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Wang K, He Z, Jin G, Jin S, Du Y, Yuan S, Zhang J. Targeting DNA methyltransferases for cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107652. [PMID: 39024804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play a crucial role in genomic DNA methylation. In mammals, DNMTs regulate the dynamic patterns of DNA methylation in embryonic and adult cells. Abnormal functions of DNMTs are often indicative of cancers, including overall hypomethylation and partial hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG), which accelerate the malignancy of tumors, worsen the condition of patients, and significantly exacerbate the difficulty of cancer treatment. Currently, nucleoside DNMT inhibitors such as Azacytidine and Decitabine have been approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Therefore, targeting DNMTs is a very promising anti-tumor strategy. This review mainly summarizes the therapeutic effects of DNMT inhibitors on cancers. It aims to provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancers by discovering more DNMT inhibitors with high activity, high selectivity, and good drug-like properties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhangxu He
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Gang Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Sasa Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanbing Du
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
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2
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Kabeer SW, Sharma S, Sriramdasu S, Tikoo K. MicroRNA-721 regulates gluconeogenesis via KDM2A-mediated epigenetic modulation in diet-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Biol Res 2024; 57:27. [PMID: 38745315 PMCID: PMC11092102 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant gluconeogenesis is considered among primary drivers of hyperglycemia under insulin resistant conditions, with multiple studies pointing towards epigenetic dysregulation. Here we examine the role of miR-721 and effect of epigenetic modulator laccaic acid on the regulation of gluconeogenesis under high fat diet induced insulin resistance. RESULTS Reanalysis of miRNA profiling data of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice model, GEO dataset (GSE94799) revealed a significant upregulation of miR-721, which was further validated in invivo insulin resistance in mice and invitro insulin resistance in Hepa 1-6 cells. Interestingly, miR-721 mimic increased glucose production in Hepa 1-6 cells via activation of FOXO1 regulated gluconeogenic program. Concomitantly, inhibition of miR-721 reduced glucose production in palmitate induced insulin resistant Hepa 1-6 cells by blunting the FOXO1 induced gluconeogenesis. Intriguingly, at epigenetic level, enrichment of the transcriptional activation mark H3K36me2 got decreased around the FOXO1 promoter. Additionally, identifying targets of miR-721 using miRDB.org showed H3K36me2 demethylase KDM2A as a potential target. Notably, miR-721 inhibitor enhanced KDM2A expression which correlated with H3K36me2 enrichment around FOXO1 promoter and the downstream activation of the gluconeogenic pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-721 in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice resulted in restoration of KDM2A levels, concomitantly reducing FOXO1, PCK1, and G6PC expression, attenuating gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and improving glucose tolerance. Interestingly, the epigenetic modulator laccaic acid also reduced the hepatic miR-721 expression and improved KDM2A expression, supporting our earlier report that laccaic acid attenuates insulin resistance by reducing gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION Our study unveils the role of miR-721 in regulating gluconeogenesis through KDM2A and FOXO1 under insulin resistance, pointing towards significant clinical and therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders. Moreover, the promising impact of laccaic acid highlights its potential as a valuable intervention in managing insulin resistance-associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Wasil Kabeer
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shalemraju Sriramdasu
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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3
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Lanka G, Banerjee S, Adhikari N, Ghosh B. Fragment-based discovery of new potential DNMT1 inhibitors integrating multiple pharmacophore modeling, 3D-QSAR, virtual screening, molecular docking, ADME, and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10837-5. [PMID: 38637479 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs) are one of the crucial epigenetic modulators associated with a wide variety of cancer conditions. Among the DNMT isoforms, DNMT1 is correlated with bladder, pancreatic, and breast cancer, as well as acute myeloid leukemia and esophagus squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, the inhibition of DNMT1 could be an attractive target for combating cancers and other metabolic disorders. The disadvantages of the existing nucleoside and non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitors are the main motive for the discovery of novel promising inhibitors. Here, pharmacophore modeling, 3D-QSAR, and e-pharmacophore modeling of DNMT1 inhibitors were performed for the large fragment database screening. The resulting fragments with high dock scores were combined into molecules. The current study revealed several constitutional pharmacophoric features that can be essential for selective DNMT1 inhibition. The fragment docking and virtual screening identified 10 final hit molecules that exhibited good binding affinities in terms of docking score, binding free energies, and acceptable ADME properties. Also, the modified lead molecules (GL1b and GL2b) designed in this study showed effective binding with DNMT1 confirmed by their docking scores, binding free energies, 3D-QSAR predicted activities and acceptable drug-like properties. The MD simulation studies also suggested that leads (GL1b and GL2b) formed stable complexes with DNMT1. Therefore, the findings of this study can provide effective information for the development/identification of novel DNMT1 inhibitors as effective anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goverdhan Lanka
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
- Computer Aided Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
- Computer Aided Drug Design Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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4
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Feng Q, Duan H, Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Chen G, Bao X. DNA Methyltransferase 3A: A Significant Target for the Discovery of Inhibitors as Potent Anticancer Drugs. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:507-520. [PMID: 37642180 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230825100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) is a conserved family of Cytosine methylases, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of Epigenetics. They have been considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer. Among the DNMT family, mutations in the DNMT3A subtype are particularly important in hematologic malignancies. The development of specific DNMT3A subtype inhibitors to validate the therapeutic potential of DNMT3A in certain diseases is a significant task. In this review, we summarized the small molecule inhibitors of DNMT3A discovered in recent years and their inhibitory activities, and classified them based on their inhibitory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Honggao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinglong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinda Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuefei Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Ito Y, Lu H, Kitajima M, Ishikawa H, Nakata Y, Iwatani Y, Hoshino T. Sticklac-Derived Natural Compounds Inhibiting RNase H Activity of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2487-2495. [PMID: 37874155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant viruses is a serious concern in current chemotherapy for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infectious diseases. Hence, antiviral drugs aiming at targets that are different from those of approved drugs are still required, and the RNase H activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a suitable target. In this study, a search of a series of natural compounds was performed to identify the RNase H inhibitors. Three compounds were found to block the RNase H enzymatic activity. A laccaic acid skeleton was observed in all three natural compounds. A hydroxy phenyl group is connected to an anthraquinone backbone in the skeleton. An acetamido-ethyl, amino-carboxy-ethyl, and amino-ethyl are bound to the phenyl in laccaic acids A, C, and E, respectively. Laccaic acid C showed a 50% inhibitory concentration at 8.1 μM. Laccaic acid C also showed inhibitory activity in a cell-based viral proliferation assay. Binding structures of these three laccaic acids were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis using a recombinant protein composed of the HIV-1 RNase H domain. Two divalent metal ions were located at the catalytic center in which one carbonyl and two hydroxy groups on the anthraquinone backbone chelated two metal ions. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to examine the stabilities of the binding structures. Laccaic acid C showed the strongest binding to the catalytic site. These findings will be helpful for the design of potent inhibitors with modification of laccaic acids to enhance the binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Huiyan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Laboratory of Middle Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Middle Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwatani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, 4-1-1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 460-0001, Japan
