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Schibalski RS, Shulha AS, Tsao BP, Palygin O, Ilatovskaya DV. The role of polyamine metabolism in cellular function and physiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C341-C356. [PMID: 38881422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00074.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines are molecules with multiple amino groups that are essential for cellular function. The major polyamines are putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and cadaverine. Polyamines are important for posttranscriptional regulation, autophagy, programmed cell death, proliferation, redox homeostasis, and ion channel function. Their levels are tightly controlled. High levels of polyamines are associated with proliferative pathologies such as cancer, whereas low polyamine levels are observed in aging, and elevated polyamine turnover enhances oxidative stress. Polyamine metabolism is implicated in several pathophysiological processes in the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems. Currently, manipulating polyamine levels is under investigation as a potential preventive treatment for several pathologies, including aging, ischemia/reperfusion injury, pulmonary hypertension, and cancer. Although polyamines have been implicated in many intracellular mechanisms, our understanding of these processes remains incomplete and is a topic of ongoing investigation. Here, we discuss the regulation and cellular functions of polyamines, their role in physiology and pathology, and emphasize the current gaps in knowledge and potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Schibalski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Anastasia S Shulha
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Betty P Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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2
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Zhou M, Yin X, Chen B, Hu S, Zhou W. A PET probe targeting polyamine transport system for precise tumor diagnosis and therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2024; 19:100924. [PMID: 38903130 PMCID: PMC11186966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2024.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism dysregulation is a hallmark of many cancers, offering a promising avenue for early tumor theranostics. This study presents the development of a nuclear probe derived from spermidine (SPM) for dual-purpose tumor PET imaging and internal radiation therapy. The probe, radiolabeled with either [68Ga]Ga for diagnostic applications or [177Lu]Lu for therapeutic use, was synthesized with exceptional purity, stability, and specific activity. Extensive testing involving 12 different tumor cell lines revealed remarkable specificity towards B16 melanoma cells, showcasing outstanding tumor localization and target-to-non-target ratio. Mechanistic investigations employing polyamines, non-labeled precursor, and polyamine transport system (PTS) inhibitor, consistently affirmed the probe's targetability through recognition of the PTS. Notably, while previous reports indicated PTS upregulation in various tumor types for targeted therapy, this study observed no positive signals, highlighting a concentration-dependent discrepancy between targeting for therapy and diagnosis. Furthermore, when labeled with [177Lu], the probe demonstrated its therapeutic potential by effectively controlling tumor growth and extending mouse survival. Investigations into biodistribution, excretion, and biosafety in healthy humans laid a robust foundation for clinical translation. This study introduces a versatile SPM-based nuclear probe with applications in precise tumor theranostics, offering promising prospects for clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Nanotechnology of National Health Commission, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha 410008, China
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3
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Boonamnaj P, Pandey RB, Sompornpisut P. Exploring polyamine interactions and binding pockets in SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 122:108487. [PMID: 37086515 PMCID: PMC10083643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global pandemic caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) requires urgent development of vaccines, treatments, and diagnostic tools. Open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is considered to be a potential drug target for COVID-19 treatment. ORF3a is an accessory protein that plays a significant role in virus-host interactions and in facilitating host immune responses. Using putrescine, spermidine and spermine, an aliphatic polyamine for the activity suppression of ORF3a appears to be a promising approach in finding new targets for drug design. In this study, we explored the possible binding poses of polyamines to the ORF3a protein using a combination of various computational approaches i.e. pocket prediction, blind and site-specific molecular docking, molecular dynamics and ligand flooding simulations. The results showed that the tip of cytoplasmic domain and the upper tunnel of transmembrane domain of ORF3a provide a suitable binding site specific for the polyamines. MD simulations revealed the stability of spermidine binding in the upper tunnel pocket of ORF3a through salt bridge and hydrogen bond interactions between the amine groups of the ligand and negatively charged residues of ORF3a. These findings can be helpful in designing new therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisak Boonamnaj
- The Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - R B Pandey
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Pornthep Sompornpisut
