. Expansion and evolutionary patterns of cysteine-rich peptides in plants. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:610. [PMID: 28806914 PMCID: PMC5557327 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) are gaining recognition as regulators of cell-cell communication in plants. RESULTS We identified 9556 CRPs in 12 plant species and analysed their evolutionary patterns. In most angiosperm plants, whole genome duplication and segmental duplication are the major factors driving the expansion of CRP family member genes, especially signal peptides. About 30% of the CRP genes were found clustered on the chromosomes, except in maize (Zea mays). Considerable collinearities between CRP genes between or within species reveal several syntenic regions on the chromosomes. Different subfamilies display diverse evolutionary rates, suggesting that these subfamilies are subjected to different selective pressures. CRPs in different duplication models also show contrasting evolutionary rates, although the underlying mechanism is unclear because of the complexity of gene evolution. The 1281 positively selected genes identified are probably generated within a certain period of time. While most of these belonged to maize and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), new CRP functions would also be expected. Up-regulation of 10 CRPs was observed in self-pollinated pear pistils and pollen tubes under self S-RNase treatments in vitro. The expression divergence between different CRP gene duplication types suggests that different duplication mechanisms affected the fate of the duplicated CRPs. CONCLUSION Our analyses of the evolution of the CRP gene family provides a unique view of the evolution of this large gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huping Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Jiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Leiting Li
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Musana Rwalinda Fabrice
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Genome-Wide Sensitivity Analysis of the Microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti to Symbiotically Important, Defensin-Like Host Peptides. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01060-17. [PMID: 28765224 PMCID: PMC5539429 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01060-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The model legume species Medicago truncatula expresses more than 700 nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) signaling peptides that mediate the differentiation of Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. NCR peptides are essential for a successful symbiosis in legume plants of the inverted-repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) and show similarity to mammalian defensins. In addition to signaling functions, many NCR peptides exhibit antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Bacterial resistance to these antimicrobial activities is likely to be important for symbiosis. However, the mechanisms used by S. meliloti to resist antimicrobial activity of plant peptides are poorly understood. To address this, we applied a global genetic approach using transposon mutagenesis followed by high-throughput sequencing (Tn-seq) to identify S. meliloti genes and pathways that increase or decrease bacterial competitiveness during exposure to the well-studied cationic NCR247 peptide and also to the unrelated model antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B. We identified 78 genes and several diverse pathways whose interruption alters S. meliloti resistance to NCR247. These genes encode the following: (i) cell envelope polysaccharide biosynthesis and modification proteins, (ii) inner and outer membrane proteins, (iii) peptidoglycan (PG) effector proteins, and (iv) non-membrane-associated factors such as transcriptional regulators and ribosome-associated factors. We describe a previously uncharacterized yet highly conserved peptidase, which protects S. meliloti from NCR247 and increases competitiveness during symbiosis. Additionally, we highlight a considerable number of uncharacterized genes that provide the basis for future studies to investigate the molecular basis of symbiotic development as well as chronic pathogenic interactions. Soil rhizobial bacteria enter into an ecologically and economically important symbiotic interaction with legumes, in which they differentiate into physiologically distinct bacteroids that provide essential ammonia to the plant in return for carbon sources. Plant signal peptides are essential and specific to achieve these physiological changes. These peptides show similarity to mammalian defensin peptides which are part of the first line of defense to control invading bacterial populations. A number of these legume peptides are indeed known to possess antimicrobial activity, and so far, only the bacterial BacA protein is known to protect rhizobial bacteria against their antimicrobial action. This study identified numerous additional bacterial factors that mediate protection and belong to diverse biological pathways. Our results significantly contribute to our understanding of the molecular roles of bacterial factors during legume symbioses and, second, provide insights into the mechanisms that pathogenic bacteria may use to resist the antimicrobial effects of defensins during infections.