- Department of AIDS Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Laboratory of Molecular Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Yang W, Zhuang J, Li C, Bai C, Cheng G. Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanisms of the Covalent Drugs for DNMT3A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12652. [PMID: 37628829 PMCID: PMC10454219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbations of DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) may cause uncontrolled gene expression, resulting in cancers and tumors. The DNMT inhibitors Azacytidine (AZA) and Zebularine (ZEB) inhibit the DNMT family with no specificities, and consequently would bring side effects during the treatment. Therefore, it is vital to understand the inhibitory mechanisms in DNMT3A to inform the new inhibitor design for DNMTs. Herein, we carried out molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) simulations to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of the AZA and ZEB. The results were compared to the methyl transfer of cytosine. We showed how the AZA might stop the methyl transfer process, whereas the ZEB might be stuck in a methyl-transferred intermediate (IM3). The IM3 state then fails the elimination due to the unique protein dynamics that result in missing the catalytic water chain. Our results brought atomic-level insights into the mechanisms of the two drugs in DNMT3A, which could benefit the new generation of drug design for the DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhuang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chen Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Chen Bai
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Guijuan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518017, China
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7
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Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Kabeer SW, Pant R, Sharma S, Tikoo K. Laccaic acid restores epigenetic alterations responsible for high fat diet induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 374:110401. [PMID: 36828244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Laccaic acid, the major constituent of the food colouring agent-lac dye, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Here we have evaluated the effects of laccaic acid on the high-fat diet induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice. Insulin resistance was developed in mice by feeding high-fat diet for 12 weeks. 6 week treatment with laccaic acid showed significant improvement in the morphometric, biochemical parameters and liver function. Western blotting experiments showed, laccaic acid increased phosphorylation of IRS1/2/AKT/GSK3β which is suppressed under insulin-resistant conditions in liver. Furthermore, it also attenuated the inflammatory ERK/NFκB signalling, thereby reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines- TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6. Concomitantly, laccaic acid increased AMPK/AKT-mediated phosphorylation of FOXO1, preventing its nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of gluconeogenic genes (G6PC and PCK1). Interestingly, treatment with laccaic acid also prevented high-fat diet induced alterations of histone methylation (H3K27me3 and H3K36me2) at global level. Our chromatin-immunoprecipitation data shows high-fat diet induced loss of inactivation mark H3K27me3 at FOXO1 promoter was regained upon laccaic acid treatment. Additionally, the expression of the H3K27 methylating enzyme EZH2 was also upregulated by laccaic acid. Together it all results in the downregulation of FOXO1 gene expression. To the best of our knowledge, we provide first evidence that laccaic acid either directly or indirectly modulates the epigenetic landscape of genes responsible for high-fat diet induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Wasil Kabeer
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Rajat Pant
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Kumar A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Das SK. Targeting epigenetic regulation for cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:73-161. [PMID: 36990539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display pervasive changes in DNA methylation, disrupted patterns of histone posttranslational modification, chromatin composition or organization and regulatory element activities that alter normal programs of gene expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that disturbances in the epigenome are hallmarks of cancer, which are targetable and represent attractive starting points for drug creation. Remarkable progress has been made in the past decades in discovering and developing epigenetic-based small molecule inhibitors. Recently, epigenetic-targeted agents in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been identified and these agents are either in current clinical trials or approved for treatment. However, epigenetic drug applications face many challenges, including low selectivity, poor bioavailability, instability and acquired drug resistance. New multidisciplinary approaches are being designed to overcome these limitations, e.g., applications of machine learning, drug repurposing, high throughput virtual screening technologies, to identify selective compounds with improved stability and better bioavailability. We provide an overview of the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulation that encompass histone and DNA modifications and discuss effector proteins that affect the organization of chromatin structure and function as well as presently available inhibitors as potential drugs. Current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes that have been approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world are highlighted. Many of these are in different stages of clinical evaluation. We also assess emerging strategies for combinatorial approaches of epigenetic drugs with immunotherapy, standard chemotherapy or other classes of agents and advances in the design of novel epigenetic therapies.
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Zhang Z, Wang G, Li Y, Lei D, Xiang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y, Yang J. Recent progress in DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1072651. [PMID: 37077808 PMCID: PMC10107375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1072651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase is an important epigenetic process that regulates gene expression in mammals, which plays a key role in silencing certain genes, such as tumor suppressor genes, in cancer, and it has become a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Similar to other epigenetic targets, DNA methyltransferase can also be modulated by chemical agents. Four agents have already been approved to treat hematological cancers. In order to promote the development of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor as an anti-tumor agent, in the current review, we discuss the relationship between DNA methylation and tumor, the anti-tumor mechanism, the research progress and pharmacological properties of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, and the future research trend of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Electron Microscopy Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
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Novel epigenetic therapeutic strategies and targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166552. [PMID: 36126898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of dysregulated epigenetic pathways in cancer genesis, development, and therapy has typically been established as a result of scientific and technical innovations in next generation sequencing. RNA interference, histone modification, DNA methylation and chromatin remodelling are epigenetic processes that control gene expression without causing mutations in the DNA. Although epigenetic abnormalities are thought to be a symptom of cell tumorigenesis and malignant events that impact tumor growth and drug resistance, physicians believe that related processes might be a key therapeutic target for cancer treatment and prevention due to the reversible nature of these processes. A plethora of novel strategies for addressing epigenetics in cancer therapy for immuno-oncological complications are currently available - ranging from basic treatment to epigenetic editing. - and they will be the subject of this comprehensive review. In this review, we cover most of the advancements made in the field of targeting epigenetics with special emphasis on microbiology, plasma science, biophysics, pharmacology, molecular biology, phytochemistry, and nanoscience.
