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Hu H, He W, Qu Z, Dong X, Ren Z, Qin M, Liu H, Zheng L, Huang J, Chen XL. De-nitrosylation Coordinates Appressorium Function for Infection of the Rice Blast Fungus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403894. [PMID: 38704696 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
As a signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO) regulates the development and stress response in different organisms. The major biological activity of NO is protein S-nitrosylation, whose function in fungi remains largely unclear. Here, it is found in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, de-nitrosylation process is essential for functional appressorium formation during infection. Nitrosative stress caused by excessive accumulation of NO is harmful for fungal infection. While the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase GSNOR-mediated de-nitrosylation removes excess NO toxicity during appressorium formation to promote infection. Through an indoTMT switch labeling proteomics technique, 741 S-nitrosylation sites in 483 proteins are identified. Key appressorial proteins, such as Mgb1, MagB, Sps1, Cdc42, and septins, are activated by GSNOR through de-nitrosylation. Removing S-nitrosylation sites of above proteins is essential for proper protein structure and appressorial function. Therefore, GSNOR-mediated de-nitrosylation is an essential regulator for appressorium formation. It is also shown that breaking NO homeostasis by NO donors, NO scavengers, as well as chemical inhibitor of GSNOR, shall be effective methods for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenhui He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiguang Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mengyuan Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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2
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Babuta P, Deswal R. Differential S-nitrosylation and characterization of purified S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) from Brassica juncea shows multiple forms of the enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108404. [PMID: 38330777 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR). a master regulator of NO homeostasis, is a single-copy gene in most plants. In Lotus japonicus, two GSNOR isoforms were identified exhibiting similar kinetic properties but differential tissue-specific expressions. Previously, a genome-wide identification in Brassica juncea revealed four copies of GSNOR, each encoding proteins that vary in subunit molecular weights and pI. Here, we report multiple forms of GSNOR using 2D immunoblot which showed 4 immunopositive spots of 41.5 kDa (pl 5.79 and 6.78) and 43 kDa (pl 6.16 and 6.23). To confirm, purification of GSNOR using anion-exchange chromatography yielded 2 distinct pools (GSNOR-A & GSNOR-B) with GSNOR activities. Subsequently, affinity-based purification resulted in 1 polypeptide from GSNOR-A and 2 polypeptides from GSNOR-B. Size exclusion-HPLC confirmed 3 GSNORs with molecular weight of 87.48 ± 2.74 KDa (GSNOR-A); 87.36 ± 3.25 and 82.74 ± 2.75 kDa (GSNOR-B). Kinetic analysis showed Km of 118 ± 11 μM and Vmax of 287 ± 22 nkat/mg for GSNOR-A, whereas Km of 96.4 ± 8 μM and Vmax of 349 ± 15 nkat/mg for GSNOR-B. S-nitrosylation and inhibition by NO showed redox regulation of all BjGSNORs. Both purified GSNORs exhibited variable denitrosylation efficiency as depicted by Biotin Switch assay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report confirming multiple isoforms of GSNOR in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Babuta
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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3
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Kolupaev YE, Yemets AI, Yastreb TO, Blume YB. The role of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulation of redox homeostasis at extreme temperatures in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1128439. [PMID: 36824204 PMCID: PMC9941552 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, as important signaling molecules (gasotransmitters), are involved in many functions of plant organism, including adaptation to stress factors of various natures. As redox-active molecules, NO and H2S are involved in redox regulation of functional activity of many proteins. They are also involved in maintaining cell redox homeostasis due to their ability to interact directly and indirectly (functionally) with ROS, thiols, and other molecules. The review considers the involvement of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in plant responses to low and high temperatures. Particular attention is paid to the role of gasotransmitters interaction with other signaling mediators (in particular, with Ca2+ ions and ROS) in the formation of adaptive responses to extreme temperatures. Pathways of stress-induced enhancement of NO and H2S synthesis in plants are considered. Mechanisms of the NO and H2S effect on the activity of some proteins of the signaling system, as well as on the state of antioxidant and osmoprotective systems during adaptation to stress temperatures, were analyzed. Possibilities of practical use of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide donors as inductors of plant adaptive responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy E. Kolupaev
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla I. Yemets
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana O. Yastreb
- Yuriev Plant Production Institute, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B. Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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4
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Borrowman S, Kapuganti JG, Loake GJ. Expanding roles for S-nitrosylation in the regulation of plant immunity. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:357-368. [PMID: 36513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following pathogen recognition, plant cells produce a nitrosative burst resulting in a striking increase in nitric oxide (NO), altering the redox state of the cell, which subsequently helps orchestrate a plethora of immune responses. NO is a potent redox cue, efficiently relayed between proteins through its co-valent attachment to highly specific, powerfully reactive protein cysteine (Cys) thiols, resulting in formation of protein S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). This process, known as S-nitrosylation, can modulate the function of target proteins, enabling responsiveness to cellular redox changes. Key targets of S-nitrosylation control the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the transcription of immune-response genes, the triggering of the hypersensitive response (HR) and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Here, we bring together recent advances in the control of plant immunity by S-nitrosylation, furthering our appreciation of how changes in cellular redox status reprogramme plant immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Borrowman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, Max Born Crescent, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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5
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Martí-Guillén JM, Pardo-Hernández M, Martínez-Lorente SE, Almagro L, Rivero RM. Redox post-translational modifications and their interplay in plant abiotic stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027730. [PMID: 36388514 PMCID: PMC9644032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate change entails a progressive and inexorable modification of the Earth's climate and events such as salinity, drought, extreme temperatures, high luminous intensity and ultraviolet radiation tend to be more numerous and prolonged in time. Plants face their exposure to these abiotic stresses or their combination through multiple physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanisms, to achieve the long-awaited acclimatization to these extreme conditions, and to thereby increase their survival rate. In recent decades, the increase in the intensity and duration of these climatological events have intensified research into the mechanisms behind plant tolerance to them, with great advances in this field. Among these mechanisms, the overproduction of molecular reactive species stands out, mainly reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species. These molecules have a dual activity, as they participate in signaling processes under physiological conditions, but, under stress conditions, their production increases, interacting with each other and modifying and-or damaging the main cellular components: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins. The latter have amino acids in their sequence that are susceptible to post-translational modifications, both reversible and irreversible, through the different reactive species generated by abiotic stresses (redox-based PTMs). Some research suggests that this process does not occur randomly, but that the modification of critical residues in enzymes modulates their biological activity, being able to enhance or inhibit complete metabolic pathways in the process of acclimatization and tolerance to the exposure to the different abiotic stresses. Given the importance of these PTMs-based regulation mechanisms in the acclimatization processes of plants, the present review gathers the knowledge generated in recent years on this subject, delving into the PTMs of the redox-regulated enzymes of plant metabolism, and those that participate in the main stress-related pathways, such as oxidative metabolism, primary metabolism, cell signaling events, and photosynthetic metabolism. The aim is to unify the existing information thus far obtained to shed light on possible fields of future research in the search for the resilience of plants to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martí-Guillén
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Pardo-Hernández
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sara E. Martínez-Lorente
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Rivero
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Murcia, Spain
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Focus on Nitric Oxide Homeostasis: Direct and Indirect Enzymatic Regulation of Protein Denitrosation Reactions in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071411. [PMID: 35883902 PMCID: PMC9311986 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein cysteines (Cys) undergo a multitude of different reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-derived modifications. S-nitrosation (also referred to as nitrosylation), the addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to reactive Cys thiols, can alter protein stability and activity and can result in changes of protein subcellular localization. Although it is clear that this nitrosative posttranslational modification (PTM) regulates multiple signal transduction pathways in plants, the enzymatic systems that catalyze the reverse S-denitrosation reaction are poorly understood. This review provides an overview of the biochemistry and regulation of nitro-oxidative modifications of protein Cys residues with a focus on NO production and S-nitrosation. In addition, the importance and recent advances in defining enzymatic systems proposed to be involved in regulating S-denitrosation are addressed, specifically cytosolic thioredoxins (TRX) and the newly identified aldo-keto reductases (AKR).