- The Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Jogini V, Jensen MØ, Shaw DE. Gating and modulation of an inward-rectifier potassium channel. J Gen Physiol 2022; 155:213765. [PMID: 36524993 PMCID: PMC9764021 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kirs) are lipid-gated ion channels that differ from other K+ channels in that they allow K+ ions to flow more easily into, rather than out of, the cell. Inward rectification is known to result from endogenous magnesium ions or polyamines (e.g., spermine) binding to Kirs, resulting in a block of outward potassium currents, but questions remain regarding the structural and dynamic basis of the rectification process and lipid-dependent channel activation. Here, we present the results of long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations starting from a crystal structure of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-bound chicken Kir2.2 with a non-conducting pore. After introducing a mutation (G178R) that is known to increase the open probability of a homologous channel, we were able to observe transitions to a stably open, ion-conducting pore, during which key conformational changes occurred in the main activation gate and the cytoplasmic domain. PIP2 binding appeared to increase stability of the pore in its open and conducting state, as PIP2 removal resulted in pore closure, with a median closure time about half of that with PIP2 present. To investigate structural details of inward rectification, we simulated spermine binding to and unbinding from the open pore conformation at positive and negative voltages, respectively, and identified a spermine-binding site located near a previously hypothesized site between the pore cavity and the selectivity filter. We also studied the effects of long-range electrostatics on conduction and spermine binding by mutating charged residues in the cytoplasmic domain and found that a finely tuned charge density, arising from basic and acidic residues within the cytoplasmic domain, modulated conduction and rectification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E. Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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5
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An Update on the Metabolic Landscape of Oncogenic Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235742. [PMID: 36497226 PMCID: PMC9738352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play an important role in cancer development as about 12% of cancer types are linked to viral infections. Viruses that induce cellular transformation are known as oncoviruses. Although the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis differ between viruses, all oncogenic viruses share the ability to establish persistent chronic infections with no obvious symptoms for years. During these prolonged infections, oncogenic viruses manipulate cell signaling pathways that control cell cycle progression, apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolism. Importantly, it seems that most oncoviruses depend on these changes for their persistence and amplification. Metabolic changes induced by oncoviruses share many common features with cancer metabolism. Indeed, viruses, like proliferating cancer cells, require increased biosynthetic precursors for virion production, need to balance cellular redox homeostasis, and need to ensure host cell survival in a given tissue microenvironment. Thus, like for cancer cells, viral replication and persistence of infected cells frequently depend on metabolic changes. Here, we draw parallels between metabolic changes observed in cancers or induced by oncoviruses, with a focus on pathways involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and amino acids. We describe whether and how oncoviruses depend on metabolic changes, with the perspective of targeting them for antiviral and onco-therapeutic approaches in the context of viral infections.
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Lian J, Liang Y, Zhang H, Lan M, Ye Z, Lin B, Qiu X, Zeng J. The role of polyamine metabolism in remodeling immune responses and blocking therapy within the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912279. [PMID: 36119047 PMCID: PMC9479087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of metabolism provides important information for understanding the biological basis of cancer cells and the defects of cancer treatment. Disorders of polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in cancer. With the deepening of understanding of polyamine metabolism, including molecular functions and changes in cancer, polyamine metabolism as a new anti-cancer strategy has become the focus of attention. There are many kinds of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and transport inhibitors, but not many drugs have been put into clinical application. Recent evidence shows that polyamine metabolism plays essential roles in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), particularly treatment of DFMO, an inhibitor of ODC, alters the immune cell population in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor immunosuppression is a major problem in cancer treatment. More and more studies have shown that the immunosuppressive effect of polyamines can help cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor development and progression. Therefore, targeting polyamine metabolic pathways is expected to become a new avenue for immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachun Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Minsheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Nichugovskiy A, Tron GC, Maslov M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Polyamine Derivatives and Their Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:6579. [PMID: 34770986 PMCID: PMC8588431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines (PAs) are involved in the growth and development of normal cells, and their intracellular concentration