1
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Nguyen XTA, Le TNU, Nguyen TQ, Thi Thuy Ha H, Artati A, Leong NCP, Nguyen DT, Lim PY, Susanto AV, Huang Q, Fam L, Leong LN, Bonne I, Lee A, Granadillo JL, Gooch C, Yu D, Huang H, Soong TW, Chang MW, Wenk MR, Adamski J, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen LN. MFSD7c functions as a transporter of choline at the blood-brain barrier. Cell Res 2024; 34:245-257. [PMID: 38302740 PMCID: PMC10907603 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the orphan transporter MFSD7c (also known as Flvcr2), are linked to Fowler syndrome. Here, we used Mfsd7c knockout (Mfsd7c-/-) mice and cell-based assays to reveal that MFSD7c is a choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We performed comprehensive metabolomics analysis and detected differential changes of metabolites in the brains and livers of Mfsd7c-/-embryos. Particularly, we found that choline-related metabolites were altered in the brains but not in the livers of Mfsd7c-/- embryos. Thus, we hypothesized that MFSD7c regulates the level of choline in the brain. Indeed, expression of human MFSD7c in cells significantly increased choline uptake. Interestingly, we showed that choline uptake by MFSD7c is greatly increased by choline-metabolizing enzymes, leading us to demonstrate that MFSD7c is a facilitative transporter of choline. Furthermore, single-cell patch clamp analysis showed that the import of choline by MFSD7c is electrogenic. Choline transport function of MFSD7c was shown to be conserved in vertebrates, but not in yeasts. We demonstrated that human MFSD7c is a functional ortholog of HNM1, the yeast choline importer. We also showed that several missense mutations identified in patients exhibiting Fowler syndrome had abolished or reduced choline transport activity. Mice lacking Mfsd7c in endothelial cells of the central nervous system suppressed the import of exogenous choline from blood but unexpectedly had increased choline levels in the brain. Stable-isotope tracing study revealed that MFSD7c was required for exporting choline derived from lysophosphatidylcholine in the brain. Collectively, our work identifies MFSD7c as a choline exporter at the BBB and provides a foundation for future work to reveal the disease mechanisms of Fowler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Thi Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thanh Nha Uyen Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoa Thi Thuy Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Artati
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nancy C P Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dat T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yen Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adelia Vicanatalita Susanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianhui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Fam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lo Ngah Leong
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine Gooch
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dejie Yu
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua Huang
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Chand Arya G, Aditya Srivastava D, Manasherova E, Prusky DB, Elad Y, Frenkel O, Harel A. BcHnm1, a predicted choline transporter, modulates conidial germination and virulence in Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 158:103653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Eisenberg-Bord M, Zung N, Collado J, Drwesh L, Fenech EJ, Fadel A, Dezorella N, Bykov YS, Rapaport D, Fernandez-Busnadiego R, Schuldiner M. Cnm1 mediates nucleus-mitochondria contact site formation in response to phospholipid levels. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212719. [PMID: 34694322 PMCID: PMC8548916 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions are tightly regulated by nuclear activity, requiring extensive communication between these organelles. One way by which organelles can communicate is through contact sites, areas of close apposition held together by tethering molecules. While many contacts have been characterized in yeast, the contact between the nucleus and mitochondria was not previously identified. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy in S. cerevisiae, we demonstrate specific areas of contact between the two organelles. Using a high-throughput screen, we uncover a role for the uncharacterized protein Ybr063c, which we have named Cnm1 (contact nucleus mitochondria 1), as a molecular tether on the nuclear membrane. We show that Cnm1 mediates contact by interacting with Tom70 on mitochondria. Moreover, Cnm1 abundance is regulated by phosphatidylcholine, enabling the coupling of phospholipid homeostasis with contact extent. The discovery of a molecular mechanism that allows mitochondrial crosstalk with the nucleus sets the ground for better understanding of mitochondrial functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naama Zung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javier Collado
- Institute for Neuropathology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells," University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Layla Drwesh
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emma J Fenech
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amir Fadel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yury S Bykov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ruben Fernandez-Busnadiego
- Institute for Neuropathology, Georg August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells," University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Sienski G, Narayan P, Bonner JM, Kory N, Boland S, Arczewska AA, Ralvenius WT, Akay L, Lockshin E, He L, Milo B, Graziosi A, Baru V, Lewis CA, Kellis M, Sabatini DM, Tsai LH, Lindquist S. APOE4 disrupts intracellular lipid homeostasis in human iPSC-derived glia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaaz4564. [PMID: 33658354 PMCID: PMC8218593 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has been established as a genetic risk factor for many diseases including cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. APOE is a lipid transport protein, and the dysregulation of lipids has recently emerged as a key feature of several neurodegenerative diseases including AD. However, it is unclear how APOE4 perturbs the intracellular lipid state. Here, we report that APOE4, but not APOE3, disrupted