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Mattioli EJ, Rossi J, Meloni M, De Mia M, Marchand CH, Tagliani A, Fanti S, Falini G, Trost P, Lemaire SD, Fermani S, Calvaresi M, Zaffagnini M. Structural snapshots of nitrosoglutathione binding and reactivity underlying S-nitrosylation of photosynthetic GAPDH. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102387. [PMID: 35793584 PMCID: PMC9287727 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a redox post-translational modification widely recognized to play an important role in cellular signaling as it can modulate protein function and conformation. At the physiological level, nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is considered the major physiological NO-releasing compound due to its ability to transfer the NO moiety to protein thiols but the structural determinants regulating its redox specificity are not fully elucidated. In this study, we employed photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrGAPA) to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying GSNO-dependent thiol oxidation. We first observed that GSNO causes reversible enzyme inhibition by inducing S-nitrosylation. While the cofactor NADP+ partially protects the enzyme from GSNO-mediated S-nitrosylation, protein inhibition is not observed in the presence of the substrate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, indicating that the S-nitrosylation of the catalytic Cys149 is responsible for CrGAPA inactivation. The crystal structures of CrGAPA in complex with NADP+ and NAD+ reveal a general structural similarity with other photosynthetic GAPDH. Starting from the 3D structure, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations to identify the protein residues involved in GSNO binding. The reaction mechanism of GSNO with CrGAPA Cys149 was investigated by quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations, which permitted to disclose the relative contribution of protein residues in modulating the activation barrier of the trans-nitrosylation reaction. Based on our findings, we provide functional and structural insights into the response of CrGAPA to GSNO-dependent regulation, possibly expanding the mechanistic features to other protein cysteines susceptible to be oxidatively modified by GSNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Meloni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello De Mia
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, F-75005, Paris, France; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FR550, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Tagliani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fanti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, F-75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, UMR7238, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; CIRI Health Sciences & Technologies (HST), University of Bologna, I-40064, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; CIRI Health Sciences & Technologies (HST), University of Bologna, I-40064, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
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GSNOR regulates ganoderic acid content in Ganoderma lucidum under heat stress through S-nitrosylation of catalase. Commun Biol 2022; 5:32. [PMID: 35017648 PMCID: PMC8752759 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a master regulator of the balance between NO signaling and protein S-nitrosylation, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase (GSNOR) is involved in various developmental processes and stress responses. However, the proteins and specific sites that can be S-nitrosylated, especially in microorganisms, and the physiological functions of S-nitrosylated proteins remain unclear. Herein, we show that the ganoderic acid (GA) content in GSNOR-silenced (GSNORi) strains is significantly lower (by 25%) than in wild type (WT) under heat stress (HS). Additionally, silencing GSNOR results in an 80% increase in catalase (CAT) activity, which consequently decreases GA accumulation via inhibition of ROS signaling. The mechanism of GSNOR-mediated control of CAT activity may be via protein S-nitrosylation. In support of this possibility, we show that CAT is S-nitrosylated (as shown via recombinant protein in vitro and via GSNORi strains in vivo). Additionally, Cys (cysteine) 401, Cys642 and Cys653 in CAT are S-nitrosylation sites (assayed via mass spectrometry analysis), and Cys401 may play a pivotal role in CAT activity. These findings indicate a mechanism by which GSNOR responds to stress and regulates secondary metabolite content through protein S-nitrosylation. Our results also define a new S-nitrosylation site and the function of an S-nitrosylated protein regulated by GSNOR in microorganisms. Liu et al. identify catalase as a target of S-nitrosylation by GSNOR and the specific sites of S-nitrosylation critical for its role in regulating secondary metabolite production in Ganoderma lucidum under heat stress. This study suggests that GSNOR regulates other metabolic pathways in microorganisms through S-nitrosylation of target proteins in response to environmental changes.
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Treffon P, Rossi J, Gabellini G, Trost P, Zaffagnini M, Vierling E. Quantitative Proteome Profiling of a S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Null Mutant Reveals a New Class of Enzymes Involved in Nitric Oxide Homeostasis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:787435. [PMID: 34956283 PMCID: PMC8695856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.787435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived radical gas that acts as a signaling molecule in all higher organisms, and that is involved in multiple plant processes, including germination, root growth, and fertility. Regulation of NO-levels is predominantly achieved by reaction of oxidation products of NO with glutathione to form S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), the principal bioactive form of NO. The enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a major route of NADH-dependent GSNO catabolism and is critical to NO homeostasis. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis examining changes in the total leaf proteome of an Arabidopsis thaliana GSNOR null mutant (hot5-2/gsnor1-3). Significant increases or decreases in proteins associated with chlorophyll metabolism and with redox and stress metabolism provide insight into phenotypes observed in hot5-2/gsnor1-3 plants. Importantly, we identified a significant increase in proteins that belong to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily, AKR4C8 and 9. Because specific AKRs have been linked to NO metabolism in mammals, we expressed and purified A. thaliana AKR4C8 and 9 and close homologs AKR4C10 and 11 and determined that they have NADPH-dependent activity in GSNO and S-nitroso-coenzyme A (SNO-CoA) reduction. Further, we found an increase of NADPH-dependent GSNO reduction activity in hot5-2/gsnor1-3 mutant plants. These data uncover a new, NADPH-dependent component of NO metabolism that may be integrated with NADH-dependent GSNOR activity to control NO homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Treffon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gabellini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Vierling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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Schmalhausen EV, Medvedeva MV, Serebryakova MV, Chagovets VV, Muronetz VI. Products of S-nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Relation between S-nitrosylation and oxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1866:130032. [PMID: 34627945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is one of the major targets of NO in cells, especially in neurodegenerative diseases. S-Nitrosylation of GAPDH is accompanied by its translocation into the nucleus with subsequent apoptosis. The product of GAPDH modification by NO is considered to be S-nitrosylated GAPDH (GAPDH-SNO). However, this has not been confirmed by direct methods. METHODS Products of GAPDH modification in the presence of the NO donor diethylamine NONOate were analyzed by MALDI- and ESI- mass spectrometry methods. RESULTS The adduct between GAPDH and dimedone was detected by MALDI-MS analysis after incubation of S-nitrosylated GAPDH with dimedone, which points to the formation of cysteine-sulfenic acid (GAPDH-SOH) in the protein. Analysis of the protein hydrolysate revealed the incorporation of dimedone into the catalytic residue Cys150. An additional peak that corresponded to GAPDH-SNO was detected by ESI-MS analysis in GAPDH after the incubation with the NO donor. The content of GAPDH-SNO and GAPDH-SOH in the modified GAPDH was evaluated by different approaches and constituted 2.3 and 0.7 mol per mol GAPDH, respectively. A small fraction of GAPDH was irreversibly inactivated after NO treatment, suggesting that a minor part of the products includes cysteine-sulfinic or cysteine-sulfonic acids. CONCLUSIONS The main products of GAPDH modification by NO are GAPDH-SNO and GAPDH-SOH that is presumably formed due to the hydrolysis of GAPDH-SNO. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The obtained results are important for understanding the molecular mechanism of redox regulation of cell functions and the role of GAPDH in the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - M V Medvedeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - M V Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - V V Chagovets
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Akademika Oparina 4, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - V I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
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11
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Kolbert Z, Lindermayr C. Computational prediction of NO-dependent posttranslational modifications in plants: Current status and perspectives. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:851-861. [PMID: 34536898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The perception and transduction of nitric oxide (NO) signal is achieved by NO-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) among which S-nitrosation and tyrosine nitration has biological significance. In plants, 100-1000 S-nitrosated and tyrosine nitrated proteins have been identified so far by mass spectrometry. The determination of NO-modified protein targets/amino acid residues is often methodologically challenging. In the past decade, the growing demand for the knowledge of S-nitrosated or tyrosine nitrated sites has motivated the introduction of bioinformatics tools. For predicting S-nitrosation seven computational tools have been developed (GPS-SNO, SNOSite, iSNO-PseACC, iSNO-AAPAir, PSNO, PreSNO, RecSNO). Four predictors have been developed for indicating tyrosine nitration sites (GPS-YNO2, iNitro-Tyr, PredNTS, iNitroY-Deep), and one tool (DeepNitro) predicts both NO-dependent PTMs. The advantage of these computational tools is the fast provision of large amount of information. In this review, the available software tools have been tested on plant proteins in which S-nitrosated or tyrosine nitrated sites have been experimentally identified. The predictors showed distinct performance and there were differences from the experimental results partly due to the fact that the three-dimensional protein structure is not taken into account by the computational tools. Nevertheless, the predictors excellently establish experiments, and it is suggested to apply all available tools on target proteins and compare their results. In the future, computational prediction must be developed further to improve the precision with which S-nitrosation/tyrosine nitration-sites are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, D-85764, Oberschleißheim, München, Germany.
