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Marchant V, Trionfetti F, Tejedor-Santamaria L, Rayego-Mateos S, Rotili D, Bontempi G, Domenici A, Menè P, Mai A, Martín-Cleary C, Ortiz A, Ramos AM, Strippoli R, Ruiz-Ortega M. BET Protein Inhibitor JQ1 Ameliorates Experimental Peritoneal Damage by Inhibition of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2055. [PMID: 38136175 PMCID: PMC10740563 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a current replacement therapy for end-stage kidney diseases (ESKDs). However, long-term exposure to PD fluids may lead to damage of the peritoneal membrane (PM) through mechanisms involving the activation of the inflammatory response and mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), leading to filtration failure. Peritoneal damage depends on a complex interaction among external stimuli, intrinsic properties of the PM, and subsequent activities of the local innate-adaptive immune system. Epigenetic drugs targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins have shown beneficial effects on different experimental preclinical diseases, mainly by inhibiting proliferative and inflammatory responses. However the effect of BET inhibition on peritoneal damage has not been studied. To this aim, we have evaluated the effects of treatment with the BET inhibitor JQ1 in a mouse model of peritoneal damage induced by chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). We found that JQ1 ameliorated the CHX-induced PM thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, JQ1 decreased gene overexpression of proinflammatory and profibrotic markers, together with an inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Additionally, JQ1 blocked the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and restored changes in the mRNA expression levels of NADPH oxidases (NOX1 and NOX4) and NRF2/target antioxidant response genes. To corroborate the in vivo findings, we evaluated the effects of the BET inhibitor JQ1 on PD patients' effluent-derived primary mesothelial cells and on the MeT-5A cell line. JQ1 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced proinflammatory gene upregulation and restored MMT phenotype changes, together with the downmodulation of oxidative stress. Taken together, these results suggest that BET inhibitors may be a potential therapeutic option to ameliorate peritoneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Marchant
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.)
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Flavia Trionfetti
- Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Tejedor-Santamaria
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.)
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.)
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Giulio Bontempi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Domenici
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Menè
- Renal Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Catalina Martín-Cleary
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Adrian M. Ramos
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
- Laboratory of Nephrology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Gene Expression Laboratory, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (R.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular and Molecular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.)
- RICORS2040, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.O.); (A.M.R.)
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Palumbo GA, Duminuco A. Myelofibrosis: In Search for BETter Targeted Therapies. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:5044-5048. [PMID: 37751563 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Palumbo
- Department of Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate "G.F. Ingrassia," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Duminuco
- Postgraduate School of Hematology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Ma T, Chen Y, Yi ZG, Li YH, Bai J, Li LJ, Zhang LS. BET in hematologic tumors: Immunity, pathogenesis, clinical trials and drug combinations. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2306-2319. [PMID: 37554207 PMCID: PMC10404881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins act as "readers" for lysine acetylation and facilitate the recruitment of transcriptional elongation complexes. BET protein is associated with transcriptional elongation of genes such as c-MYC and BCL-2, and is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. Meanwhile, BET inhibitors (BETi) have regulatory effects on immune checkpoints, immune cells, and cytokine expression. The role of BET proteins and BETi in a variety of tumors has been studied. This paper reviews the recent research progress of BET and BETi in hematologic tumors (mainly leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma) from cellular level studies, animal studies, clinical trials, drug combination, etc. BETi has a promising future in hematologic tumors, and future research directions may focus on the combination with other drugs to improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Yi
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yan-Hong Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Li-Juan Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Mumby S, Perros F, Grynblat J, Manaud G, Papi A, Casolari P, Caramori G, Humbert M, John Wort S, Adcock IM. Differential responses of pulmonary vascular cells from PAH patients and controls to TNFα and the effect of the BET inhibitor JQ1. Respir Res 2023; 24:193. [PMID: 37516840 PMCID: PMC10386603 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) encompasses a group of diseases characterized by raised pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting from vascular remodelling and inflammation. Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are required for the expression of a subset of NF-κB-induced inflammatory genes which can be inhibited by the BET mimic JQ1+. We hypothesised that JQ+ would supress TNFα-driven inflammatory responses in human pulmonary vascular cells from PAH patients. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of human peripheral lung tissue (N = 14 PAH and N = 12 non-PAH) was performed for the BET proteins BRD2 and 4. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) from PAH patients (N = 4) and non-PAH controls (N = 4) were stimulated with TNFα in presence or absence of JQ1+ or its inactive isomer JQ1-. IL-6 and -8 mRNA was measured by RT-qPCR and protein levels by ELISA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed using EZ-ChIP™ and NF-κB p65 activation determined using a TransAm kit. MTT assay was used to measure cell viability. RESULTS Nuclear staining of BRD2 and BRD4 was significantly (p < 0.0001) increased in the lung vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells from PAH patients compared to controls with normal lung function. TNFα-driven IL-6 release from both HPMECs and HPASMCs was greater in PAH cells than control cells. Levels of CXCL8/IL-8 protein release was higher in PAH HPASMCs than in control cells with similar release observed in HPMECs. TNFα-induced recruitment of activated NF-κB p65 to the IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 promoters were similar in both cell types and between subject groups. JQ1+ suppressed TNFα-induced IL-6 and CXCL8/IL-8 release and mRNA expression to a comparable extent in control and PAH HPMECs and HPASMCs. JQ1 had a greater efficacy on IL-6 release in HPMEC and on CXCL8/IL-8 release in HPASMC. CONCLUSION BET inhibition decreases TNFα driven inflammation in primary pulmonary vascular cells. The anti-inflammatory actions of JQ1 suggests distinct cell-specific regulatory control of these genes. BET proteins could be a target for future therapies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mumby
- Respiratory Science, NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Frederic Perros
- Inserm UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRAE U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Julien Grynblat
- Inserm UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Gregoire Manaud
- Inserm UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Alberto Papi