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Mergaert P, Kikuchi Y, Shigenobu S, Nowack ECM. Metabolic Integration of Bacterial Endosymbionts through Antimicrobial Peptides. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:703-712. [PMID: 28549825 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are massively produced by eukaryotic hosts during symbiotic interactions with bacteria. Among other roles, these symbiotic AMPs have the capacity to permeabilize symbiont membranes and facilitate metabolite flow across the host-symbiont interface. We propose that an ancestral role of these peptides is to facilitate metabolic exchange between the symbiotic partners through membrane permeabilization. This function may be particularly critical for integration of endosymbiont and host metabolism in interactions involving bacteria with strongly reduced genomes lacking most small metabolite transporters. Moreover, AMPs could have acted in a similar way at the onset of plastid and mitochondrion evolution, after a host cell took up a bacterium and needed to extract nutrients from it in the absence of dedicated solute transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR9198, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hokkaido Center, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Eva C M Nowack
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Pan H, Wang D. Nodule cysteine-rich peptides maintain a working balance during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17048. [PMID: 28470183 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia is highly relevant to human society and global ecology. One recent breakthrough in understanding the molecular interplay between the plant and the prokaryotic partner is that, at least in certain legumes, the host deploys a number of antimicrobial peptides, called nodule cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides, to control the outcome of this symbiosis. Under this plant dominance, the bacteria are subject to the sub-lethal toxicity of these antimicrobial peptides, resulting in limited reproductive potential. However, recent genetic studies have added unexpected twists to this mechanism: certain NCR peptides are essential for the bacteria to adapt to the intracellular environment needed for a successful symbiosis, and the absence of these peptides can break down the mutualism. Meanwhile, some rhizobial strains have evolved a peptidase to specifically degrade these antimicrobial peptides, allowing the bacteria to escape host control. These findings challenge the preconceptions about 'antimicrobial' peptides, supporting the notion that their role in biotic interactions extends beyond toxicity to the microbial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Farkas A, Maróti G, Kereszt A, Kondorosi É. Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial Membrane Disruption Effect of Two Natural Plant Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:51. [PMID: 28167938 PMCID: PMC5253368 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Medicago truncatula genome about 700 genes code for nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) small peptides that are expressed in the symbiotic organ, the root nodule, where they control terminal differentiation of the endosymbiotic rhizobium bacteria to nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Cationic NCR peptides were predicted to have antimicrobial activities. Here antibacterial activities of NCR247, NCR335, polymyxin B (PMB), and streptomycin were investigated and compared on two foodborne pathogens Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes as representatives of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The integrity of the bacterial membrane was seriously compromised by these NCR peptides. Different localization was observed for NCR247 and NCR335 in the treated bacteria, the peptides mostly accumulated in the cytosol in S. enterica while they remained in the bacterial membrane in L. monocytogenes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed distinct membrane morphology of the peptide-treated bacteria. Complete cell disruption was induced by PMB and NCR335 in S. enterica while NCR247 treatment resulted in extensive budding observed on the cell surface of Salmonella. PMB had no effect on L. monocytogenes while NCR335 and NCR247 provoked morphological changes on this bacterium, the whole Listeria cell content was released in response to NCR335 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Farkas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
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Ribeiro CW, Baldacci-Cresp F, Pierre O, Larousse M, Benyamina S, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Castella C, Cazareth J, Alloing G, Boncompagni E, Couturier J, Mergaert P, Gamas P, Rouhier N, Montrichard F, Frendo P. Regulation of Differentiation of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria by Microsymbiont Targeting of Plant Thioredoxin s1. Curr Biol 2016; 27:250-256. [PMID: 28017611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legumes associate with rhizobia to form nitrogen (N2)-fixing nodules, which is important for plant fitness [1, 2]. Medicago truncatula controls the terminal differentiation of Sinorhizobium meliloti into N2-fixing bacteroids by producing defensin-like nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides (NCRs) [3, 4]. The redox state of NCRs influences some biological activities in free-living bacteria, but the relevance of redox regulation of NCRs in planta is unknown [5, 6], although redox regulation plays a crucial role in symbiotic nitrogen fixation [7, 8]. Two thioredoxins (Trx), Trx s1 and s2, define a new type of Trx and are expressed principally in nodules [9]. Here, we show that there are four Trx s genes, two of which, Trx s1 and s3, are induced in the nodule infection zone where bacterial differentiation occurs. Trx s1 is targeted to the symbiosomes, the N2-fixing organelles. Trx s1 interacted with NCR247 and NCR335 and increased the cytotoxic effect of NCR335 in S. meliloti. We show that Trx s silencing impairs bacteroid growth and endoreduplication, two features of terminal bacteroid differentiation, and that the ectopic expression of Trx s1 in S. meliloti partially complements the silencing phenotype. Thus, our findings show that Trx s1 is targeted to the bacterial endosymbiont, where it controls NCR activity and bacteroid terminal differentiation. Similarly, Trxs are critical for the activation of defensins produced against infectious microbes in mammalian hosts. Therefore, our results suggest the Trx-mediated regulation of host peptides as a conserved mechanism among symbiotic and pathogenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Werner Ribeiro