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Mass spectrometry-based direct detection of multiple types of protein thiol modifications in pancreatic beta cells under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102111. [PMID: 34425387 PMCID: PMC8379693 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a key role in redox-dependent regulation and signaling. Functional cysteine (Cys) sites serve as redox switches, regulated through multiple types of PTMs. Herein, we aim to characterize the complexity of thiol PTMs at the proteome level through the establishment of a direct detection workflow. The LC-MS/MS based workflow allows for simultaneous quantification of protein abundances and multiple types of thiol PTMs. To demonstrate its utility, the workflow was applied to mouse pancreatic β-cells (β-TC-6) treated with thapsigargin to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This resulted in the quantification of >9000 proteins and multiple types of thiol PTMs, including intra-peptide disulfide (S–S), S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-sulfinylation (SO2H), S-sulfonylation (SO3H), S-persulfidation (SSH), and S-trisulfidation (SSSH). Proteins with significant changes in abundance were observed to be involved in canonical pathways such as autophagy, unfolded protein response, protein ubiquitination pathway, and EIF2 signaling. Moreover, ~500 Cys sites were observed with one or multiple types of PTMs with SSH and S–S as the predominant types of modifications. In many cases, significant changes in the levels of different PTMs were observed on various enzymes and their active sites, while their protein abundance exhibited little change. These results provide evidence of independent translational and post-translational regulation of enzyme activity. The observed complexity of thiol modifications on the same Cys residues illustrates the challenge in the characterization and interpretation of protein thiol modifications and their functional regulation. Simultaneous quantification of protein abundances and multiple types of thiol PTMs. Multiple types PTMs observed on the same Cys sites for redox-regulated proteins. Data revealed complexity of thiol PTMs and their regulation. Distinctive translational and post-translational regulation under ER stress in β-cells.
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Selinski J, Scheibe R. Central Metabolism in Mammals and Plants as a Hub for Controlling Cell Fate. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1025-1047. [PMID: 32620064 PMCID: PMC8060724 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The importance of oxidoreductases in energy metabolism together with the occurrence of enzymes of central metabolism in the nucleus gave rise to the active research field aiming to understand moonlighting enzymes that undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) before carrying out new tasks. Recent Advances: Cytosolic enzymes were shown to induce gene transcription after PTM and concomitant translocation to the nucleus. Changed properties of the oxidized forms of cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and also malate dehydrogenases and others, are the basis for a hypothesis suggesting moonlighting functions that directly link energy metabolism to adaptive responses required for maintenance of redox-homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Critical Issues: Small molecules, such as metabolic intermediates, coenzymes, or reduced glutathione, were shown to fine-tune the redox switches, interlinking redox state, metabolism, and induction of new functions via nuclear gene expression. The cytosol with its metabolic enzymes connecting energy fluxes between the various cell compartments can be seen as a hub for redox signaling, integrating the different signals for graded and directed responses in stressful situations. Future Directions: Enzymes of central metabolism were shown to interact with p53 or the assumed plant homologue suppressor of gamma response 1 (SOG1), an NAM, ATAF, and CUC transcription factor involved in the stress response upon ultraviolet exposure. Metabolic enzymes serve as sensors for imbalances, their inhibition leading to changed energy metabolism, and the adoption of transcriptional coactivator activities. Depending on the intensity of the impact, rerouting of energy metabolism, proliferation, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, immune responses, or cell death will be induced. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1025-1047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
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Wurm CJ, Lindermayr C. Nitric oxide signaling in the plant nucleus: the function of nitric oxide in chromatin modulation and transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:808-818. [PMID: 33128375 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in a vast number of physiologically important processes in plants, such as organ development, stress resistance, and immunity. Transduction of NO bioactivity is generally achieved by post-translational modification of proteins, with S-nitrosation of cysteine residues as the predominant form. While traditionally the subcellular location of the factors involved was of lesser importance, recent studies identified the connection between NO and transcriptional activity and thereby raised the question about the route of NO into the nuclear sphere. Identification of NO-affected transcription factors and chromatin-modifying histone deacetylases implicated the important role of NO signaling in the plant nucleus as a regulator of epigenetic mechanisms and gene transcription. Here, we discuss the relationship between NO and its directly regulated protein targets in the nuclear environment, focusing on S-nitrosated chromatin modulators and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Wurm
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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15
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Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide modulate the NADPH-generating enzymatic system in higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:830-847. [PMID: 32945878 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are two key molecules in plant cells that participate, directly or indirectly, as regulators of protein functions through derived post-translational modifications, mainly tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosation, and persulfidation. These post-translational modifications allow the participation of both NO and H2S signal molecules in a wide range of cellular processes either physiological or under stressful circumstances. NADPH participates in cellular redox status and it is a key cofactor necessary for cell growth and development. It is involved in significant biochemical routes such as fatty acid, carotenoid and proline biosynthesis, and the shikimate pathway, as well as in cellular detoxification processes including the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR), or the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase. Plant cells have diverse mechanisms to generate NADPH by a group of NADP-dependent oxidoreductases including ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-GAPDH), NADP-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-ICDH), and both enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, designated as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). These enzymes consist of different isozymes located in diverse subcellular compartments (chloroplasts, cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxisomes) which contribute to the NAPDH cellular pool. We provide a comprehensive overview of how post-translational modifications promoted by NO (tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosation), H2S (persulfidation), and glutathione (glutathionylation), affect the cellular redox status through regulation of the NADP-dependent dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidant, Free Radical and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, C/ Profesor Albareda, Granada, Spain
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Jedelská T, Sedlářová M, Lochman J, Činčalová L, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Protein S-nitrosation differentially modulates tomato responses to infection by hemi-biotrophic oomycetes of Phytophthora spp. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:34. [PMID: 33518717 PMCID: PMC7848004 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein function by reversible S-nitrosation, a post-translational modification based on the attachment of nitroso group to cysteine thiols, has emerged among key mechanisms of NO signalling in plant development and stress responses. S-nitrosoglutathione is regarded as the most abundant low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol in plants, where its intracellular concentrations are modulated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. We analysed modulations of S-nitrosothiols and protein S-nitrosation mediated by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in cultivated Solanum lycopersicum (susceptible) and wild Solanum habrochaites (resistant genotype) up to 96 h post inoculation (hpi) by two hemibiotrophic oomycetes, Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora parasitica. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity and protein level were decreased by P. infestans and P. parasitica infection in both genotypes, whereas protein S-nitrosothiols were increased by P. infestans infection, particularly at 72 hpi related to pathogen biotrophy-necrotrophy transition. Increased levels of S-nitrosothiols localised in both proximal and distal parts to the infection site, which suggests together with their localisation to vascular bundles a signalling role in systemic responses. S-nitrosation targets in plants infected with P. infestans identified by a proteomic analysis include namely antioxidant and defence proteins, together with important proteins of metabolic, regulatory and structural functions. Ascorbate peroxidase S-nitrosation was observed in both genotypes in parallel to increased enzyme activity and protein level during P. infestans pathogenesis, namely in the susceptible genotype. These results show important regulatory functions of protein S-nitrosation in concerting molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Sedlářová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Tossounian MA, Zhang B, Gout I. The Writers, Readers, and Erasers in Redox Regulation of GAPDH. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121288. [PMID: 33339386 PMCID: PMC7765867 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde 3–phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key glycolytic enzyme, which is crucial for the breakdown of glucose to provide cellular energy. Over the past decade, GAPDH has been reported to be one of the most prominent cellular targets of post-translational modifications (PTMs), which divert GAPDH toward different non-glycolytic functions. Hence, it is termed a moonlighting protein. During metabolic and oxidative stress, GAPDH is a target of different oxidative PTMs (oxPTM), e.g., sulfenylation, S-thiolation, nitrosylation, and sulfhydration. These modifications alter the enzyme’s conformation, subcellular localization, and regulatory interactions with downstream partners, which impact its glycolytic and non-glycolytic functions. In this review, we discuss the redox regulation of GAPDH by different redox writers, which introduce the oxPTM code on GAPDH to instruct a redox response; the GAPDH readers, which decipher the oxPTM code through regulatory interactions and coordinate cellular response via the formation of multi-enzyme signaling complexes; and the redox erasers, which are the reducing systems that regenerate the GAPDH catalytic activity. Human pathologies associated with the oxidation-induced dysregulation of GAPDH are also discussed, featuring the importance of the redox regulation of GAPDH in neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders.