- Interdepartmental Study Center for Inflammatory and Smoke-Related Airway Diseases, Cardiorespiratory and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Interdepartmental Study Center for Inflammatory and Smoke-Related Airway Diseases, Cardiorespiratory and Internal Medicine Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e Delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università Degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marc Humbert
- Inserm UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - S John Wort
- Respiratory Science, NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Respiratory Science, NHLI, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ma Z, Bolinger AA, Zhou J, Tian B. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4): a key player in inflammatory bowel disease and potential to inspire epigenetic therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1-7. [PMID: 36710583 PMCID: PMC11092387 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2175317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are debilitating chronic inflammatory disorders with increasing prevalence worldwide. Epigenetic regulator bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is critical in controlling gene expression of IBD-associated inflammatory cytokine networks. BRD4 as a promising therapeutic target is also tightly associated with many other diseases, such as airway inflammation and fibrosis, cancers, infectious diseases and central nervous system disorders. AREAS COVERED This review briefly summarized the critical role of BRD4 in the pathogenesis of IBDs and the current clinical landscape of developing bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) inhibitors. The challenges and opportunities as well as future directions of targeting BRD4 inhibition for potential IBD medications were also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Targeting BRD4 with potent and specific inhibitors may offer novel effective therapeutics for IBD patients, particularly those who are refractory to anti-TNFα therapy and IBD-related profibrotic. Developing highly specific BRD4 inhibitors for IBD medications may help erase the drawbacks of most current pan-BET/BRD4 inhibitors, such as off-target effects, poor oral bioavailability, and low gut mucosal absorbance. Novel strategies such as combinatorial therapy, BRD4-based dual inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) may also have great potential to mitigate side effects and overcome drug resistance during IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Ma
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Shi X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhao W, Dai X, Yang YG, Zhang X. Targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins to inhibit neuroblastoma tumorigenesis through regulating MYCN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1021820. [PMID: 36187481 PMCID: PMC9523081 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1021820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins play important roles in regulating the expression of multiple proto-oncogenes by recognizing acetylation of histones and non-histone proteins including transcription factors, which subsequently promote tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis and immune escape. Therefore, BET family proteins are considered attractive therapeutic targets in various cancers. Currently, blocking of the BET proteins is a widely used therapeutic strategy for MYCN amplified high-risk neuroblastoma. Here, we summarized and reviewed the recent research progresses for the critical function of BET proteins, as an epigenetic reader, on tumorigenesis and the therapeutic potential of the BET/BRD4 inhibitors on MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We also discussed the combined therapeutic strategies for BET inhibitor-resistant neuroblastoma.
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Epigenetic Modulation of Gremlin-1/NOTCH Pathway in Experimental Crescentic Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020121. [PMID: 35215234 PMCID: PMC8876310 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crescentic glomerulonephritis is a devastating autoimmune disease that without early and properly treatment may rapidly progress to end-stage renal disease and death. Current immunosuppressive treatment provides limited efficacy and an important burden of adverse events. Epigenetic drugs are a source of novel therapeutic tools. Among them, bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitors (iBETs) block the interaction between bromodomains and acetylated proteins, including histones and transcription factors. iBETs have demonstrated protective effects on malignancy, inflammatory disorders and experimental kidney disease. Recently, Gremlin-1 was proposed as a urinary biomarker of disease progression in human anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis. We have now evaluated whether iBETs could regulate Gremlin-1 in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) in mice, a model resembling human crescentic glomerulonephritis. In NTS-injected mice, the iBET JQ1 inhibited renal Gremlin-1 overexpression and diminished glomerular damage, restoring podocyte numbers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated BRD4 enrichment of the Grem-1 gene promoter in injured kidneys, consistent with Gremlin-1 epigenetic regulation. Moreover, JQ1 blocked BRD4 binding and inhibited Grem-1 gene transcription. The beneficial effect of iBETs was also mediated by modulation of NOTCH pathway. JQ1 inhibited the gene expression of the NOTCH effectors Hes-1 and Hey-1 in NTS-injured kidneys. Our results further support the role for epigenetic drugs, such as iBETs, in the treatment of rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Lara-Ureña N, García-Domínguez M. Relevance of BET Family Proteins in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1126. [PMID: 34439792 PMCID: PMC8391731 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic we are experiencing caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has put the world's population on the rack, with more than 191 million cases and more than 4.1 million deaths confirmed to date. This disease is caused by a new type of coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A massive proteomic analysis has revealed that one of the structural proteins of the virus, the E protein, interacts with BRD2 and BRD4 proteins of the Bromodomain and Extra Terminal domain (BET) family of proteins. BETs are essential to cell cycle progression, inflammation and immune response and have also been strongly associated with infection by different types of viruses. The fundamental role BET proteins play in transcription makes them appropriate targets for the propagation strategies of some viruses. Recognition of histone acetylation by BET bromodomains is essential for transcription control. The development of drugs mimicking acetyl groups, and thereby able to displace BET proteins from chromatin, has boosted interest on BETs as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The success of these drugs against a variety of diseases in cellular and animal models has been recently enlarged with promising results from SARS-CoV-2 infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario García-Domínguez
- Andalusian Centre for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Av. Américo Vespucio 24, 41092 Seville, Spain;
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Measuring NF-κB Phosphorylation and Acetylation. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34236629 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1669-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of NF-κB, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation, have emerged as important regulatory mechanisms to control the transcriptional outcomes of this important transcription factor. These modifications work independently, sequentially or in combination to modulate the diverse biological functions of NF-κB in cancer and inflammatory response. Here, we describe some experimental methods to detect the in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation and acetylation of NF-κB, specifically focusing on the RelA subunit of NF-κB. These methods include labeling the phospho- or acetyl- groups with radioisotopes in vitro and immunoblotting with site-specific anti-phospho-serine or acetyl-lysine antibodies in culture cells and tissue samples.