the cellular lipidomes of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived astrocytes generated from fibroblasts of APOE4 or APOE3 carriers, and of yeast expressing human APOE isoforms. We combined lipidomics and unbiased genome-wide screens in yeast with functional and genetic characterization to demonstrate that human APOE4 induced altered lipid homeostasis. These changes resulted in increased unsaturation of fatty acids and accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets both in yeast and in APOE4-expressing human iPSC-derived astrocytes. We then identified genetic and chemical modulators of this lipid disruption. We showed that supplementation of the culture medium with choline (a soluble phospholipid precursor) restored the cellular lipidome to its basal state in APOE4-expressing human iPSC-derived astrocytes and in yeast expressing human APOE4 Our study illuminates key molecular disruptions in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the disease risk linked to the APOE4 genotype. Our study suggests that manipulating lipid metabolism could be a therapeutic approach to help alleviate the consequences of carrying the APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sienski
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Priyanka Narayan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Julia Maeve Bonner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nora Kory
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Arczewska
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leyla Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elana Lockshin
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang He
- Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Blerta Milo
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Agnese Graziosi
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valeriya Baru
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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5
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Liu P, Weng R, Xu Y, Feng Y, He L, Qian Y, Qiu J. Metabolic Changes in Different Tissues of Garlic Plant during Growth. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12467-12475. [PMID: 33084326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, distribution, and transportation of nutrients in different tissues of garlic during growth are unclear. Thereby, five tissues (leaf, pseudostem, bulb wrapper, clove skin, and clove) collected at 7 weeks were subjected to metabolomics analysis. A total of 84 biomarkers were identified during garlic plant growth. Most organosulfur compounds, amino acids, and dipeptides were upregulated in the clove, while a reversed trend was observed in other tissues. In addition, nucleotides and alkaloids increased because of senescence in the last 2 weeks except for the clove. The results also indicated that the garlic plant at an early stage is an ideal vegetable that is rich in nutrients. When the leaves began to wither, most nutrients were transported from other tissues to cloves, and the content of 7 total flavor precursors and 20 total amino acids in the clove increased by 113% and 65% after week 5, respectively. Therefore, delayed harvest may improve the nutritional quality of garlic bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxiang Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Weng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyang Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Feng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjuan He
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ren Y, Liu Q, Liu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Cai M. Engineering substrate and energy metabolism for living cell production of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1426-1435. [PMID: 31997310 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) is a widely used neuroprotective drug for multiple indications. In industry, CDP-choline is synthesized by a two-step cell culture/permeabilized cell biotransformation method because substrates often do not enter cells in an efficient manner. This study develops a novel one-step living cell fermentation method for CDP-choline production. For this purpose, the feasibility of Pichia pastoris as a chassis was demonstrated by substrate feeding and CDP-choline production. Overexpression of choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase and choline kinase enhanced the choline transformation pathway and improved the biosynthesis of CDP-choline. Furthermore, co-overexpression of ScHnm1, which is a heterologous choline transporter, highly improved the utilization of choline substrates, despite its easy degradation in cells. This strategy increased CDP-choline titer by 55-folds comparing with the wild-type (WT). Overexpression of cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP) kinase and CDP kinase in the CMP transformation pathway showed no positive effects. An increase in the ATP production by citrate stimulation or metabolic pathway modification further improved CDP-choline biosynthesis by 120%. Finally, the orthogonal optimization of key substrates and pH was carried out, and the resulting CDP-choline titer (6.0 g/L) at optimum conditions increased 88 times the original titer in the WT. This study provides a new paradigm for CDP-choline bioproduction by living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- China Resources Angde Biotech Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,China Resources Angde Biotech Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Guiney EL, Zhu L, Sardana R, Emr SD, Baile MG. Methods for studying the regulation of membrane traffic by ubiquitin and the ESCRT pathway. Methods Enzymol 2019; 619:269-291. [PMID: 30910024 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins with ubiquitin dynamically regulates their function and fate. The ubiquitination of most plasma membrane proteins initiates endocytosis and ESCRT-mediated sorting to the lysosomal lumen for degradation. Powerful genetic approaches in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly instrumental in the discovery and elucidation of these molecular mechanisms, which are conserved in all eukaryotes. Here we provide two detailed protocols and tools for studying ubiquitination-dependent membrane trafficking mechanisms in yeast. The first utilizes fusions between a protein of interest and an auxotrophic marker to screen for mutants that affect ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis. The second method artificially ubiquitinates a protein of interest, allowing downstream trafficking steps to be studied independently from the regulatory signals that initiate endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Guiney