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Dagur P, Ghosh M. Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity of Lac dye fractions against MDA-MB-231 and SIHA Cell Lines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2577-2585. [PMID: 35209821 DOI: 10.2174/1872210516666220224095221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laccifer lacca (Kerr) produces a mixture of polyhydroxy anthraquinones (laccaic acid) known as lac dye. Literature suggests that these laccaic acids have its structural resemblance with the anticancer drug Adriamycin (ADR). Hence, it may possess potential anticancer activity. METHOD This study was designed to explore the in vitro anticancer activity of the three fractions of lac dye, i.e., chloroform (C), methanol (M) and water (W) fractions and isolation of constituents from bioactive fraction. RESULTS SRB (Sulforhodamine B) assay method was employed to evaluate the inhibitory action of all the three fractions. However, only methanolic showed promising inhibitory action with GI50 <10, this runs parallel to Adriamycin inhibition (GI50 <10). Two active constituents of the methanolic extract were isolated by using column chromatography and were characterized using UV (UV visible spectrophotometer), IR (Infrared spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and Mass spectrometry methods. Final structure of the isolated constituents (Laccaic acid D and Laccaic acid B) was confirmed by 13C and 2D NMR data.. CONCLUSION Conclusively, only the methanol fraction (M) showed quiet promising anticancer activity against in vitro MDA-MB-231 and SiHa cell lines compared to the standard adriamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dagur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, INDIA
| | - Manik Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, INDIA
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13
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Inhibitors of DNA Methylation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:471-513. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Gutiérrez JR, Salgadoa ARM, Arias MDÁ, Vergara HSJ, Rada WR, Gómez CMM. Epigenetic Modulators as Treatment Alternative to Diverse Types of Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1503-1542. [PMID: 34963430 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211228111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA is packaged in rolls in an octamer of histones forming a complex of DNA and proteins called chromatin. Chromatin as a structural matrix of a chromosome and its modifications are nowadays considered relevant aspects for regulating gene expression, which has become of high interest in understanding genetic mechanisms regulating various diseases, including cancer. In various types of cancer, the main modifications are found to be DNA methylation in the CpG dinucleotide as a silencing mechanism in transcription, post-translational histone modifications such as acetylation, methylation and others that affect the chromatin structure, the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling and miRNA-mediated gene silencing. In this review we analyze the main alterations in gene expression, the epigenetic modification patterns that cancer cells present, as well as the main modulators and inhibitors of each epigenetic mechanism and the molecular evolution of the most representative inhibitors, which have opened a promising future in the study of HAT, HDAC, non-glycoside DNMT inhibitors and domain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorseth Rodelo Gutiérrez
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Arturo René Mendoza Salgadoa
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Marcio De Ávila Arias
- Department of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Group, Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Homero San- Juan- Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Group, Health Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Wendy Rosales Rada
- Advanced Biomedicine Research Group. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Advanced Biomedicine Research Group. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Mario Meléndez Gómez
- Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Zhang S, Gong Y, Li C, Yang W, Li L. Beyond regulations at DNA levels: A review of epigenetic therapeutics targeting cancer stem cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12963. [PMID: 33314500 PMCID: PMC7848960 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the paramount role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), in terms of cancer initiation, proliferation, metastasis, invasion and chemoresistance, has been revealed by accumulating studies. However, this level of cellular plasticity cannot be entirely explained by genetic mutations. Research on epigenetic modifications as a complementary explanation for the properties of CSCs has been increasing over the past several years. Notably, therapeutic strategies are currently being developed in an effort to reverse aberrant epigenetic alterations using specific chemical inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of CSCs and their role in cancer progression, and provide an overview of epigenetic alterations seen in CSCs. Importantly, we focus on primary cancer therapies that target the epigenetic modification of CSCs by the use of specific chemical inhibitors, such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors and microRNA‐based (miRNA‐based) therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanji Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Temporomandibular Joint, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Mondal P, Natesh J, Penta D, Meeran SM. Progress and promises of epigenetic drugs and epigenetic diets in cancer prevention and therapy: A clinical update. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:503-522. [PMID: 33309850 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable yet reversible, essential for normal physiological functions and biological development. Aberrant epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated gene regulation play a crucial role in cancer progression. In cellular reprogramming, irregular epigenomic modulations alter cell signaling pathways and the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, resulting in cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, alteration of epigenetic-status in cancer cells can be used as a potential target for cancer therapy. Several synthetic epigenetic inhibitors (epi-drugs) and natural epigenetic modulatory bioactives (epi-diets) have been shown to have the potential to alter the aberrant epigenetic status and inhibit cancer progression. Further, the use of combinatorial approaches with epigenetic drugs and diets has brought promising outcomes in cancer prevention and therapy. In this article, we have summarized the epigenetic modulatory activities of epi-drugs, epi-diets, and their combination against various cancers. We have also compiled the preclinical and clinical status of these epigenetic modulators in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jagadish Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Dhanamjai Penta
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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17
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Montalvo-Casimiro M, González-Barrios R, Meraz-Rodriguez MA, Juárez-González VT, Arriaga-Canon C, Herrera LA. Epidrug Repurposing: Discovering New Faces of Old Acquaintances in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605386. [PMID: 33312959 PMCID: PMC7708379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations are strongly associated with tumor progression and are well known in cancer development. However, recently discovered epigenetic alterations have shown the potential to greatly influence tumoral response to therapy regimens. Such epigenetic alterations have proven to be dynamic, and thus could be restored. Due to their reversible nature, the promising opportunity to improve chemotherapy response using epigenetic therapy has arisen. Beyond helping to understand the biology of the disease, the use of modern clinical epigenetics is being incorporated into the management of the cancer patient. Potential epidrug candidates can be found through a process known as drug repositioning or repurposing, a promising strategy for the discovery of novel potential targets in already approved drugs. At present, novel epidrug candidates have been identified in preclinical studies and some others are currently being tested in clinical trials, ready to be repositioned. This epidrug repurposing could circumvent the classic paradigm where the main focus is the development of agents with one indication only, while giving patients lower cost therapies and a novel precision medical approach to optimize treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity. This review focuses on the main approved epidrugs, and their druggable targets, that are currently being used in cancer therapy. Also, we highlight the importance of epidrug repurposing by the rediscovery of known chemical entities that may enhance epigenetic therapy in cancer, contributing to the development of precision medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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Moreira-Silva F, Camilo V, Gaspar V, Mano JF, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Repurposing Old Drugs into New Epigenetic Inhibitors: Promising Candidates for Cancer Treatment? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E410. [PMID: 32365701 PMCID: PMC7284583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, as a cancer hallmark, are associated with cancer initiation, progression and aggressiveness. Considering, however, that these alterations are reversible, drugs that target epigenetic machinery may have an inhibitory effect upon cancer treatment. The traditional drug discovery pathway is time-consuming and expensive, and thus, new and more effective strategies are required. Drug Repurposing (DR) comprises the discovery of a new medical indication for a drug that is approved for another indication, which has been recalled, that was not accepted or failed to prove efficacy. DR presents several advantages, mainly reduced resources, absence of the initial target discovery process and the reduced time necessary for the drug to be commercially available. There are numerous old drugs that are under study as repurposed epigenetic inhibitors which have demonstrated promising results in in vitro tumor models. Herein, we summarize the DR process and explore several repurposed drugs with different epigenetic targets that constitute promising candidates for cancer treatment, highlighting their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Moreira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
| | - Vânia Camilo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
| | - Vítor Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.G.); (J.F.M.)