is stable. The concentration of PAs in cancer cells is significantly increased to promote and sustain their rapid proliferation. Over the years, synthetic PAs, which differ in their structure, have demonstrated high antitumor activity and are involved in clinical trials. The chemical synthesis of PAs and their conjugates require the correct choice of synthetic pathways-methods for constructing conjugates and the orthogonal protection of amino groups. The most common methods of synthesis of PA conjugates are acylation of regioselectively protected PAs or their alkylation under the conditions of the Fukuyama reaction. One of the most promising methods of PA synthesis is the use of a multicomponent Ugi reaction, which allows various PAs to be obtained in high yields. In this review, we describe and analyze various approaches that are used in the synthesis of polyamines and their conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemiy Nichugovskiy
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Ave., 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienza del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Mikhail Maslov
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Ave., 119571 Moscow, Russia;
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Sagar NA, Tarafdar S, Agarwal S, Tarafdar A, Sharma S. Polyamines: Functions, Metabolism, and Role in Human Disease Management. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:44. [PMID: 34207607 PMCID: PMC8293435 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine are the important polyamines (PAs), found in all living organisms. PAs are formed by the decarboxylation of amino acids, and they facilitate cell growth and development via different cellular responses. PAs are the integrated part of the cellular and genetic metabolism and help in transcription, translation, signaling, and post-translational modifications. At the cellular level, PA concentration may influence the condition of various diseases in the body. For instance, a high PA level is detrimental to patients suffering from aging, cognitive impairment, and cancer. The levels of PAs decline with age in humans, which is associated with different health disorders. On the other hand, PAs reduce the risk of many cardiovascular diseases and increase longevity, when taken in an optimum quantity. Therefore, a controlled diet is an easy way to maintain the level of PAs in the body. Based on the nutritional intake of PAs, healthy cell functioning can be maintained. Moreover, several diseases can also be controlled to a higher extend via maintaining the metabolism of PAs. The present review discusses the types, important functions, and metabolism of PAs in humans. It also highlights the nutritional role of PAs in the prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narashans Alok Sagar
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India
- Food Microbiology Lab, Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swarnava Tarafdar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, All India Institute of Medical Science, Rishikesh 249203, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Surbhi Agarwal
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India;
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India
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Costa GMF, Rocha LPC, Siqueira SRDTD, Moreira PR, Almeida-Leite CM. No Association of Polymorphisms in Nav1.7 or Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Genes with Trigeminal Neuralgia. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:1362-1369. [PMID: 30307573 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a sudden severe shock-like pain within the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Pain is a subjective experience that is influenced by gender, culture, environment, psychological traits, and genes. Sodium channels and nerve growth factor play important roles in the transmission of nociceptive signals and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Nav1.7 sodium channel and nerve growth factor receptor TrkA gene polymorphisms (SCN9A/rs6746030 and NTRK1/rs633, respectively) in trigeminal neuralgia patients. METHODS Ninety-six subjects from pain specialty centers in the southeastern region of Brazil were divided into 2 groups: 48 with classical trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis and 48 controls. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale and multidimensional McGill Pain Questionnaire. Genomic DNA was obtained from oral swabs in all individuals and was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No association was observed between evaluated polymorphisms and trigeminal neuralgia. For allele analyses, patients and controls had similar frequencies for both genes. Genotype distribution or allele frequencies of polymorphisms analyzed here did not correlate to pain scores. CONCLUSIONS Although no association of evaluated polymorphisms and trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis or pain severity was observed, our data do not exclude the possibility that other genotypes affecting the expression of Nav1.7 or TrkA are associated with the disease. Further studies should investigate distinct genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic factors that may be important in expression of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Mara Ferreira Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Rocha Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Megale Almeida-Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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10