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Thoma-Kress AK. Latency Reversing Agents: Kick and Kill of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115545. [PMID: 34073995 PMCID: PMC8197370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), is a retrovirus, which integrates into the host genome and persistently infects CD4+ T-cells. Virus propagation is stimulated by (1) clonal expansion of infected cells and (2) de novo infection. Viral gene expression is induced by the transactivator protein Tax, which recruits host factors like positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the viral promoter. Since HTLV-1 gene expression is repressed in vivo by viral, cellular, and epigenetic mechanisms in late phases of infection, HTLV-1 avoids an efficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response directed against the immunodominant viral Tax antigen. Hence, therapeutic strategies using latency reversing agents (LRAs) sought to transiently activate viral gene expression and antigen presentation of Tax to enhance CTL responses towards HTLV-1, and thus, to expose the latent HTLV-1 reservoir to immune destruction. Here, we review strategies that aimed at enhancing Tax expression and Tax-specific CTL responses to interfere with HTLV-1 latency. Further, we provide an overview of LRAs including (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and (2) activators of P-TEFb, that have mainly been studied in context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which may also be powerful in the context of HTLV-1.
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Sun Y, Han J, Wang Z, Li X, Sun Y, Hu Z. Safety and Efficacy of Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies and Solid Tumors: A Systematic Study of Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:621093. [PMID: 33574760 PMCID: PMC7870522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.621093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The upregulated expression of BET proteins is closely associated with the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Several BET inhibitors have been developed, and some have been in phase I/II of clinical trials. Here, the safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of ten BET inhibitors currently in clinical trials were evaluated. Methods: We retrieved and reviewed published reports on the clinical trials of twelve BET inhibitors including AZD5153, ABBV-075, BMS-986158, CPI-0610, GSK525762, OTX-015, PLX51107, INCB054329, INCB057643, FT-1101, CC-90010, and ODM-207 for patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors and summarized their published target genes. Results: In the monotherapy of BET inhibitors, the most common and severe (grade ≥3) hematological adverse events (AEs) are thrombocytopenia, anemia, and neutropenia. The most common non-hematological syndromes are diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, dysgeusia, and decreased appetite, while the most severe AE is pneumonia. Additionally, Tmax of these BET inhibitors was between 0.5–6 h, but the range for T1/2 varied significantly. According to published data, the rates of SD, PD, CR and PR were 27.4%, 37.6%, 3.5%, and 5.7%, respectively, which is not very satisfactory. In addition to BRD4, oncogene MYC is another common target gene of these BET inhibitors. Ninety-seven signaling pathways may be regulated by BET inhibitors. Conclusion: All BET inhibitors reviewed in our study exhibited exposure-dependent thrombocytopenia, which may limit their clinical application. Moreover, further efforts are necessary to explore the optimal dosing schemes and combinations to maximize the efficacy of BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Sun
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jie Han
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhanzhao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xuening Li
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- Department of Hematology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenbo Hu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Yeh CH, Bellon M, Wang F, Zhang H, Fu L, Nicot C. Loss of FBXW7-mediated degradation of BRAF elicits resistance to BET inhibitors in adult T cell leukemia cells. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:139. [PMID: 32907612 PMCID: PMC7487643 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated adult T cell leukemia (ATL) has a very poor prognosis with a median survival of 8 months and a 4-year overall survival of 11% for acute ATL. Present treatment options are limited and there is no curative therapy for ATL. Ubiquitin ligase FBXW7 is commonly mutated or functionally inactivated in human cancers. Consistent with the notion that FBXW7 controls the degradation of many oncoproteins, loss of FBXW7 has been linked to increased drug resistance or sensitivity in cancer cells. Method In this study, we have characterized FBXW7 mutants previously identified in HTLV-I-infected ATL patient samples. TET-inducible ATL cells carrying wild type or mutated FBXW7 were analyzed for target degradation and for drug sensitivity. Results Our results demonstrate that mutations in FBXW7 can selectively disrupt ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of target proteins: c-MYC, cyclin E and MCL1. Both c-MYC and MYCN were highly expressed in uncultured ATL patient’s samples and ATL-derived cell lines; and ATL cells demonstrated sensitivity to BET inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. High-throughput reverse phase protein array revealed BRAF as a novel target of FBXW7 and further experiments showed that mutations in FBXW7 preventing degradation of BRAF provided resistance to BET inhibitors. In contrast to R465, hot spot FBXW7 mutations at R505C retained degradation of BRAF but not NOTCH1, c-MYC, cyclin E, or MCL1. Finally, a combination therapy using BET inhibitors along with a BRAF or an ERK inhibitor prevented tumor cell resistance and growth. Conclusion Our results suggest that FBXW7 status may play an important role in drug therapy resistance of cancer cells. Genetic characterization of FBXW7 may be one factor included in future personalized cancer treatment identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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13
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Antolic A, Wakimoto H, Jiao Z, Gorham JM, DePalma SR, Lemieux ME, Conner DA, Lee DY, Qi J, Seidman JG, Bradner JE, Brown JD, Haldar SM, Seidman CE, Burke MA. BET bromodomain proteins regulate transcriptional reprogramming in genetic dilated cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138687. [PMID: 32603312 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family comprises epigenetic reader proteins that are important regulators of inflammatory and hypertrophic gene expression in the heart. We previously identified the activation of proinflammatory gene networks as a key early driver of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of phospholamban (PLNR9C) - a genetic cause of DCM in humans. We hypothesized that BETs coactivate this inflammatory process, representing a critical node in the progression of DCM. To test this hypothesis, we treated PLNR9C or age-matched WT mice longitudinally with the small molecule BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 or vehicle. BET inhibition abrogated adverse cardiac remodeling, reduced cardiac fibrosis, and prolonged survival in PLNR9C mice by inhibiting expression of proinflammatory gene networks at all stages of disease. Specifically, JQ1 had profound effects on proinflammatory gene network expression in cardiac fibroblasts, while having little effect on gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac fibroblast proliferation was also substantially reduced by JQ1. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BRD4 serves as a direct and essential regulator of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Suppressing proinflammatory gene expression via BET bromodomain inhibition could be a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic DCM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Antolic
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Zhe Jiao
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Da Young Lee
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Bioinfo, Plantagenet, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James E Bradner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA.,Amgen Research, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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14