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lu Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richa Sardana
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Scott D Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
| | - Matthew G Baile
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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8
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Ganesan S, Sosa Ponce ML, Tavassoli M, Shabits BN, Mahadeo M, Prenner EJ, Terebiznik MR, Zaremberg V. Metabolic control of cytosolic-facing pools of diacylglycerol in budding yeast. Traffic 2019; 20:226-245. [PMID: 30569465 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a key signaling lipid and intermediate in lipid metabolism. Our knowledge of DAG distribution and dynamics in cell membranes is limited. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy we investigated the localization of yeast cytosolic-facing pools of DAG in response to conditions where lipid homeostasis and DAG levels were known to be altered. Two main pools were monitored over time using DAG sensors. One pool was associated with vacuolar membranes and the other localized to sites of polarized growth. Dynamic changes in DAG distribution were observed during resumption of growth from stationary phase, when DAG is used to support phospholipid synthesis for membrane proliferation. Vacuolar membranes experienced constant morphological changes displaying DAG enriched microdomains coexisting with liquid-disordered areas demarcated by Vph1. Formation of these domains was dependent on triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis. DAG domains and puncta were closely connected to lipid droplets. Lack of conversion of DAG to phosphatidate in growth conditions dependent on TAG mobilization, led to the accumulation of DAG in a vacuolar-associated compartment, impacting the polarized distribution of DAG at budding sites. DAG polarization was also regulated by phosphatidylserine synthesis/traffic and sphingolipid synthesis in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L Sosa Ponce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marjan Tavassoli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittney N Shabits
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Mahadeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mauricio R Terebiznik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Basu Ball W, Baker CD, Neff JK, Apfel GL, Lagerborg KA, Žun G, Petrovič U, Jain M, Gohil VM. Ethanolamine ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiolipin-deficient yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:10870-10883. [PMID: 29866881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a signature phospholipid of the mitochondria required for the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) supercomplexes. The destabilization of MRC supercomplexes is the proximal cause of the pathology associated with the depletion of CL in patients with Barth syndrome. Thus, promoting supercomplex formation could ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with CL depletion. However, to date, physiologically relevant small-molecule regulators of supercomplex formation have not been identified. Here, we report that ethanolamine (Etn) supplementation rescues the MRC defects by promoting supercomplex assembly in a yeast model of Barth syndrome. We discovered this novel role of Etn while testing the hypothesis that elevating mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a phospholipid suggested to overlap in function with CL, could compensate for CL deficiency. We found that the Etn supplementation rescues the respiratory growth of CL-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a dose-dependent manner but independently of its incorporation into PE. The rescue was specifically dependent on Etn but not choline or serine, the other phospholipid precursors. Etn improved mitochondrial function by restoring the expression of MRC proteins and promoting supercomplex assembly in CL-deficient cells. Consistent with this mechanism, overexpression of Cox4, the MRC complex IV subunit, was sufficient to promote supercomplex formation in CL-deficient cells. Taken together, our work identifies a novel role of a ubiquitous metabolite, Etn, in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction caused by CL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Writoban Basu Ball
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Charli D Baker
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - John K Neff
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Gabriel L Apfel
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kim A Lagerborg
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gašper Žun
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and
| | - Uroš Petrovič
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,the Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohit Jain
- the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843,
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McMaster CR. From yeast to humans - roles of the Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:1256-1272. [PMID: 29178478 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major phospholipid present in most eukaryotic membranes is phosphatidylcholine (PC), comprising ~ 50% of phospholipid content. PC metabolic pathways are highly conserved from yeast to humans. The main pathway for the synthesis of PC is the Kennedy (CDP-choline) pathway. In this pathway, choline is converted to phosphocholine by choline kinase, phosphocholine is metabolized to CDP-choline by the rate-determining enzyme for this pathway, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, and cholinephosphotransferase condenses CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to produce PC. This Review discusses how PC synthesis via the Kennedy pathway is regulated, its role in cellular and biological processes, as well as diseases known to be associated with defects in PC synthesis. Finally, we present the first model for the making of a membrane via PC synthesis.
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