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.G.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) and Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
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19
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Ristic B, Sikder MOF, Bhutia YD, Ganapathy V. Pharmacologic inducers of the uric acid exporter ABCG2 as potential drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:173-180. [PMID: 32373197 PMCID: PMC7193448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism and its plasma levels are maintained below its maximum solubility in water (6–7 mg/dl). The plasma levels are tightly regulated as the balance between the rate of production and the rate of excretion, the latter occurring in urine (kidney), bile (liver) and feces (intestinal tract). Reabsorption in kidney is also an important component of this process. Both excretion and reabsorption are mediated by specific transporters. Disruption of the balance between production and excretion leads to hyperuricemia, which increases the risk of uric acid crystallization as monosodium urate with subsequent deposition of the crystals in joints causing gouty arthritis. Loss-of-function mutations in the transporters that mediate uric acid excretion are associated with gout. The ATP-Binding Cassette exporter ABCG2 is important in uric acid excretion at all three sites: kidney (urine), liver (bile), and intestine (feces). Mutations in this transporter cause gout and these mutations occur at significant prevalence in general population. However, mutations that are most prevalent result only in partial loss of transport function. Therefore, if the expression of these partially defective transporters could be induced, the increased number of the transporter molecules would compensate for the mutation-associated decrease in transport function and hence increase uric acid excretion. As such, pharmacologic agents with ability to induce the expression of ABCG2 represent potentially a novel class of drugs for treatment of gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Corresponding author. Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States. Tel.: +1 806 743 2518.
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20
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Yu J, Xie T, Wang Z, Wang X, Zeng S, Kang Y, Hou T. DNA methyltransferases: emerging targets for the discovery of inhibitors as potent anticancer drugs. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2323-2331. [PMID: 31494187 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are a conserved family of cytosine methylases with crucial roles in epigenetic regulation. They have been considered as promising therapeutic targets for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Therefore, DNMT inhibitors (DNMTis) have attracted considerable interest in recent years for the modulation of the aberrant DNA methylation pattern in a reversible way. In this review, we provide a structure-based overview of the therapeutic importance of DNMTs against different cancer types, and then summarize recently investigated DNMTis as well as their inhibitory mechanisms, focusing on recent advances in the development of DNMTis with specificity and/or selectivity using computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tianli Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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21
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Gupta R, Bhatt LK, Momin M. Potent antitumor activity of Laccaic acid and Phenethyl isothiocyanate combination in colorectal cancer via dual inhibition of DNA methyltransferase-1 and Histone deacetylase-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 377:114631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Switzer RL, Medrano J, Reedel DA, Weiss J. Substituted anthraquinones represent a potential scaffold for DNA methyltransferase 1-specific inhibitors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219830. [PMID: 31306451 PMCID: PMC6629088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the most common epigenetic DNA modification is methylation of the 5-carbon of cytosines, predominantly in CpG dinucleotides. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark associated with gene repression. Disruption of the normal DNA methylation pattern is known to play a role in the initiation and progression of many cancers. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), the most abundant DNA methyltransferase in humans, is primarily responsible for maintenance of the DNA methylation pattern and is considered an important cancer drug target. Recently, laccaic acid A (LCA), a highly substituted anthraquinone natural product, was identified as a direct, DNA-competitive inhibitor of DNMT1. Here, we have successfully screened a small library of simplified anthraquinone compounds for DNMT1 inhibition. Using an endonuclease-coupled DNA methylation assay, we identified two anthraquinone compounds, each containing an aromatic substituent, that act as direct DNMT1 inhibitors. These simplified anthraquinone compounds retain the DNA-competitive mechanism of action of LCA and exhibit some selectivity for DNMT1 over DNMT3a. The newly identified compounds are at least 40-fold less potent than LCA, but have significantly less complex structures. Collectively, this data indicates that substituted anthraquinone compounds could serve as a novel scaffold for developing DNMT1-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Switzer
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Medrano
- Program in Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David A. Reedel
- Program in Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jill Weiss
- Program in Cell Biology/Biochemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Lascano S, Lopez M, Arimondo PB. Natural Products and Chemical Biology Tools: Alternatives to Target Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cancers. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1854-1876. [PMID: 30537358 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone acetylation are widely studied epigenetic modifications. They are involved in numerous pathologies such as cancer, neurological disease, inflammation, obesity, etc. Since the discovery of the epigenome, numerous compounds have been developed to reverse DNA methylation and histone acetylation aberrant profile in diseases. Among them several were inspired by Nature and have a great interest as therapeutic molecules. In the quest of finding new ways to target epigenetic mechanisms, the use of chemical tools is a powerful strategy to better understand epigenetic mechanisms in biological systems. In this review we will present natural products reported as DNMT or HDAC inhibitors for anticancer treatments. We will then discuss the use of chemical tools that have been used in order to explore the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Lascano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 240 avenue du Prof. E. Jeanbrau, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Marie Lopez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université de Montpellier-ENSCM, 240 avenue du Prof. E. Jeanbrau, 34296, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
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Florean C, Schnekenburger M, Lee JY, Kim KR, Mazumder A, Song S, Kim JM, Grandjenette C, Kim JG, Yoon AY, Dicato M, Kim KW, Christov C, Han BW, Proksch P, Diederich M. Discovery and characterization of Isofistularin-3, a marine brominated alkaloid, as a new DNA demethylating agent inducing cell cycle arrest and sensitization to TRAIL in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24027-49. [PMID: 27006469 PMCID: PMC5029682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the brominated alkaloid Isofistularin-3 (Iso-3), from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba, as a new DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)1 inhibitor. Docking analysis confirmed our in vitro DNMT inhibition data and revealed binding of Iso-3 within the DNA binding site of DNMT1. Subsequent increased expression of tumor suppressor gene aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) could be correlated to decreased methylation of CpG sites within the essential Sp1 regulatory region of its promoter. Iso-3 induced growth arrest of cancer cells in G0/G1 concomitant with increased p21 and p27 expression and reduced cyclin E1, PCNA and c-myc levels. Reduced proliferation was accompanied by morphological changes typical of autophagy revealed by fluorescent and transmission electron microscopy and validated by LC3I-II conversion. Furthermore, Iso-3 strongly synergized with tumor-necrosis-factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in RAJI [combination index (CI) = 0.22] and U-937 cells (CI = 0.21) and increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis via a mechanism involving reduction of survivin expression but not of Bcl-2 family proteins nor X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Iso-3 treatment decreased FLIPL expression and triggered activation of endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress with increased GRP78 expression, eventually inducing TRAIL receptor death receptor (DR)5 surface expression. Importantly, as a potential candidate for further anticancer drug development, Iso-3 reduced the viability, colony and in vivo tumor forming potential without affecting the viability of PBMCs from healthy donors or zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Florean
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Aloran Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Sungmi Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Jae-Myun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Cindy Grandjenette
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg
| | - Jeoung-Gyun Kim
- SNU-Harvard Neurovascular Protection Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Ah-Young Yoon
- SNU-Harvard Neurovascular Protection Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Lëtzebuerg, Luxembourg
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- SNU-Harvard Neurovascular Protection Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | | | - Byung-Woo Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