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Hu X, Chen LF. Pinning Down the Transcription: A Role for Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase Pin1 in Gene Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:179. [PMID: 32266261 PMCID: PMC7100383 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pin1 is a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase that specifically binds to a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue preceding a proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif and catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bond, resulting in conformational change of its substrates. Pin1 regulates many biological processes and is also involved in the development of human diseases, like cancer and neurological diseases. Many Pin1 substrates are transcription factors and transcription regulators, including RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and factors associated with transcription initiation, elongation, termination and post-transcription mRNA decay. By changing the stability, subcellular localization, protein-protein or protein-DNA/RNA interactions of these transcription related proteins, Pin1 modulates the transcription of many genes related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and immune response. Here, we will discuss how Pin regulates the properties of these transcription relevant factors for effective gene expression and how Pin1-mediated transcription contributes to the diverse pathophysiological functions of Pin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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15
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a horizontally transmitted virus infection of CD4+ lymphocytes which causes adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-associated myelopathy (HAM). The viral genome encodes two oncoproteins, transactivator protein (Tax) and helix basic zipper protein (HBZ), which are considered tumor initiator and maintenance factors, respectively. Tax is the primary inducer of clonal infected T cell expansion, and genetic instability. The immune response to Tax results in the selection of cells with little or no Tax expression, which have undergone genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote T cell activation, proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. This selection of malignant cells occurs over several decades in 5% of infected individuals. Novel insights into the molecular details of each of these events has led to targeted therapies for ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8069, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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16
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Morgado-Pascual JL, Rayego-Mateos S, Tejedor L, Suarez-Alvarez B, Ruiz-Ortega M. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Proteins as Novel Epigenetic Targets for Renal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1315. [PMID: 31780938 PMCID: PMC6857099 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation and histone modifications, are dynamic processes that regulate the gene expression transcriptional program in normal and diseased states. The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein family (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT) are epigenetic readers that, via bromodomains, regulate gene transcription by binding to acetylated lysine residues on histones and master transcriptional factors. Experimental data have demonstrated the involvement of some BET proteins in many pathological conditions, including tumor development, infections, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Selective bromodomain inhibitors are epigenetic drugs that block the interaction between BET proteins and acetylated proteins, thus exerting beneficial effects. Recent data have described the beneficial effect of BET inhibition on experimental renal diseases. Emerging evidence underscores the importance of environmental modifications in the origin of pathological features in chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Several cellular processes such as oxidation, metabolic disorders, cytokines, inflammation, or accumulated uremic toxins may induce epigenetic modifications that regulate key processes involved in renal damage and in other pathological conditions observed in CKD patients. Here, we review how targeting bromodomains in BET proteins may regulate essential processes involved in renal diseases and in associated complications found in CKD patients, such as cardiovascular damage, highlighting the potential of epigenetic therapeutic strategies against BET proteins for CKD treatment and associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Morgado-Pascual
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Lucia Tejedor
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain.,Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Ren Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang C, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zhao Z. Role of Brd4 in the production of inflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages treated with titanium particles. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:1028-1034. [PMID: 31330113 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brd4 protein is an important epigenetic regulator involved in the process of inflammatory cytokine production in many diseases. However, whether and how Brd4 participates in the process of wear-particle-induced inflammation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of Brd4 in titanium (Ti) particle-induced inflammatory cytokine production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Our experiment detected Brd4 expressed in both normal synovium and periprosthetic osteolysis interface membrane, but the expression increased in the interface membrane as compared with that in normal synovium. Treatment with Ti particles significantly increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in RAW264.7 cells, which was inhibited by JQ1 or Brd4-siRNA. Ti particles enhanced the expression of Brd4, which was abrogated by JQ1. Ti particles enhanced NF-κB p65 and IKK phosphorylation and attenuated IκBα protein expression, which were abrogated by JQ1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Ti particles promoted the binding of Brd4 to acetylated NF-κB p65 (lysine-310), which was also abrogated in JQ1-treated RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, Brd4 expression increases in interface membrane and Brd4 participates in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by Ti particles via promoting the activation of NF-κB signaling and binding to acetylated NF-κB p65 (lysine-310) in mouse macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qingdao Haici Medical Group, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Changyao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Haining Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Yingzhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Zhiping Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
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18
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Nakagawa M, Shaffer AL, Ceribelli M, Zhang M, Wright G, Huang DW, Xiao W, Powell J, Petrus MN, Yang Y, Phelan JD, Kohlhammer H, Dubois SP, Yoo HM, Bachy E, Webster DE, Yang Y, Xu W, Yu X, Zhao H, Bryant BR, Shimono J, Ishio T, Maeda M, Green PL, Waldmann TA, Staudt LM. Targeting the HTLV-I-Regulated BATF3/IRF4 Transcriptional Network in Adult T Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:286-297.e10. [PMID: 30057145 PMCID: PMC8078141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a frequently incurable disease associated with the human lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). RNAi screening of ATLL lines revealed that their proliferation depends on BATF3 and IRF4, which cooperatively drive ATLL-specific gene expression. HBZ, the only HTLV-I encoded transcription factor that is expressed in all ATLL cases, binds to an ATLL-specific BATF3 super-enhancer and thereby regulates the expression of BATF3 and its downstream targets, including MYC. Inhibitors of bromodomain-and-extra-terminal-domain (BET) chromatin proteins collapsed the transcriptional network directed by HBZ and BATF3, and were consequently toxic for ATLL cell lines, patient samples, and xenografts. Our study demonstrates that the HTLV-I oncogenic retrovirus exploits a regulatory module that can be attacked therapeutically with BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakagawa
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Meili Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenming Xiao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - John Powell
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis Section, Division of Computational Bioscience, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael N Petrus
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yibin Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Holger Kohlhammer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sigrid P Dubois
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emmanuel Bachy
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel E Webster
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weihong Xu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bonita R Bryant
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joji Shimono
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishio
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Maeda
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Targeting General Transcriptional Machinery as a Therapeutic Strategy for Adult T-Cell Leukemia. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051057. [PMID: 29724031 PMCID: PMC6099935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are highly reliant on certain molecular pathways, which support their survival and proliferation. The fundamental concept of molecularly targeted therapy is to target a protein that is specifically deregulated or overexpressed in cancer cells. However, drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity are major obstacles in the development of specific inhibitors. Additionally, many driver oncogenes exert their oncogenic property via abnormal expression without having genetic mutations. Interestingly, recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated that many critical cancer genes are driven by a unique class of enhancers termed super-enhancers. Genes associated with super-enhancers are relatively more susceptible to the inhibition of general transcriptional machinery compared with genes that are regulated by typical enhancers. Cancer cells are more sensitive to treatment with small-molecule inhibitors of CDK7 or BRD4 than non-transformed cells. These findings proposed a novel strategy to identify functionally important genes as well as novel therapeutic modalities in cancer. This approach would be particularly useful for genetically complicated cancers, such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), whereby a large mutational burden is present, but the functional consequences of each mutation have not been well-studied. In this review, we discuss recent findings on super-enhancers, underlying mechanisms, and the efficacy of small-molecule transcriptional inhibitors in ATL.
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20
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Dong X, Hu X, Chen J, Hu D, Chen LF. BRD4 regulates cellular senescence in gastric cancer cells via E2F/miR-106b/p21 axis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:203. [PMID: 29434197 PMCID: PMC5833665 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules targeting bromodomains of BET proteins possess strong anti-tumor activities and have emerged as potential therapeutics for cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms for the anti-proliferative activity of these inhibitors are still not fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that BET inhibitor JQ1 suppressed the proliferation and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells by inducing cellular senescence. Depletion of BRD4, which was overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues, but not other BET proteins recapitulated JQ1-induced cellular senescence with increased cellular SA-β-Gal activity and elevated p21 levels. In addition, we showed that the levels of p21 were regulated at the post-transcriptional level by BRD4-dependent expression of miR-106b-5p, which targets the 3'-UTR of p21 mRNA. Overexpression of miR-106b-5p prevented JQ1-induced p21 expression and BRD4 inhibition-associated cellular senescence, whereas miR-106b-5p inhibitor up-regulated p21 and induced cellular senescence. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of E2F suppressed the binding of BRD4 to the promoter of miR-106b-5p and inhibited its transcription, leading to the increased p21 levels and cellular senescence in gastric cancer cells. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which BRD4 regulates cancer cell proliferation by modulating the cellular senescence through E2F/miR-106b-5p/p21 axis and provide new insights into using BET inhibitors as potential anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiangming Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jinjing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China, 350108
| | - Lin-Feng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China, 350108.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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21
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Wu DD, Lau ATY, Yu FY, Cai NL, Dai LJ, Ok Kim M, Jin DY, Xu YM. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 8-mediated NF-κB activation increases sensitivity of human lung cancer cells to arsenic trioxide. Oncotarget 2017; 8:49144-49155. [PMID: 28467781 PMCID: PMC5564756 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 8 (ERK8), also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase 15 (MAPK15), is the most recently identified protein kinase of the ERK family members and yet the least has been studied so far. Here, we report that ERK8 is highly expressed in several human lung cancer cell lines and is positively correlated with their sensitivities to the anti-cancer drug arsenic trioxide (As2O3). As2O3 at physiologically relevant concentrations (5-20 μM) potently stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK8 at Thr175 and Tyr177 within the TEY motif in the kinase domain, leading to its activation. Interestingly, activated ERK8 interacts and directly phosphorylates IkappaBalpha (IκBα) at Ser32 and Ser36, resulting in IκBα degradation. This in turn promotes nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation and chromatin-binding, as well as the subsequent induction and activation of proteins involved in apoptosis. We also show that stable short-hairpin RNA-specific knockdown of endogenous ERK8 or inhibition of NF-κB activity by NF-κB inhibitor in high ERK8 expressing lung cancer H1299 cells blunted the As2O3-induced NF-κB activation and cytotoxicity towards these cells, indicating the critical role of ERK8 and NF-κB in mediating the As2O3 effects. Taken together, our findings suggest for the first time a regulatory paradigm of NF-κB activation by ERK8 upon As2O3 treatment in human lung cancer cells; and implicate a potential therapeutic advantage of As2O3 that might gain more selective killing of cancer cells with high ERK8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Yuan Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Na-Li Cai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Li-Juan Dai
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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22
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Prolyl isomerase PIN1 regulates the stability, transcriptional activity and oncogenic potential of BRD4. Oncogene 2017; 36:5177-5188. [PMID: 28481868 PMCID: PMC5589477 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BRD4 has emerged as an important factor in tumorigenesis by promoting the transcription of genes involved in cancer development. However, how BRD4 is regulated in cancer cells remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the stability and functions of BRD4 are positively regulated by prolyl-isomerase PIN1 in gastric cancer cells. PIN1 directly binds to phosphorylated threonine (T) 204 of BRD4 as revealed by peptide binding and crystallographic studies and enhances BRD4’s stability by inhibiting its ubiquitination. PIN1 also catalyses the isomerization of proline 205 of BRD4 and induces its conformational change, which promotes its interaction with CDK9 and increases BRD4’s transcriptional activity. Substitution of BRD4 with PIN1 binding-defective BRD4-T204A mutant in gastric cancer cells reduces BRD4’s stability, attenuates BRD4-mediated gene expression by impairing its interaction with CDK9, and suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and tumor formation. Our results identify BRD4 as a new target of PIN1 and suggest that interfering with their interaction could be a potential therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.