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Zhang T, Gaffrey MJ, Li X, Qian WJ. Characterization of cellular oxidative stress response by stoichiometric redox proteomics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C182-C194. [PMID: 33264075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00040.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thiol redox proteome refers to all proteins whose cysteine thiols are subjected to various redox-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-nitrosylation (SNO), S-sulfenylation (SOH), and S-sulfhydration (SSH). These modifications can impact various aspects of protein function such as activity, binding, conformation, localization, and interactions with other molecules. To identify novel redox proteins in signaling and regulation, it is highly desirable to have robust redox proteomics methods that can provide global, site-specific, and stoichiometric quantification of redox PTMs. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based redox proteomics has emerged as the primary platform for broad characterization of thiol PTMs in cells and tissues. Herein, we review recent advances in MS-based redox proteomics approaches for quantitative profiling of redox PTMs at physiological or oxidative stress conditions and highlight some recent applications. Considering the relative maturity of available methods, emphasis will be on two types of modifications: 1) total oxidation (i.e., all reversible thiol modifications), the level of which represents the overall redox state, and 2) S-glutathionylation, a major form of reversible thiol oxidation. We also discuss the significance of stoichiometric measurements of thiol PTMs as well as future perspectives toward a better understanding of cellular redox regulatory networks in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.,Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
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Structural and functional insights into nitrosoglutathione reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101806. [PMID: 33316743 PMCID: PMC7744773 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation plays a fundamental role in cell signaling and nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is considered as the main nitrosylating signaling molecule. Enzymatic systems controlling GSNO homeostasis are thus crucial to indirectly control the formation of protein S-nitrosothiols. GSNO reductase (GSNOR) is the key enzyme controlling GSNO levels by catalyzing its degradation in the presence of NADH. Here, we found that protein extracts from the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii catabolize GSNO via two enzymatic systems having specific reliance on NADPH or NADH and different biochemical features. Scoring the Chlamydomonas genome for orthologs of known plant GSNORs, we found two genes encoding for putative and almost identical GSNOR isoenzymes. One of the two, here named CrGSNOR1, was heterologously expressed and purified. Its kinetic properties were determined and the three-dimensional structures of the apo-, NAD+- and NAD+/GSNO-forms were solved. These analyses revealed that CrGSNOR1 has a strict specificity towards GSNO and NADH, and a conserved folding with respect to other plant GSNORs. The catalytic zinc ion, however, showed an unexpected variability of the coordination environment. Furthermore, we evaluated the catalytic response of CrGSNOR1 to thermal denaturation, thiol-modifying agents and oxidative modifications as well as the reactivity and position of accessible cysteines. Despite being a cysteine-rich protein, CrGSNOR1 contains only two solvent-exposed/reactive cysteines. Oxidizing and nitrosylating treatments have null or limited effects on CrGSNOR1 activity and folding, highlighting a certain resistance of the algal enzyme to redox modifications. The molecular mechanisms and structural features underlying the response to thiol-based modifications are discussed. Chlamydomonas protein extracts catalyze NAD(P)H-dependent GSNO degradation. Chlamydomonas GSNOR1 is a zinc-containing protein strictly relying on GSNO and NADH. The 3D-structure of CrGSNOR1 revealed a conserved folding with other plant GSNORs. CrGSNOR1 contains only two solvent-exposed/reactive cysteines. Oxidizing and nitrosylating treatments have limited effects on CrGSNOR1 activity.
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Jedelská T, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Thioredoxins: Emerging Players in the Regulation of Protein S-Nitrosation in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1426. [PMID: 33114295 PMCID: PMC7690881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosation has been recognized as an important mechanism of ubiquitous posttranslational modification of proteins on the basis of the attachment of the nitroso group to cysteine thiols. Reversible S-nitrosation, similarly to other redox-based modifications of protein thiols, has a profound effect on protein structure and activity and is considered as a convergence of signaling pathways of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the emerging role of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (TRXR-TRX) system in protein denitrosation. Important advances have been recently achieved on plant thioredoxins (TRXs) and their properties, regulation, and functions in the control of protein S-nitrosation in plant root development, translation of photosynthetic light harvesting proteins, and immune responses. Future studies of plants with down- and upregulated TRXs together with the application of genomics and proteomics approaches will contribute to obtain new insights into plant S-nitrosothiol metabolism and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (T.J.); (L.L.)