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Li L, Yokoyama S, Han N, Hayakawa Y. Lac water extract inhibits IFN-γ signaling through JAK2-STAT1-IRF1 axis in human melanoma. RSC Adv 2018; 8:21534-21540. [PMID: 35539920 PMCID: PMC9080938 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that plays an important role in the host defense of infectious diseases and in immune surveillance during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhui Li
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
| | - Na Han
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry
- Institute of Natural Medicine
- University of Toyama
- Toyama 930-0194
- Japan
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26
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Loo SK, Ch'ng ES, Lawrie CH, Muruzabal MA, Gaafar A, Pomposo MP, Husin A, Md Salleh MS, Banham AH, Pedersen LM, Møller MB, Green TM, Wong KK. DNMT1 is predictive of survival and associated with Ki-67 expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Pathology 2017; 49:731-739. [PMID: 29074044 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNMT1 is a target of approved anti-cancer drugs including decitabine. However, the prognostic value of DNMT1 protein expression in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) remains unexplored. Here we showed that DNMT1 was expressed in the majority of DLBCL cases (n = 209/230, 90.9%) with higher expression in germinal centre B-cell-like (GCB)-DLBCL subtype. Low and negative DNMT1 expression (20% cut-off, n = 33/230, 14.3%) was predictive of worse overall survival (OS; p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS; p < 0.001). Nonetheless, of the 209 DNMT1 positive patients, 33% and 42% did not achieve 5-year OS and PFS, respectively, indicating that DNMT1 positive patients showed considerably heterogeneous outcomes. Moreover, DNMT1 was frequently expressed in mitotic cells and significantly correlated with Ki-67 or BCL6 expression (r = 0.60 or 0.44, respectively; p < 0.001). We demonstrate that DNMT1 is predictive of DLBCL patients' survival, and suggest that DNMT1 could be a DLBCL therapeutic target due to its significant association with Ki-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Kee Loo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ewe Seng Ch'ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Charles H Lawrie
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oncology Department, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Ayman Gaafar
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | - Azlan Husin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Salzihan Md Salleh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alison H Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lars M Pedersen
- Department of Haematology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael B Møller
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tina M Green
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Loo SK, Ab Hamid SS, Musa M, Wong KK. DNMT1 is associated with cell cycle and DNA replication gene sets in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:134-143. [PMID: 29137822 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is associated with the pathogenesis of various types of cancer. It has been previously shown that DNMT1 is frequently expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), however its functions remain to be elucidated in the disease. In this study, we gene expression profiled (GEP) shRNA targeting DNMT1(shDNMT1)-treated germinal center B-cell-like DLBCL (GCB-DLBCL)-derived cell line (i.e. HT) compared with non-silencing shRNA (control shRNA)-treated HT cells. Independent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) performed using GEPs of shRNA-treated HT cells and primary GCB-DLBCL cases derived from two publicly-available datasets (i.e. GSE10846 and GSE31312) produced three separate lists of enriched gene sets for each gene sets collection from Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Subsequent Venn analysis identified 268, 145 and six consensus gene sets from analyzing gene sets in C2 collection (curated gene sets), C5 sub-collection [gene sets from gene ontology (GO) biological process ontology] and Hallmark collection, respectively to be enriched in positive correlation with DNMT1 expression profiles in shRNA-treated HT cells, GSE10846 and GSE31312 datasets [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05]. Cell cycle progression and DNA replication were among the significantly enriched biological processes (FDR <0.05). Expression of genes involved in the activation of cell cycle and DNA replication (e.g. CDK1, CCNA2, E2F2, PCNA, RFC5 and POLD3) were highly correlated (r>0.8) with DNMT1 expression and significantly downregulated (log fold-change <-1.35; p<0.05) following DNMT1 silencing in HT cells. These results suggest the involvement of DNMT1 in the activation of cell cycle and DNA replication in DLBCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet Kee Loo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suzina Sheikh Ab Hamid
- Tissue Bank Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mustaffa Musa
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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28
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Thakur S, Brenner C. KRAS-driven miR-29b expression is required for tumor suppressor gene silencing. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74755-74766. [PMID: 29088821 PMCID: PMC5650376 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS activation drives DNA methylation and silencing of specific tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). We previously showed that the ERK pathway induces transcriptional repression of TET1, which results in conversion of TSG promoters from a hydroxymethylated, active state to a hypermethylated and silenced state. Here we identified miR-29b as a KRAS-induced molecule that represses TET1 expression. In KRAS-transformed cells, ectopic miR-29b inhibition restores expression of TET1, thereby reactivating TSGs by reducing methylation and restoring hydroxymethylation. Mining gene expression data of lung cancer cell lines identified additional TSGs suppressed by KRAS signaling whose expression was restored by inhibition of miR-29b and re-expression of TET1. Because KRAS changes TSG promoters from hydroxymethylated to hypermethylated with miR-29b-dependent silencing of TET1, we demonstrate a model in which DNMT1 is present on target promoters prior to KRAS transformation. In addition, we propose miR-29b as a potential circulating biomarker and target for rational treatment of specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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29
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Gao X, Hicks KC, Neumann P, Patel TB. Hypoxia inducible factors regulate the transcription of the sprouty2 gene and expression of the sprouty2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171616. [PMID: 28196140 PMCID: PMC5308774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) signaling plays a major role in tumorigenesis and normal development. Sprouty2 (Spry2) attenuates RTK signaling and inhibits processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and survival, which are all upregulated in tumors. Indeed in cancers of the liver, lung, prostate and breast, Spry2 protein levels are markedly decreased correlating with poor patient prognosis and shorter survival. Thus, it is important to understand how expression of Spry2 is regulated. While prior studies have focused on the post-translation regulation of Spry2, very few studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of SPRY2 gene. Here, we demonstrate that in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by the transcription regulating hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are composed of an oxygen regulated alpha subunit (HIF1α or HIF2α) and a beta subunit (HIF1β). Intriguingly, silencing of HIF1α and HIF2α elevates SPRY2 mRNA and protein levels suggesting HIFs reduce the transcription of the SPRY2 promoter. In silico analysis identified ten hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that HIF1α/2α bind near the putative HREs in the proximal promoter and intron of SPRY2. Our studies demonstrated that not only is the SPRY2 promoter methylated, but silencing HIF1α/2α reduced the methylation. ChIP assays also showed DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) binding to the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2 and silencing HIF1α/2α decreased this association. Additionally, silencing of DNMT1 mimicked the HIF1α/2α silencing-mediated increase in SPRY2 mRNA and protein. While simultaneous silencing of HIF1α/2α and DNMT1 increased SPRY2 mRNA a little more, the increase was not additive suggesting a common mechanism by which DNMT1 and HIF1α/2α regulate SPRY2 transcription. Together these data suggest that the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by HIFs, in part, via DNMT1- mediated methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kristin C. Hicks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Tarun B. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Castillo-Aguilera O, Depreux P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Goossens L. DNA Methylation Targeting: The DNMT/HMT Crosstalk Challenge. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010003. [PMID: 28067760 PMCID: PMC5372715 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin can adopt a decondensed state linked to gene transcription (euchromatin) and a condensed state linked to transcriptional repression (heterochromatin). These states are controlled by epigenetic modulators that are active on either the DNA or the histones and are tightly associated to each other. Methylation of both DNA and histones is involved in either the activation or silencing of genes and their crosstalk. Since DNA/histone methylation patterns are altered in cancers, molecules that target these modifications are interesting therapeutic tools. We present herein a vast panel of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors classified according to their mechanism, as well as selected histone methyltransferase inhibitors sharing a common mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Castillo-Aguilera
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Depreux
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Halby
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
- Churchill College, Cambridge CB3 0DS, UK.