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Huang M, Zeng S, Zou Y, Shi M, Qiu Q, Xiao Y, Chen G, Yang X, Liang L, Xu H. The suppression of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibits vascular inflammation by blocking NF-κB and MAPK activation. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:101-115. [PMID: 27774624 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is increasing evidence indicating that bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins play a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses; however, their contribution to vascular inflammation has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting BET bromodomain on vascular inflammation and the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HUVECs were isolated from fresh umbilical cords. JQ1, a specific BET bromodomain inhibitor, and Brd shRNA were used to evaluate the regulation of the BET proteins in vascular inflammation. Leukocyte adhesion to HUVECs was measure by an adhesion assay. Western blot or immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the protein expression. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression. Leukocyte accumulation in vivo was determined by an acute lung inflammation model. KEY RESULTS BET bromodomain inhibition suppressed the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α- or LPS, including ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, and inhibited leukocyte adhesion to activated HUVEC monolayers. Treatment with JQ1 also attenuated the LPS-induced accumulation of leukocytes and expression of endothelial adhesion molecules in the acute lung inflammation model in vivo. Furthermore, BET bromodomain inhibition reduced the activity of p38 and JNK MAPKs and NF-κB in TNF-α-stimulated HUVECs. TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation was also blocked by inhibitors of p38 (SB203580) or JNK (SP600125). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS BET bromodomain is important for regulating endothelial inflammation. Strategies targeting endothelial BET bromodomain may provide a new therapeutic approach for controlling inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyao Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maohua Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youjun Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuqin Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanshi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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24
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Suarez-Alvarez B, Morgado-Pascual JL, Rayego-Mateos S, Rodriguez RM, Rodrigues-Diez R, Cannata-Ortiz P, Sanz AB, Egido J, Tharaux PL, Ortiz A, Lopez-Larrea C, Ruiz-Ortega M. Inhibition of Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Family Proteins Ameliorates Experimental Renal Damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:504-519. [PMID: 27436852 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal inflammation has a key role in the onset and progression of immune- and nonimmune-mediated renal diseases. Therefore, the search for novel anti-inflammatory pharmacologic targets is of great interest in renal pathology. JQ1, a small molecule inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins, was previously found to preserve renal function in experimental polycystic kidney disease. We report here that JQ1-induced BET inhibition modulated the in vitro expression of genes involved in several biologic processes, including inflammation and immune responses. Gene silencing of BRD4, an important BET protein, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that JQ1 alters the direct association of BRD4 with acetylated histone-packaged promoters and reduces the transcription of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, CCL-2, and CCL-5). In vivo, JQ1 abrogated experimental renal inflammation in murine models of unilateral ureteral obstruction, antimembrane basal GN, and infusion of Angiotensin II. Notably, JQ1 downregulated the expression of several genes controlled by the NF-κB pathway, a key inflammatory signaling pathway. The RelA NF-κB subunit is activated by acetylation of lysine 310. In damaged kidneys and cytokine-stimulated renal cells, JQ1 reduced the nuclear levels of RelA NF-κB. Additionally, JQ1 dampened the activation of the Th17 immune response in experimental renal damage. Our results show that inhibition of BET proteins reduces renal inflammation by several mechanisms: chromatin remodeling in promoter regions of specific genes, blockade of NF-κB pathway activation, and modulation of the Th17 immune response. These results suggest that inhibitors of BET proteins could have important therapeutic applications in inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramon M Rodriguez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, REDINREN, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raul Rodrigues-Diez
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Sanz
- Dialysis Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Renal Research Retics (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Renal Research Retics (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Larrea
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, REDINREN, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Nephrology Department and
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25
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Fu LL, Tian M, Li X, Li JJ, Huang J, Ouyang L, Zhang Y, Liu B. Inhibition of BET bromodomains as a therapeutic strategy for cancer drug discovery. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5501-16. [PMID: 25849938 PMCID: PMC4467383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a conserved protein interaction module that recognizes and binds to acetylated lysine, bromodomain (BRD) contains a deep, largely hydrophobic acetyl lysine binding site. Proteins that share the feature of containing two BRDs and an extra-terminal domain belong to BET family, including BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT. BET family proteins perform transcription regulatory function under normal conditions, while in cancer, they regulate transcription of several oncogenes, such as c-Myc and Bcl-2. Thus, targeting BET proteins may be a promising strategy, and intense interest of BET proteins has fueled the development of structure-based bromodomain inhibitors in cancer. In this review, we focus on summarizing several small-molecule BET inhibitors and their relevant anti-tumor mechanisms, which would provide a clue for exploiting new targeted BET inhibitors in the future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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26