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Muronetz VI, Melnikova AK, Saso L, Schmalhausen EV. Influence of Oxidative Stress on Catalytic and Non-glycolytic Functions of Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2040-2058. [PMID: 29848267 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a unique enzyme that, besides its main function in glycolysis (catalysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation), possesses a number of non-glycolytic activities. The present review summarizes information on the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of the enzymatic activity as well as non-glycolytic functions of GAPDH. METHODS Based on the analysis of literature data and the results obtained in our research group, mechanisms of the regulation of GAPDH functions through the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups in the active site of the enzyme have been suggested. RESULTS Mechanism of GAPDH oxidation includes consecutive oxidation of the catalytic Cysteine (Cys150) into sulfenic, sulfinic, and sulfonic acid derivatives, resulting in the complete inactivation of the enzyme. The cysteine sulfenic acid reacts with reduced glutathione (GSH) to form a mixed disulfide (S-glutathionylated GAPDH) that further reacts with Cys154 yielding the disulfide bond in the active site of the enzyme. In contrast to the sulfinic and sulfonic acids, the mixed disulfide and the intramolecular disulfide bond are reversible oxidation products that can be reduced in the presence of GSH or thioredoxin. CONCLUSION Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in the active site of GAPDH is unavoidable due to the enhanced reactivity of Cys150. The irreversible oxidation of Cys150 is prevented by Sglutathionylation and disulfide bonding with Cys154. The oxidation/reduction of the sulfhydryl groups in the active site of GAPDH can be used for regulation of glycolysis and numerous side activities of this enzyme including the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra K Melnikova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer"Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Zhang T, Ma M, Chen T, Zhang L, Fan L, Zhang W, Wei B, Li S, Xuan W, Noctor G, Han Y. Glutathione-dependent denitrosation of GSNOR1 promotes oxidative signalling downstream of H 2 O 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1175-1191. [PMID: 31990075 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiratory hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) plays key roles in pathogenesis responses by triggering the salicylic acid (SA) pathway in Arabidopsis. However, factors linking intracellular H2 O2 to activation of the SA pathway remain elusive. In this work, the catalase-deficient Arabidopsis mutant, cat2, was exploited to elucidate the impact of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1) on H2 O2 -dependent signalling pathways. Introducing the gsnor1-3 mutation into the cat2 background increased S-nitrosothiol levels and abolished cat2-triggered cell death, SA accumulation, and associated gene expression but had little additional effect on the major components of the ascorbate-glutathione system or glycolate oxidase activities. Differential transcriptome profiles between gsnor1-3 and cat2 gsnor1-3 together with damped ROS-triggered gene expression in cat2 gsnor1-3 further indicated that GSNOR1 acts to mediate the SA pathway downstream of H2 O2 . Up-regulation of GSNOR activity was compromised in cat2 cad2 and cat2 pad2 mutants in which glutathione accumulation was genetically prevented. Experiments with purified recombinant GSNOR revealed that the enzyme is posttranslationally regulated by direct denitrosation in a glutathione-dependent manner. Together, our findings identify GSNOR1-controlled nitrosation as a key factor in activation of the SA pathway by H2 O2 and reveal that glutathione is required to maintain this biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Yi Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Stiti N, Podgórska KA, Bartels D. S-Nitrosation impairs activity of stress-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenases from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110389. [PMID: 32005394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular messenger that mediates stress responses. Several plant aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) genes are expressed during abiotic stress conditions to reduce the level of cytotoxic aldehydes. We investigated a possible interference between NO and ALDHs, using the isoform ALDH3H1 of Arabidopsis thaliana as model. The physiological NO donor; S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), inhibits ALDH3H1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Mutagenesis and ESI-MS/MS analyses show that all Cys residues of ALDH3H1 are targets of GSNO-mediated S-nitrosation. Chemical labelling indicates that the deactivation is due to the conversion of the catalytic thiol into a catalytically non-active nitrosothiol. GSNO has the same effect on the chloroplastic ALDH3I1, suggesting that susceptibility of the catalytic Cys to NO is a common feature of ALDHs. S-Nitrosation and enzymatic inhibition of ALDH were reverted by reducing agents. Our study proves that the function of ALDHs does not exclusively depend on transcriptional regulation, with stress-induced expression, but may be also susceptible to posttranslational regulation through S-nitrosation. We discuss the potential involvement of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), binding specific cofactors and reducing partners in a protective system of ALDHs in vivo, which will be experimentally corroborated in our forthcoming study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïm Stiti
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karolina Anna Podgórska
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorothea Bartels
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Paul S, Roychoudhury A. Regulation of physiological aspects in plants by hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide under challenging environment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:374-393. [PMID: 31479515 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a plethora of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metal and temperature stresses at different stages of their life cycle, from germination to seedling till the reproductive phase. As protective mechanisms, plants release signaling molecules that initiate a cascade of stress-signaling events, leading either to programmed cell death or plant acclimation. Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are considered as new 'gasotransmitter' molecules that play key roles in regulating gene expression, posttranslational modification (PTM), as well as cross-talk with other hormones. Although the exact role of NO in plants remains unclear and is species dependent, various studies have suggested a positive correlation between NO accumulation and environmental stress in plants. These molecules are also involved in a large array of stress responses and act synergistically or antagonistically as signaling components, depending on their respective concentration. This study provides a comprehensive update on the signaling interplay between H2 S and NO in the regulation of various physiological processes under multiple abiotic stresses, modes of action and effects of exogenous application of these two molecules under drought, salt, heat and heavy metal stresses. However, the complete picture of the signaling cascades mediated by H2 S and NO is still elusive. Recent researches indicate that during certain plant processes, such as stomatal closure, H2 S could act upstream of NO signaling or downstream of NO in response to abiotic stresses by improving antioxidant activity in most plant species. In addition, PTMs of antioxidative pathways by these two molecules are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Paul
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aryadeep Roychoudhury
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Feng J, Chen L, Zuo J. Protein S-Nitrosylation in plants: Current progresses and challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:1206-1223. [PMID: 30663237 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule regulating diverse biological processes in all living organisms. A major physiological function of NO is executed via protein S-nitrosylation, a redox-based posttranslational modification by covalently adding a NO molecule to a reactive cysteine thiol of a target protein. S-nitrosylation is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism modulating multiple aspects of cellular signaling. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in functional characterization of S-nitrosylated proteins in plants. Emerging evidence indicates that protein S-nitrosylation is ubiquitously involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. Here we review current understanding on the regulatory mechanisms of protein S-nitrosylation in various biological processes in plants and highlight key challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Lichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Zhang L, Xu Z, Ji H, Zhou Y, Yang S. TaWRKY40 transcription factor positively regulate the expression of TaGAPC1 to enhance drought tolerance. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:795. [PMID: 31666006 PMCID: PMC6822423 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Drought stress is one of the major factors that affects wheat yield. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays the important role in abiotic stress and plant development. However, in wheat, limited information about drought-responsive GAPC genes has been reported, and the mechanism underlying the regulation of the GAPC protein is unknown. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated the potential role of GAPC1 in drought stress in wheat and Arabidopsis. We found that the overexpression of TaGAPC1 could enhance the tolerance to drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Yeast one-hybrid library screening and EMSA showed that TaWRKY40 acts as a direct regulator of the TaGAPC1 gene. A dual luciferase reporter assay indicated that TaWRKY40 improved the TaGAPC1 promoter activity. The results of qRT-PCR in wheat protoplast cells with instantaneous overexpression of TaWRKY40 indicated that the expression level of TaGAPC1 induced by abiotic stress was upregulated by TaWRKY40. Moreover, TaGAPC1 promoted H2O2 detoxification in response to drought. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the inducible transcription factor TaWRKY40 could activate the transcription of the TaGAPC1 gene, thereby increasing the tolerance of plants to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Haikun Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ye Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shushen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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27
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Fernández-Espinosa MG, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide molecular targets: reprogramming plant development upon stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4441-4460. [PMID: 31327004 PMCID: PMC6736187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that need to complete their life cycle by the integration of different abiotic and biotic environmental signals, tailoring developmental cues and defense concomitantly. Commonly, stress responses are detrimental to plant growth and, despite the fact that intensive efforts have been made to understand both plant development and defense separately, most of the molecular basis of this trade-off remains elusive. To cope with such a diverse range of processes, plants have developed several strategies including the precise balance of key plant growth and stress regulators [i.e. phytohormones, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gasotransmitter involved in redox homeostasis that regulates specific checkpoints to control the switch between development and stress, mainly by post-translational protein modifications comprising S-nitrosation of cysteine residues and metals, and nitration of tyrosine residues. In this review, we have sought to compile those known NO molecular targets able to balance the crossroads between plant development and stress, with special emphasis on the metabolism, perception, and signaling of the phytohormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid during abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Guadalupe Fernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Ren X, Sengupta R, Lu J, Lundberg JO, Holmgren A. Characterization of mammalian glutaredoxin isoforms as S‐denitrosylases. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1799-1806. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata India