| | - Laurence Goossens
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
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31
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Pechalrieu D, Etievant C, Arimondo PB. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in cancer: From pharmacology to translational studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 129:1-13. [PMID: 27956110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a mammalian epigenetic mark that participates to define where and when genes are expressed, both in normal cells and in the context of diseases. Like other epigenetic marks, it is reversible and can be modulated by chemical agents. Because it plays an important role in cancer by silencing certain genes, such as tumour suppressor genes, it is a promising therapeutic target. Two compounds are already approved to treat haematological cancers, and many efforts have been carried out to discover new molecules that inhibit DNA methyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for DNA methylation. Here, we analyse the molecular mechanisms and cellular pharmacology of these inhibitors, pointing out the necessity for new pharmacological models and paradigms. The parameters of pharmacological responses need to be redefined: the aim is cellular reprogramming rather than general cytotoxicity. Thus, "epigenetic" rather than cytotoxic dosages are defined. Another issue is the delay of the response: cellular reprogramming can take several generations to produce observable phenotypes. Is this compatible with laboratory scale experiments? Finally, it is important to consider the specificity for cancer cells compared to normal cells and the appearance of resistance. We also discuss different techniques that are used and the selection of pharmacological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Pechalrieu
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre USR3388, CNRS FRE3600, ETaC, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Etievant
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre USR3388, CNRS FRE3600, ETaC, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre USR3388, CNRS FRE3600, ETaC, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, Toulouse, France.
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32
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Agrawal K, Das V, Otmar M, Krečmerová M, Džubák P, Hajdúch M. Cell-based DNA demethylation detection system for screening of epigenetic drugs in 2D, 3D, and xenograft models. Cytometry A 2016; 91:133-143. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Agrawal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Otmar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i, Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i, Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
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33
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Xu P, Hu G, Luo C, Liang Z. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors: an updated patent review (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1017-30. [PMID: 27376512 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1209488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), important enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, represent promising targets in cancer therapy. DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi), which can modulate the aberrant DNA methylation pattern in a reversible way via inhibiting DNMT activity, have attracted significant attention in recent years. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the newly patented inhibitors targeting DNMTs, mainly incorporating small molecular inhibitors and oligonucleotide derivatives. The chemical structures, biological activity, and the encouraging clinical research in progress are delineated in detail. EXPERT OPINION Two drugs, azacitidine and decitabine, have evidently shown efficacy in hematologic malignancies, yet do not work well on solid tumors, have low specificity, substantial toxicity, and poor bioavailability. With the rapid advancement in systems biology, drug combinations, such as DNMTi, in conjugation with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) or immunotherapy, probably serve as an efficient way of implementing epigenetic therapy. Meanwhile, the resolved autoinhibitory structures of DNMTs afford a novel strategy for targeting the protein-protein interface involved in the autoinhi-bitory interactions. The molecular mechanism underlying the conformational transitions would also shed new light on the design of allosteric inhibitors. Both strategies would produce inhibitors with more selectivity compared to nucleotide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- a Center for Systems Biology , Soochow University , Jiangsu , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Guang Hu
- a Center for Systems Biology , Soochow University , Jiangsu , China
| | - Cheng Luo
- b Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhongjie Liang
- a Center for Systems Biology , Soochow University , Jiangsu , China
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34
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Lopez M, Halby L, Arimondo PB. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors: Development and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:431-473. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Pattanayak S, Chakraborty S, Mollick MMR, Roy I, Basu S, Rana D, Gauri SS, Chattopadhyay D, Chakraborty M. In situ fluorescence of lac dye stabilized gold nanoparticles; DNA binding assay and toxicity study. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00087h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ synthesis of natural lac stabilized AuNPs, having DNA interactions and antitoxicity properties: UV-Vis and fluorimetric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata-700009
- India
| | - Samita Basu
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Kolkata-700 064
- India
| | - Dipak Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Industrial Membrane Research Institute
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | | | | | - Mukut Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry
- West Bengal State University
- Kolkata-700126
- India
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36
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Gawade RL, Chakravarty DK, Debgupta J, Sangtani E, Narwade S, Gonnade RG, Puranik VG, Deobagkar DD. Comparative study of dG affinity vs. DNA methylation modulating properties of side chain derivatives of procainamide: insight into its DNA hypomethylating effect. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural features of side-chains govern the association of procainamide and its derivatives with dG base of CpG rich DNA, which may differentially hinder the activity of DNMT-1, thereby they act as DNA hypomethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Gawade
- Centre for Materials Characterisation
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - D. K. Chakravarty
- Department of Zoology
- Centre for Advanced Studies
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - J. Debgupta
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - E. Sangtani
- Centre for Materials Characterisation
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - S. Narwade
- Department of Zoology
- Centre for Advanced Studies
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | - R. G. Gonnade
- Centre for Materials Characterisation
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - V. G. Puranik
- Centre for Materials Characterisation
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - D. D. Deobagkar
- Department of Zoology
- Centre for Advanced Studies
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
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Abstract
The approval of DNA methylation inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia has demonstrated that modulation of relatively broad epigenetic regulatory processes can show beneficial efficacy/safety profiles in defined patient groups. This chapter will focus on the biochemical mechanisms controlling DNA methylation, consequences of aberrant DNA methylation in complex chronic diseases, existing modulators of DNA methylation used in the clinic, and opportunities for new drugs targeting this central epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom D. Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals 436 Cambridge Science Park Cambridge CB4 0QA UK
| | - Michael McCullar
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc. 4140 Dublin Boulevard, Suite 200 Dublin CA 94568 USA
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38
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Computational fishing of new DNA methyltransferase inhibitors from natural products. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:43-54. [PMID: 26099696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) have become an alternative for cancer therapies. However, only two DNMTis have been approved as anticancer drugs, although with some restrictions. Natural products (NPs) are a promising source of drugs. In order to find NPs with novel chemotypes as DNMTis, 47 compounds with known activity against these enzymes were used to build a LDA-based QSAR model for active/inactive molecules (93% accuracy) based on molecular descriptors. This classifier was employed to identify potential DNMTis on 800 NPs from NatProd Collection. 447 selected compounds were docked on two human DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) structures (PDB codes: 3SWR and 2QRV) using AutoDock Vina and Surflex-Dock, prioritizing according to their score values, contact patterns at 4 Å and molecular diversity. Six consensus NPs were identified as virtual hits against DNMTs, including 9,10-dihydro-12-hydroxygambogic, phloridzin, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone 4'-glucoside, daunorubicin, pyrromycin and centaurein. This method is an innovative computational strategy for identifying DNMTis, useful in the identification of potent and selective anticancer drugs.