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Marie Larousse
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Sofiane Benyamina
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Annie Lambert
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Claude Castella
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia Antipolis, 660 Route des Lucioles, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Geneviève Alloing
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Gamas
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France; CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, UMR1136, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Françoise Montrichard
- IRHS, INRA, Université d'Angers, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA UMR 1355, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France; Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, CNRS UMR 7254, 400 Route des Chappes, BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Disulfide cross-linking influences symbiotic activities of nodule peptide NCR247. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10157-62. [PMID: 27551097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610724113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of rhizobia with legumes establish the chronic intracellular infection that underlies symbiosis. Within nodules of inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) legumes, rhizobia differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This terminal differentiation is driven by host nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides that orchestrate the adaptation of free-living bacteria into intracellular residents. Medicago truncatula encodes a family of >700 NCR peptides that have conserved cysteine motifs. NCR247 is a cationic peptide with four cysteines that can form two intramolecular disulfide bonds in the oxidized forms. This peptide affects Sinorhizobium meliloti transcription, translation, and cell division at low concentrations and is antimicrobial at higher concentrations. By preparing the three possible disulfide-cross-linked NCR247 regioisomers, the reduced peptide, and a variant lacking cysteines, we performed a systematic study of the effects of intramolecular disulfide cross-linking and cysteines on the activities of an NCR peptide. The relative activities of the five NCR247 variants differed strikingly among the various bioassays, suggesting that the NCR peptide-based language used by plants to control the development of their bacterial partners during symbiosis is even greater than previously recognized. These patterns indicate that certain NCR bioactivities require cysteines whereas others do not. The results also suggest that NCR247 may exert some of its effects within the cell envelope whereas other activities occur in the cytoplasm. BacA, a membrane protein that is critical for symbiosis, provides protection against all bactericidal forms of NCR247. Oxidative folding protects NCR247 from degradation by the symbiotically relevant metalloprotease HrrP (host range restriction peptidase), suggesting that disulfide bond formation may additionally stabilize NCR peptides during symbiosis.
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Sousa DA, Porto WF, Silva MZ, da Silva TR, Franco OL. Influence of Cysteine and Tryptophan Substitution on DNA-Binding Activity on Maize α-Hairpinin Antimicrobial Peptide. Molecules 2016; 21:E1062. [PMID: 27529210 PMCID: PMC6273665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost four decades, antimicrobial peptides have been studied, and new classes are being discovered. However, for therapeutic use of these molecules, issues related to the mechanism of action must be answered. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of the hairpinin MBP-1 was studied by the synthesis of two variants, one replacing cysteines and one tryptophan with alanine. Antibacterial activity was abolished in both variants. No membrane disturbance, even in concentrations higher than those required to inhibit the bacteria, was observed in SEM microscopy. The gel retardation assay showed that MBP-1 possesses a higher DNA-binding ability than variants. Finally, molecular modelling showed that the lack of cysteines resulted in structure destabilization and lack of tryptophan resulted in a less flexible peptide, with less solvent assessable surface area, both characteristics that could contribute to absence of activity. In summary, the data here reported add more information about the multiple mechanisms of action of α-hairpinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Sousa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil.
| | - William F Porto
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil.
| | - Maria Z Silva
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane R da Silva
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil.
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70790-160, Brazil.
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS 79117-900, Brazil.