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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30
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De Mia M, Lemaire SD, Choquet Y, Wollman FA. Nitric Oxide Remodels the Photosynthetic Apparatus upon S-Starvation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:718-731. [PMID: 30530737 PMCID: PMC6426411 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many photosynthetic autotrophs have evolved responses that adjust their metabolism to limitations in nutrient availability. Here we report a detailed characterization of the remodeling of photosynthesis upon sulfur starvation under heterotrophy and photo-autotrophy in the green alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). Photosynthetic inactivation under low light and darkness is achieved through specific degradation of Rubisco and cytochrome b 6 f and occurs only in the presence of reduced carbon in the medium. The process is likely regulated by nitric oxide (NO), which is produced 24 h after the onset of starvation, as detected with NO-sensitive fluorescence probes visualized by fluorescence microscopy. We provide pharmacological evidence that intracellular NO levels govern this degradation pathway: the addition of a NO scavenger decreases the rate of cytochrome b 6 f and Rubisco degradation, whereas NO donors accelerate the degradation. Based on our analysis of the relative contribution of the different NO synthesis pathways, we conclude that the NO2-dependent nitrate reductase-independent pathway is crucial for NO production under sulfur starvation. Our data argue for an active role for NO in the remodeling of thylakoid protein complexes upon sulfur starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello De Mia
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yves Choquet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francis-André Wollman
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
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31
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Mata-Pérez C, Spoel SH. Thioredoxin-mediated redox signalling in plant immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:27-33. [PMID: 30709489 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation of plant immune responses is associated with rapid production of vast amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) that dramatically alter cellular redox homeostasis. Even though excessive ROS/RNS accumulation can cause widespread cellular damage and thus constitute a major risk, plant cells have evolved to utilise these molecules as important signalling cues. Particularly their ability to modify redox-sensitive cysteine residues has emerged as a key mechanism to control the activity, conformation, protein-protein interaction and localisation of a growing number of immune signalling proteins. Regulated reversal of cysteine oxidation is dependent on activities of the conserved superfamily of Thioredoxin (TRX) enzymes that function as cysteine reductases. The plant immune system recruits specific TRX enzymes that have the potential to functionally regulate numerous immune signalling proteins. Although our knowledge of different TRX immune targets is now expanding, little remains known about how these enzymes select their substrates, what range of oxidized residues they target, and if they function selectively in different redox-mediated immune signalling pathways. In this review we discuss these questions by examining evidence showing TRX enzymes exhibit novel activities that play important roles in diverse aspects of plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capilla Mata-Pérez
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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32
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Dumont S, Rivoal J. Consequences of Oxidative Stress on Plant Glycolytic and Respiratory Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:166. [PMID: 30833954 PMCID: PMC6387960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are present at low and controlled levels under normal conditions. These reactive molecules can increase to high levels under various biotic and abiotic conditions, resulting in perturbation of the cellular redox state that can ultimately lead to oxidative or nitrosative stress. In this review, we analyze the various effects that result from alterations of redox homeostasis on plant glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Most documented modifications caused by ROS or RNS are due to the presence of redox-sensitive cysteine thiol groups in proteins. Redox modifications include Cys oxidation, disulfide bond formation, S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, and S-sulfhydration. A growing number of proteomic surveys and biochemical studies document the occurrence of ROS- or RNS-mediated modification in enzymes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. In a few cases, these modifications have been shown to affect enzyme activity, suggesting an operational regulatory mechanism in vivo. Further changes induced by oxidative stress conditions include the proposed redox-dependent modifications in the subcellular distribution of a putative redox sensor, NAD-glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase and the micro-compartmentation of cytosolic glycolytic enzymes. Data from the literature indicate that oxidative stress may induce complex changes in metabolite pools in central carbon metabolism. This information is discussed in the context of our understanding of plant metabolic response to oxidative stress.
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Ageeva-Kieferle A, Rudolf EE, Lindermayr C. Redox-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling: A New Function of Nitric Oxide as Architect of Chromatin Structure in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:625. [PMID: 31191565 PMCID: PMC6546728 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in all kingdoms. In plants, NO is involved in the regulation of various processes of growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress response. It mainly acts by modifying protein cysteine or tyrosine residues or by interacting with protein bound transition metals. Thereby, the modification of cysteine residues known as protein S-nitrosation is the predominant mechanism for transduction of NO bioactivity. Histone acetylation on N-terminal lysine residues is a very important epigenetic regulatory mechanism. The transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-coenzyme A on histone lysine residues is catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases. This modification neutralizes the positive charge of the lysine residue and results in a loose structure of the chromatin accessible for the transcriptional machinery. Histone deacetylases, in contrast, remove the acetyl group of histone tails resulting in condensed chromatin with reduced gene expression activity. In plants, the histone acetylation level is regulated by S-nitrosation. NO inhibits HDA complexes resulting in enhanced histone acetylation and promoting a supportive chromatin state for expression of genes. Moreover, methylation of histone tails and DNA are important epigenetic modifications, too. Interestingly, methyltransferases and demethylases are described as targets for redox molecules in several biological systems suggesting that these types of chromatin modifications are also regulated by NO. In this review article, we will focus on redox-regulation of histone acetylation/methylation and DNA methylation in plants, discuss the consequences on the structural level and give an overview where NO can act to modulate chromatin structure.
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34
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Dumont S, Bykova NV, Khaou A, Besserour Y, Dorval M, Rivoal J. Arabidopsis thaliana alcohol dehydrogenase is differently affected by several redox modifications. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204530. [PMID: 30252897 PMCID: PMC6155552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, many stresses, including low oxygen availability, result in a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These molecules can lead to redox-dependent post-translational modification of proteins Cys residues. Here, we studied the effect of different redox modifications on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Arabidopsis thaliana. ADH catalyzes the last step of the ethanol fermentation pathway used by plants to cope with energy deficiency during hypoxic stress. Arabidopsis suspension cell cultures showed decreased ADH activity upon exposure to H2O2, but not to the thiol oxidizing agent diamide. We purified recombinant ADH and observed a significant decrease in the enzyme activity by treatments with H2O2 and diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO). Treatments leading to the formation of a disulfide bond between ADH and glutathione (protein S-glutathionylation) had no negative effect on the enzyme activity. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that Cys47 and Cys243 could make a stable disulfide bond with glutathione, suggesting redox sensitivity of these residues. Mutation of ADH Cys47 to Ser caused an almost complete loss of the enzyme activity while the Cys243 to Ser mutant had increased specific activity. Incubation of ADH with NAD+ or NADH prevented inhibition of the enzyme by H2O2 or DEA/NO. These results suggest that binding of ADH with its cofactors may limit availability of Cys residues to redox modifications. Our study demonstrates that ADH from A. thaliana is subject to different redox modifications. Implications of ADH sensitivity to ROS and RNS during hypoxic stress conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dumont
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia V. Bykova
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Alexia Khaou
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yasmine Besserour
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maude Dorval
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ruiz‐May E, Segura‐Cabrera A, Elizalde‐Contreras JM, Shannon LM, Loyola‐Vargas VM. A recent advance in the intracellular and extracellular redox post‐translational modification of proteins in plants. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2754. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz‐May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares AvanzadosInstituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic® Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | - Aldo Segura‐Cabrera
- European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus Hinxton Cambridgeshire UK
| | - Jose M. Elizalde‐Contreras
- Red de Estudios Moleculares AvanzadosInstituto de Ecología A. C., Cluster BioMimic® Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | - Laura M. Shannon
- Department of Horticultural ScienceUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Víctor M. Loyola‐Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de PlantasCentro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