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39
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Gros C, Fleury L, Nahoum V, Faux C, Valente S, Labella D, Cantagrel F, Rilova E, Bouhlel MA, David-Cordonnier MH, Dufau I, Ausseil F, Mai A, Mourey L, Lacroix L, Arimondo PB. New insights on the mechanism of quinoline-based DNA Methyltransferase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:6293-302. [PMID: 25525263 PMCID: PMC4358266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the epigenetic marks, DNA methylation is one of the most studied. It is highly deregulated in numerous diseases, including cancer. Indeed, it has been shown that hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes promoters is a common feature of cancer cells. Because DNA methylation is reversible, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), responsible for this epigenetic mark, are considered promising therapeutic targets. Several molecules have been identified as DNMT inhibitors and, among the non-nucleoside inhibitors, 4-aminoquinoline-based inhibitors, such as SGI-1027 and its analogs, showed potent inhibitory activity. Here we characterized the in vitro mechanism of action of SGI-1027 and two analogs. Enzymatic competition studies with the DNA substrate and the methyl donor cofactor, S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet), displayed AdoMet non-competitive and DNA competitive behavior. In addition, deviations from the Michaelis-Menten model in DNA competition experiments suggested an interaction with DNA. Thus their ability to interact with DNA was established; although SGI-1027 was a weak DNA ligand, analog 5, the most potent inhibitor, strongly interacted with DNA. Finally, as 5 interacted with DNMT only when the DNA duplex was present, we hypothesize that this class of chemical compounds inhibit DNMTs by interacting with the DNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gros
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Fleury
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Nahoum
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, 31077, France, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Céline Faux
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Sergio Valente
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Donatella Labella
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Frédéric Cantagrel
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Rilova
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Bouhlel
- INSERM UMR837-JPARC (Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center), Team 4, IRCL, 59045 Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Dufau
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Antonello Mai
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy, Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy, and
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS, Toulouse, 31077, France, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | | | - Paola B Arimondo
- From the Unité de Service et de Recherche CNRS-Pierre Fabre 3388, ETaC, CRDPF, 31100 Toulouse, France,
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40
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Erdmann A, Halby L, Fahy J, Arimondo PB. Targeting DNA Methylation with Small Molecules: What’s Next? J Med Chem 2014; 58:2569-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500843d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Erdmann
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Ludovic Halby
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Jacques Fahy
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer,
USR3388 ETaC, CNRS-Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue H. Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
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41
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Suppression of TET1-dependent DNA demethylation is essential for KRAS-mediated transformation. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1827-1840. [PMID: 25466250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation-mediated tumor suppressor gene (TSG) silencing is a central epigenetic alteration in RAS-dependent tumorigenesis. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes can depress DNA methylation by hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) bases to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we report that suppression of TET1 is required for KRAS-induced DNA hypermethylation and cellular transformation. In distinct nonmalignant cell lines, oncogenic KRAS promotes transformation by inhibiting TET1 expression via the ERK-signaling pathway. This reduces chromatin occupancy of TET1 at TSG promoters, lowers levels of 5hmC, and increases levels of 5mC and 5mC-dependent transcriptional silencing. Restoration of TET1 expression by ERK pathway inhibition or ectopic TET1 reintroduction in KRAS-transformed cells reactivates TSGs and inhibits colony formation. KRAS knockdown increases TET1 expression and diminishes colony-forming ability, whereas KRAS/TET1 double knockdown bypasses the KRAS dependence of KRAS-addicted cancer cells. Thus, suppression of TET1-dependent DNA demethylation is critical for KRAS-mediated transformation.
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42
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Chen S, Wang Y, Zhou W, Li S, Peng J, Shi Z, Hu J, Liu YC, Ding H, Lin Y, Li L, Cheng S, Liu J, Lu T, Jiang H, Liu B, Zheng M, Luo C. Identifying novel selective non-nucleoside DNA methyltransferase 1 inhibitors through docking-based virtual screening. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9028-41. [PMID: 25333769 DOI: 10.1021/jm501134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) found in mammals include DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B and are attractive targets in cancer chemotherapy. DNMT1 was the first among the DNMTs to be characterized, and it is responsible for maintaining DNA methylation patterns. A number of DNMT inhibitors have been reported, but most of them are nucleoside analogs that can lead to toxic side effects and lack specificity. By combining docking-based virtual screening with biochemical analyses, we identified a novel compound, DC_05. DC_05 is a non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitor with low micromolar IC50 values and significant selectivity toward other AdoMet-dependent protein methyltransferases. Through a process of similarity-based analog searching, compounds DC_501 and DC_517 were found to be more potent than DC_05. These three potent compounds significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and binding modes of these inhibitors were also analyzed to assist in the future development of more potent and more specific DNMT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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43
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Cabezas-Cruz A, Lancelot J, Caby S, Oliveira G, Pierce RJ. Epigenetic control of gene function in schistosomes: a source of therapeutic targets? Front Genet 2014; 5:317. [PMID: 25309576 PMCID: PMC4159997 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression has revolutionized both our understanding of how genomes function and approaches to the therapy of numerous pathologies. Schistosomes are metazoan parasites and as such utilize most, if not all the epigenetic mechanisms in play in their vertebrate hosts: histone variants, histone tail modifications, non-coding RNA and, perhaps, DNA methylation. Moreover, we are acquiring an increasing understanding of the ways in which these mechanisms come into play during the complex schistosome developmental program. In turn, interest in the actors involved in epigenetic mechanisms, particularly the enzymes that carry out epigenetic modifications of histones or nucleic acid, as therapeutic targets has been stimulated by the finding that their inhibitors exert profound effects, not only on survival, but also on the reproductive function of Schistosoma mansoni. Here, we review our current knowledge, and what we can infer, about the role of epigenetic mechanisms in schistosome development, differentiation and survival. We will consider which epigenetic actors can be targeted for drug discovery and what strategies can be employed to develop potent, selective inhibitors as drugs to cure schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Julien Lancelot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Stéphanie Caby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical DiseasesBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raymond J. Pierce
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019 – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8204, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de LilleLille, France
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44