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Tirtom NE, Hsu Y, Li HW. Polyamines stimulate RecA-mediated recombination by condensing duplex DNA and stabilizing intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11928-11935. [PMID: 32432615 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are naturally occurring cationic molecules in cells. In addition to their roles in modulating gene expression and cell proliferation, they have been shown to stimulate DNA recombination. The molecular mechanism for stimulation is not clear. We utilized single-molecule tethered particle motion (TPM) experiments to investigate how polyamines stimulate RecA-mediated recombination. We showed that natural polyamines, spermine and spermidine, condense duplex DNA, but with different efficiencies. While ∼300 μM of spermine condenses 50% of duplex DNA, 2.0 mM of spermidine is required to achieve the same level of condensation. The condensation takes place in a stepwise manner, and is reversible upon removal of polyamines. We also showed that addition of polyamines stimulates the duplex capture activity of RecA filament and stabilizes the intermediates with longer dwell time. Through condensing duplex DNA and stabilizing the complex of RecA filaments and duplex DNA, polyamines stimulate the formation of functional intermediates by ∼20-fold, and promote recombination progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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11
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Upregulation of Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily J Member 2 Levels in the Lungs of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:3406530. [PMID: 32184906 PMCID: PMC7061125 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3406530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast dysfunction is the main pathogenic mechanism underpinning idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 2 (KCNJ2) plays critical roles in the proliferation of myofibroblasts and in the development of cardiac fibrosis. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the role of KCNJ2 in IPF. Methods KCNJ2 mRNA expression was measured using real-time PCR in fibroblasts from IPF patients and normal controls (NCs). Protein concentrations were measured by ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from NCs (n = 30), IPF (n = 30), IPF (n = 30), IPF (n = 30), IPF (n = 30), IPF ( Results KCNJ2 mRNA expression was measured using real-time PCR in fibroblasts from IPF patients and normal controls (NCs). Protein concentrations were measured by ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from NCs (n = 30), IPF (n = 30), IPF (p < 0.001). KCNJ2 protein levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in IPF (6.587 [1.441–26.01] ng/mL) than in NCs (0.084 [0.00–0.260] ng/mL, p < 0.001). KCNJ2 protein levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in IPF (6.587 [1.441–26.01] ng/mL) than in NCs (0.084 [0.00–0.260] ng/mL, p < 0.001). KCNJ2 protein levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in IPF (6.587 [1.441–26.01] ng/mL) than in NCs (0.084 [0.00–0.260] ng/mL, p < 0.001). KCNJ2 protein levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in IPF (6.587 [1.441–26.01] ng/mL) than in NCs (0.084 [0.00–0.260] ng/mL, p < 0.001). KCNJ2 protein levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in IPF (6.587 [1.441–26.01] ng/mL) than in NCs (0.084 [0.00–0.260] ng/mL, Conclusion KCNJ2 may participate in the development of IPF, and its protein level may be a candidate diagnostic and therapeutic molecule for IPF.
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the metabolism and molecular functions of polyamines and their alterations in cancer have led to resurgence in the interest of targeting polyamine metabolism as an anticancer strategy. Increasing knowledge of the interplay between polyamine metabolism and other cancer-driving pathways, including the PTEN-PI3K-mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), WNT signalling and RAS pathways, suggests potential combination therapies that will have considerable clinical promise. Additionally, an expanding number of promising clinical trials with agents targeting polyamines for both therapy and prevention are ongoing. New insights into molecular mechanisms linking dysregulated polyamine catabolism and carcinogenesis suggest additional strategies that can be used for cancer prevention in at-risk individuals. In addition, polyamine blocking therapy, a strategy that combines the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with the simultaneous blockade of polyamine transport, can be more effective than therapies based on polyamine depletion alone and may involve an antitumour immune response. These findings open up new avenues of research into exploiting aberrant polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Hydrocinnamic Acid Inhibits the Currents of WT and SQT3 Syndrome-Related Mutants of Kir2.1 Channel. J Membr Biol 2017; 250:425-432. [PMID: 28660286 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-017-9964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gain of function in mutations, D172N and E299V, of Kir2.1 will induce type III short QT syndrome. In our previous work, we had identified that a mixture of traditional Chinese medicine, styrax, is a blocker of Kir2.1. Here, we determined a monomer, hydrocinnamic acid (HA), as the effective component from 18 compounds of styrax. Our data show that HA can inhibit the currents of Kir2.1 channel in both excised inside-out and whole-cell patch with the IC50 of 5.21 ± 1.02 and 10.08 ± 0.46 mM, respectively. The time course of HA blockage and washout are 2.3 ± 0.6 and 10.5 ± 2.6 s in the excised inside-out patch. Moreover, HA can also abolish the currents of D172N and E299V with the IC50 of 6.66 ± 0.57 and 5.81 ± 1.10 mM for D172N and E299V, respectively. Molecular docking results determine that HA binds with Kir2.1 at K182, K185, and K188, which are phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding residues. Our results indicate that HA competes with PIP2 to bind with Kir2.1 and inhibits the currents.