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36
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Umbreen S, Lubega J, Cui B, Pan Q, Jiang J, Loake GJ. Specificity in nitric oxide signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3439-3448. [PMID: 29767796 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and their cognate redox signalling networks pervade almost all facets of plant growth, development, immunity, and environmental interactions. The emerging evidence implies that specificity in redox signalling is achieved by a multilayered molecular framework. This encompasses the production of redox cues in the locale of the given protein target and protein tertiary structures that convey the appropriate local chemical environment to support redox-based, post-translational modifications (PTMs). Nascent nitrosylases have also recently emerged that mediate the formation of redox-based PTMs. Reversal of these redox-based PTMs, rather than their formation, is also a major contributor of signalling specificity. In this context, the activities of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase and thioredoxin h5 (Trxh5) are a key feature. Redox signalling specificity is also conveyed by the unique chemistries of individual RNS which is overlaid on the structural constraints imposed by tertiary protein structure in gating access to given redox switches. Finally, the interactions between RNS and ROS (reactive oxygen species) can also indirectly establish signalling specificity through shaping the formation of appropriate redox cues. It is anticipated that some of these insights might function as primers to initiate their future translation into agricultural, horticultural, and industrial biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Umbreen
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jibril Lubega
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Beimi Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Normal University-Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaona Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Normal University-Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
- Jiangsu Normal University-Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Jiangsu Normal University-Edinburgh University, Centre for Transformative Biotechnology of Medicinal and Food Plants, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, PR China
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37
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Zeng H, Xie Y, Liu G, Lin D, He C, Shi H. Molecular identification of GAPDHs in cassava highlights the antagonism of MeGAPCs and MeATG8s in plant disease resistance against cassava bacterial blight. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:201-214. [PMID: 29679263 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
MeGAPCs were identified as negative regulators of plant disease resistance, and the interaction of MeGAPCs and MeATG8s was highlighted in plant defense response. As an important enzyme of glycolysis metabolic pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH) plays important roles in plant development, abiotic stress and immune responses. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is most important tropical crop and one of the major food crops, however, no information is available about GAPDH gene family in cassava. In this study, 14 MeGAPDHs including 6 cytosol GAPDHs (MeGAPCs) were identified from cassava, and the transcripts of 14 MeGAPDHs in response to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis (Xam) indicated their possible involvement in immune responses. Further investigation showed that MeGAPCs are negative regulators of disease resistance against Xam. Through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that overexpression of MeGAPCs led to decreased disease resistance against Xam. On the contrary, MeGAPCs-silenced cassava plants through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) conferred improved disease resistance. Notably, MeGAPCs physically interacted with autophagy-related protein 8b (MeATG8b) and MeATG8e and inhibited autophagic activity. Moreover, MeATG8b and MeATG8e negatively regulated the activities of NAD-dependent MeGAPDHs, and are involved in MeGAPCs-mediated disease resistance. Taken together, this study highlights the involvement of MeGAPCs in plant disease resistance, through interacting with MeATG8b and MeATG8e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yanwei Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Daozhe Lin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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38
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Strumillo J, Nowak KE, Krokosz A, Rodacka A, Puchala M, Bartosz G. The role of resveratrol and melatonin in the nitric oxide and its oxidation products mediated functional and structural modifications of two glycolytic enzymes: GAPDH and LDH. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:877-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jain P, Bhatla SC. Molecular mechanisms accompanying nitric oxide signalling through tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation of proteins in plants. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:70-82. [PMID: 32291022 DOI: 10.1071/fp16279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signalling in plants is responsible for modulation of a variety of plant developmental processes. Depending on the tissue system, the signalling of NO-modulated biochemical responses majorly involves the processes of tyrosine nitration or S-nitrosylation of specific proteins/enzymes. It has further been observed that there is a significant impact of various biotic/abiotic stress conditions on the extent of tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation of various metabolic enzymes, which may act as a positive or negative modulator of the specific routes associated with adaptive mechanisms employed by plants under the said stress conditions. In addition to recent findings on the modulation of enzymes of primary metabolism by NO through these two biochemical mechanisms, a major mechanism for regulating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stress conditions has also been found to be through tyrosine nitration or S-nitrosylation of ROS-scavenging enzymes. Recent investigations have further highlighted the differential manner in which the ROS-scavenging enzymes may be S-nitrosylated and tyrosine nitrated, with reference to their tissue distribution. Keeping in mind the very recent findings on these aspects, the present review has been prepared to provide an analytical view on the significance of protein tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Jain
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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40
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Jain P, von Toerne C, Lindermayr C, Bhatla SC. S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation as a regulatory mechanism of salt stress sensing in sunflower seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:49-72. [PMID: 28902403 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and various reactive nitrogen species produced in cells in normal growth conditions, and their enhanced production under stress conditions are responsible for a variety of biochemical aberrations. The present findings demonstrate that sunflower seedling roots exhibit high sensitivity to salt stress in terms of nitrite accumulation. A significant reduction in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity is evident in response to salt stress. Restoration of GSNOR activity with dithioerythritol shows that the enzyme is reversibly inhibited under conditions of 120 mM NaCl. Salt stress-mediated S-nitrosylation of cytosolic proteins was analyzed in roots and cotyledons using biotin-switch assay. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed opposite patterns of S-nitrosylation in seedling cotyledons and roots. Salt stress enhances S-nitrosylation of proteins in cotyledons, whereas roots exhibit denitrosylation of proteins. Highest number of proteins having undergone S-nitrosylation belonged to the category of carbohydrate metabolism followed by other metabolic proteins. Of the total 61 proteins observed to be regulated by S-nitrosylation, 17 are unique to cotyledons, 4 are unique to roots whereas 40 are common to both. Eighteen S-nitrosylated proteins are being reported for the first time in plant systems, including pectinesterase, phospholipase d-alpha and calmodulin. Further physiological analysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and monodehydroascorbate reductase showed that salt stress leads to a reversible inhibition of both these enzymes in cotyledons. However, seedling roots exhibit enhanced enzyme activity under salinity stress. These observations implicate the role of S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation in NO signaling thereby regulating various enzyme activities under salinity stress in sunflower seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Jain
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D-80939, München, Germany
| | - Christian Lindermayr
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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41
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Redox regulation of plant S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity through post-translational modifications of cysteine residues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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42
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Mauriès A, Maes A, Tourasse NJ, Hamon M, Lemaire SD, Marchand CH. The Deep Thioredoxome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: New Insights into Redox Regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1107-1125. [PMID: 28739495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox post-translational modifications have emerged as important mechanisms of signaling and regulation in all organisms, and thioredoxin plays a key role by controlling the thiol-disulfide status of target proteins. Recent redox proteomic studies revealed hundreds of proteins regulated by glutathionylation and nitrosylation in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while much less is known about the thioredoxin interactome in this organism. By combining qualitative and quantitative proteomic analyses, we have comprehensively investigated the Chlamydomonas thioredoxome and 1188 targets have been identified. They participate in a wide range of metabolic pathways and cellular processes. This study broadens not only the redox regulation to new enzymes involved in well-known thioredoxin-regulated metabolic pathways but also sheds light on cellular processes for which data supporting redox regulation are scarce (aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, nuclear transport, etc). Moreover, we characterized 1052 thioredoxin-dependent regulatory sites and showed that these data constitute a valuable resource for future functional studies in Chlamydomonas. By comparing this thioredoxome with proteomic data for glutathionylation and nitrosylation at the protein and cysteine levels, this work confirms the existence of a complex redox regulation network in Chlamydomonas and provides evidence of a tremendous selectivity of redox post-translational modifications for specific cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adeline Mauriès
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Maes
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas J Tourasse
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Hamon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR8226, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Plateforme de Protéomique, FRC550, CNRS, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.