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Tao H, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Deng ZY, Li J. DNA methylation in cardiac fibrosis: new advances and perspectives. Toxicology 2014; 323:125-9. [PMID: 25017140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. More specifically, cardiac fibroblasts are activated by a variety of pathological stimuli, thereby undergoing proliferation, differentiation to myofibroblasts, and production of various cytokines and ECM proteins. Thus, understanding the biological processes of cardiac fibroblasts will provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism, which often occurs in response to environmental stimuli and is crucial in regulating gene expression. The aberrant methylation of CpG island promoters of selected genes is the prominent epigenetic mechanism by which gene transcription can be effectively silenced. Aberrant hypermethylation of a few selected genes such as RASSF1A plays an important role in facilitating fibrotic fibroblast activation and in driving fibrosis. In this review we will discuss the mechanisms of DNA methylation and their implications for cardiac fibroblasts activation and fibrosis. Control of DNA methylation may serve as a new strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Zi-Yu Deng
- Department of Scientific and Educational, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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45
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Kang JS, Meier JL, Dervan PB. Design of sequence-specific DNA binding molecules for DNA methyltransferase inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3687-94. [PMID: 24502234 PMCID: PMC3985849 DOI: 10.1021/ja500211z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The CpG dyad, an important genomic feature in DNA methylation and transcriptional regulation, is an attractive target for small molecules. To assess the utility of minor groove binding oligomers for CpG recognition, we screened a small library of hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamides targeting the sequence 5'-CGCG-3' and assessed their sequence specificity using an unbiased next-generation sequencing assay. Our findings indicate that hairpin polyamide of sequence PyImβIm-γ-PyImβIm (1), previously identified as a high affinity 5'-CGCG-3' binder, favors 5'-GCGC-3' in an unanticipated reverse binding orientation. Replacement of one β alanine with Py to afford PyImPyIm-γ-PyImβIm (3) restores the preference for 5'-CGCG-3' binding in a forward orientation. The minor groove binding hairpin 3 inhibits DNA methyltransferase activity in the major groove at its target site more effectively than 1, providing a molecular basis for design of sequence-specific antagonists of CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeenJoo S Kang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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46
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Asgatay S, Champion C, Marloie G, Drujon T, Senamaud-Beaufort C, Ceccaldi A, Erdmann A, Rajavelu A, Schambel P, Jeltsch A, Lequin O, Karoyan P, Arimondo PB, Guianvarc’h D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Analogues of N-Phthaloyl-l-tryptophan (RG108) as Inhibitors of DNA Methyltransferase 1. J Med Chem 2014; 57:421-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401419p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saâdia Asgatay
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Christine Champion
- MNHN CNRS
UMR 7196, INSERM U565, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaël Marloie
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Drujon
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Alexandre Ceccaldi
- MNHN CNRS
UMR 7196, INSERM U565, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- UPMC Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Erdmann
- USR ETaC CNRS-Pierre Fabre No. 3388, CRDPF BP 13562, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Schambel
- Institut de Recherche Pierre
Fabre, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 17 Rue Jean Moulin, 81 106, Castres Cedex, France
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Karoyan
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- MNHN CNRS
UMR 7196, INSERM U565, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- USR ETaC CNRS-Pierre Fabre No. 3388, CRDPF BP 13562, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100 Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Guianvarc’h
- Laboratoire des BioMolécules,
UMR 7203, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, ENS, CNRS, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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47
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Fagan RL, Wu M, Chédin F, Brenner C. An ultrasensitive high throughput screen for DNA methyltransferase 1-targeted molecular probes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78752. [PMID: 24236046 PMCID: PMC3827244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is the enzyme most responsible for epigenetic modification of human DNA and the intended target of approved cancer drugs such as 5-aza-cytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. 5-aza nucleosides have complex mechanisms of action that require incorporation into DNA, and covalent trapping and proteolysis of DNMT isozymes. Direct DNMT inhibitors are needed to refine understanding of the role of specific DNMT isozymes in cancer etiology and, potentially, to improve cancer prevention and treatment. Here, we developed a high throughput pipeline for identification of direct DNMT1 inhibitors. The components of this screen include an activated form of DNMT1, a restriction enzyme-coupled fluorigenic assay performed in 384 well plates with a z-factor of 0.66, a counter screen against the restriction enzyme, a screen to eliminate DNA intercalators, and a differential scanning fluorimetry assay to validate direct binders. Using the Microsource Spectrum collection of 2320 compounds, this screen identified nine compounds with dose responses ranging from 300 nM to 11 µM, representing at least two different pharmacophores with DNMT1 inhibitory activity. Seven of nine inhibitors identified exhibited two to four-fold selectivity for DNMT1 versus DNMT3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Fagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Frédéric Chédin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Huang J, Stewart A, Maity B, Hagen J, Fagan RL, Yang J, Quelle DE, Brenner C, Fisher RA. RGS6 suppresses Ras-induced cellular transformation by facilitating Tip60-mediated Dnmt1 degradation and promoting apoptosis. Oncogene 2013; 33:3604-11. [PMID: 23995786 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RAS protooncogene has a central role in regulation of cell proliferation, and point mutations leading to oncogenic activation of Ras occur in a large number of human cancers. Silencing of tumor-suppressor genes by DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is essential for oncogenic cellular transformation by Ras, and Dnmt1 is overexpressed in numerous human cancers. Here we provide new evidence that the pleiotropic regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family member RGS6 suppresses Ras-induced cellular transformation by facilitating Tip60-mediated degradation of Dmnt1 and promoting apoptosis. Employing mouse embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type and RGS6(-/-) mice, we found that oncogenic Ras induced upregulation of RGS6, which in turn blocked Ras-induced cellular transformation. RGS6 functions to suppress cellular transformation in response to oncogenic Ras by downregulating Dnmt1 protein expression leading to inhibition of Dnmt1-mediated anti-apoptotic activity. Further experiments showed that RGS6 functions as a scaffolding protein for both Dnmt1 and Tip60 and is required for Tip60-mediated acetylation of Dnmt1 and subsequent Dnmt1 ubiquitylation and degradation. The RGS domain of RGS6, known only for its GTPase-activating protein activity toward Gα subunits, was sufficient to mediate Tip60 association with RGS6. This work demonstrates a novel signaling action for RGS6 in negative regulation of oncogene-induced transformation and provides new insights into our understanding of the mechanisms underlying Ras-induced oncogenic transformation and regulation of Dnmt1 expression. Importantly, these findings identify RGS6 as an essential cellular defender against oncogenic stress and a potential therapeutic target for developing new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - A Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - B Maity
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Hagen
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R L Fagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - J Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - D E Quelle
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C Brenner
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R A Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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