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Kunert KJ, Vorster BJ, Fenta BA, Kibido T, Dionisio G, Foyer CH. Drought Stress Responses in Soybean Roots and Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1015. [PMID: 27462339 PMCID: PMC4941547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered to be a major threat to soybean production worldwide and yet our current understanding of the effects of drought on soybean productively is largely based on studies on above-ground traits. Although the roots and root nodules are important sensors of drought, the responses of these crucial organs and their drought tolerance features remain poorly characterized. The symbiotic interaction between soybean and rhizobia facilitates atmospheric nitrogen fixation, a process that provides essential nitrogen to support plant growth and development. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is important for sustainable agriculture, as it sustains plant growth on nitrogen-poor soils and limits fertilizer use for crop nitrogen nutrition. Recent developments have been made in our understanding of the drought impact on soybean root architecture and nodule traits, as well as underpinning transcriptome, proteome and also emerging metabolome information, with a view to improve the selection of more drought-tolerant soybean cultivars and rhizobia in the future. We conclude that the direct screening of root and nodule traits in the field as well as identification of genes, proteins and also metabolites involved in such traits will be essential in order to gain a better understanding of the regulation of root architecture, bacteroid development and lifespan in relation to drought tolerance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Kunert
- Department Plant Production and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Barend J. Vorster
- Department Plant Production and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Berhanu A. Fenta
- Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural ResearchAdama, Ethiopia
| | - Tsholofelo Kibido
- Department Plant Production and Soil Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
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The Disulfide Bond of the Peptide Thanatin Is Dispensible for Its Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo and In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4283-9. [PMID: 27161645 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00041-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanatin (THA) displays potent antibiotic activity, especially against extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo, with minimal hemolytic toxicity and satisfactory stability in plasma. However, the high cost of thanatin significantly limits its development and clinical application. To reduce the cost of peptide synthesis, a formulation of cyclic thanatin (C-thanatin) called linear thanatin (L-thanatin) was synthesized and its activity was evaluated in vivo and in vitro Results showed that C-thanatin and L-thanatin MICs did not differ against eight Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacterial strains. Furthermore, the survival rates of ESBL-producing-E. coli-infected mice were consistent after C-thanatin or L-thanatin treatment at 5 or 10 mg/kg of body weight. Neither C-thanatin nor L-thanatin showed toxicity for human red blood cells (hRBCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at a concentration as high as 256 μg/ml. Results of circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that the secondary structure of L-thanatin is extremely similar to that of C-thanatin. Membrane permeabilization and depolarization assays showed that C-thanatin and L-thanatin have similar abilities to permeabilize the outer and inner membranes and to induce membrane depolarization in ESBL-producing E. coli However, neither of them caused significant HUVEC membrane permeability. These findings indicate that the two peptides have similar effects on bacterial cell membranes and that the disulfide bond in thanatin is not essential for its antimicrobial activities in vivo and in vitro L-thanatin is thus a promising low-cost peptide candidate for treating ESBL-producing E. coli infections.
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Muñoz V, Ibáñez F, Figueredo MS, Fabra A. An oxidative burst and its attenuation by bacterial peroxidase activity is required for optimal establishment of the Arachis hypogaea-Bradyrhizobium sp. symbiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:244-53. [PMID: 27037857 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the Arachis hypogaea L. root oxidative burst, produced at early stages of its symbiotic interaction with Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144, and the bacterial antioxidant system are required for the successful development of this interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS Pharmacological approaches were used to reduce both plant oxidative burst and bacterial peroxidase enzyme activity. In plants whose H2 O2 levels were decreased, a low nodule number, a reduction in the proportion of red nodules (%) and an increase in the bacteroid density were found. The symbiotic phenotype of plants inoculated with a Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA 6144 culture showing decreased peroxidase activity was also affected, since the biomass production, nodule number and percentage of red nodules in these plants were lower than in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. control cultures. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that the oxidative burst triggered at the early events of the symbiotic interaction in peanut, is a prerequisite for the efficient development of root nodules, and that the antioxidant system of bradyrhizobial peanut symbionts, particularly the activity of peroxidases, is counteracting this oxidative burst for the successful establishment of the symbiosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of the symbiotic interaction established in A. hypogaea L. a legume infected in an intercellular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F Ibáñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Figueredo