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Mizuguchi M, Sasaki Y, Hara T, Higuchi M, Tanaka Y, Funato N, Tanaka N, Fujii M, Nakamura M. Induction of Cell Death in Growing Human T-Cells and Cell Survival in Resting Cells in Response to the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148217. [PMID: 26829041 PMCID: PMC4734616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tax1 encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been believed to dysregulate the expression of cellular genes involved in cell survival and mortality, leading to the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The function of Tax1 in ATL development however is still controversial, primarily because Tax1 induces cell cycle progression and apoptosis. To systemically understand cell growth phase-dependent induction of cell survival or cell death by Tax1, we established a single experimental system using an interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent human T-cell line Kit 225 that can be forced into resting phase by IL-2 deprivation. Introduction of Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax (Tax2B) decreased mitochondrial activity alongside apoptosis in growing cells but not in resting cells. Cell cycle profile analysis indicated that Tax1 and Tax2B were likely to perturb the S phase in growing cells. Studies with Tax1 mutants and siRNA for NF-κB/RelA revealed that Tax1-mediated cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in growing Kit 225 cells depend on RelA. Interestingly, inactivation of the non-canonical NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways relieved Tax1-mediated apoptosis, suggesting that the Tax1-NF-κB-p38 MAPK axis may be associated with apoptosis in growing cells. Inflammatory mediators such as CCL3 and CCL4, which are involved in oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), were induced by Tax1 and Tax2B in growing cells. In contrast, RelA silencing in resting cells reduced mitochondrial activity, indicating that NF-κB/RelA is also critical for Tax1-mediated cell survival. These findings suggest that Tax1-mediated cell survival and death depend on the cell growth phase. Both effects of Tax1 may be implicated in the long latency of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hara
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Funato
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Delcuratolo M, Fertey J, Schneider M, Schuetz J, Leiprecht N, Hudjetz B, Brodbeck S, Corall S, Dreer M, Schwab RM, Grimm M, Wu SY, Stubenrauch F, Chiang CM, Iftner T. Papillomavirus-Associated Tumor Formation Critically Depends on c-Fos Expression Induced by Viral Protein E2 and Bromodomain Protein Brd4. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005366. [PMID: 26727473 PMCID: PMC4699637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of how the papillomavirus E2 transcription factor can activate promoters through activator protein (AP)1 binding sites. Using an unbiased approach with an inducible cell line expressing the viral transcription factor E2 and transcriptome analysis, we found that E2 induces the expression of the two AP1 components c-Fos and FosB in a Brd4-dependent manner. In vitro RNA interference confirmed that c-Fos is one of the AP1 members driving the expression of viral oncogenes E6/E7. Mutation analysis and in vivo RNA interference identified an essential role for c-Fos/AP1 and also for the bromodomain protein Brd4 for papillomavirus-induced tumorigenesis. Lastly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that E2 binds together with Brd4 to a canonical E2 binding site (E2BS) in the promoter of c-Fos, thus activating c-Fos expression. Thus, we identified a novel way how E2 activates the viral oncogene promoter and show that E2 may act as a viral oncogene by direct activation of c-Fos involved in skin tumorigenesis. Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and of skin cancer in individuals with the inherited disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). While the role of the viral oncogenes E6/E7 as drivers of tumorigenesis in cervical cancer has been firmly established, the contribution of the early viral genes in skin cancer is less clear. For EV-associated HPV8 and for the skin cancer model system using cottontail rabbit PV, an important role of the viral E2 protein in tumorigenesis was suggested earlier and regulation of cellular genes by E2 through different mechanisms was demonstrated. We show now that the viral E2 and cellular Brd4 act together to induce the cellular gene c-Fos, which as a member of the AP-1 complex, is involved in the regulation of cellular genes and the viral promoter driving the expression of viral oncogenes. As c-Fos has also been shown to be essential for skin cancer, E2 contributes to tumorigenesis via expression of E6/E7 as well as by increasing c-Fos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delcuratolo
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Schuetz
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Leiprecht
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hudjetz
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Brodbeck
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Corall
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Dreer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roxana Michaela Schwab
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Xiao Y, Liang L, Huang M, Qiu Q, Zeng S, Shi M, Zou Y, Ye Y, Yang X, Xu H. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain bromodomain inhibition prevents synovial inflammation via blocking IκB kinase–dependent NF-κB activation in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 55:173-84. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Targeting bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) benefits rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:103-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Hewitt MC, Leblanc Y, Gehling VS, Vaswani RG, Côté A, Nasveschuk CG, Taylor AM, Harmange JC, Audia JE, Pardo E, Cummings R, Joshi S, Sandy P, Mertz JA, Sims RJ, Bergeron L, Bryant BM, Bellon S, Poy F, Jayaram H, Tang Y, Albrecht BK. Development of methyl isoxazoleazepines as inhibitors of BET. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1842-8. [PMID: 25851940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this report we detail the evolution of our previously reported thiophene isoxazole BET inhibitor chemotype exemplified by CPI-3 to a novel bromodomain selective chemotype (the methyl isoxazoleazepine chemotype) exemplified by carboxamide 23. The methyl isoxazoleazepine chemotype provides potent inhibition of the bromodomains of the BET family, excellent in vivo PK across species, low unbound clearance, and target engagement in a MYC PK-PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Hewitt
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Yves Leblanc
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Victor S Gehling
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rishi G Vaswani
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexandre Côté
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Alexander M Taylor
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - James E Audia
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eneida Pardo
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rich Cummings
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shivangi Joshi
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Peter Sandy
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer A Mertz
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert J Sims
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Louise Bergeron
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Barbara M Bryant
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Steve Bellon
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Florence Poy
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Yong Tang
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Brian K Albrecht
- Constellation Pharmaceuticals, 215 First St., Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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31