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Aroca A, Schneider M, Scheibe R, Gotor C, Romero LC. Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates the Cytosolic/Nuclear Partitioning of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Enhancing its Nuclear Localization. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:983-992. [PMID: 28444344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule comparable with nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in plants. The underlying mechanism of its action is unknown, although it has been proposed to be S-sulfhydration. This post-translational modification converts the thiol groups of cysteines within proteins to persulfides, resulting in functional changes of the proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana, S-sulfhydrated proteins have been identified, including the cytosolic isoforms of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GapC1 and GapC2. In this work, we studied the regulation of sulfide on the subcellular localization of these proteins using two different approaches. We generated GapC1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GapC2-GFP transgenic plants in both the wild type and the des1 mutant defective in the l-cysteine desulfhydrase DES1, responsible for the generation of sulfide in the cytosol. The GFP signal was detected in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of epidermal cells, although with reduced nuclear localization in des1 compared with the wild type, and exogenous sulfide treatment resulted in similar signals in nuclei in both backgrounds. The second approach consisted of the immunoblot analysis of the GapC endogenous proteins in enriched nuclear and cytosolic protein extracts, and similar results were obtained. A significant reduction in the total amount of GapC in des1 in comparison with the wild type was determined and exogenous sulfide significantly increased the protein levels in the nuclei in both plants, with a stronger response in the wild type. Moreover, the presence of an S-sulfhydrated cysteine residue on GapC1 was demonstrated by mass spectrometry. We conclude that sulfide enhances the nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Aroca
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Plant Physiology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Castella C, Mirtziou I, Seassau A, Boscari A, Montrichard F, Papadopoulou K, Rouhier N, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Post-translational modifications of Medicago truncatula glutathione peroxidase 1 induced by nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2017; 68:125-136. [PMID: 28193486 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant glutathione peroxidases (Gpx) catalyse the reduction of various peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), phospholipid hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite, but at the expense of thioredoxins rather than glutathione. A main function of plant Gpxs is the protection of biological membranes by scavenging phospholipid hydroperoxides, but some Gpxs have also been associated with H2O2 sensing and redox signal transduction. Nitric oxide (NO) is not only known to induce the expression of Gpx family members, but also to inhibit Gpx activity, presumably through the S-nitrosylation of conserved cysteine residues. In the present study, the effects of NO-donors on both the activity and S-nitrosylation state of purified Medicago truncatula Gpx1 were analyzed using biochemical assay measurements and a biotin-switch/mass spectrometry approach. MtGpx1 activity was only moderately inhibited by the NO-donors diethylamine-NONOate and S-nitrosoglutathione, and the inhibition may be reversed by DTT. The three conserved Cys of MtGpx1 were found to be modified through S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation, although to different extents, by diethylamine-NONOate and S-nitrosoglutathione, or by a combination of diethylamine-NONOate and reduced glutathione. The regulation of MtGpx1 and its possible involvement in the signaling process is discussed in the light of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Castella
- UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Ioanna Mirtziou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant & Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Aurélie Seassau
- UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Montrichard
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Kalliopi Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant & Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/INRA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Puppo
- UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- UMR INRA 1355, CNRS 7254, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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Henard CA, Guarnieri MT, Knoshaug EP. The Chlorella vulgaris S-Nitrosoproteome under Nitrogen-Replete and -Deplete Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 4:100. [PMID: 28144611 PMCID: PMC5239800 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Henard
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, CO , USA
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, CO , USA
| | - Eric P Knoshaug
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, CO , USA
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46
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O’Leary BM, Plaxton WC. Mechanisms and Functions of Post-translational Enzyme Modifications in the Organization and Control of Plant Respiratory Metabolism. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68703-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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47
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Hashiguchi A, Komatsu S. Posttranslational Modifications and Plant-Environment Interaction. Methods Enzymol 2016; 586:97-113. [PMID: 28137579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination are crucial for controlling protein stability, localization, and conformation. Genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed, translated, and increases its complexity by multiple PTMs. Conformational change introduced by PTMs affects interacting partners of each proteins and their downstream signaling; therefore, PTMs are the major level of modulations of total outcome of living cells. Plants are living in harsh environment that requires unremitting physiological modulation to survive, and the plant response to various environment stresses is regulated by PTMs of proteins. This review deals with the novel knowledge of PTM-focused proteomic studies on various life conditions. PTMs are focused that mediate plant-environment interaction such as stress perception, protein homeostasis, control of energy shift, and defense by immune system. Integration of diverse signals on a protein via multiple PTMs is discussed as well, considering current situation where signal integration became an emerging area approached by systems biology into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hashiguchi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan.
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48
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Testard A, Da Silva D, Ormancey M, Pichereaux C, Pouzet C, Jauneau A, Grat S, Robe E, Brière C, Cotelle V, Mazars C, Thuleau P. Calcium- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Nuclear Accumulation of Cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Response to Long Chain Bases in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2221-2231. [PMID: 27585463 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sphinganine or dihydrosphingosine (d18:0, DHS), one of the most abundant free sphingoid long chain bases (LCBs) in plants, is known to induce a calcium-dependent programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In addition, in tobacco BY-2 cells, it has been shown that DHS triggers a rapid production of H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO). Recently, in analogy to what is known in the animal field, plant cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC), a ubiquitous enzyme involved in glycolysis, has been suggested to fulfill other functions associated with its oxidative post-translational modifications such as S-nitrosylation on cysteine residues. In particular, in mammals, stress signals inducing NO production promote S-nitrosylation of GAPC and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus where the protein participates in the establishment of apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the behavior of GAPC in tobacco BY-2 cells treated with DHS. We found that upon DHS treatment, an S-nitrosylated form of GAPC accumulated in the nucleus. This accumulation was dependent on NO production. Two genes encoding GAPCs, namely Nt(BY-2)GAPC1 and Nt(BY-2)GAPC2, were cloned. Transient overexpression of Nt(BY-2)GAPC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeric constructs indicated that both proteins localized in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. Mutating into serine the two cysteine residues thought to be S-nitrosylated in response to DHS did not modify the localization of the proteins, suggesting that S-nitrosylation of GAPCs was probably not necessary for their nuclear relocalization. Interestingly, using Förster resonance energy transfer experiments, we showed that Nt(BY-2)GAPCs interact with nucleic acids in the nucleus. When GAPCs were mutated on their cysteine residues, their interaction with nucleic acids was abolished, suggesting a role for GAPCs in the protection of nucleic acids against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Testard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mélanie Ormancey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale IPBS CNRS, Fédération de Recherche 3450 Agrobiosciences Interactions et Biodiversités, Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Plateforme Imagerie-Microscopie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sabine Grat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eugénie Robe
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christian Brière
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Cotelle
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christian Mazars
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patrice Thuleau
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24 chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, BP42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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49
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Tichá T, Luhová L, Petřivalský M. Functions and Metabolism of S-Nitrosothiols and S-Nitrosylation of Proteins in Plants: The Role of GSNOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40713-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharma A, Hussain A, Mun BG, Imran QM, Falak N, Lee SU, Kim JY, Hong JK, Loake GJ, Ali A, Yun BW. Comprehensive analysis of plant rapid alkalization factor (RALF) genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:82-90. [PMID: 27155375 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor mediated signal carriers play a critical role in the regulation of plant defense and development. Rapid alkalization factor (RALF) proteins potentially comprise important signaling components which may have a key role in plant biology. The RALF gene family contains large number of genes in several plant species, however, only a few RALF genes have been characterized to date. In this study, an extensive database search identified 39, 43, 34 and 18 RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, maize and soybean, respectively. These RALF genes were found to be highly conserved across the 4 plant species. A comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal location, gene structure, subcellular location, conserved motifs, protein structure, protein-ligand interaction and promoter analysis was performed. RALF genes from four plant species were divided into 7 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. In silico expression analysis of these genes, using microarray and EST data, revealed that these genes exhibit a variety of expression patterns. Furthermore, RALF genes showed distinct expression patterns of transcript accumulation in vivo following nitrosative and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis. Predicted interaction between RALF and heme ligand also showed that RALF proteins may contribute towards transporting or scavenging oxygen moieties. This suggests a possible role for RALF genes during changes in cellular redox status. Collectively, our data provides a valuable resource to prime future research in the role of RALF genes in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Sharma
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Adil Hussain
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Bong-Gyu Mun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qari Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Noreen Falak
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Uk Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Young Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeum Kyu Hong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology (GNTech), Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gary John Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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