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Ren S, Pang C, Li J, Huang Y, Zhang S, Zhan Y, An H. Styrax blocks inward and outward current of Kir2.1 channel. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:46-54. [PMID: 27540685 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1207022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kir2.1 plays key roles in setting rest membrane potential and modulation of cell excitability. Mutations of Kir2.1, such as D172N or E299V, inducing gain-of-function, can cause type3 short QT syndrome (SQT3) due to the enlarged outward currents. So far, there is no clinical drug target to block the currents of Kir2.1. Here, we identified a novel blocker of Kir2.1, styrax, which is a kind of natural compound selected from traditional Chinese medicine. Our data show that styrax can abolish the inward and outward currents of Kir2.1. The IC50 of styrax for WT, D172N and E299V are 0.0113 ± 0.00075, 0.0204 ± 0.0048 and 0.0122 ± 0.0012 (in volume), respectively. The results indicate that styrax can serve as a novel blocker for Kir2.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxi Ren
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Chunli Pang
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Junwei Li
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Yayue Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Suhua Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Yong Zhan
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Hailong An
- a Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin , China
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15
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Abstract
The content of spermidine and spermine in mammalian cells has important roles in protein and nucleic acid synthesis and structure, protection from oxidative damage, activity of ion channels, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Spermidine is essential for viability and acts as the precursor of hypusine, a post-translational addition to eIF5A allowing the translation of mRNAs encoding proteins containing polyproline tracts. Studies with Gy mice and human patients with the very rare X-linked genetic condition Snyder-Robinson syndrome that both lack spermine synthase show clearly that the correct spermine:spermidine ratio is critical for normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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16
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Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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A synergistic blocking effect of Mg²⁺ and spermine on the inward rectifier K⁺ (Kir2.1) channel pore. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21493. [PMID: 26869275 PMCID: PMC4751470 DOI: 10.1038/srep21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir2.1) exhibit an extraordinary rectifying feature in the current–voltage relationship. We have previously showed that the bundle–crossing region of the transmembrane domain constitutes the crucial segment responsible for the polyamine block. In this study, we demonstrated that the major blocking effect of intracellular Mg2+ on Kir2.1 channels is also closely correlated with K+ current flow, and the coupled movements of Mg2+ and K+ seem to happen in the same flux–coupling segment of the pore as polyamines. With a preponderant outward K+ flow, intracellular Mg2+ would also be pushed to and thus stay at the outermost site of a flux–coupling segment in the bundle–crossing region of Kir2.1 channels to block the pore, although with a much lower apparent affinity than spermine (SPM). However, in contrast to the evident possibilities of outward exit of SPM through the channel pore especially during strong membrane depolarization, intracellular Mg2+ does not seem to traverse the Kir2.1 channel pore in any case. Intracellular Mg2+ and SPM therefore may have a synergistic action on the pore–blocking effect, presumably via prohibition of the outward exit of the higher–affinity blocking SPM by the lower–affinity Mg2+.
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18
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Huang CW, Kuo CC. Gating of the kir2.1 channel at the bundle crossing region by intracellular spermine and other cations. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1703-21. [PMID: 24633623 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the Kir2.1 channel, the flow-dependent blocking effect of intracellular spermine (SPM) strongly indicates coupled movement of ions in a segment of the pore. We have shown that the bundle crossing region of M2 constitutes this critical segment of the pore. Moreover, this segment may undergo opening/closing conformational changes mimicking channel gating. In this study, we further investigate these "gating" conformational changes and relevant controlling mechanisms at this critical segment. We demonstrate that A184R mutation in the inner end of the bundle crossing region not only abolishes the inward rectifying features of SPM block but also tends to close the channel pore, which can then only be opened by intracellular (e.g., Na(+) , or equally effectively, K(+) ) but not extracellular cations. We also found that the exit (back to the intracellular milieu) of the blocking in the deep site is facilitated rather than deterred by the presence of the other SPM in the superficial site. We conclude that intracellular SPM may bind to a deep site in the pore and serve as a flow-dependent blocker. The SPM in the superficial site, on the other hand, serves both as a docking form ready for permeation to the deep site, and as a gating particle capable of opening the bundle crossing region. This inner end of the bundle crossing region of the Kir2.1 channel pore thus constitutes a pivotal segment, which, in collaboration with intracellular SPM and K(+) ions, closely couple channel gating to (inward rectifying) ion permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Baronas VA, Kurata HT. Inward rectifiers and their regulation by endogenous polyamines. Front Physiol 2014; 5:325. [PMID: 25221519 