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Fabra
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Crespo-Rivas JC, Guefrachi I, Mok KC, Villaécija-Aguilar JA, Acosta-Jurado S, Pierre O, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Taga ME, Mergaert P, Vinardell JM. Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 bacteroids are not terminally differentiated and show altered O-antigen in nodules of the Inverted Repeat-Lacking Clade legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:2392-404. [PMID: 26521863 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In rhizobial species that nodulate inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) legumes, such as the interaction between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago, bacteroid differentiation is driven by an endoreduplication event that is induced by host nodule-specific cysteine rich (NCR) antimicrobial peptides and requires the participation of the bacterial protein BacA. We have studied bacteroid differentiation of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 in three host plants: Glycine max, Cajanus cajan and the IRLC legume Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Flow cytometry, microscopy analyses and viability studies of bacteroids as well as confocal microscopy studies carried out in nodules showed that S. fredii HH103 bacteroids, regardless of the host plant, had deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contents, cellular sizes and survival rates similar to those of free-living bacteria. Contrary to S. meliloti, S. fredii HH103 showed little or no sensitivity to Medicago NCR247 and NCR335 peptides. Inactivation of S. fredii HH103 bacA neither affected symbiosis with Glycyrrhiza nor increased bacterial sensitivity to Medicago NCRs. Finally, HH103 bacteroids isolated from Glycyrrhiza, but not those isolated from Cajanus or Glycine, showed an altered lipopolysaccharide. Our studies indicate that, in contrast to the S. meliloti-Medicago model symbiosis, bacteroids in the S. fredii HH103-Glycyrrhiza symbiosis do not undergo NCR-induced and bacA-dependent terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Crespo-Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, CP, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ibtissem Guefrachi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9198, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kenny C Mok
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - José A Villaécija-Aguilar
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, CP, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9198, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sebastián Acosta-Jurado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, CP, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9198, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - José E Ruiz-Sainz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, CP, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michiko E Taga
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9198, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - José M Vinardell
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, CP, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Loss of the nodule-specific cysteine rich peptide, NCR169, abolishes symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula dnf7 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15232-7. [PMID: 26401023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500777112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Host compatible rhizobia induce the formation of legume root nodules, symbiotic organs within which intracellular bacteria are present in plant-derived membrane compartments termed symbiosomes. In Medicago truncatula nodules, the Sinorhizobium microsymbionts undergo an irreversible differentiation process leading to the development of elongated polyploid noncultivable nitrogen fixing bacteroids that convert atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia. This terminal differentiation is directed by the host plant and involves hundreds of nodule specific cysteine-rich peptides (NCRs). Except for certain in vitro activities of cationic peptides, the functional roles of individual NCR peptides in planta are not known. In this study, we demonstrate that the inability of M. truncatula dnf7 mutants to fix nitrogen is due to inactivation of a single NCR peptide, NCR169. In the absence of NCR169, bacterial differentiation was impaired and was associated with early senescence of the symbiotic cells. Introduction of the NCR169 gene into the dnf7-2/NCR169 deletion mutant restored symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Replacement of any of the cysteine residues in the NCR169 peptide with serine rendered it incapable of complementation, demonstrating an absolute requirement for all cysteines in planta. NCR169 was induced in the cell layers in which bacteroid elongation was most pronounced, and high expression persisted throughout the nitrogen-fixing nodule zone. Our results provide evidence for an essential role of NCR169 in the differentiation and persistence of nitrogen fixing bacteroids in M. truncatula.