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of NF-κB, including acetylation and methylation, have emerged as an important regulatory mechanism for determining the duration and strength of NF-κB nuclear activity as well as its transcriptional output. Within the seven NF-κB family proteins, the RelA subunit of NF-κB is the most studied for its regulation by lysine acetylation and methylation. Acetylation or methylation at different lysine residues modulates distinct functions of NF-κB, including DNA-binding and transcription activity, protein stability, and its interaction with NF-κB modulators. Here, we describe the experimental methods to monitor the in vitro and in vivo acetylated or methylated forms of NF-κB. These methods include radiolabeling the acetyl or methyl groups and immunoblotting with pan- or site-specific acetyl- or methyl-lysine antibodies. Radiolabeling is useful in the initial validation of the modifications. Immunoblotting with antibodies provides a rapid and powerful approach to detect and analyze the functions of these modifications in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinJing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, COM 190 MSB, MC-714 506 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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32
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Schmitz ML, Kracht M, Saul VV. The intricate interplay between RNA viruses and NF-κB. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2754-2764. [PMID: 25116307 PMCID: PMC7114235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have rapidly evolving genomes which often allow cross-species transmission and frequently generate new virus variants with altered pathogenic properties. Therefore infections by RNA viruses are a major threat to human health. The infected host cell detects trace amounts of viral RNA and the last years have revealed common principles in the biochemical mechanisms leading to signal amplification that is required for mounting of a powerful antiviral response. Components of the RNA sensing and signaling machinery such as RIG-I-like proteins, MAVS and the inflammasome inducibly form large oligomers or even fibers that exhibit hallmarks of prions. Following a nucleation event triggered by detection of viral RNA, these energetically favorable and irreversible polymerization events trigger signaling cascades leading to the induction of antiviral and inflammatory responses, mediated by interferon and NF-κB pathways. Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to manipulate these host cell signaling pathways in order to ensure their replication. We will discuss at the examples of influenza and HTLV-1 viruses how a fascinating diversity of biochemical mechanisms is employed by viral proteins to control the NF-κB pathway at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Vera V Saul
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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33
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Rajagopalan V, Vaidyanathan M, Janardhanam VA, Bradner JE. Pre-clinical analysis of changes in intra-cellular biochemistry of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells due to c-Myc silencing. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:1059-69. [PMID: 25056450 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive form of brain Tumor that has few cures. In this study, we analyze the anti-proliferative effects of a new molecule JQ1 against GBMs induced in Wistar Rats. JQ1 is essentially a Myc inhibitor. c-Myc is also known for altering the biochemistry of a tumor cell. Therefore, the study is intended to analyze certain other oncogenes associated with c-Myc and also the change in cellular biochemistry upon c-Myc inhibition. The quantitative analysis of gene expression gave a co-expressive pattern for all the three genes involved namely; c-Myc, Bcl-2, and Akt. The cellular biochemistry analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed high glycogen and lipid aggregation in Myc inhibited cells and excessive autophagy. The study demonstrates the role of c-Myc as a central metabolic regulator and Bcl-2 and Akt assisting in extending c-Myc half-life as well as in regulation of autophagy, so as to regulate cell survival on the whole. The study also demonstrates that transient treatment by JQ1 leads to aggressive development of tumor and therefore, accelerating death, emphasizing the importance of dosage fixation, and duration for clinical use in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India,
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Dhanak D, Jackson P. Development and classes of epigenetic drugs for cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:58-69. [PMID: 25016182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an important, etiologic role for epigenetic modifications in cancer. Various post translational modifications of histone proteins together with DNA methylation constitute an 'epigenetic code' regulating the transcriptional status of the cell and aberrant writing and/or interpretation of the code can contribute to a dysregulated, hyperproliferative state. In some cases, epigenetic deregulation has also been reported to result in tumor initiation. The discovery of somatic mutations in some chromatin binding proteins associated with subtypes of lymphomas and the ability to regulate expression of proto oncogenes such as Myc has spurred the development of specific small molecule modulators of histone binding proteins. Several of these compounds have entered clinical development for the treatment of heme malignancies. This review summarizes progress in the discovery and advancement of epigenetic therapeutics for cancer and provides a perspective for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Paul Jackson
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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35
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Sanchez R, Meslamani J, Zhou MM. The bromodomain: from epigenome reader to druggable target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:676-85. [PMID: 24686119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a fundamental post-translational modification that plays an important role in the control of gene transcription in chromatin in an ordered fashion. The bromodomain, the conserved structural module present in transcription-associated proteins, functions exclusively to recognize acetyl-lysine on histones and non-histone proteins. The structural analyses of bromodomains' recognition of lysine-acetylated peptides derived from histones and cellular proteins provide detailed insights into the differences and unifying features of biological ligand binding selectivity by the bromodomains. Newly developed small-molecule inhibitors targeting bromodomain proteins further highlight the functional importance of bromodomain/acetyl-lysine binding as a key mechanism in orchestrating molecular interactions and regulation in chromatin biology and gene transcription. These new studies argue that modulating bromodomain/acetyl-lysine interactions with small-molecule chemicals offer new opportunities to control gene expression in a wide array of human diseases including cancer and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular mechanisms of histone modification function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jamel Meslamani
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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