PMCID: PMC4145359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inwardly-rectifying potassium (Kir) channels contribute to maintenance of the resting membrane potential and regulation of electrical excitation in many cell types. Strongly rectifying Kir channels exhibit a very steep voltage dependence resulting in silencing of their activity at depolarized membrane voltages. The mechanism underlying this steep voltage dependence is blockade by endogenous polyamines. These small multifunctional, polyvalent metabolites enter the long Kir channel pore from the intracellular side, displacing multiple occupant ions as they migrate to a stable binding site in the transmembrane region of the channel. Numerous structure-function studies have revealed structural elements of Kir channels that determine their susceptibility to polyamine block, and enable the steep voltage dependence of this process. In addition, various channelopathies have been described that result from alteration of the polyamine sensitivity or activity of strongly rectifying channels. The primary focus of this article is to summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of polyamine block, and provide some perspective on lingering uncertainties related to this physiologically important mechanism of ion channel blockade. We also briefly review some of the important and well understood physiological roles of polyamine sensitive, strongly rectifying Kir channels, primarily of the Kir2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Baronas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harley T Kurata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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The bundle crossing region is responsible for the inwardly rectifying internal spermine block of the Kir2.1 channel. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:275-93. [PMID: 23873351 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inward rectifier potassium channels conduct K(+) across the cell membrane more efficiently in the inward than outward direction in physiological conditions. Voltage-dependent and flow-dependent blocks of outward K(+) currents by intracellular polyamines (e.g., spermine (SPM)) have been proposed as the major mechanisms underlying inward rectification. In this study, we show that the SPM blocking affinity curve is shifted according to the shift in K(+) reversal potential. Moreover, the kinetics of SPM entry to and exit from the binding site are correlatively slowed by specific E224 and E299 mutations, which always also disrupt the flux coupling feature of SPM block. The entry rates carry little voltage dependence, whereas the exit rates are e-fold decelerated per ∼15 mV depolarization. Interestingly, the voltage dependence remains rather constant among WT and quite a few different mutant channels. This voltage dependence offers an unprecedented chance of mapping the location (electrical distance) of the SPM site in the pore because these kinetic data were obtained along the preponderant direction of K(+) current flow (outward currents for the entry rate and inward currents for the exit rate) and thus contamination from flow dependence should be negligible. Moreover, double mutations involving E224 and A178 or M183 seem to alter the height of the same asymmetrical barrier between the SPM binding site and the intracellular milieu. We conclude that the SPM site responsible for the inward rectifying block is located at an electrical distance of ∼0.5 from the inside and is involved in a flux coupling segment in the bundle crossing region of the pore. With preponderant outward K(+) flow, SPM is "pushed" to the outmost site of this segment (∼D172). On the other hand, the blocking SPM would be pushed to the inner end of this segment (∼M183-A184) with preponderant inward K(+) flow. Moreover, E224 and E299 very likely electrostatically interact with the other residues (e.g., R228, R260) in the cytoplasmic domain and then allosterically keep the bundle crossing region in an open conformation appropriate for the flux coupling block of SPM.
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21
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Weiger TM, Hermann A. Cell proliferation, potassium channels, polyamines and their interactions: a mini review. Amino Acids 2013; 46:681-8. [PMID: 23820618 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, which are obligatory molecules involved in cell cycling and proliferation, are subject to a change in their free intracellular concentrations during the cell cycle. Potassium (K(+)) channels are also considered, but less well recognized, to be necessary for cell proliferation by either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing cells during the cell cycle. A block of polyamine synthesis as well as block or knockout of K(+) channels can halt cell proliferation. K(+) channels like BK (maxi calcium (Ca(2+))-activated K(+)), Kir (inward rectifier), M-type K(+)-and TASK (two-pore domain K(+)) channels or the delayed rectifier K(+) channels are modulated in their electrical properties by polyamines. Polyamines are most effective in blocking these channels when applied to the intracellular face of these channels except for TASK channels where they act only from the extracellular side. Quinidine, a general K(+) channel blocker, was found to reduce putrescine concentrations, to block the ornithine decarboxylase and halt cell proliferation. From these results, the question arises if there is an interaction between polyamines, K(+) channels and proliferation. It might be speculated that a decrease of intracellular polyamines allows more K(+) channels to be active, thus inducing hyperpolarization, while an increase of the polyamine concentration may block K(+) channel activity leading to depolarization of the membrane potential. On the other hand, a block or a deletion of K(+) channels may cause a decrease of the polyamine concentration in cells. More research is needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Weiger
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,
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