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Tavormina P, De Coninck B, Nikonorova N, De Smet I, Cammue BPA. The Plant Peptidome: An Expanding Repertoire of Structural Features and Biological Functions. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2095-118. [PMID: 26276833 PMCID: PMC4568509 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptides fulfill a plethora of functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. They act as key components of cell-to-cell communication, interfere with signaling and response pathways, or display antimicrobial activity. Strikingly, both the diversity and amount of plant peptides have been largely underestimated. Most characterized plant peptides to date acting as small signaling peptides or antimicrobial peptides are derived from nonfunctional precursor proteins. However, evidence is emerging on peptides derived from a functional protein, directly translated from small open reading frames (without the involvement of a precursor) or even encoded by primary transcripts of microRNAs. These novel types of peptides further add to the complexity of the plant peptidome, even though their number is still limited and functional characterization as well as translational evidence are often controversial. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the reported types of plant peptides, including their described functional and structural properties. We propose a novel, unifying peptide classification system to emphasize the enormous diversity in peptide synthesis and consequent complexity of the still expanding knowledge on the plant peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tavormina
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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48
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Maróti G, Downie JA, Kondorosi É. Plant cysteine-rich peptides that inhibit pathogen growth and control rhizobial differentiation in legume nodules. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:57-63. [PMID: 26116977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants must co-exist with both pathogenic and beneficial microbes. Antimicrobial peptides with broad antimicrobial activities represent one of the first lines of defense against pathogens. Many plant cysteine-rich peptides with potential antimicrobial properties have been predicted. Amongst them, defensins and defensin-like peptides are the most abundant and plants can express several hundreds of them. In some rhizobial-legume symbioses special defensin-like peptides, the nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides have evolved in those legumes whose symbiotic partner terminally differentiates. In Medicago truncatula, >700 NCRs exist and collectively act as plant effectors inducing irreversible differentiation of rhizobia to nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Cationic NCR peptides have a broad range of potent antimicrobial activities but do not kill the endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - J Allan Downie
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Éva Kondorosi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., Szeged 6726, Hungary.
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Rajput A, Gupta AK, Kumar M. Prediction and analysis of quorum sensing peptides based on sequence features. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120066. [PMID: 25781990 PMCID: PMC4363368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing peptides (QSPs) are the signaling molecules used by the Gram-positive bacteria in orchestrating cell-to-cell communication. In spite of their enormous importance in signaling process, their detailed bioinformatics analysis is lacking. In this study, QSPs and non-QSPs were examined according to their amino acid composition, residues position, motifs and physicochemical properties. Compositional analysis concludes that QSPs are enriched with aromatic residues like Trp, Tyr and Phe. At the N-terminal, Ser was a dominant residue at maximum positions, namely, first, second, third and fifth while Phe was a preferred residue at first, third and fifth positions from the C-terminal. A few motifs from QSPs were also extracted. Physicochemical properties like aromaticity, molecular weight and secondary structure were found to be distinguishing features of QSPs. Exploiting above properties, we have developed a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based predictive model. During 10-fold cross-validation, SVM achieves maximum accuracy of 93.00%, Mathew’s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.86 and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.98 on the training/testing dataset (T200p+200n). Developed models performed equally well on the validation dataset (V20p+20n). The server also integrates several useful analysis tools like “QSMotifScan”, “ProtFrag”, “MutGen” and “PhysicoProp”. Our analysis reveals important characteristics of QSPs and on the basis of these unique features, we have developed a prediction algorithm “QSPpred” (freely available at: http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/qsppred).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Rajput
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Amit Kumar Gupta
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160036, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-160036, India
- * E-mail:
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50
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Li C, Blencke HM, Haug T, Stensvåg K. Antimicrobial peptides in echinoderm host defense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:190-197. [PMID: 25445901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effector molecules in innate immunity. Here we briefly summarize characteristic traits of AMPs and their mechanisms of antimicrobial activity. Echinoderms live in a microbe-rich marine environment and are known to express a wide range of AMPs. We address two novel AMP families from coelomocytes of sea urchins: cysteine-rich AMPs (strongylocins) and heterodimeric AMPs (centrocins). These peptide families have conserved preprosequences, are present in both adults and pluteus stage larvae, have potent antimicrobial properties, and therefore appear to be important innate immune effectors. Strongylocins have a unique cysteine pattern compared to other cysteine-rich peptides, which suggests a novel AMP folding pattern. Centrocins and SdStrongylocin 2 contain brominated tryptophan residues in their native form. This review also includes AMPs isolated from other echinoderms, such as holothuroidins, fragments of beta-thymosin, and fragments of lectin (CEL-III). Echinoderm AMPs are crucial molecules for the understanding of echinoderm immunity, and their potent antimicrobial activity makes them potential precursors of novel drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hans-Matti Blencke
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tor Haug
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Klara Stensvåg
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactives and Drug Discovery (MabCent-SFI), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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